View source for Daruvar

{{short description|Spa town in Slavonia, Croatia}}
{{For|other places named Daruvár|Daruvár (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Daruvar
| official_name      = Town of Daruvar<br>''Grad Daruvar''<br>''Město Daruvar'' <ref name="Minority names">{{cite web|url=http://www.nipp.hr/UserDocsImages/Registar%20geografska%20imena%20nacionalnih%20manjina%20RH.pdf |title=Registar Geografskih Imena Nacionalnih Manjina Republike Hrvatske |access-date=2013-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211333/http://www.nipp.hr/UserDocsImages/Registar%20geografska%20imena%20nacionalnih%20manjina%20RH.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}</ref>
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|Town]]
| image_skyline      = Daruvar.JPG
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = Main street in Daruvar
| image_shield       = Daruvar.png
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| pushpin_map        = Croatia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Daruvar in Croatia
| coordinates        = {{coord|45.592895|N|17.223685|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Croatia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Croatia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Slavonia]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[File:Zastava bjelovarsko bilogorske zupanije.gif|border|23px]] [[Bjelovar-Bilogora County|Bjelovar-Bilogora]]
| leader_party       = [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Damir Lneniček
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite Q|Q119585703|mode=cs1}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 64.7
| area_urban_km2     = 8.5
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2021">{{Croatian Census 2021|S}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_total   = 10105
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 7440
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| website            = {{URL|daruvar.hr}}
}}

'''Daruvar'''{{efn|{{langx|cs|Daruvar}}, {{langx|de|Daruwar}}, {{langx|hu|Daruvár}}, {{langx|sr|Дарувар}}, {{langx|la|Aquae Balissae}}}} is a [[spa town]] and municipality in [[Slavonia]], northeastern [[Croatia]], with a population of 8,567. The area including the surrounding villages (Daruvarski Vinogradi, Doljani, Donji Daruvar, Gornji Daruvar, Lipovac Majur, Ljudevit Selo, Markovac, and Vrbovac) had a population of 11,633 in 2011.<ref name="dzs2011">{{Croatian Census 2011|S|07|0671|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref> 

It is located in the foothills of [[Papuk]] mountain and along the [[Toplica (Ilova)|Toplica River]]. The main political and cultural centre of the [[Czechs of Croatia|Czech]] national minority in Croatia, Daruvar has a [[winemaking]] tradition reportedly dating back more than 2,000 years.

==Geography==
Daruvar is located 125&nbsp;km from [[Zagreb]], the national capital, and 130&nbsp;km from [[Osijek]], the main city of [[Slavonia]] to the east. The closest cities are [[Pakrac]], [[Lipik]], [[Novska]], [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]], [[Bjelovar]], and [[Virovitica]].

==Administration==
Daruvar is located in the [[Bjelovar-Bilogora County]]. In 2021, the town had {{formatnum:10105}} residents in the following 9 settlements:<ref name="Census 2021"/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*'''Daruvar''', population 7440
*[[Daruvarski Vinogradi]], population 182
*[[Doljani, Bjelovar-Bilogora County|Doljani]], population 650
*[[Donji Daruvar]], population 624
*[[Gornji Daruvar]], population 346
*[[Lipovac Majur]], population 67
*[[Ljudevit Selo]], population 217
*[[Markovac, Bjelovar-Bilogora County|Markovac]], population 71
*[[Vrbovac, Daruvar|Vrbovac]], population 508
{{div col end}}

==Etymology==
Its name is a conjunction of the [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] words ''daru'' ({{langx|en|[[Crane (bird)|crane (bird)]]}}) and ''vár'' ({{langx|en|castle}}).

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
[[File:Daruvar fontana.jpg|thumb|right|Daruvar town center]]
[[File:Daruvarske toplice2.jpg|thumb|right|Daruvarske Toplice Park]]

[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] findings here of stone axes can be traced to the [[Stone Age]]. The history of Daruvar can be traced to the 4th century BC, when the first organized habitation developed near the warm [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] spas in today's Daruvar valley. [[Celt]]ic - [[Pannonia]]n [[tribe]]s living here and familiar with water treatments benefiting health, were '''Iassi''', (meaning ''healers''), so called by both [[Greek literature|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writers.

As allies of the [[Roman Empire]], the tribes provided support to [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Augustus]] during the siege of Siscia (today's [[Sisak]]). In the year 35CE, [[Jasi|Iassi]] were granted local [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] known as ''[[Jasoru Republic|Res Publica Iasorum]]''. The center was '''Aquae Balissae''', meaning ''very strong springs''. 

In the year 124, during the reign of [[Hadrian]], the area gained additional autonomy as '''Municipium Iassorum'''. Stretching between the rivers [[Sava]] and [[Drava]], on the roads which ran between Siscia-[[Mursa]], (Sisak- [[Osijek]]), [[Salona]]&ndash;[[Aquincum]], and [[Sirmium]]&ndash;[[Poetovio]], the town was easy to access. After Hadrian, [[emperor]]s [[Marcus Aurelius]], [[Commodus]], [[Septimius Severus]], and [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine I]] all visited Aquae Balissae's [[Thermal bath|thermal]] complex, its decorated [[temple]], its [[Forum (Roman)|forum]], and its [[amphitheatre]] (although it was smaller than the one in [[Pula]]). 

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the destruction of local tribes by Avar Kaghanate in 6th century, this area was resettled by Croats, a Slavic tribe that reached the Balkans in 7th century.

In the 11th century the [[region]] became part of a mightier entity, that of [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]], a rapidly growing and politically important city. It became part of the [[archdiocese]] of Zagreb mentioned by legislators for the first time in 1334. 

Since the city was on a busy crossroads, there were four trading points within the valley &mdash; Četvrtkovac, Dimičkovine, Podborje, and Toplice (''toplice'' =  "spas" in Croatian). For more than a millennium, the spas continued to attract people as a destination. The population in that period was exclusively [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].

In the 15th and 16th centuries, all that changed. Expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]] disrupted the steady development, and [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] occupied lands here in 1543. The [[Monastery]] of ''St King Ladislaus'' was degraded, becoming a Turkish defensive post looking into the ''Krajina'', a [[military]] zone created to protect the [[Habsburg]] Empire just west of the city. Local people fled from Turks.

In 1699 the Habsburg Empire expelled the Turks. The ethnically mixed area came under the rule of [[Vienna]] in 1745. [[Podborje]], [[Sirač]], and [[Pakrac]] were bought by [[count]] [[Antun Janković]], who in 1771 renamed Podborje as Daruvar, (''daru'' = "[[crane (bird)|crane]]" in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]), after a building of his called the '''Crane's [[castle]]'''. 

In 1837 Daruvar was declared a [[royal free city|free city]] by [[decree]] of [[monarch|king]] [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]]. The monarch's government recruited migrant farmers from southern Bavaria and other areas to repopulate the area and re-establish agriculture in the Danube River valley. They also recruited people skilled in [[craft]]s and [[trade]]. Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Italians (around so called [[Little Italy]]), and others were invited to come. The government promised that they could practice their own religions (most were Catholic) and languages.

The [[volunteer fire department|DVD]] "Tvornica pumpi MPD" was founded in Daruvar in 1850.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |first1=Nikola |last1=Jagodin |first2=Vedran |last2=Runjić |title=Popis vatrogasnih organizacija s datumima osnivanja |url=https://mhv.hr/popis-vatrogasnih-organizacija-s-datumima-osnivanja |website=Muzej hrvatskog vatrogastva |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104803/https://mhv.hr/popis-vatrogasnih-organizacija-s-datumima-osnivanja |language=hr |trans-title=List of Firefighting Organisations with Date of Founding}}</ref>

The [[Daruvar Manor]] was renovated in 1868-1870 under the supervision of the Viennese architect Koenig.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013 |first1=Mladen |last1=Obad Šćitaroci |first2=Bojana |last2=Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci |first3=Boris |last3=Dundović |title=Manors and Gardens in Northern Croatia in the Age of Historicism |pages=175-186 |url=https://scitaroci.hr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4.2_Manors%2520and%2520Gardens%2520in%2520Northern%2520Croatia_2013.pdf |journal=Centropa |issn=1532-5563 |volume=13 |issue=2 |access-date=2025-03-19 |archive-date=2025-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505111116/https://scitaroci.hr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4.2_Manors%20and%20Gardens%20in%20Northern%20Croatia_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Daruvar was part of the [[Požega County]] of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]]. Parts of Daruvar's suburbs were briefly captured by militants from the [[SAO Western Slavonia|Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Western Slavonia]] during the [[Croatian War of Independence]].

==Climate==
Since records began in 1978, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station at an elevation of {{convert|152|m|ft}} was {{convert|40.0|C|F}}, on 10 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-07-19 |author=DHMZ |title=Najviše izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najvise_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref> The coldest temperature was {{convert|-25.2|C|F}}, on 16 January 1963.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-21 |author=DHMZ |title=Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najnize_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref>

<div style="width:75%">
{{Weather box
|location = Daruvar
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high F = 37
|Feb high F = 42
|Mar high F = 52
|Apr high F = 58
|May high F = 69
|Jun high F = 74
|Jul high F = 79
|Aug high F = 78
|Sep high F = 71
|Oct high F = 60
|Nov high F = 47
|Dec high F = 40
|year high F = 59
|Jan low F = 29
|Feb low F = 31
|Mar low F = 38
|Apr low F = 45
|May low F = 54
|Jun low F = 59
|Jul low F = 62
|Aug low F = 60
|Sep low F = 54
|Oct low F = 46
|Nov low F = 37
|Dec low F = 32
|year low F = 46
|Jan precipitation inch = 2.1
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.1
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.9
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.1
|May precipitation inch = 3.4
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.3
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.4
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.4
|Sep precipitation inch = 2.4
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.7
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.2
|Dec precipitation inch = 2.9
|year precipitation inch = 34.7
|source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>
{{cite web
|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=24131&refer=wikipedia |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Daruvar, Croatia
|publisher=Weatherbase
|year=2011
}}
Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
</ref>
|date=November 2011
}}
</div>

==Demographics==
According to the [[census]] of 2011, the population of the Daruvar municipality (township) was 11,633. In [[ethnic]] terms, 61.28% are [[Croats]], 21.36% [[Czechs in Croatia|Czechs]], 12.28% [[Serbs]], and 0.98% [[Hungarians]].<ref>{{Croatian Census 2011|E|07|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref> As for the [[religion]], 75.49% are [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]s, 10.23% [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], and 7.62% are [[agnostic]]s and [[atheism|atheists]].<ref>{{Croatian Census 2011|R|07|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref>

The Czech population is of significant size having its own newspaper, schools, societies and [[Club (organization)|club]]s (''Česká beseda'' or 'Czech word', ''Jednota'' or 'Unity' in [[Czech language|Czech]]), and publishing company. The entire area (Veliki Zdenci, [[Grubisno Polje|Grubišno Polje]], Končanica), is actually bilingual with [[Czech language|Czech]] being the second official language. There are numerous local ethnic festivities celebrating important points in different cultures; for example youth meetings, [[harvest]] celebrations, as well as events geared toward the city's Czech community and celebration of local Czech culture.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

{{Croatian population data graph |popisi=HRV |upisano=2022-06-04 |područje=Town of Daruvar |p1857=2278 |p1869=3467 |p1880=4017 |p1890=5031 |p1900=5881 |p1910=7215 |p1921=7056 |p1931=8078 |p1948=9553 |p1953=10002 |p1961=11228 |p1971=12355 |p1981=13546 |p1991=14210 |p2001=13243 |p2011=11633 |p2021=10105}}

==Politics==
===Minority councils and representatives===
Although though the [[Government of the Republic of Croatia]] does not guarantee official Croatian-Czech bilinguialism, the statute of Daruvar itself does.<ref name="VRH2023">{{cite web |publication-date=2024-11-28 |date=November 2023 |title=Izvješće o provođenju Ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina i o utrošku sredstava osiguranih u Državnom proračunu Republike Hrvatske za 2023. godinu za potrebe nacionalnih manjina |url=https://vlada.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//2016/Sjednice/2024/Listopad/28_sjednica_VRH//28%20-%2015.docx?lang=ro |website=Vlada Republike Hrvatske |archive-date=2025-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430005044/https://vlada.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//2016/Sjednice/2024/Listopad/28_sjednica_VRH//28%20-%2015.docx?lang=ro |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Preserving traditional Czech place names and assigning street names to Czech historical figures is legally mandated and carried out.<ref name="VRH2023" />{{rp|135}}

Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.<ref name="T-Portal">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/manjinski-izbori-prve-nedjelje-u-svibnju-krecu-i-edukacije-20230313 |title=Manjinski izbori prve nedjelje u svibnju, kreću i edukacije |date= 13 March 2023 |author= |publisher=[[T-portal]] |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> At the [[2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections]] [[Czechs of Croatia|Czechs]] and [[Serbs of Croatia]] each fulfilled legal requirements to each elect their own 15 members minority council of the City of Daruvar while [[Hungarians of Croatia|Hungarians]] were electing individual representative.<ref name="BBŽ-Manjine-2023">{{cite web | url=https://www.izbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2023/Manjinski%20izbori%202023/Rezultati/Z7_BJELOVARSKO_BILOGORSKA_ZUPANIJA.pdf | title=Informacija o konačnim rezultatima izbora članova vijeća i izbora predstavnika nacionalnih manjina 2023. VII. BJELOVARSKO-BILOGORSKA ŽUPANIJA | date=2023 | author= | publisher=Državno izborno povjerenstvo Republike Hrvatske | page=8-9 | language=hr | format=PDF | access-date=10 June 2023 | archive-date=10 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610225823/https://www.izbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2023/Manjinski%20izbori%202023/Rezultati/Z7_BJELOVARSKO_BILOGORSKA_ZUPANIJA.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Spas==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
Water treatments benefiting [[health]] were well known to mentioned Iassi tribes here almost 2,500 years ago, later widely used by Romans and in the Middle Ages. In 1772 the owner of the area Antun Janković started building around the [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]], envisioning correctly that the town might become a healing, leisure, and recreation center again as it was through the course of history. He erected numerous buildings, many of them still functional (''Anton's spa'', ''Ivan's spa''). After 1897 the newly opened [[railroad]] brought new visitors. Restaurant ''Teresa'', ''Swiss [[villa]]'', ''Villa Arcadia'', and ''Big Mud Spa'' with its prominent [[dome]] and today well known city mark were all built during the turn of 19 and 20th century.

Daruvarske Toplice is a special hospital complex for rehabilitation specializing in treatment of female [[fertility]] (primary and secondary [[infertility|sterility]]), with two [[clinic]]s for esthetic [[surgery]]. Warm waters (33 to 47 [[Celsius|°C]]) are also used in postoperative rehabilitation, treatment of [[inflammation]]s, [[rheumatism]], the trauma of bones, hips, [[Human head|head]], [[vertebral column|spine]], and [[animal locomotion|locomotion]]. More spas are around [[Pakrac]] and [[Lipik]], where there is also a [[mineral water]] bottling plant. The park within the complex is positioned containing 65 different kind of trees such as a 250-year-old [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] tree from China, ''[[variegation|Variegatum]]'' from [[Arizona]], and others. Hotel ''Termal'', renovated and extended in 1996, is also here. A smaller hotel, ''Balisse'', is a few minutes walking distance away in the [[traffic]]-friendly downtown.

==Tourism==
The area is rich in [[monument]]s. Historic ''Kistalovac'', ''Pavlovina'', ''Sirač'', ''Bagenovać'', ''[[Dobra Kuća]]'', and ''Stupčanica'' are examples of numerous local castles belonging to the Croatian [[nobility]] of the times passed by. [[Franciscan]] [[monastery|monasteries]] like those of ''St. Margareth'', ''St. Ana'', ''St. Three Kings'', and the [[Church (building)|Church]] of ''Holy Trinity'' are witnesses of the rich religious culture.

==Sports==
The local chapter of the [[Croatian Mountaineering Society|HPS]] is ''HPD "Vrani Kamen"'', which had 81 members in 1936 under the Ljubomir Vladen presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1936 |orig-date=1936-05-15 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title="Stožer" — Bugojno |page=234-235 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=32 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193607.pdf |language=hr}}</ref> Membership fell to 67 in 1937.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1937 |orig-date=1937-05-05 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=221–252 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=33 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193707.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|241}} Membership rose to 78 in 1938.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1938 |orig-date=1938-05-05 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=222–254 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=34 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193807.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|241}}

==Economy==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
German people who came here in the 18th century as well as Czechs in the 19th were the keystone of the revival participating in agriculture, food processing plants, culture, and education. The [[Economic development|development]] was accelerated at the turn of the century by being connected to the [[railroad]] track from [[Banova Jaruga]] to [[Barcs]] in Hungary. An important historic moment in 1897 was witnessed by the emperor [[Franz Joseph]] himself. Since 1840 a [[brewery]] is operating here producing today more than 250,000 [[hectoliters]] of beer based upon an old and famous Czech [[recipe]]s, with ''Old Bohemian'' (''Staročeško pivo'') brand being the most known. ''Zdenka'' of [[Veliki Zdenci]] is well known for its milk and melted cheese processing plant.

[[Fish]] is cultivated in [[artificial lake]]s around [[Končanica]] and processed within ''Irida''. Here are local high quality vines as [[Graševina]] (ranking the highest), [[Rhein Riesling]], [[Chardonnay]], and [[Sauvignon blanc|Sauvignon]]. Here fruit, [[maize]], wheat, meat, and other agriculture [[product (business)|products]] are produced for local, national, and wider [[Market (economics)|market]]s. ''Dalit'', created in 1905, is a metal processing plant, once one of the biggest in what was once [[Yugoslavia]], employing today 320, but in the late 1970s almost 2,000 people. A flat glass factory is in Lipik. There are small [[graphics]] and [[printing]] (''Daruvarska Tiskara d.d.'', ''Logos'') facilities and the [[textile]] plant ''Vesna'', which employs around 200. Growing is the importance of trade, tourism, and [[communication]]. 2300 people are employed, one-third of them women.

==Education==
The first school was opened in 1856.{{sfn|Herout|2016|p=52}} A school for women was opened here in 1866.{{sfn|Herout|2016|p=59–60}}

==Notable people==
*[[Eva Fischer]] - oil artist
*[[David Frankfurter]] - Croatian Jew known for assassinating Swiss branch leader of the German NSDAP [[Wilhelm Gustloff]] in 1936 in Davos, Switzerland

==See also==
*[[Minority languages of Croatia#Municipalities with minority languages in official use|List of Croatian municipalities with minority languages in official use]]

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/152086|title=Prilog za povijest daruvarskog pučkog školstva za drugu polovinu 19. stoljeća|trans-title=A contribution for the history of Daruvar folk schooling for the second half of the 19th century|journal=Zbornik Janković|volume=I|issue=1|year=2016|last=Herout|first=Vjenceslav|pages=51–72|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]], Daruvar branch|language=hr|format=PDF|access-date=30 October 2019}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Daruvar}}
* [http://www.daruvar.hr/ Daruvar official site] {{in lang|hr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618174340/http://www.daruvar.net/ Daruvar city portal] {{in lang|hr}}
* [http://www.daruvarski-portfolio.net/ Daruvarski Portfolio] {{in lang|hr}}

{{Subdivisions of Bjelovar-Bilogora County}}
{{Daruvar municipality}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Daruvar| ]]
[[Category:Spa towns in Croatia]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Croatia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Bjelovar-Bilogora County]]
[[Category:Požega County]]
[[Category:Slavonia]]
[[Category:Pannonia Superior]]