View source for David Lange

{{short description|Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989}}
{{For|the Canadian politician|David Hadley Lange}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = David Lange
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|ONZ|CH|size=100%}}
| image               = File:David Lange (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Lange in the 1980s
| order1              = 32nd
| office1             = Prime Minister of New Zealand
| term_start1         = 26 July 1984
| term_end1           = 8 August 1989
| monarch1            = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor-general1   = [[David Beattie]]<br />[[Paul Reeves]]
| deputy1             = Geoffrey Palmer
| predecessor1        = [[Robert Muldoon]]
| successor1          = [[Geoffrey Palmer (New Zealand politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]]
| order2              = 27th [[Attorney-General (New Zealand)|Attorney-General of New Zealand]]
| primeminister2      = Geoffrey Palmer<br>[[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike Moore]]
| term_start2         = 8 August 1989
| term_end2           = 2 November 1990
| predecessor2        = Geoffrey Palmer
| successor2          = [[Paul East]]
| order3              = 35th [[Minister of Education (New Zealand)|Minister of Education]]
| primeminister3      = ''Himself''
| term_start3         = 24 August 1987
| term_end3           = 8 August 1989
| predecessor3        = [[Russell Marshall]]
| successor3          = Geoffrey Palmer
| order4              = 20th [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister4      = ''Himself''
| term_start4         = 26 July 1984
| term_end4           = 24 August 1987
| predecessor4        = [[Warren Cooper]]
| successor4          = Russell Marshall
| order5              = 9th
| office5             = Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party
| term_start5         = 3 February 1983
| term_end5           = 8 August 1989
| deputy5             = Geoffrey Palmer
| predecessor5        = [[Bill Rowling]]
| successor5          = Geoffrey Palmer
| order6              = 23rd [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| primeminister6      = Robert Muldoon
| deputy6             = Geoffrey Palmer
| term_start6         = 3 February 1983
| term_end6           = 26 July 1984
| predecessor6        = Bill Rowling
| successor6          = Robert Muldoon
| constituency_MP7    = [[Māngere (New Zealand electorate)|Mangere]]
| parliament7         = New Zealand
| term_start7         = 26 March 1977
| term_end7           = 12 October 1996
| predecessor7        = [[Colin Moyle]]
| successor7          = [[Taito Phillip Field]]
| awards              = [[Right Livelihood Award]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1942|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Ōtāhuhu]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2005|8|13|1942|8|4|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Middlemore]], Auckland, New Zealand
| death_cause         = Complications from [[renal failure]] and [[diabetes]]
| resting_place       = Waikaraka Cemetery
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Naomi Joy Crampton|1968|1991|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Margaret Pope|1992}}
}}
| children            = 4
| parents             = Roy Lange<br/>Phoebe Fysh Lange
| relatives           = [[Peter Lange (ceramicist)|Peter Lange]] (brother)<br/>[[Michael Bassett]] (third cousin)
| party               = [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]]
| profession          = Lawyer, Politician
| signature           = David Lange signature.png
}}
{{David Lange sidebar}}
'''David Russell Lange''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ|CH|PC}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ|i}} {{respell|LONG|ee}};<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Lange}}</ref> 4 August 1942 – 13 August 2005) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 32nd [[prime minister of New Zealand]] from 1984 to 1989. A member of the [[New Zealand Labour Party]], Lange was also the [[Minister of Education (New Zealand)|minister of Education]] and the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|minister of Foreign Affairs]] alongside his term as prime minister. He was also the [[Attorney-General (New Zealand)|attorney-general of New Zealand]] from 1989 to 1990.

Lange was born and brought up in [[Ōtāhuhu]], the son of a physician. He became a [[lawyer]], and represented poor and struggling people in [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] causes in the rapidly changing [[Auckland]] of the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Sisterhood of the Raids: teine toa who led The Polynesian Panther Party |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/447773/sisterhood-of-the-raids-teine-toa-who-led-the-polynesian-panther-party |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> After serving as legal advisor to the [[Polynesian Panthers]],<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Melani|last1= Anae|date=18 June 2016 |title=Racism was all around us |url=https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/melani-anae-racism-was-all-around-us/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=E-Tangata |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Lange was first elected to the [[New Zealand Parliament]] in the [[1977 Mangere by-election|Mangere by-election]] of 1977. He became a prominent debater within parliament, and soon gained a reputation for cutting wit (sometimes directed against himself) and eloquence. Lange became the [[Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party|leader of the Labour Party]] and [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|leader of the Opposition]] in 1983, succeeding [[Bill Rowling]].

When Prime Minister [[Robert Muldoon]] called an election for July 1984 Lange led his party to a [[landslide victory]], becoming, at the age of 41, New Zealand's youngest prime minister of the 20th century. Lange took various measures to deal with the economic problems he had inherited from the previous government. Some of the measures he took were controversial; the [[free-market]] ethos of the [[Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand|Fourth Labour Government]] did not always conform to traditional expectations of a [[social-democratic]] party. He also fulfilled a campaign promise to deny New Zealand's port facilities to nuclear-armed and nuclear-powered vessels, making New Zealand a [[New Zealand nuclear-free zone|nuclear-free zone]]. Lange and his party were re-elected in August 1987; he resigned two years later and was succeeded by his deputy, [[Geoffrey Palmer (New Zealand politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]]. He retired from parliament in 1996, and died in 2005 from renal failure and blood disease at the age of 63. Prime Minister [[Helen Clark]] described [[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987|New Zealand's nuclear-free legislation]] as his legacy.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=78153|title=Former PM David Lange dies|publisher=[[Newstalk ZB]]|date=14 August 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103008/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=78153|archive-date=28 December 2005}}
</ref>

==Early life==
Lange was born on 4 August 1942 in [[Ōtāhuhu]], a small industrial borough since absorbed into [[Auckland]].{{sfn|Lange|2005|pp=20, 21–22}} He was the oldest of four children of Eric Roy Lange, a general practitioner and obstetrician and grandson of a German settler, and Phoebe Fysh Lange, who trained as a nurse in her native [[Tasmania]] before she migrated to New Zealand. The family had lived in New Zealand for so long that the original pronunciation of their surname, ''lan-ge'', "had all but been forgotten";{{sfn|Lange|2005}} Lange himself would pronounce it as ''long-ee''. 

Lange's autobiography suggests that he admired his soft-spoken and dryly humorous father, while his demanding and sometimes overbearing mother tested his tolerance.{{sfn|Lange|2005|loc=''passim''}} His cousin [[Michael Bassett]] reflected that Roy "knew how to avoid trouble rather than confront it", and David developed a similar aversion to conflict.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bassett|first1=Michael|title=Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet|date=2010|publisher=Hachette New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=978-1-86971-241-9|page=2000|edition=e-book}}</ref>

Lange received his formal education at Fairburn Primary School, [[Papatoetoe Intermediate School]] and [[Otahuhu College]], then at the [[University of Auckland]] in 1960, where he graduated in law in 1966.{{sfn|Lange|2005|page=70}} He attributed his talents with [[Public speaking|oratory]] to the need to compensate for his clumsiness during his intermediate school days.{{sfn|Lange|2005|p=50}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6l1/lange-david-russell | title=Early life and education | encyclopedia=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | date=30 October 2013 | access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

Lange worked from an early age and held a number of jobs; in the third form he performed a paper-round for ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' in [[Mangere East]], and later changed from delivery-boy to collecting the money.{{sfn|Lange|2005|pages=61–64}} The following year he delivered telegrams, before applying to work at the [[Westfield Freezing Works]] in the role that would initially pay his way through university. The poor work conditions at the freezing works provided an opportunity to identify with the misery of fellow workers, and an appreciation for the impact of strikes on ordinary workers.{{sfn|Lange|2005|page=63}}

In 1961 he started a job as a law clerk at Haigh, Charters and Carthy, a role that had varied work and clients, including the [[Communist Party of New Zealand|Communist Party]].{{sfn|Lange|2005|pages=68–69}} On 13 March 1967 Lange was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the [[High Court of New Zealand|Supreme Court of New Zealand]].{{sfn|Lange|2005|page=70}} After his admission he spent months travelling across Australia, Asia and Britain.{{sfn|Lange|2005|loc=ch. 5}} On 3 August 1968, he married Naomi Crampton. He gained a Master of Laws in 1970 with first-class honours, specialising in criminal law and medico-legal issues.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6l1/lange-david-russell | title=Early life and education | encyclopedia=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | date=30 October 2013 | access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> Lange practised law in [[Northland Region|Northland]] and Auckland for some years, often giving legal representation to the most dispossessed members of Auckland society – he assisted the [[Polynesian Panthers|Polynesian Panther Party]] (and, by extension, the Pacific Island community) to disseminate legal rights information and legal aid during the '70s [[Dawn Raids (New Zealand)|dawn raids]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10391310|title=Brown Power|first=Catherine|last=Masters|date=14 July 2006|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref>

In July 1976 Lange was involved in the legal defence of former cabinet minister [[Phil Amos]] after he protested the visit of the 20,000 tonne American cruiser {{USS|Long Beach|CGN-9|6}} in his small yacht the ''Dolphin'' by impeding its entry to [[Auckland Harbour]]. The cruiser was forced to stop mid-stream to allow grappling hooks to be thrown to pull the ''Dolphin'' clear. Afterwards Amos had been arrested and charged with obstruction. He was convicted, but the conviction was overturned on appeal by Lange. Amos' protest instantly became a headline-grabbing piece of political drama, bringing public attention to the anti-nuclear issue. Lange was inspired by Amos' stand and following his example would later pass a law banning the visit by nuclear propelled or armed ships to New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Politician turned into a Dr Livingstone |author=Schouten, Hank |work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]] |date=14 June 2007 |page=B7 }}</ref>

==Political career==
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Lange joined the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] in 1963, and helped in the campaigns of [[Phil Amos]] in 1963 and [[Norman Douglas (politician)|Norman Douglas]] in 1966. In [[1974 Auckland City mayoral election|1974]] his cousin [[Michael Bassett]] suggested that Lange should stand on the Labour ticket for the [[Auckland City Council]]. The Council was dominated by conservative interests and the only Labour candidates elected were [[Jim Anderton]] and [[Catherine Tizard]]; Lange was "...halfway down the field .... which was better than I expected."{{sfn|Lange|2005|p=87}} Lange's father Roy, who was a doctor at Ōtāhuhu, had delivered Bassett. The two would later have strong disagreements, prompting Lange to remark, "My father had delivered him, and it became plain in later days that he must have dropped him."{{sfn|Lange|2005|p=98}}

Lange then stood for Labour in [[Hobson (New Zealand electorate)|Hobson]] in [[1975 New Zealand general election|1975]], and came third.{{sfn|Lange|2005|pp=98,99}} In 1977 he entered the race for the Labour nomination in a [[by-election]] for the safer seat of [[Māngere (New Zealand electorate)|Mangere]]<!-- no macron at the time -->. He saw off more experienced candidates (some of whom were former MPs) to win the Labour candidacy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nomination goes to Mr Lange |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=16 February 1977 |page=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mangere Labour man weighs in |work=[[Auckland Star]] |date=16 February 1977 |page=2 }}</ref> He won the [[1977 Mangere by-election|Mangere by-election]], retaining the area for Labour.

Lange then represented Mangere, a working-class Auckland electorate with a large [[Māori people|Māori]] population, in the [[New Zealand Parliament]]. On becoming an MP, Lange quickly made an impression in the House as a debater, a wit, and the scourge of Prime Minister [[Robert Muldoon]]. In his [[maiden speech]], he suggested that New Zealand children had fewer rights than animals received under the [[Animal Welfare Act 1999|Animals Protection Act 1960]], and complained of "appalling" rail service from Auckland to Mangere.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pickmere|first1=Arnold|title=Obituary: David Russell Lange|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10340780|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=29 October 2016|date=14 August 2005}}</ref>

After the {{NZ election link|1978}} Lange was elevated to the [[Shadow Cabinet]]. In December 1978 Labour leader [[Bill Rowling]] appointed Lange Shadow Minister for Social Welfare.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rowling shuffles his pack |date=9 December 1978 |work=[[Auckland Star]] |page=3 }}</ref> On 1 November 1979 Lange, after encouragement from parliamentary friends [[Roger Douglas]] and [[Michael Bassett]], challenged [[Bob Tizard]] for the deputy leadership. Lange succeeded in the challenge, narrowly defeating Tizard 20 votes to 18.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=51}} In addition to becoming Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Lange became Shadow Attorney-General, Shadow Minister of Justice and Shadow Minister of Pacific Island Affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Team |date=15 December 1979 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |page=12 }}</ref>

In 1980 Lange and a group consisting of Douglas, Bassett, [[Richard Prebble]] and [[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike Moore]] tried to remove Rowling as leader of the Labour Party. Following the coup attempt Lange resigned as deputy leader in January 1981 to offer himself for re-election as a vote of confidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Party Deputy Leader Will Quit To Test Support | work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=23 January 1981 |page=1 }}</ref> At Labour's first caucus meeting of the year he was re-elected as deputy leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lange back with confidence |work=[[Auckland Star]] |date=12 February 1981 |page=1 }}</ref> After Labour lost the [[1981 New Zealand general election|1981 general election]], the group, later known as the "[[Fish and Chip Brigade]]" (in reference to a picture published at the time showing the plotters eating [[fish and chips]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/seafood/2/2|title=Photo of the ''Fish and Chip Brigade'' in 1980 in Douglas' office; Bassett, Douglas, Lange and Moore|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|date=13 July 2013|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> succeeded in their second attempt in 1983.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=39}}

=== Leader of the Opposition ===
[[File:David Lange, 1980.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Lange in 1980]]
Lange succeeded Rowling as [[Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party|parliamentary leader of the Labour Party]] and as [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]] on 3 February 1983. Significant debate emerged within the Labour Party on the party's economic direction, following a paper by Roger Douglas to the party's policy council. Eventually a compromise was drafted by Geoffrey Palmer, which Lange described as "A manifesto which appealed to the right, the left, the centre and the totally bewildered. It was, in fact, anodyne."{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=39}}

Muldoon unexpectedly called a [[1984 New Zealand general election|snap election]] in 1984, as a result of [[Marilyn Waring]] voting for a [[member's bill]] introduced by Richard Prebble to introduce a nuclear-free zone.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=49}} The timing of the election prevented Labour from creating a proper election platform, instead using the Palmer draft. Lange commented that the party went into the election with an unfinished argument for an economic policy.{{sfn|Lange|2005|pp=164}}

Lange led Labour to a landslide victory, helped by [[vote splitting]] between the [[National Party of New Zealand|National Party]] and the [[New Zealand Party]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pugh |first1=Michael |title=The ANZUS Crisis, Nuclear Visiting and Deterrence |date=29 September 1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-34355-8 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hefnfJYMvmQC |language=en}}</ref> However, before Lange was sworn in as prime minister, a foreign exchange crisis arose, which [[1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis|led to a constitutional crisis]]. The [[New Zealand dollar]] was overvalued and following the announcement of the snap election in June, traders started selling off the New Zealand dollar on the assumption that Labour would win the election and devalue the currency.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=69}}

Muldoon refused to follow Lange's instruction to devalue the currency, making the dollar's situation more untenable. Eventually on 19 July Muldoon relented, after his position as leader of the National party was threatened by members of his caucus.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=69}}

== Prime Minister (1984–1989) ==
{{main|Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand}}
{{Infobox administration
| image = David Lange, 1999.jpg
| image_size = 
| name = Premiership of David Lange
| term_start = 26 July 1984
| term_end = 8 August 1989
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| cabinet = [[Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand]]
| party = [[New Zealand Labour Party]]
| election = [[1984 New Zealand general election|1984]], [[1987 New Zealand general election|1987]]
| appointer = [[David Beattie]]
| predecessor = [[Robert Muldoon#Prime Minister (1975–1984)|Robert Muldoon]]
| successor = [[Geoffrey Palmer (New Zealand politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]]
| seal =
| seal_size = 
| seal_caption =
| official_url =
}}
David Lange was sworn in as New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister on 26 July 1984, becoming, at the age of 41, [[List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by age|New Zealand's youngest prime minister]] of the 20th century, a record later surpassed by only one other, [[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike Moore]] in 1990.

===First term: 1984–1987===
During his first term of office as prime minister, Lange also held the position of [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|minister of foreign affairs]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Questions for Oral Answer |publisher=[[Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HgrAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5646 |volume=464 |page=5646 |language=en-NZ|last1=Parliament |first1=New Zealand }}</ref>

====Rogernomics====
The currency crisis and devaluation of the New Zealand dollar spurred on the reform drive of [[Roger Douglas]], who Lange made [[Minister of Finance (New Zealand)|minister of finance]] in the new government.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=76}} These reforms were soon dubbed '[[Rogernomics]]', in a similar vein to [[Reaganomics]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Easton |first1=Brian |title=Economic history – Government and market liberalisation |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/page-11 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=11 March 2010 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

Upon coming to office, Lange's government was confronted by a severe balance of payments crisis, as a result of the deficits fuelled by Muldoon's imposition of a two-year freeze on wages and prices, and stubborn maintenance of an unsustainable exchange rate.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fiske|first1=Edward B.|last2=Ladd|first2=Helen F.|title=When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale|date=2000|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8157-2835-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950/page/27 27]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950|url-access=registration|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> Such economic conditions prompted Lange to remark: "We ended up being run very similarly to a [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Polish shipyard]]".<ref>{{cite news | title = David Lange, in his own words | date=15 August 2005 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10340844 | work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]| access-date = 29 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gingrich|first1=Jane Rebecca|title=Dissertation: Whose Market Is It Anyways: Making Multiple Markets in the Welfare State|date=2007|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|page=1|id={{ProQuest|304901947}}}}</ref> Their first move was to hold an Economic Summit on 14 September 1984, similar to the one held in Australia by [[Bob Hawke]] the previous year, to create a feeling of consensus and to lay out the underlying problems in [[New Zealand's economy]].{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=75}} The summit however was dominated by advocacy of radical economic reforms similar to what had been proposed by the Treasury Department,<ref name="Revolution part two">{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Marcia|last2=Carlaw|first2=John|title=Revolution (part two)|website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7drcQVvpM0|access-date=3 July 2016|ref=Revpt2|at=7:54–8:46, 10:05–10:15|format=video|date=1996}}</ref> foreshadowing the Lange government's propensity to approach issues from a fundamentally economic standpoint.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fiske|first1=Edward B.|last2=Ladd|first2=Helen F.|title=When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale|date=2000|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8157-2835-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950/page/29 29]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950|url-access=registration|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> [[Margaret Wilson]], the Labour Party's president, was deliberately not invited to the summit,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Marcia|last2=Carlaw|first2=John|title=Revolution (part two)|website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7drcQVvpM0|access-date=3 July 2016 |ref=Revpt2|at=9:31–10:05|format=video|date=1996}}</ref> a sign of the speed and intolerant approach to opposition that would characterise Rogernomics. Douglas himself saw the summit as a theatrical preparation for his first budget.<ref name="Revolution part two"/>

Lange and Douglas engaged in a rapid programme of deregulation and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The first sector affected was [[New Zealand's agricultural community]], a traditionally National-supporting community. The loss of subsidies hit some farmers hard.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=101}} Other changes brought criticism from many people in Labour's traditional supporter base. The Labour Party also lost support from many elderly people by introducing a [[superannuation]] [[Surtax|surcharge]] after having promised not to reduce superannuation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schulman |first1=J. |title=Neoliberal Labour Governments and the Union Response: The Politics of the End of Labourism |date=28 May 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-30317-2 |page=1953 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Neoliberal_Labour_Governments_and_the_Un/15yhCgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Douglas also deregulated the finance markets, removing restrictions on interest rates, lending and foreign exchange. In March 1985, with Lange's blessing, the New Zealand dollar was floated.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=80}} From 1 April 1987, several government departments were corporatised into [[state-owned enterprise]]s, with massive loss of jobs.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=120}}

On the role of Government Lange said "It is there to be the securer of its citizens' welfare. Where the market works well, it should be given its head. Where the market results in manifest inequity, or poor economic performance, the Government must get involved."<ref>{{cite news|title=Business biting hand of nanny govt|newspaper=The National Business Review|date=7 March 1990|page=24}}</ref>

====International affairs and nuclear-free policy====
[[File:David Lange addressing the Foreign Policy Association in New York.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Lange addresses the [[Foreign Policy Association]] in New York City, 1984. His stand against nuclear weapons attracted international attention.]]
{{see also|New Zealand–United States relations}}
Lange made his name on the international stage with his steadfast leadership in the [[anti-nuclear weapons movement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Obituaries — Rt Hon David Russell Lange ONZ, CH, John Finlay Luxton QSO, Hon John Howard Falloon CNZM, Rod David Donald|url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/document/48HansD_20051109_00000001/obituaries-rt-hon-david-russell-lange-onz-ch-john-finlay|work=[[Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|publisher=New Zealand Parliament|date=9 November 2005}}</ref> His government refused to allow nuclear-capable ships into New Zealand's [[territorial waters]], a policy the country continues to this day. In February 1985, Lange famously rejected the arrival of the [[USS Buchanan (DDG-14)|USS ''Buchanan'']], supported by a recommendation from the acting prime minister Geoffrey Palmer.<ref>{{cite web|title=USS Buchanan refused entry to New Zealand|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/uss-buchanan-refused-entry-new-zealand|work=[[NZHistory]]|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Lange|2005|page=204}} The ship was not armed with nuclear weapons but was capable of carrying them. This displeased the United States; in response, all intelligence flow to New Zealand was stopped and joint military exercises were cancelled. In 1985, there were 22 programmed exercises cancelled or restructured, resulting in approximately 6,000 man-days of training being taken away.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Clements|first1=Kevin|title=New Zealand's Role in Promoting a Nuclear-Free Pacific|journal=Journal of Peace Research|date=December 1988|volume=25|issue=4|pages=395–410|doi=10.1177/002234338802500406|s2cid=109140255|ref=Special Issue on Militarization and Demilitarization in Asia-Pacific}}</ref>

{{external media
| float = right
| audio1 = [https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/sound/oxford-union-debate Oxford Union debate on nuclear weapons] (David Lange at the Oxford Union debate, 1 March 1985), from [[NZHistory]]<ref name="Oxford Union">{{cite AV media|title=Sound: Oxford Union debate on nuclear weapons |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/sound/oxford-union-debate |access-date=18 November 2018 |work=NZHistory |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=1 March 1985 |location=Oxford, United Kingdom}}</ref>
}}
During a televised [[Oxford Union]] debate in March 1985, Lange gained an extraordinary international reputation. Lange argued for the proposition that "Nuclear weapons are morally indefensible",<ref name="greatNZargument">{{cite web |url= http://publicaddress.net/default,1578.sm#post|title= Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible|access-date=7 September 2008 |last= Lange |first= David |work=Public Address: Great New Zealand argument|date= 14 October 2004|publisher=Public Address}}</ref> in opposition to the American [[televangelist]] [[Jerry Falwell]].<ref name="greatNZargument"/> Lange regarded his appearance at the Oxford Union as the high point of his career in politics.{{sfn|Lange|2005|p=208}}  His speech included the memorable statement: 
<blockquote>
"There is no humanity in the logic which holds that my country must be obliged to play host to nuclear weapons because others in the West are playing host to nuclear weapons. That is the logic which refuses to admit that there is any alternative to nuclear weapons, when plainly there is. It is self defeating logic, just as the weapons themselves are self defeating, to compel an ally to accept nuclear weapons against the wishes of that ally is to take the moral position of totalitarianism which allows for no self determination."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> 
</blockquote>

His speech also included an often-quoted statement made in response to a question posed by another debater:<ref name="Oxford Union"/>

{{Cquote|text="...I'm going to give it to you if you hold your breath just for a moment ... I can smell the uranium on it as you lean towards me!"}}

In 1987, Lange's government passed the [[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=New Zealand Legislation|title=New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1987/0086/10.0/DLM115116.html}}</ref> This Act effectively declared New Zealand a [[nuclear-free zone]] and banned all nuclear-capable ships from entering New Zealand waters. The United States regarded this legislation as a breach of treaty obligations under [[ANZUS]] and announced that it would suspend its treaty obligations to New Zealand until the re-admission of U.S. Navy ships to New Zealand ports, characterising New Zealand as "a friend, but not an ally".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Ayson|first1=Robert |last2=Phillips|first2=Jock|title=United States and New Zealand – Nuclear-free 1980s|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/united-states-and-new-zealand/page-3|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=20 June 2012|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

====''Rainbow Warrior'' affair====
{{main|Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior|France–New Zealand relations}}
[[File:RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg|thumb|''Rainbow Warrior'' in Auckland, 1985]]
Relations with France became strained when French agents of the [[DGSE]] [[sinking of the Rainbow Warrior|bombed and sank]] the [[Greenpeace]] ship the ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1955)|Rainbow Warrior]]'' on 10 July 1985 while it lay moored in [[Waitematā Harbour|Auckland Harbour]], killing photographer [[Fernando Pereira]]. In June 1986 Lange obtained a political deal with France over the ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1955)|Rainbow Warrior]]'' affair, presided over by [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]].  France agreed to pay compensation of NZ$13&nbsp;million (US$6.5&nbsp;million) to New Zealand and also to apologise. In return, Lange agreed that French authorities could detain the convicted French agents [[Alain Mafart]] and [[Dominique Prieur]] at the French military base on [[Hao (French Polynesia)|Hao Atoll]] for three years. However, both spies were freed by May 1988, less than two years later, in violation of the agreement.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf|date=30 April 1990|title=Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair|journal=Reports of International Arbitral Awards|volume=XX|pages=215–284, especially p. 275}}</ref>

==== Social reforms ====
During Lange's first term in office, the Lange government implemented many social reforms. On 8 August 1986, the Lange government enacted the [[Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986|Homosexual Law Reform Act]] which legalised consensual sex of males 16 years and older and allowed them to enter into sexual relationships with one another without the fear of being prosecuted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/homosexual-law-reform/reforming-the-law|title=Homosexual Law Reform|date=1 July 2014|website=NZ History|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref> On 1 August 1987, the [[Māori Language Act 1987]] was enacted making [[te reo Māori]] an official language of New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/maori-becomes-an-official-language|title=Te reo Māori recognised as official language|date=3 August 2017|website=NZ History|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

====1987 general election====
{{main|1987 New Zealand general election}}
Lange's government was re-elected at the August 1987 general election, the first time a Labour government had won a second term since [[1938 New Zealand general election|1938]]. The government increased its share of the popular vote, although this may have been due to less vote splitting. Lange toured the country throughout the campaign and faced, for the first time, protests against his government, especially in provincial areas.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=144}} Unusually, Labour did not produce a [[manifesto]] for the election, primarily due to disagreement between Douglas and Lange over the direction the government would take if re-elected. Lange sought to focus on social services in the second term,<ref name="Riley">{{cite journal|last1=Riley|first1=Brett|title=Aotearoa's hamburger chain|journal=[[New Internationalist]]|date=February 1988|issue=180|url=https://newint.org/features/1988/02/05/learning/|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> and declared in his victory speech, "I'm proud that we are now, in the next three years, going to seal those [economic] gains, in health and education and social welfare progress."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Marcia|last2=Carlaw|first2=John|title=Revolution (part two)|website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7drcQVvpM0|access-date=3 July 2016 |ref=Revpt2|at=54:49–55:01|format=video|date=1996}}</ref>

On the night, Labour's candidate [[Judith Tizard]] came within 406 votes of winning the traditionally National-held seat of [[Remuera (New Zealand electorate)|Remuera]]; she had been forecast as the winner by initial vote counting.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=142}} Labour had never come remotely close to winning the wealthy east Auckland seat before, even at its high-tide victories in 1972 and 1984. Tizard's near-win fuelled Lange's misgivings about the direction his government was taking. He commented, "That election night was a great revelation for me. That was an apprehension on my part that we had actually abandoned our constituency. And it set me to think what on earth have we done that we come within 400 votes of winning the true-blue [National] seat of Remuera. And that struck me as being a dangerous flirtation, and an act of treachery to the people we were born to represent."{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=143}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Marcia|last2=Carlaw|first2=John|title=Revolution (part two)|website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7drcQVvpM0|access-date=3 July 2016|ref=Revpt2|at=54:16–54:53|format=video|date=1996}}</ref>

===Second term: 1987–1989===
Following the 1987 election, Lange made himself [[Ministry of Education (New Zealand)|Minister of Education]]. He stated that he gave himself the portfolio to "draw a line in the sand" against the influence of the "Treasury {{linktext|troika}}"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Easton|first1=Brian|title=The Commercialisation of New Zealand|date=1997|publisher=Auckland University Press|location=Auckland|isbn=1-86940-173-5|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYebMJhK-q8C&q=david%20lange&pg=PA74|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> (Douglas, Prebble and [[David Caygill]]), and in accordance with his wishes to emphasise social policy in his second term.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Marcia|last2=Carlaw|first2=John|title=Revolution (part three)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhTgrSiiXDk|website=YouTube|access-date=3 July 2016|ref=Revpt3|at=9:58–10:31|format=video|date=1996|quote=...it was quite blatantly, although I didn't express it at the time, to destabilise the thrust of the troika – Roger, Richard and David Caygill. And to emphasise the social policy aspect, to place a whole new focus of the meaning of this government, I took on education.}}</ref>

====Fijian coups d'état====
{{main|1987 Fijian coups d'état}}
Lange was criticised for his reaction to the coups d'état in Fiji in May and September 1987.<ref name="Fijian_Coup">{{cite thesis|title=New Zealand's Response to the Aircraft Hijack Incident During the 1987 coup d'état in Fiji: A study of Civil-Military Relations in Crisis|author=Grant J. Crowley|date=2002|publisher=[[Massey University]]|url=https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/7154}}</ref> Later, in his autobiography, Lange stated:
<blockquote>There was never any question that New Zealand might use force to restore the democratically elected government, since we were not asked to intervene by its representatives and had we been, we did not have the military resources. I did however ask our military leaders to ready themselves to come to the assistance of any New Zealand citizens who might be endangered, and I met with considerable obstruction.{{sfn|Lange|2005|p=194}} </blockquote>

====Stock market crash====
The [[Black Monday (1987)|stock market crash of 19/20 October 1987]] damaged confidence in the New Zealand economy, which went into a prolonged recession from December of that year, and remained so until June 1991.<ref name="dol unemployment">{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/discussion-papers/current-recession/|title=How bad is the Current Recession? Labour Market Downturns since the 1960s|publisher=[[Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]]|access-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215000257/http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/discussion-papers/current-recession/|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> During that time unemployment skyrocketed 170%, the unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in the September 1987 quarter to 7.5% in the June 1989 quarter.<ref name="dol unemployment" /> Lange noted with bitterness that Douglas took advantage of the crash to "rubbish" his stated ambitions to have the government focus on social policy, and push for more economic reforms.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Marcia|last2=Carlaw|first2=John|title=Revolution (part three)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhTgrSiiXDk|website=YouTube|access-date=3 July 2016|ref=Revpt3-2|at=7:36–8:45|format=video|date=1996|quote=...and then came the stock market crash, and the advantage was taken of that, so while we won in '87, earlier this year, because we had the right policies, the stock market's crashed, now we must be further, farther, faster, we must sell more things, we must become more right wing.}}</ref>

====Tomorrow's Schools====
As Minister of Education, Lange pushed the introduction of ''[[Tomorrow's Schools]]'', a radical restructure of New Zealand's primary and secondary school education system.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=160}} The Department of Education was downsized to become the Ministry of Education and have a supervisory role, education boards were abolished and parents at each school elected their own boards of trustees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzcer.org.nz/research/impact-education-reforms?cPath=343_76&products_id=133#Summary|title=The impact of education reforms from 1989:Summary of New Zealand education reforms|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=[[New Zealand Council for Educational Research]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124105441/http://www.nzcer.org.nz/research/impact-education-reforms?cPath=343_76&products_id=133#Summary|archive-date=24 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The reforms were criticised for the influence of [[New Right]] ideas and their effect of introducing market mechanisms and notions of competition in the education system.<ref name="Riley"/> Lange's appointment of businessman Brian Picot to head a [[Picot task force|task force]] into educational reform was taken as a sign of the government giving too much priority to economic and competitive concerns over the social aspect of education.<ref name="FiskeLadd">{{cite book|last1=Fiske|first1=Edward B.|last2=Ladd|first2=Helen F.|title=When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale|date=2000|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8157-2835-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950/page/33 33]–34|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950|url-access=registration|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

====Leadership challenge and resignation====
[[File:Letter accepting resignation of David Lange as Prime Minister - August 1989 (19735340664).jpg|thumb|The [[Governor-General of New Zealand|governor-general]]'s letter accepting Lange's resignation]]
In 1988 consensus on economic policy amongst the Labour leadership finally broke down, with Douglas resigning after Lange overruled his radical [[flat tax|flat income-tax]] and [[universal basic income]] proposal.  Douglas continued his campaign against Lange through public statements, the unauthorised release of cabinet papers and on 21 December 1988 [[1988 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election|an unsuccessful challenge]] against Lange's leadership in the Labour caucus. To date it is the only instance when a sitting prime minister has been challenged for leadership.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=462}}

The radical economic reforms had alienated much of the Labour Party, and it fractured; in April 1989 [[Jim Anderton]], a backbench MP, formed a breakaway [[NewLabour Party (New Zealand)|NewLabour Party]], taking approximately one third of Labour's membership.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Louise |first1=Humpage |title=Policy change, public attitudes and social citizenship: Does neoliberalism matter? |date=2014 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-2351-8 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaKkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |language=en}}</ref>

However, the caucus re-elected Douglas to the Cabinet on 3 August 1989, and Lange interpreted this as a vote of no-confidence in his leadership. He tendered his resignation five days later on 8 August 1989.{{sfn|Russell|1996|p=202}} Lange became the first elected Labour prime minister who neither died in office nor was voted out in an election.

====Leadership====
Lange's leadership abilities were mixed and at times contradictory.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Two Titans: Muldoon, Lange and Leadership|last=Johansson | first= Jon |date=2005|publisher=Dunmore Publishing|isbn=1877399019|location=Wellington.|oclc=63658626}}</ref> As one of the most media-capable New Zealand prime ministers, he was a quick-witted orator and able to speak inspirationally to topics, yet was sensitive to criticism and averse to conflict.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Levine|first1=Stephen|last2=Roberts|first2=Nigel|title=Muldoon revisited|chapter=Their Ways: A Comparative Assessment of New Zealand Prime Ministers and the News Media|date=2004|publisher=Dunmore Press|location=Palmerston North|isbn=0-864-69465-2|page=245|editor-last=Clark|editor-first=Margaret}}</ref> He often became caught up in how he was seen to perform and would often avoid confronting angry ministers by using a rear entrance.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Rights of passage|last=Laidlaw |first=Chris |date=1999|publisher=Hodder Moa Beckett|isbn=1869587235|location=Auckland, N.Z.|oclc=43713318}}</ref> Despite being [[wikt:media-savvy|media-savvy]], Lange's political skills were judged to be poor by political scientist Stephen Levine.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Levine |first1=Stephen| last2=Roberts |first2=Nigel |title=Muldoon revisited|chapter=Their Ways: A Comparative Assessment of New Zealand Prime Ministers and the News Media|date=2004|publisher=Dunmore Press|location=Palmerston North|isbn=0-864-69465-2| page=260|editor-last=Clark| editor-first=Margaret}}</ref>

==Motor racing==
[[File:David Lange in car.jpg|thumb|Lange partaking in a motor race]]
During his tenure as prime minister, Lange engaged in competitive [[motor racing]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marshall|first1=Russell|title=David Lange|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/aug/15/guardianobituaries.obituaries|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 August 2017|date=15 August 2005}}</ref> appearing in the New Zealand One Make [[Ford Laser]] Sport series.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/kGCNxCfXzUo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201530/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGCNxCfXzUo Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=David Lange: NZ Prime Minister races cars. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGCNxCfXzUo |website=theFASTfiles.com |date=1988 |access-date=17 June 2021 |language=en |via=[[YouTube]] |format=video}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Post-premiership==
===Cabinet minister: 1989–1990===
[[Geoffrey Palmer (New Zealand politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]] succeeded Lange as Labour party leader and prime minister in 1989, Lange became [[Attorney-General (New Zealand)|attorney-general]], minister in charge of the [[Serious Fraud Office (New Zealand)|Serious Fraud Office]] and a minister of state. Palmer was then replaced by [[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike Moore]] as prime minister shortly before the [[1990 New Zealand general election|1990 general election in November]], which Labour lost by a landslide. Lange was re-elected at this election (and again in [[1993 New Zealand general election|1993]]) as the member for Mangere.

===Opposition and resignation from parliament===
[[File:Four past New Zealand prime ministers together in 1992.jpg|upright=1.25|thumb|Lange with [[Jim Bolger]], [[Robert Muldoon|Sir Robert Muldoon]] and [[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike Moore]], at the 1992 valedictory dinner, Wellington Club]]
After the government was defeated in 1990, he was appointed Shadow Attorney-General by Moore.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |title=Labour line-up |date=6 December 1991 |page=5 }}</ref> After Moore led Labour to narrow loss in the [[1993 New Zealand general election|1993 general election]], Lange backed deputy leader [[Helen Clark]] for the leadership against Moore. Clark replaced Moore as Labour leader and made Lange Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs and Shadow Minister of Racing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Temple |first=Philip |title=Temple's Guide to the 44th New Zealand Parliament |year=1994 |publisher=McIndoe Publishers |location=[[Dunedin]] |isbn=0-86868-159-8  |pages=49–50 }}</ref>  In 1991 and 1992 he wrote a Monday column in [[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|''The Dominion'']], published alternately with [[Simon Upton]] who, Lange commented, "writes erudite obfuscation tempered by occasional attempts to explain the arcana of the health reforms."{{sfn|Lange|1992|p=1}}

Lange was a supporter of [[New Zealand flag debate|changing New Zealand's flag]], and wrote in 1994: "[a] stranger who saw the Australian flag and the New Zealand flag outside adjacent buildings would assume that some British hotel chain was advertising deluxe and standard rooms".{{sfn|Lange|1994|p=?}} Lange also expressed support for a [[Republicanism in New Zealand|New Zealand republic]], stating: "Do such things matter? They certainly do. We suffer in this country from a lack of emotional focus... New Zealand will become a republic just as Britain will be blurred into Europe".{{sfn|Lange|1994|p=?}}

In failing health, Lange retired from Parliament before the [[1996 New Zealand general election|1996 general election]]. In his valedictory speech, he reflected on the pain caused by his government's economic reforms: "I want to thank those people whose lives were wrecked by us. They had been taught for years they had the right to an endless treadmill of prosperity and assurance, and we did them. People over 60 hate me. They hate me because I was the symbol of what caused that assurance of support and security to be shattered. That is something that has always been part of my burden."<ref>{{cite news|title=David Lange's valedictory speech in Parliament: August 22, 1996|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10340763|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> His Labour Party colleague [[Taito Phillip Field]] succeeded him as the member for the Mangere electorate.

===Life after politics===
Lange was a [[New Zealand Rugby League]] board member and served as the organisation's vice-president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17261824.html|title=NZRL chief back in the gun|work= [[Sunday Star-Times]] |date=6 September 1998}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In an interview<ref>{{cite news | first = Audrey | last = Young | title = Interview: David Lange | date=3 July 2004 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/rainbow-warrior-bombing/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500930&objectid=3575913 | work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | access-date=29 July 2010}}</ref> with ''The New Zealand Herald'' (published on 3 July 2004) the reporter asked Lange:

:''Do you think if the election of 1984 had not been a snap election, there would have been time for the opposing forces within the party to have successfully blocked the reforms or to have severely limited them?''

Lange replied:
{{Quotation|"You have to talk about why things happened the way they did. You can't actually explain my political life except by a series of situations rather than by some carefully constructed, rigidly progressed ascendancy. You could not imagine two more unlike rides to the top as I had and [[Helen Clark]] had: hers the principled, extremely hard-working, fearless really persistence in the face of all sorts of adversities and personal assaults. Whereas mine was some sort of divine roulette. Even entering into Parliament was not one of your created, structured planned-for episodes. I mean one minute I was a clapped-out two guinea legal-aid lawyer and the next minute I was in Parliament. The by-election of 77 saw to that ... I got there in terms of the Labour Party for all the wrong reasons, for all the reasons which weren't part of its tradition. I'd never been a tract writer; I'd never been a philosopher; I'd never taken part in extraordinary industrial dispute activism; I'd not been in any of that background, but I was able to mix it in what had become, conceived to be, the new front line of politics — the ability on television to convey confidence and assurance without saying anything. And that is very important...."}}

{{Quotation|"[I was] plunged into this extraordinary awareness of a crisis in foreign exchange and reserves and having to take steps that were the absolute antithesis of anything that I would ever have expected the week before. If the people of New Zealand thought it was a bit odd, for me it was absolutely staggering.... I had thought of getting the agencies like the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], the [[World Bank]] to come in and do a ''de facto'' receivership. In fact I said so more or less publicly — let us get some external analysis of where we are rather than one which is tainted by my self-interest and by [[Robert Muldoon|Muldoon]]'s clear self-interest. But it was rendered unnecessary. He put on such an extraordinarily good performance of carrying on and saying I was introducing scorched earth policy. By the time Muldoon had finish[ed] a couple of television appearances, the general public was completely satisfied we were in a mess...."}}

====Litigation====
In 1996 Lange sued the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] over an alleged defamation that it broadcast about him. The ABC used the defence that there exists in the [[Australian Constitution]] an implied right to [[freedom of speech]] on political matters, but the [[High Court of Australia]] found against them, reversing the then existing law (see ''[[Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]''). The case was later settled on terms favourable to Lange.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal Briefing No. 40|url=http://ags.gov.au/publications/legal-briefing/br40.htm|work=Australian Government Solicitor|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref>

In a key New Zealand defamation case (''[[Lange v Atkinson]]'' [2000] 3 NZLR 385), Lange sued [[political scientist]] Joe Atkinson for representing him in the magazine ''[[North & South (New Zealand magazine)|North & South]]'' as a lazy prime minister. In a 1998 judgment, and on appeal in 2000, the courts affirmed a new qualified privilege for the media to discuss politicians when expressing the criticisms as the "honest belief" of the author.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=David Lange, defamation and media freedom|date=20 June 2012|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cartoon/35744/david-lange-defamation-and-media-freedom|access-date=3 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>

====Accidental release of secret report====
In January 2006, [[Archives New Zealand]] released to the ''[[Sunday Star-Times]]'' newspaper a box of David Lange's previously classified documents. They revealed New Zealand's ongoing involvement in [[Western alliance]] espionage, and a threat by the United States to spy on New Zealand if it did not back down from its ban on nuclear ships.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/sst0106.htm | title=Lange's secret papers reveal USA's bully tactics | work=The Sunday Star Times | date=15 January 2006 | access-date=12 June 2014 | author=Bain, Helen}}</ref> Archives New Zealand chief executive [[Dianne Macaskill]] said the paper did not have the authority to access or print the report, and wrote to the paper revoking permission to publish it. In response, the ''Sunday Star Times'' said the information had already been released into the public arena and hence could not be retracted.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/652901/423466.xhtml | title=Star-Times may face action over report | work=Television New Zealand | date=24 January 2006 | access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225002/http://tvnz.co.nz/content/652901/423466.xhtml |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The release of the document prompted a high-level inquiry to investigate how the top-secret report ended up in Lange's personal papers, in breach of security protocol.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10363868 | title=Inquiry into spying file found in Lange's papers | work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | date=16 January 2006 | access-date=12 June 2014 | author=Change, Derek}}</ref> A [[United States diplomatic cables leak|secret diplomatic cable leaked]] in 2010 covers the accidental release of the document.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1012/S00175/wikileak-langes-last-laugh-1612006.htm | title=Wikileak: Lange's Last Laugh – 16/1/2006 | work=Scoop.co.nz | date=19 December 2010 | access-date=12 June 2014 | author=WikiLeaks}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lange was raised in a [[Methodist]] family.<ref name="McInnes">{{cite magazine|last=McInnes|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeABaFnh1ZkC&pg=PA11|title=David Lange: New Zealand's Prime Minister|magazine=[[Third Way (magazine)|Third Way]]|publisher=Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd.|date=February 1986|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> In the 1960s he worked alongside Methodist theologian [[Donald Soper]] at the [[West London Methodist Mission]] in England. He was deeply influenced by Soper's interpretation of [[Christian socialism]].<ref name="McInnes"/> Lange later became a [[Methodist local preacher|Methodist lay preacher]].<ref>{{cite news|title=David Lange, 63, Is Dead; Led New Zealand|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/14/obituaries/david-lange-63-is-dead-led-new-zealand.html|access-date=23 June 2017|work=The New York Times|date=14 August 2005}}</ref>

In 1989 Lange announced in a brief press statement on 10 November that he was separating from his wife of 21 years. On 12 November Naomi Lange named his speech-writer, Margaret Pope,<ref>Not to be confused with [[Margaret Pope (journalist and anticolonial activist)]])</ref> as "the other woman" in a ''Sunday Times'' article, and said that she had been told by her husband five or six months beforehand that he planned to leave the marriage. Lange's mother Phoebe also publicly criticised him, but they later reconciled.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=525}} He had three children, Roy, Emily, and Byron, with his first wife Naomi, and one daughter, Edith, with his second wife Margaret. Lange married Margaret in Glasgow on 12 January 1992 while holidaying in Britain.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=543}}

Lange's brother [[Peter Lange (ceramicist)|Peter]] is a widely respected New Zealand potter.<ref>{{cite news | first = Jared | last = Savage | title = Memorial for Lange | date=23 July 2006 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10392559 | work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | access-date = 29 July 2010}}</ref> He has won numerous arts awards and has exhibited widely in New Zealand and overseas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.potterynz.co.nz/potters/peter-lange | title = Pottery NZ – Peter Lange | access-date = 29 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101223195935/http://www.potterynz.co.nz/potters/peter-lange | archive-date = 23 December 2010 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lange's third cousin [[Michael Bassett]] became a fellow Cabinet-minister. Bassett published a book in 2008 about the Lange government entitled ''Working With David: Inside the Lange Cabinet''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKinnon |first=Malcolm |date=2009 |title=Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet by Michael Bassett (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/426/article/879267/pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of History |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=87–89 |issn=2463-5057}}</ref>

===Health issues and death===
[[File:Backbencher - IMG 6219.jpg|thumb|A caricature sculpture of Lange highlighting his weight]]
Lange suffered all his life from [[obesity]] and the health problems it caused. By 1982 he weighed about {{convert|175|kg|st lbs}}, and had surgery to [[stomach stapling|staple]] his stomach in order to lose weight.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/20408/the-new-leader-of-the-labour-party|title=The new leader of the Labour Party|encyclopedia=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography|date=30 October 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Lange|2005|pp=143–144}}

In the 1990s Lange's health declined, with [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] and kidney disorders. In 2002, doctors diagnosed Lange as having [[amyloidosis]], a rare and incurable [[blood plasma]] disorder. He underwent extensive medical treatment for this condition. Although initially told he had only four months to live, Lange defied his doctors' expectations, and remained "optimistic" about his health. He entered hospital in Auckland in mid-July 2005 to undergo nightly peritoneal dialysis in his battle with end-stage kidney failure. On 2 August, he had his lower right leg amputated without a general anaesthetic, as a result of diabetes complications.<ref>{{cite news | first = Julie | last = Middleton | title = I'd rather lose a leg than my life, says Lange | date =4 August 2005 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10339078 | work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | access-date = 29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210024/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10339078 |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> It was reported that, during the 40-minute operation, a semi-conscious Lange jokingly asked the surgeon: "Have you got the right leg?"<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2005 |title=Lange 'pulled doctor's leg' during amputation |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/lange-pulled-doctors-leg-during-amputation-20050804-gdlt98.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250714135930/https://www.smh.com.au/world/lange-pulled-doctors-leg-during-amputation-20050804-gdlt98.html |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Lange's declining health resulted in the bringing-forward of the publication of his memoir ''My Life'' to 8 August 2005. [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]] broadcast on ''[[Campbell Live]]'' on the same day an interview;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicaddress.net/default,2402.sm|title=Nice and Nasty|publisher=[[Three (TV channel)|TV3]]|date=2005|access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> [[John Campbell (broadcaster)|John Campbell]] had interviewed him just before he went into hospital. In his last interview, given to the ''[[The New Zealand Herald#Herald on Sunday|Herald on Sunday]]'' from his hospital bed, he made a potent intervention in New Zealand's [[2005 New Zealand general election|2005 election]] campaign by saying he "wanted to get out of bed and get a wheel-chair to Wellington" to stop any relaxation of his ban on nuclear ships.<ref>{{cite news | first = Jonathan | last = Milne | title = Ailing Lange still has strong voice on nukes | date = 31 July 2005 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10338414 | newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | access-date = 29 July 2010}}</ref>

Lange died of complications associated with his [[renal failure]] and blood disease in [[Middlemore Hospital]] in Auckland on 13 August 2005, just five days after the publication and interview, and nine days after his 63rd birthday.<ref name="David Lange Memorial">{{cite web|url=http://www.davidlange.org.nz|title=David Lange Memorial|publisher=David Lange Memorial Trust|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113020539/http://davidlange.org.nz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is buried at Waikaraka Cemetery and the headstone has the simple inscription "David Lange 1942 ~ 2005".<ref>{{cite sign |last1=Em |first1=Sandy | type=gravestone |url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/porkynz/5334953838 |publisher=Flickr |access-date=11 August 2014 | location=Waikaraka Cemetery|title=New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister David Russell LANGE}}</ref> [[File:David Lange Memorial 50280946946.jpg|thumb|alt=large metal sculpture of a vessel suspended above a courtyard|The David Lange Memorial (2008) in Ōtāhuhu features excerpts from Lange's 1977 maiden speech on its north side and from his 1985 Oxford Union debate on its south side.<ref>{{cite web |title=David Lange Memorial gifted to Auckland |url=https://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/news/2019/09/david-lange-memorial-gifted-to-auckland/ |website=OurAuckland |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>]] The David Lange Memorial Trust erected a memorial sculpture by [[Virginia King]] in Ōtāhuhu, which was unveiled by the Governor-General [[Anand Satyanand|Sir Anand Satyanand]] in 2008.<ref name="David Lange Memorial" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=David Lange Memorial |url=https://gg.govt.nz/publications/david-lange-memorial |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=gg.govt.nz |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==

Lange was bestowed with the mātai, or [[Faʻamatai|Samoan chiefly title]], of Tagaloa, a title from the village of [[Le'auva'a]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leulua‘iali‘iotumua Pili Palemia o Niu Sila ae ole matai Samoa – Samoa Times: Samoan Community Newspaper |url=https://www.samoatimes.co.nz/leuluaialiiotumua-pili-palemia-o-niu-sila-ae-ole-matai-samoa/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the [[1990 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|1990 New Year Honours]], Lange was appointed a [[Order of the Companions of Honour|Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=51982 |date=30 December 1989 |page=29 |supp=2}}</ref> and in the [[2003 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)|2003 Queen's Birthday Honours]], he was made a [[Member of the Order of New Zealand]], the country's highest civil honour.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beston |first1=Anne |title=Queen's Birthday Honours: David Lange gratified at recognition |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3505183 |access-date=16 September 2017 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=2 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2003 |title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2003 |date=2 June 2003 |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> He turned down the [[knighthood]] that is customarily offered to former prime ministers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: John Key knighthood follows long tradition of honouring PMs |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/93327810/editorial-john-key-knighthood-follows-long-tradition-of-honouring-pms |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=5 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

Lange received the [[Right Livelihood Award]] in 2003 for his strong fight against [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=David Lange Biography |url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/lange.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620101146/http://rightlivelihood.org/lange.html |archive-date=20 June 2010 |access-date=26 May 2009 |publisher=[[Right Livelihood Award]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Electoral history of David Lange]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book | last=Barber | first=David | title=Gliding on the Lino: The wit and wisdom of David Lange | year=1987 | publisher=Benton Ross | location=Auckland | isbn=0-908636-29-6}}
*{{cite book | last= Bassett | first= Michael | author-link=Michael Bassett | title=Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet | year=2008 | publisher=Hodder Moa | location=Auckland | isbn=978-1-86971-094-1 }}
*{{cite book | first=David | last=Lange | title=Cuttings – God Save Us All | date=18 July 1994 | isbn=0-473-02953-7 | publisher=Jonathan Hudson & Associates}}
*{{cite book | last=Lange | first=David | title=Broadsides | year=1992 | publisher=Jonathon Hudson & Associates; GP Print | location=Wellington | isbn=0-473-01754-7 }}
*{{cite book | last=Lange | first=David | title=My Life | year=2005 | publisher=Viking | location=Auckland | isbn=0-670-04556-X }}
*{{cite book | last=McQueen | first=Harvey | title=The Ninth Floor: Inside the Prime Minister's Office – A Political Experience | year=1991 | publisher=Penguin Books | location=Auckland }}
*{{cite book | last=Pope | first=Margaret | author-link= | title=At the turning point: my political life with David Lange | year=2011 | publisher=AM Publications | location=Auckland | isbn= 978-0-473-190255 }}
* {{cite book | last=Russell | first=Marcia | title=Revolution:New Zealand from Fortress to Free Market | publisher=[[Hodder Moa Beckett]] | year=1996 | isbn=1869584287}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.davidlange.org.nz David Lange Memorial Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113020539/http://davidlange.org.nz/ |date=13 January 2015 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoecTV8EUtw&t=56s PM David Lange Resigns (1989)], [[1News|Network News]], [[TVNZ]], 7 August 1989
* [http://publicaddress.net/default,2424.sm Audio recording of speech that "Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible"], Oxford Union debate, 1 March 1985
* [http://www.publicaddress.net/default,2402.sm Interview] with [[John Campbell (broadcaster)|John Campbell]], [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]]
* [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10340711 Obituary], by Jonathan Milne, [[The New Zealand Herald#Herald on Sunday|Herald on Sunday]]; and [http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=A4E8CC7E-39E4-11DA-8E1B-A5B353C55561 tribute]{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by political correspondent John Armstrong, [[The New Zealand Herald]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050720140819/http://www.amyloidosisaustralia.org/ Amyloidosis Australia], Information on Amyloidosis in Aust/NZ
* [http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=C832ABD2-39E4-11DA-8E1B-A5B353C55561 Tribute]{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from [[Helen Clark]] at memorial service.
* [http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=0232EE32-39E5-11DA-8E1B-A5B353C55561 Account of memorial service]{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, by Jonathan Milne and Amanda Cameron, [[The New Zealand Herald#Herald on Sunday|Herald on Sunday]]
* [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0508/S00109.htm Personal Reflections Of South Auckland's Statesman], by [[Scoop (news website)|Scoop]]'s Selwyn Manning
* {{DNZB|title=David Lange biography|id=6L1|plainlink=y}} from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]''

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{{David Lange}}
{{New Zealand prime ministers}}
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{{Order of New Zealand}}
{{Anti-nuclear movement}}
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