View source for De Stijl

{{Short description|Dutch art movement founded 1917}}
{{About|the artistic movement|the album by The White Stripes|De Stijl (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox art movement
| name         = De Stijl
| image        = Theo van Doesburg Composition VII (the three graces).jpg
| alt          = Theo van Doesburg, Composition VII (the three graces) 1917
| caption      = [[Theo van Doesburg]], ''Composition VII (the three graces),'' 1917
| yearsactive  = 1917–1931
| country      = Netherlands
| majorfigures = [[Theo van Doesburg]], [[Piet Mondrian]], [[Gerrit Rietveld]], [[J.J.P. Oud]], [[Bart van der Leck]]
| influences   = {{hlist|[[Cubism]]|[[Modernism]]}}
| influenced   = {{hlist|[[Bauhaus]]|[[Abstract art]]|[[Minimalism]]|[[Constructivism (art) | Constructivism]]}}
|commons=yes}}

'''De Stijl''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|_|ˈ|s|t|aɪ|l}}, {{IPA|nl|də ˈstɛil|lang}}; 'The Style') was a Dutch [[art movement]] founded in 1917 by a group of artists and architects based in [[Leiden]] ([[Theo van Doesburg]], [[Jacobus Oud|J.J.P. Oud]]), [[Voorburg]] ([[Vilmos Huszár]], [[Jan Wils]]) and [[Laren, North Holland|Laren]] ([[Piet Mondrian]], [[Bart van der Leck]]).{{sfnp|Blotkamp|1982|page=18}}{{sfnp|Wilkins|Schultz|Linduff|1994}} 

''De Stijl'' was also the name of a journal{{snd}}published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, poet and critic [[Theo van Doesburg]]{{snd}}that propagated the group's theories. Along with van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters [[Piet Mondrian]], [[Vilmos Huszár]], [[Bart van der Leck]], the architects [[Jacobus Oud|J.J.P. Oud]], [[Jan Wils]], [[Gerrit Rietveld]], [[Robert van 't Hoff]], the sculptor and painter [[Georges Vantongerloo]], and the poet and writer [[Antony Kok]]. 

The [[art theory]] that formed the basis for the group's work was originally known as {{lang|nl|Nieuwe Beelding}} in Dutch; it was later translated to [[Neoplasticism]] in English. This theory was subsequently extended to encompass the principles of [[Elementarism]].{{sfnp|Jaffé|1970|pages=25-27}}

== Principles and influences ==
Mondrian set forth the principles of [[neoplasticism]] in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mondrian |first1=Piet |title="The New Plastic in Painting" in The New Art - The New Life: the collected writings of Piet Mondrian |date=1987 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |via=Internet Archive |pages=27–74 |isbn=978-0-500-60011-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/newartthenewlife0000mond_c0g8/page/n11/mode/2up |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> He wrote, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour". With these constraints, his art allowed only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles, only straight and horizontal or vertical lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/n/neo-plasticism|title=Neo-plasticism – Art Term |website=Tate Glossary}}</ref> The De Stijl movement initially adopted Mondrian's principles until around 1924 when it rejected some of them and adopted those of [[Elementarism]], which included the use of dynamic diagonal lines, allowing colour to infuse more energy into a work, and the rejection of harmonious and balanced relationships.{{sfnp|Jaffé|1970|pages=214-215}}   

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| image1            = Destijl anthologiebonset.jpg
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| caption1          = ''De Stijl'' November 1921, [[Dadaism]]

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| caption2          = De Stijl Manifesto I, November 1918
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The name De Stijl is supposedly derived from [[Gottfried Semper]]'s ''Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik'' (1861–1863), which Curl<ref name="archdic">{{cite book |last=Curl |first=James Stevens |title=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0 |url-access=registration |year=2006 |type=Paperback |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860678-9}}</ref> suggests was mistakenly believed to advocate [[materialism]] and [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]]. 

''Nieuwe beelding'' [new vision], or [[neoplasticism]], saw itself as reaching beyond the changing appearance of natural things to bring an audience into intimate contact with an immutable core of reality, a reality that was not so much a visible fact as an underlying spiritual vision.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Denker|first1=Susan A.|title=De Stijl: 1917–1931, Visions of Utopia|journal=Art Journal|date=September 1982|volume=42|issue=3|pages=242–246|doi=10.1080/00043249.1982.10792803}}</ref> Initially, De Stijl proposed this ultimate simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and painting, by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms. Its vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, [[red]], [[yellow]], and [[blue]], and the three primary values, [[black]], [[white]], and [[grey]]. The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition. This element of the tension embodied the second meaning of {{lang|nl|stijl}}: 'a post, [[jamb]] or support'; this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly seen in [[carpentry]].

[[File:Rietveld chair 1bb.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Red and Blue Chair]]'', designed by [[Gerrit Rietveld]], version without colors 1919, version with colors 1923]]
In many of the group's three-dimensional works, vertical and horizontal lines are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements. This feature can be found in the [[Rietveld Schröder House]] and the [[Red and Blue Chair]].

[[File:RietveldSchroederhuis.jpg|thumb|right|190px|The [[Rietveld Schröder House]] in [[Utrecht]], 1924 – the only building realised completely according to the principles of De Stijl.]]

De Stijl was influenced by [[Cubist]] painting as well as by the mysticism and the ideas about "ideal" geometric forms (such as the "perfect straight line") in the [[neoplatonic]] philosophy of [[M.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;J. Schoenmaekers]]. The De Stijl movement was also influenced by [[Neopositivism]].{{sfnp|Wilkins|Schultz|Linduff|1994}} The works of De Stijl would influence the [[Bauhaus]] style and the [[International Style (architecture)|international style]] of architecture as well as clothing and interior design. However, it did not follow the general guidelines of an "-ism" (e.g., [[Cubism]], [[Futurism]], [[Surrealism]]), nor did it adhere to the principles of art schools like the Bauhaus; it was a collective project, a joint enterprise that changed over time, resulting in new "elementary design" principles which Van Doesburg called [[Elementarism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Doesburg |first1=Theo |title=Der Kampf um den neuen Stil |journal=Neue Schweizer Rundschau|volume=July 1929|year=1929|issue=7|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=alp-004%3A1929%3A0%3A%3A527#583}}</ref>

In [[music]], De Stijl was an influence only on the work of composer [[Jakob van Domselaer]], a close friend of Mondrian. Between 1913 and 1916, he composed his ''Proeven van Stijlkunst'' ("Experiments in Artistic Style"),<ref>{{cite web |title=Jakob van Domselaer - Proeven van Stijlkunst |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2r8i47zk3m4 |website=Dutch Composers (YouTube) | date=21 December 2012 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref> inspired mainly by Mondrian's paintings. This [[minimalist]]ic—and, at the time, revolutionary—music defined "horizontal" and "vertical" musical elements and aimed at balancing those two principles. Van Domselaer was relatively unknown in his lifetime, and did not play a significant role within De Stijl.

== History ==
=== Early history ===
From the flurry of new art movements that followed the [[Impressionist]] revolutionary new perception of painting, [[Cubism]] arose in the early 20th century as an important and influential new direction. In the Netherlands, too, there was interest in this "new art". However, because the Netherlands remained neutral in [[World War&nbsp;I]], Dutch artists were not able to leave the country after 1914 and were thus effectively isolated from the international art world—and in particular, from [[Paris]], which was its centre at that time.

During that period, Theo van Doesburg started looking for other artists to set up a [[Literary magazine|journal]] and start an art movement. Van Doesburg was also a writer, poet, and critic, who had been more successful writing about art than working as an independent artist.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Theo van Doesburg|editor1-last=Translated by Janet Seligman|editor2-last=Introd. by Hans M. Wingler|editor3-last=Postscript by H.L.C. Jaffé|title=Grundbegriffe der Neuen Gestaltenden Kunst (Grondbeginselen der Nieuwe beeldende Kunst [Principles of Neo-Plastic Art])|date=1918|publisher=Lund Humphries (1968)|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0853311041|language=de, nl, en}}</ref> Quite adept at making new contacts due to his flamboyant personality and outgoing nature, he had many useful connections in the art world.

=== Founding of ''De Stijl'' ===
[[File:Otterloo kroller muller mondrian composition couleur A.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en couleur A'', 1917, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]]
Around 1915, [[Theo van Doesburg|Van Doesburg]] started meeting the artists who would eventually become the founders of the journal. He first met [[Piet Mondrian]] at an exhibition in [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam]]. Mondrian, who had moved to Paris in 1912 (and there, changed his name from "Mondriaan"), had been visiting the Netherlands when war broke out, and so could not return to Paris. Mondrian stayed in the artists' community of [[Laren, North Holland|Laren]], where he met [[Bart van der Leck]] and regularly saw [[M.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;J. Schoenmaekers]]. In 1915, Schoenmaekers published ''Het nieuwe wereldbeeld'' ("The New Worldview"), followed in 1916 by ''Beginselen der beeldende wiskunde'' ("Principles of Visual Mathematics"). These two publications would greatly influence Mondrian and other members of De Stijl.

Van Doesburg also knew [[J.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;P. Oud]] and the Hungarian artist [[Vilmos Huszár]]. In 1917 the cooperation of these artists, together with his friend the poet and musician [[Antony Kok]], resulted in the founding of De Stijl. The young architect [[Gerrit Rietveld]] joined the group in 1918.  At its height De Stijl had 100 members and the journal had a circulation of 300.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dujardin|first1=Alain|last2=Quirindongo|first2=Jop|title=This 100-Year-Old Dutch Movement Shaped Web Design Today|url=https://backchannel.com/100-years-of-clean-lines-how-de-stijl-is-influencing-digital-design-4397f1a72e37?curator=MediaREDEF#.kphtjs1er|journal=[[Backchannel (blog)]]|access-date=29 January 2017|date=2017-01-26}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

During those first few years, the group was still relatively homogeneous, although Van der Leck left in 1918 due to artistic differences of opinion. [[Manifesto]]s were being published, signed by all members. The social and economic circumstances of the time formed an important source of inspiration for their theories, and their ideas about architecture were heavily influenced by [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage]] and [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].

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The name ''Nieuwe Beelding'' was a term first coined in 1917 by Mondrian, who wrote a series of twelve articles called ''De Nieuwe Beelding in de schilderkunst'' ("Neo-Plasticism in Painting") that were published in the journal ''De Stijl''. In 1920 he published a book titled ''Le Néo-Plasticisme''.<ref>[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/mondrian1920/0005 Piet Mondrian, ''Le Néo-Plasticisme, Principe Général de l'Equivalence Plastique'', Paris, 1920], Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg</ref>

=== After 1920 ===

Around 1921, the group's character started to change. From the time of van Doesburg's association with [[Bauhaus]], other influences started playing a role. These influences were mainly [[Kazimir Malevich|Malevich]] and Russian [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]], to which not all members agreed. In 1924 Mondrian broke with the group after van Doesburg proposed the theory of [[Elementarism]], suggesting that a diagonal line is more vital than horizontal and vertical ones. In addition, the De Stijl group acquired many new "members". [[Dada]]ist influences, such as {{nobreak|[[I. K. Bonset]]'s}} poetry and [[Aldo Camini]]'s "antiphilosophy" generated controversy as well. Only after Van Doesburg's death was it revealed that Bonset and Camini were two of his pseudonyms.

=== After van Doesburg's death ===
[[File:Ontwikkelingstentoonstelling Theo van Doesburg Weimar 1923.jpg|thumb|[[Theo van Doesburg]], activities in [[Weimar]] (outside the [[Bauhaus|Bauhaus Weimar]] 1919–1925). Private courses, introduction of the Cubist architecture of "De Stijl", 1921–1922. Retrospective in Landesmuseum Weimar, 16 December 1923 – 23 January 1924]]
Theo van Doesburg died in [[Davos]], Switzerland, in 1931. His wife, Nelly, administered his estate.
Because of van Doesburg's pivotal role within De Stijl, the group did not survive. Individual members remained in contact, but De Stijl could not exist without a strong central character. Thus, it may be wrong to think of De Stijl as a close-knit group of artists. The members knew each other, but most communication took place by letter. For example, Mondrian and Rietveld never met in person.

Many, though not all, artists did stay true to the movement's basic ideas, even after 1931. Rietveld, for instance, continued designing furniture according to De Stijl principles, while Mondrian continued working in the style he had initiated around 1917. Van der Leck, on the other hand, went back to figurative compositions after his departure from the group.
[[File:Aubette Ciné-dancing 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aubette (building)|Aubette dance hall]] in [[Strasbourg]], [[Theo van Doesburg]] in collaboration with [[Sophie Taeuber-Arp]] and [[Jean Arp]], 1929]]

=== Influence on architecture ===
The De Stijl influence on architecture remained considerable long after its inception; [[Mies van der Rohe]] was among the most important proponents of its ideas. Between 1923 and 1924, [[Gerrit Rietveld|Rietveld]] designed the Rietveld Schröder House, the only building to have been created completely according to De Stijl principles. Examples of Stijl-influenced works by [[J.J.P. Oud]] can be found in [[Rotterdam]] (the [[:nl:Café De Unie|Café De Unie]]) and [[Hook of Holland]] ([[:nl:Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud|Arbeiderswoningen]]). Other examples include the [[Eames House]] by Charles and Ray Eames, and the interior decoration for the [[Aubette (building)|Aubette dance hall]] in Strasbourg, designed by Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Jean Arp and van Doesburg.

=== Present day ===
Works by De Stijl members are scattered all over the world, but De Stijl-themed exhibitions are organised regularly. Museums with large De Stijl collections include the [[Kunstmuseum Den Haag|Kunstmuseum]] in [[The Hague]] (which owns the world's most extensive, although not exclusively De Stijl-related, Mondrian collection<ref>{{Cite web |title=De Stijl |url=https://www.kunstmuseum.nl/en/collections/de-stijl |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Kunstmuseum Den Haag]] |language=en}}</ref>) and [[Amsterdam]]'s [[Stedelijk Museum]], where many works by Rietveld and Van Doesburg are on display. The [[{{Not a typo|Centraal}} Museum]] of [[Utrecht]] has the largest Rietveld collection worldwide; it also owns the Rietveld Schröder House, Rietveld's adjacent "show house", and the Rietveld Schröder Archives.

The movement inspired the design aesthetics of [[Rumyantsevo (Moscow Metro)|Rumyantsevo]] and [[Salaryevo]] stations of [[Moscow Metro]] opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/marble-and-mondrian-a-tour-of-moscows-metro/g-19098971|title=Marble and Mondrian: a tour of Moscow metro|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=2017-04-06}}</ref>

== Neoplasticists ==
<!--need a ref for each artist included here-->
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Theo van Doesburg in military service.JPG|[[Theo van Doesburg]]
File:AntonyKok-1915.jpg|[[Antony Kok]]
File:Piet Mondrian 2.jpg|[[Piet Mondrian]]
File:J.J.P. Oud.jpg|[[Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud|J.J.P. Oud]]
File:Gerrit Rietveld 1.jpg|[[Gerrit Rietveld]]
File:Vilmos Huszar.jpg|[[Vilmos Huszár]]
File:Jan Wils.JPG|[[Jan Wils]]
</gallery>
* [[Ilya Bolotowsky]] (1907–1981), painter and sculptor<ref>{{cite web|title=Ilya Bolotowsky|url=http://www.sullivangoss.com/ilya_Bolotowsky/|publisher=Sullivan Goss|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Burgoyne Diller]] (1906–1965), painter<ref>{{cite web|title=Burgoyne Diller|url=http://www.sullivangoss.com/burgoyne_Diller/|publisher=Sullivan Goss|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925085806/http://www.sullivangoss.com/burgoyne_Diller/|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [[Theo van Doesburg]] (1883–1931), painter, designer, poet and writer; co-founder of '''De Stijl'''; editor of ''De Stijl'', 1917–1931<ref name="tate">{{cite web |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/d/de-stijl |title=De Stijl |access-date=2006-07-31 |website=Tate Glossary |publisher=The Tate |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211033009/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/d/de-stijl |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* [[Cornelis van Eesteren]] (1897–1981), architect<ref name="the-artists"/>
* [[Jean Gorin]] (1899–1981), painter, sculptor<ref name="the-artists">{{cite web |title=de Stijl |url=http://the-artists.org/artistsbymovement/de-stijl |publisher=the-artists.org |access-date=24 September 2015 |date=2008-12-28 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405200510/http://the-artists.org/artistsbymovement/de-Stijl |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Robert van 't Hoff]] (1887–1979), architect<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Van 'T Hoff in The Kröller-Müller Museum |url=http://en.nai.nl/collection/view_the_collection/item/_rp_kolom2-1_elementId/1_669536 |publisher=Het Nieuwe Instituut |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202175828/http://en.nai.nl/collection/view_the_collection/item/_rp_kolom2-1_elementId/1_669536 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Vilmos Huszár]] (1884–1960), painter<ref>{{cite web |title=Vilmos huszar De Stijl |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/works/7893?locale=en |publisher=MoMA |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Frederick John Kiesler]] (1890–1965), architect, theater designer, artist, sculptor<ref>{{cite web |title=AD Classics: Endless House / Friedrick Kiesler |url=http://www.archdaily.com/126651/ad-classics-endless-house-friedrick-kiesler |publisher=ArchDaily |access-date=24 September 2015|date=2011-04-11 }}</ref>
* Antony Kok (1882–1969), poet and writer<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Michael |title=De Stijl and Dutch Modernism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aC8WsMCrdX4C&pg=PA134 |date=20 September 2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6162-2 |page=134}}</ref>
* [[Bart van der Leck]] (1876–1958), painter<ref name="tate"/>
* [[Piet Mondrian]] (1872–1944), painter, co-founder of De Stijl<ref name="tate"/>
* [[Marlow Moss]] (1889–1958), painter<ref name="the-artists"/>
* [[Jacobus Oud|J. J. P. Oud]] (1890–1963), architect<ref name="tate"/>
* [[Gerrit Rietveld]] (1888–1964), architect and designer<ref name="tate"/>
* [[Kurt Schwitters]] (1887–1948), painter,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hauffe |first=Thomas |title=Design |date=1998 |publisher=Laurence King |location=London |isbn=9781856691345 |oclc=40406039 |page=71 |edition=Reprinted}}</ref> sculptor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sprengel-museum.com/painting_and_sculpture/spaces/test-spaces.htm?PHPSESSID=9c95a8e742c4b6fae9a5b9f753ea5184&text=schwitters&anmelden_x=0&anmelden_y=0&snr=4|title=Spaces for the Permanent Collection - sprengel-museum.com|first=Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG | location=Hannover |last=Gottfried|website=www.sprengel-museum.com}}</ref>
* [[Georges Vantongerloo]] (1886–1965), sculptor<ref name="tate"/>
* [[Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart]] (1899–1962), painter<ref name="tate"/>
* [[Jan Wils]] (1891–1972), architect<ref name="White2003">{{cite book |last=White |first=Michael |title=De Stijl and Dutch Modernism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aC8WsMCrdX4C&pg=PA36 |date=20 September 2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6162-2 |page=36}}</ref>

== See also==
{{portal|Arts|Netherlands}}
* {{Annotated link |Art Concret|''Art Concret''}}
* {{Annotated link |Abstraction-Création|''Abstraction-Création''}} 
* {{Annotated link |Concrete art}}
* {{Annotated link |Elementarism}}
* {{Annotated link |Form follows function}}
* {{Annotated link |Fourth dimension in art}}
* {{Annotated link |Mathematics and art}}
* {{Annotated link |Modern architecture}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web
 |url=http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/movement?id=112 
 |title=De Stijl Architecture 
 |access-date=2006-07-31 
 |work=Design Arts 
 |publisher=Art and Culture 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327132656/http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/movement?id=112 
 |archive-date=2006-03-27 
}}

* {{cite book |editor-last=Blotkamp |editor-first=Carel |editor-link= Carel Blotkamp |title=De beginjaren van De Stijl 1917–1922 |trans-title=The early years of De Stijl |location=Utrecht |publisher=Reflex |year=1982|lang=nl}}

* {{cite book |first1=David G. |last1=Wilkins |first2=Bernard |last2=Schultz |first3=Katheryn M.|last3=Linduff|title=Art past, art present|date=1994|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (US)|isbn=978-0-13-062084-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/artpastartpresen0002wilk/page/523 523]|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/artpastartpresen0002wilk/page/523|url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |last1=Jaffé |first1=Hans L. C. |title=De Stijl |date=1970 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0500-18096-2}}

* {{cite journal |last1=van Doesburg |first1=Theo |title=Der Kampf um den neuen Stil |journal=Neue Schweizer Rundschau|volume=July 1929|year=1929|issue=7|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=alp-004%3A1929%3A0%3A%3A527#583}}

{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last1=Blotkamp |first1=Carel |title=De Stijl: The Formative Years 1917-1922 |date=1986 |publisher=MIT Press |location= Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=9780262022477 |oclc=13396885 |translator1=Charlotte I. Loeb |translator2=Arthur L. Loeb}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Blotkamp |editor-first=Carel  |title=De vervolgjaren van De Stijl 1922–1932 |trans-title=The subsequent years of De Stijl 1922–1932 |lang=nl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Veen |year=1996}}

* {{cite book|title=Design of the 20th Century|first1=Charlotte|last1=Fiell|first2=Peter|last2=Fiell|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|edition=25th anniversary|year=2005|pages=200–203|isbn=9783822840788|oclc=809539744}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffé |first=H. L. C. |title=De Stijl, 1917–1931, The Dutch Contribution to Modern Art |edition=1st |location=Amsterdam |publisher=J.M. Meulenhoff |year=1956}}
* {{cite book |author1=Janssen, Hans  |author2=White, Michael |title=The Story of De Stijl |publisher=Lund Humphries |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84822-094-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Overy |first=Paul | author-link = Paul Overy | title=De Stijl |edition=1st |location=London |publisher=Studio Vista |year=1969}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=Michael |title=De Stijl and Dutch Modernism |location=Manchester [etc] |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2003}}

* {{cite web
 |url         = https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_sti001stij03_01/_sti001stij03_01_0137.php
 |title       = Towards a plastic architecture
 |access-date  = 2006-07-31
 |last        = van Doesburg
 |first       = Theo
 |year        = 1924
 |work        = Translation of original published in De Stijl, XII, 6/7
 |publisher   = Architecture & CAAD
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20051128042504/http://caad.arch.ethz.ch/teaching/nds/ws97/script/text/doesburg.html
 |archive-date = 2005-11-28
}}
== External links ==
{{commons category|De Stijl}}
{{Wikiquote}}

* Many sourced quotes and facts of De Stijl artists in: [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jaff001stij01_01/jaff001stij01_01.pdf ''De Stijl 1917–1931 – The Dutch Contribution to Modern Art'', by H.L.C. Jaffé]; J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam 1956

* [http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/De_Stijl/index.htm ''De Stijl'', The International Dada Archive, University of Iowa Libraries]

* [[Jakob van Domselaer]]'s [http://www.dofoundation.com/dr001.html ''Proeven van Stijlkunst''], rare recording.

* {{cite journal |first=Hilton |last=Kramer |title= Mondrian & mysticism:"My long search is over" |journal=New Criterion |url=http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/14/sept95/hilton.htm |date=September 1995 |volume=14 |number=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020105092553/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/14/sept95/hilton.htm |archive-date=5 January 2002 }} (essay, republished in {{cite book |title=The triumph of modernism : the art world, 1987-2005 |first=Hilton |last=Kramer |date=2006 |location=Chicago |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |isbn=9781442223226  |oclc=865508243}})

* [http://arthistoryproject.com/artists/theo-van-doesburg/de-stijl-manifesto/ De Stijl Manifesto], Theo van Doesburg, 1918

{{Geometric abstraction}}
{{Avant-garde}}
{{Western art movements}}

{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stijl, De}}
[[Category:1910s in the arts]]
[[Category:1920s in the arts]]
[[Category:1910s in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1920s in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:20th-century architectural styles]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch painters]]
[[Category:Avant-garde magazines]]
[[Category:De Stijl| ]]
[[Category:Art movements]]
[[Category:Art movements in Dutch painting]]
[[Category:Avant-garde art]]
[[Category:Architecture magazines]]
[[Category:Architecture groups]]
[[Category:Dutch artist groups and collectives]]
[[Category:Dutch architectural styles]]
[[Category:Dutch-language magazines]]
[[Category:Dutch painting]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1917]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Modern art]]
[[Category:Piet Mondrian]]
[[Category:Architectural styles]]
[[Category:Furniture by style]]