View source for Diesel multiple unit

{{Short description|Diesel-powered railcar designed to be used in formations of 2 or more cars}}
{{redirect|DMU}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:JNR kiha40 136 erimo.jpg|thumb|A [[KiHa 40 series|JNR Class KiHa40]] in use for ''[[Erimo Express]]'' service, Hokkaido, Japan]]
[[File:Dublin 1.jpg|thumb|An [[IE 29000 Class]] diesel multiple unit on a [[Dublin Suburban Rail|western commuter]] service at [[Connolly station|Dublin Connolly Rail station]], Ireland]]
{{Multiple unit}}
[[File:Class 185 at Manchester Piccadilly.jpg|thumb|A [[British Rail Class 185]] diesel hydraulic multiple unit operated by [[TransPennine Express]] at [[Manchester Piccadilly station]], United Kingdom]]

A '''diesel multiple unit''' or '''DMU''' is a [[multiple-unit]] train powered by on-board [[diesel engine]]s. A DMU requires no separate [[locomotive]], as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages. When additional carriages are coupled on, their controls are connected through and a single driver can control every engine in the train.  This also allows the driver to drive from a cab at either end, simplifying reversing.  Diesel-powered single-unit [[railcar]]s are generally regarded as DMUs for most operations, at least with smaller trains. 

== Advantages ==
The first diesel railcars appeared in the 1930s and DMUs became popular immediately post-war. They offered several cost-saving advantages at a time when railway operations were short of funds.
* Greater convenience of operation. They could go from parked and stabled to running a train in little time, unlike a steam locomotive that needed to be prepared hours in advance, then disposed afterwards. They could also run trains intermittently through the working day without needing to tend their fire or boiler even when idle.
* Reduced crew. They could be driven by a single driver, without a fireman.
* Simpler station layouts. They did not need a locomotive to 'run round' the train at a terminus station, merely for the driver to change ends. This made them quicker to operate in a busy station. It also permitted small stations to be simplified from a loop to a simple dead-end, also saving on signalling costs and the need to employ a signaller. This simplicity could be enough to keep small [[branch line]]s in viable operation, rather than being closed.
* Greater flexibility. As each carriage or pair of carriages was powered, more carriages could be added to a longer train and there was no need to swap in a more powerful locomotive.

==Design==
The diesel engine may be located above the frame in an engine bay or under the floor. Driving controls can be at both ends, on one end, or in a separate car.

==Types by transmission==
DMUs may also be classified by the method of transmitting motive power to their wheels:  diesel–mechanical '''DMMU''', diesel–hydraulic '''DHMU''', or diesel–electric '''DEMU'''.

===Diesel–mechanical {{Anchor|DMMU}}===
In a diesel–mechanical multiple unit (DMMU), the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a [[Transmission (mechanics)|gearbox]] and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a [[automobile|car]]. The transmissions can be shifted manually by the driver, as in the great majority of first-generation [[British Rail]] DMUs, but in most applications, gears are changed automatically.

===Diesel–hydraulic===
[[File:JR shikoku for 2706 SA6D140HE-2 at tokushima.jpg|thumb|right|One of the underfloor diesel engines with hydraulic transmission under a car of [[JR Shikoku 2700 series]] DMU]]
In a diesel–hydraulic multiple unit (DHMU), a hydraulic [[torque converter]], a type of fluid coupling, acts as the transmission medium for the motive power of the diesel engine to turn the wheels. Some units feature a hybrid mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to the latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM and noise.

Diesel-hydraulic locomotive transmissions can be hard to distinguish from diesel-mechanical, where both have multiple mechanical ratios and a single torque converter. This is especially true for lower powers (<500 hp) such as DMUs. Some railways, such as [[British Rail]] in the 1960s, retreated from using hydraulic transmissions from main line locomotives, yet had no difficulty with large DMU fleets based on torque converters.

===Diesel–electric {{Anchor|DEMU}}===
[[File:Stadler Flirt DMU 2404 power car.jpg|thumb|right|"Power Pack" car of [[Stadler FLIRT]] DMU with open bay of a diesel-generator. The Jacobs bogies under this car do not have their own traction motors, which are mounted on bogies under other cars.]]
In a diesel–electric multiple unit (DEMU), a [[diesel engine]] drives an [[electrical generator]] or an [[Alternator#Diesel electric locomotive alternators|alternator]] which produces [[electrical energy]]. The generated current is then fed to electric [[traction motor]]s on the [[wheel]]s or [[bogie]]s in the same way as a conventional [[diesel–electric locomotive]].<ref name="gaz-voyager" />

On some DEMUs, such as the [[Bombardier Voyager]], each car is entirely self-contained and has its own engine, generator and electric motors.<ref name="gaz-voyager">{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//cutting-noise-and-smoothing-the-ride.html|title=Cutting noise and smoothing the ride|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=1 August 2000|quote=In the Voyager application, every car has a Cummins underfloor engine and alternator supplying power to a pair of body-mounted traction motors. Each drives one inner axle through a cardan shaft and axle-mounted final drive gearbox.|access-date=20 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604022558/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/cutting-noise-and-smoothing-the-ride.html|archive-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> In other designs, such as the [[British Rail Class 207#Technical details|British Rail Class 207]] or the [[Stadler GTW]] and [[Stadler Flirt|Stadler FLIRT DMU]],<ref>Stadler Flirt DMU/DEMU example: [[commons:Category:Elektriraudtee Classes 2200, 2300 and 2400|Elron Elektriraudtee Classes 2200, 2300 and 2400]], [[commons:File:TEXRail Stadler FLIRT DFW Airport Nov 2019.jpg|TEXRail Stadler FLIRT]]</ref> some cars within the [[consist]] may be entirely unpowered or only feature electric motors, obtaining electric current from other cars in the consist which have a generator and engine.

With diesel–electric transmission, some DMU can be no other than an [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] without [[Pantograph (transport)|pantograph]] or [[contact shoe]]s (for use on the former [[British Rail]] [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]]), which "is substituted" by one or more on-board [[diesel generator]]s; this kind of DEMU can be potentially upgraded to [[electro-diesel multiple unit]] (EDMU), becoming a bi-mode multiple units train (BMU), just adding one or two pantographs or contact shoes (with opportune converters,{{clarify|date=August 2022}} if necessary) and related modifications on the electric system.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Around the world==

===Europe===

==== Belgium ====
NMBS/SNCB uses its [[NMBS/SNCB Class 41]] DMUs on the few remaining unelectrified lines. As electrification progresses, the DMUs become less and less important.

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==== Croatia ====
[[File:DMU 7023 at Zagreb Central Station, January 2020.jpg|thumb|DMU 7023 at Zagreb Central Station]]

Diesel multiple units cover large number of passenger lines in [[Croatia]] which are operated by the national passenger service operator [[Croatian Railways|HŽ Putnički Prijevoz]]. On Croatian Railways, DMUs have important role since they cover local, regional and distant lines all across the country. The country's two largest towns, [[Zagreb]] and [[Split, Croatia|Split]], are connected with an inter-city service that is provided by DMU [[Tilting train|tilting]] trains "[[RegioSwinger]]" (Croatian series 7123) since 2004. Those trains may also cover other lines in the country depending on need and availability.

Luxury DMU series [[HŽ series 7021|7021]], built in [[France]], started to operate for [[Yugoslav Railways]] in 1972 and after 1991 still remained in service of Croatian Railways until 2005. Units [[HŽ series 7121|7121]] and [[Y1 (railcar)|7122]] (which came as a replacement for [[HŽ series 7221|7221]] units), together with the newest series [[HŽ series 7022|7022]] and 7023 built in 2010s Croatia, cover many of the country's local and regional services on unelectrified or partly electrified lines.

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==== Czech Republic ====
[[File:Libun8.jpg|thumb|right|[[ČD Class 810]]]]
[[File:Mladějov, motorová jednotka 814.jpg|thumb|right|[[ČD Class 814]]]]

Diesel multiple units also cover large number of passenger lines in the Czech Republic which are operated by the national operator [[České dráhy]]. They have important role since they cover local, regional and distant lines all across the country. Those trains may also cover other lines in the country depending on need and availability too.

Also, the DMUs were manufactured for foreign carriers. The tables of cars and units are divided into vehicles operated until 1987, when the [[ČSD]] used the series designations proposed by [[Vojtěch Kryšpín]], and vehicles created after this date, which no longer have Kryšpín's designations (with some exceptions). In addition, these new cars are the new vehicles are already different in both countries.

====Estonia====
[[Elron (rail transit)|Elron]] has since 2015 a [[Stadler FLIRT]] fleet, with 20 trains DEMU version.

====Germany====

Germany has employed DMUs for both commuter and express services for many decades.  The SVT 877 ''[[Fliegender Hamburger]]'' DMU, introduced in 1933, made the run from Berlin to Hamburg in an astonishing 138 minutes, and its derivative [[DRG Class SVT 137|SVT 137]] broke the land speed record in 1936. After World War 2, the [[DB Class VT 11.5|VT 11.5]] DMU was the flagship of the glamorous [[Trans Europ Express]].

Since 1968, DB has designated DMUs with class numbers beginning in 6.  While DB and regional transport authorities generally prefer electric power for commuter rail, many local and rural lines remain un-electrified, and DMUs are invaluable in providing services to those areas. DMUs in service as of 2021 include the Adtranz [[DBAG Class 612|Class 612]] tilting train ("Regio Swinger"), the [[Alstom Coradia LINT]] (Classes 620–623, 640 and 648), the [[Siemens Desiro]] (Class 642) and the [[Bombardier Talent]] (Class 643/644). From 2001 to 2016 there was even a DMU version of DB's high-speed [[Intercity Express]], the Class 605 [[ICE TD]].

====Greece====

*[[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]]

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====Ireland====
[[File:IE DMU 2751.JPG|thumb|right|[[Iarnród Éireann]] [[IE 2700 and 2750 Classes|DMU 2751]] at [[Limerick railway station|Limerick Colbert station]], 2006]]
{{Main|Multiple units of Ireland}}
In the Republic of Ireland the [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] (CIÉ), which controlled the republic's railways between 1945 and 1986, introduced DMUs in the mid-1950s and they were the first diesel trains on many main lines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gApAhy8QvoEC&q=ireland+diesel+multiple+unit+1950&pg=PA72|title=An A-Z of Famous Express Trains: An Illustrated Trip Down Memory Lane|isbn=9781446302958|last1=Holland|first1=Julian|date=January 2013|publisher=David & Charles }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


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====Italy====
[[File:Siena station 2018 3.jpg|thumb|right|ALn501 ''Minuetto'' in [[Siena railway station]], 2018]]
Diesel Multiple Unit were introduced in Italy around the 1930s when [[Fiat]] produced the first unit of the ATR 100 series, a fixed-composition train that was innovative for the time, equipped with two diesel-powered extreme traction units with a trailered intermediate unit. They are still used today.

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====Romania====
[[File:Motor coach CFR 77-0906-6.jpg|thumb|[[Rolling stock of the Romanian Railways#Diesel Multiple Unit|Romanian Class 77]] Malaxa DMU in [[Câmpulung Moldovenesc]], 2006]]

DMUs are used mostly on shorter or less frequently travelled routes in remote areas. The national railway company [[Căile Ferate Române|CFR]] still uses, along with other DMU models, [[Rolling stock of the Romanian Railways#Diesel Multiple Unit|Class 77 and 78]] DMUs, locally built by [[FAUR|Malaxa]] between the 1930s and 50s and refurbished in the 70s. The main DMU in use is the Class 96 [[Siemens Desiro]] aka Săgeata Albastră (The Blue Arrow). Private operators also largely use DMU units, mainly purchased from various French and German operators.

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====Slovakia====
[[File:Szlovákia, Érsekújvár (Nové Zámky), SK-ZSSK 813 044-5 (Mária), SzG3-2.jpg|thumb|ZSSK Class 813]]

In the present, several types of DMUs operate in Slovakia. Was the most common type in Slovakia is a Class 812 ZSSK based on the [[ČD Class 810]]. These are used almost exclusively for hauling passenger trains on non-electrified [[Regional rail|regional lines]] and these trains often excel in low travel speeds. In the past, however, in Slovakia there were a number of [[express train]]s driven by [[Motor coach (rail)|motor coaches]], which often overcame heavier trains driven by steam locomotives at cruising speed, and classic sets. A typical example can be, for example, the Slovenská strela motor express train led on the Bratislava-Prague route by a motor car of the same name, or the Tatran express from Bratislava to Košice. Representatives of high-speed motor wagons were, for example, motor wagons of the M262 or M286 series, which, however, lost their application in high-speed wagons due to the gradual electrification of main lines and were, like the current wagons currently used for passenger trains.

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====United Kingdom====
{{further|British railcars and diesel multiple units|List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes}}
[[File:222009 at St Pancras.jpg|thumb|right|[[East Midlands Trains]] [[British Rail Class 222|Class 222]] at [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]]]]
[[File:170518 at Peterborough.JPG|thumb|[[Central Trains]] [[British Rail Class 170|Class 170]] at [[Peterborough railway station|Peterborough station]]]]
[[File:The 12 - 52 to Londonderry leaves Yorkgate station - geograph.org.uk - 2359652.jpg|thumb|[[Northern Ireland Railways]] [[NIR Class 3000|C3K]] at [[Yorkgate railway station|Yorkgate station]]]]

The first significant use of DMUs in the United Kingdom was by the [[Great Western Railway]], which introduced its small but successful series of diesel–mechanical [[GWR railcars]] in 1934. The [[London & North Eastern Railway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lner.info/locos/IC/aw_railcar.php|title=LNER Encyclopedia: The LNER Armstrong-Whitworth Diesel–Electric Railcars|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> and [[London, Midland & Scottish Railway]] also experimented with DMUs in the 1930s, the LMS both on [[LMS railcars|its own system]], and on that of its [[Northern Counties Committee#Railcars|Northern Irish subsidiary]], but development was curtailed by [[World War II]].

After nationalisation, [[British Rail]]ways (BR) revived the concept in the early 1950s. At that time there was an urgent need to move away from expensive steam traction which led to many experimental designs using diesel propulsion and [[multiple unit]]s. The early DMUs proved successful, and under BR's [[History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994#The Modernisation Plan|1955 Modernisation Plan]] the building of a large fleet was authorised. These BR "First Generation" DMUs were built between 1956 and 1963.

BR required that contracts for the design and manufacture of new locomotives and rolling stock be split between numerous private firms as well as BR's own workshops, while different BR Regions laid down different specifications. The result was a multitude of different types, one of which was:
* 'Intercity' units, which were more substantially constructed, and shared many features with contemporary hauled coaching stock. They were built for express services on important secondary routes on the [[Scottish Region of British Railways|Scottish]], [[North Eastern Region of British Railways|North Eastern]] and [[Western Region of British Railways|Western]] regions.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

In 1960, British Railways introduced its [[British Rail Classes 251 and 261|Blue Pullman]] high-speed DEMUs.<ref name="Heaps, BR Diary: 1968–1977" >{{cite book |title=BR Diary: 1968–1977 |chapter=End of the Blue Pullmans |last=Heaps |first=Chris |isbn=978-0-7110-1611-8 |year=1988 |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]] |location=London |pages=66–67 }}</ref>
These were few in number and relatively short-lived,<ref name="Heaps, BR Diary: 1968–1977" /> but they paved the way for the very successful [[InterCity 125]] or High Speed Train (HST) units, which were built between 1975 and 1982 to take over most principal express services on non-electrified routes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2486000/2486817.stm |title=1976: New train speeds into service |publisher =BBC News |access-date=15 February 2011 | date=4 October 1976 | location=London}}</ref><ref name=NewOps>{{cite web| url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_WP001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023114338/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_WP001.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-23 |url-status=live |title=New opportunities for the railways: the privatisation of British Rail |publisher=Railway Archive | page=8 |access-date=15 February 2011 }}</ref>
These {{convert|125|mph|0|abbr=on}} trains run with a streamlined power car at each end and (typically) seven to nine intermediate trailer cars.<ref name="blue253">{{cite web |title=Class 253 High Speed Train |url=http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_253V.2.htm |access-date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Railblue.co.uk |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715150731/http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_253V.2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="blue254">{{cite web |title=Class 254 High Speed Train |url=http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_254V.2.htm |access-date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Railblue.co.uk |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715150736/http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_254V.2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although originally classified as DEMUs, the trailer cars are very similar to loco-hauled stock, and the power cars were later reclassified as locomotives under [[British Rail Class 43 (HST)|Class 43]].<ref name=blue253 /><ref name=blue254 /> HSTs started being replaced in 2017, but as of October 2022 some are still in use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Western Railway calls time on long-distance HSTs |url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/fleet/great-western-railway-calls-time-on-long-distance-hsts |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=railmagazine.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final batch of refurbed Inter7City trains handed over to ScotRail |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2021/03/final-batch-of-refurbed-inter7city-trains-handed-over-to-scotrail.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=RailAdvent |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

By the early 1980s, many of the surviving First Generation units were reaching the end of their design life, leading to spiralling maintenance costs, poor reliability and a poor public image for the railway. A stopgap solution was to convert some services back to locomotive haulage, as spare locomotives and hauled coaching stock were available, but this also increased operating costs. Commencing in the mid '80s, British Rail embarked upon its so called "Sprinterisation" programme, to replace most of the first generation DMUs and many locomotive-hauled trains with three new families of DMU:
*[[Pacer (British Rail)|Class 140–144 ''Pacer'']] [[railbus]]es, ultra-low-cost diesel–mechanical units (later converted to hydraulic) utilising four-wheeled chassis and lightweight bus bodywork, designed for provincial branch line and stopping services.
*[[Sprinter (British Rail)|Sprinter]] a family of diesel–hydraulic DMUs. These fall into three sub-groups; [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150]] ''Sprinters'' (for branch line/commuter service), [[British Rail Class 153|Class 153]] / [[British Rail Class 155|155]] / [[British Rail Class 156|156]] ''Super Sprinters'' (for longer cross country services), and [[British Rail Class 158|Class 158]] / [[British Rail Class 159|159]] ''Express'' units (for secondary express services);
*[[Networker (train)|Networker]] diesel–hydraulic units, of [[British Rail Class 165|Class 165]] ''Network Turbo'' (standard commuter version) and [[British Rail Class 166|Class 166]] ''Network Express'' (for longer distance commuter services). These took over the remaining non-electric commuter services into London.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Following the [[impact of the privatisation of British Rail]] in the late 1990s, several other DMU families have been introduced:{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
* [[British Rail Class 168|Class 168]] ''Clubman'' and [[British Rail Class 170|Class 170]]/[[British Rail Class 171|171]]/[[British Rail Class 172|172]] [[Bombardier Turbostar|Bombardier ''Turbostar'']], a development of the earlier ''Networkers''. These are built by [[Adtranz]] and later [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] at [[Derby Litchurch Lane Works]] and are the most numerous and widespread of the post-privatisation designs. Purchased by [[Anglia Railways]], [[Central Trains]], [[Chiltern Railways]], [[London Midland]], [[London Overground Rail Operations]], [[Midland Mainline (train operating company)|Midland Mainline]] and [[ScotRail (National Express)|ScotRail]]. All are diesel-hydraulic except for the Class 172, which is diesel-mechanical.
*[[British Rail Class 175|Class 175]] [[Alstom Coradia|Alstom ''Coradia'']] diesel-hydraulic multiple units were designed by [[Alstom]] as a rival to the 170 Turbostar, but bought only by [[First North Western]]
*[[British Rail class 180|Class 180]] ''Adelante'' diesel-hydraulic multiple units were an Alstom design for express services built only for [[First Great Western]]
*[[British Rail Class 185|Class 185]] [[Siemens Desiro|Siemens ''Desiro'']], built by [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] introduced in 2006 by [[First TransPennine Express]]
*[[British Rail Class 195|Class 195]]/[[British Rail Class 196|196]]/[[British Rail Class 197|197]] [[CAF Civity|CAF ''Civity'']], built by [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] for [[Arriva Rail North]], [[West Midlands Trains]] and [[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]]
*[[British Rail Class 220|Class 220]]/[[British Rail Class 221|221]]/[[British Rail Class 222|222]] ''[[Bombardier Voyager|Voyagers/Meridian]]'' diesel-electric multiple units built by Bombardier in [[Bruges]] for [[Hull Trains]], Midland Mainline and [[Virgin CrossCountry]]

In 2018, the first [[Electro-diesel multiple unit|bi and tri-mode electro-diesel multiple units]] were introduced:
*[[British Rail Class 800|Class 800]]/[[British Rail Class 802|802s]] are being built by [[Hitachi]] for [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)|Great Western Railway]], Hull Trains, [[London North Eastern Railway]] and [[TransPennine Express]]<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/gwr-unveils-hitachi-iep-trainset.html GWR unveils Hitachi iep trainset] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425131316/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/gwr-unveils-hitachi-iep-trainset.html |date=25 April 2018 }} ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' 30 June 2016</ref>
*[[British Rail Class 755|Class 755]] [[Stadler FLIRT|Stadler ''FLIRT'']] are to be operated by [[Abellio Greater Anglia]]<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/stadler-and-bombardier-to-supply-trains-for-abellio-east-anglia-franchise.html Stadler and Bombardier to supply trains for Abellio East Anglia franchise] ''Railway Gazette International'' 10 August 2016</ref>
*[[British Rail Class 769|Class 769s]] are being converted by [[Brush Traction]] from [[British Rail Class 319|Class 319s]] for Arriva Rail North, Great Western Railway and [[KeolisAmey Wales]]<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/gwr-to-lease-class-769-flex-trimode-trainsets.html GWR to lease Class 769 Flex trimode trainsets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727201324/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/gwr-to-lease-class-769-flex-trimode-trainsets.html |date=27 July 2018 }} ''Railway Gazette International'' 20 April 2018</ref>
*[[British Rail Class 230|Class 230s]] were converted by [[Vivarail]] from [[London Underground D78 Stock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Interviews/they-dont-make-trains-like-this-anymore|title='They don't make trains like this anymore'|website=railtechnologymagazine.com|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> for [[West Midlands Trains|West Midland Trains]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/west-midlands-trains-puts-first-class-230-d-train-in-service/|title=West Midlands Trains puts first Class 230 D Train in service|date=2019-04-23|website=Railway Technology|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> and [[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/business/business-news/new-north-wales-trains-slower-15116084|title=New North Wales trains will be slower than Arriva ones BUT journey times will fall|last=Hughes|first=Owen|date=2018-09-10|website=northwales|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> After the collapse of Vivarail in 2022, the West Midlands units were withdrawn from service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dobell |first1=Malcolm |title=Class 150 units back on the Marston Vale line |url=https://www.railengineer.co.uk/class-150-units-back-on-the-marston-vale-line/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Rail Engineer |date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

===North America===

====Canada====
[[File:otrain.jpg|thumb|Two [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Talent (train)|Talent]] low-floor DMUs on [[O-Train]] [[Line 2 (O-Train)|Line 2]] in [[Ottawa]], Canada]]

Canada generally follows similar buffer strength requirements to the US,<ref name="rsaa">Such as the [[Railroad Safety Appliance Act]] of 1893.</ref> but new services are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. As a result, several types of lightweight DMUs have been used:

* [[O-Train]] [[Line 2 (O-Train)|Line 2]] in [[Ottawa, Ontario]] uses European-standard [[Alstom Coradia LINT]] (previously [[Bombardier Talent]]) DMUs on conventional railway tracks under a specific safety agreement with [[Transport Canada]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}
* [[Via Rail]] operates [[Budd Rail Diesel Car]]s on its [[Sudbury – White River train]].
* [[Charlevoix tourist train|Réseau Charlevoix]] ([[Le Massif]]) operates a shuttle in the [[Charlevoix]] region, Québec, using ex-[[Deutsche Bahn]] [[DB Class 628]] units.
* [[Canadian National]] operates the small custom-built [[Kaoham Shuttle]] between [[Lillooet, British Columbia|Lillooet]], and [[D'Arcy, British Columbia|D'Arcy]] via [[Seton Portage, British Columbia|Seton Portage]], {{convert|213|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Vancouver]], in a partnership with the [[Seton Lake Indian Band]].<ref name="tsalalh">{{Cite web|url=http://tsalalh.net/shuttle.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728174758/http://tsalalh.net/shuttle.html|url-status=dead|title="Kaoham Shuttle" page, Seton Lake Indian Band website (Tsalalh.net)|archive-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[Union Pearson Express]] uses [[Nippon Sharyo DMU]] trains for express service between [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] and [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Pearson Airport]].

====Costa Rica====
[[File:Tren urbano de Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|Apollo 2400 DMU in service in Costa Rica]]

Costa Rica has purchased several Apolo 2400 series DMU railcars from the former narrow gauge operator in Spain, which are run in commuter service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.co.cr/six-commuter-trains-purchased-travel-easier-in-san-jose-costa-rica/8268/|title=Six Commuter Trains Purchased: Travel Easier in San Jose Costa Rica – Costa Rica Star News|date=16 June 2012|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>

====Mexico====
42 [[X'Trapolis Tsíimin K'áak]] train sets have been ordered for [[Tren Maya]], 10 of which are DMU and 32 are EDMU.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fender |first1=Keith |title=Passenger equipment from Britain, US heads to Mexico |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/britain_u-s-_passenger_equipment_heads_to_mexico/ |website=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |date=5 September 2023}}</ref>

====United States====
[[File:Budd RDC.png|thumb|[[Budd Rail Diesel Car]] RDC-1 #407 of the [[Cape May Seashore Lines]], New Jersey]]

A type of diesel multiple units in the U.S. was the [[Budd Rail Diesel Car]] (RDC). The RDC was a single passenger car with two diesel engines and two sets of controls.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franz |first1=Justin |last2=Vondrak |first2=Otto M. |title=RDC Update |journal=Railfan & Railroad |issue=September 2020}}</ref>

In the United States, DMU systems must be FRA-compliant to be permitted on freight rail corridors. The [[Federal Railway Administration]] has mandated higher [[Coupler (railway)|coupling strength]] requirements than European regulators, effectively prohibiting the use of lighter weight European-style [[inter-city rail]] DMUs on U.S. main line railways without timesharing with freight operations or special waivers from the FRA. This has greatly restricted the development of DMUs within the U.S. as no other country requires the much heavier FRA compliant vehicles, and no export market for them exists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sccrtc.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Section3.pdf|title=Diesel Multiple Unit Assessment |date=September 2010|website=sccrtc.org|access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
[[File:WES Commuter Rail train.jpg|thumb|FRA compliant [[Colorado Railcar DMU]] of [[WES Commuter Rail]].]]
Operations using FRA-compliant vehicles:
* Since February 2009, [[TriMet]] is using FRA-compliant [[Colorado Railcar DMU]]s for its rush-hour [[WES Commuter Rail]] service, a suburb-to-suburb line between [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] and [[Wilsonville, Oregon]]. The opening of the line was delayed from fall 2008 to early 2009 due to delays in getting the vehicles. TriMet also has four refurbished former [[Alaska Railroad|Alaska RR]] and [[Trinity Railway Express]] RDCs as backup trainsets for when one or more Colorado Railcar DMUs is out of service.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
* [[Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit]], also referred to as SMART, operates [[Nippon Sharyo DMU]]s (the same as those in Toronto) on its route between Larkspur and Santa Rosa, California. Service commenced in 2017.

Operations using non FRA-compliant vehicles:
* [[Capital Metro]] uses [[Stadler GTW]] cars to operate [[Capital MetroRail]], a commuter rail line serving the [[Greater Austin]], [[Texas]] area.
* In [[Denton County]], [[Texas]], [[DCTA]] also uses [[Stadler GTW]] cars to operate its [[A-train (Denton County)|A-train]] service. DCTA has secured from the FRA the first-ever alternative vehicle technology waiver to use these cars on active freight corridors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Bj|title=DCTA gets go-ahead to use Stadler cars|url=http://www.dentonrc.com/local-news/local-news-headlines/20120605-dcta-gets-go-ahead-to-use-stadler-cars.ece|access-date=6 June 2012|newspaper=Denton Record-Chronicle|date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609012338/http://www.dentonrc.com/local-news/local-news-headlines/20120605-dcta-gets-go-ahead-to-use-stadler-cars.ece|archive-date=9 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:TEXRail Stadler FLIRT DFW Airport Nov 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Stadler FLIRT]] owned by [[TEXRail]] in [[Texas]] ]]
* [[TEXRail]] in [[Tarrant County, Texas]] is a commuter rail line operated by [[Trinity Metro]] which uses [[Stadler FLIRT]] DMUs. The vehicles are FRA Alternate Compliant.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=TEX Rail commuter line opens|access-date=1 April 2019|newspaper=Railway Gazette|date=10 January 2019|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/tex-rail-commuter-line-opens.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402040531/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/tex-rail-commuter-line-opens.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The line has 9 stops with termini at [[DFW Airport/Terminal B station|DFW Airport]] and [[T&P Station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TEXRail Map|access-date=1 April 2019|website=Trinity Metro|url=https://ridetrinitymetro.org/texrail/maps/}}</ref>
* [[NJ Transit]] operates the [[River Line (NJ Transit)|River Line]] from [[Camden, NJ]] to [[Trenton, NJ]], every 15 minutes during peak hours and every 30 minutes at other times. It uses modified [[Stadler GTW]] trains of one or two cars. The line is classified as [[light rail]] because it utilizes imported European made DMUs that do not meet [[Federal Railway Administration|FRA]] crash guidelines. The cars may not operate with the [[freight rail]] service that shares the line, so evening operating hours are restricted to Saturday nights. This line currently carries over 7,500 passengers on a typical weekday, exceeding expectations.
* [[North County Transit District|NCTD]] operates the [[Sprinter (rail service)|Sprinter]] line using [[Siemens Desiro|Desiro Classic]] DMUs built by [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]]. Opened March 2008, The line operates every half-hour daily, except limitations in the morning and at night on Saturday, Sunday and on holidays. The line runs from [[Oceanside, CA]], where transfer is possible with [[Coaster (rail service)|Coaster]] [[commuter rail]] service to [[San Diego]], to [[Escondido, CA]]. Like the NJT River Line, it is classified as light rail due to the use of European made DMUs, but does not run at a more typical light rail frequency.
* The [[eBART]] expansion of the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] system implements [[Stadler GTW]] diesel multiple unit train service from [[Pittsburg/Bay Point station]] east along the Highway 4 corridor to the town of [[Antioch station (BART)|Antioch]]. Future expansions in this direction could also connect the [[eBART]] service to Oakley, Brentwood, Byron, and beyond to Tracy and Stockton. The DMU system was chosen as a less-expensive alternative to the existing third-rail BART design.<ref name="bart">{{cite web|url=http://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2009/news20090427.aspx|title=BART moves forward with $1 billion in extension projects – bart.gov|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> Service began on 25 May 2018.<ref name="ebart">{{cite web|url=https://www.bart.gov/about/projects/ecc|title=BART to Antioch: East Contra Costa BART Extension|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>
* [[Arrow (rail service)|Arrow]] utilizes [[Stadler FLIRT]] trainsets along its service route in [[Redlands, California]].
* [[Dallas Area Rapid Transit]] has rebuilt part of the [[St. Louis Southwestern Railway]] as the [[Silver Line (DART)|Silver Line]], using [[Stadler FLIRT]] units.

Proposed operations:
* The [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] approved an allocation of $250,000 for a feasibility study of DMUs for "future transportation options for the region" on 5 July 2006 (Ara Najarian, Metro Board Member).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebb.metro.net/news_info/2006/metro_116.htm|title=July 2006 Metro to Fund Implementation Study on a Regional Connector Through Glendale and Burbank|website=ebb.metro.net|access-date=2017-02-01}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=Redalert2fan |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Chicago]]'s commuter rail line, [[Metra]], is studying the use of DMUs on its newly proposed lines ([[Suburban Transit Access Route (Metra)|STAR line]], [[SouthEast Service (Metra)|SES)]]. They claim these DMUs will have better acceleration, be more fuel efficient, and seat more customers than the current diesel locomotive and double decker rail cars that are currently in use.<ref name="metra">{{cite web|url=http://metraconnects.metrarail.com|title=Coming Soon page|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>
* Seattle area – The Central Puget Sound's regional transit agency [[Sound Transit]], along with the [[Puget Sound Regional Council]] evaluated the feasibility of both DMU and diesel locomotive technology for operation in the Eastside BNSF Corridor in response to a state legislative request. The Eastside BNSF corridor runs from the City of Snohomish in the north to Renton in the south of the metro area. Sound Transit has no plans to operate passenger rail service in the eastside BNSF corridor, but has committed limited funds to provide capital improvements in the event another public or private operator proposes to operate the service.<ref name="psrc">{{cite web |url=http://www.psrc.org/about/pubs/bnsf/fullreport/bnsf |title=BNSF Eastside Commuter Rail Feasibility Study |access-date=2010-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211035302/http://www.psrc.org/about/pubs/bnsf/fullreport/bnsf/ |archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref>
* Anchorage Mat-Su area – As part of a joint U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and ARRC Chugach Forest Whistle Stop project, a self-propelled rail car was purchased and delivered spring 2009. The diesel multiple unit (DMU) may be available for flexible demonstration service during winter months.<ref name="akrail">{{cite web |url=http://www.alaskarailroad.com/Portals/6/pdf/projects/2010%20Commuter%20Partnership%20&%20Opportunities.pdf |title=Alaska Railroad – Alaskan Tours & Vacations – Train Packages |access-date=19 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306045204/http://www.alaskarailroad.com/Portals/6/pdf/projects/2010%20Commuter%20Partnership%20%26%20Opportunities.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
* The [[Long Island Rail Road]], the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, is exploring the possibility of operating DMUs on some of its lesser traveled routes in non-electrified territory (on the [[Montauk Branch|Montauk]], [[Greenport Branch|Greenport]], [[Port Jefferson Branch|Port Jefferson]], and [[Oyster Bay Branch|Oyster Bay]] branches), where operation of its current fleet of [[C3 (railcar)|C3]] bilevel railcars pulled by [[DE30AC]]/[[DM30AC]] locomotives is uneconomical and inefficient.
* A proposal to use DMUs on Boston's [[Fairmount Line]] was initially approved, but was canceled in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baystatebanner.com/2016/02/10/fairmount-line-setback-no-dmus-says-mbta/|title=Fairmount line setback: No DMUs says MBTA|first=Jule |last=Pattison-Gordon|date=10 February 2016|publisher=Bay State Banner|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[NJ Transit]]'s [[Passaic–Bergen–Hudson Transit Project]] is studying the re-introduction passenger service on a portion of the [[New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway]] (NYSW) right-of-way in [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passiac]], [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] and [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson]] counties using newly built, FRA-compliant diesel multiple units.<ref name = NJTPBH>{{cite web |url=https://www.njtransit.com/passaic-bergen-hudson-transit-project|title=Passaic Bergen Hudson Transit Project |website=Projects & Reports |publisher=NJ Transit|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

{{-}}

===Asia/Australasia===
====Australia====
[[File:319A4914.jpg|thumb|A [[V/Line VLocity]] operating in [[Victoria (state)|Victoria, Australia]]]]

DMUs were first introduced to Australia in the late mid-20th century for use on quiet branch lines that could not justify a locomotive hauled service. Today, DMUs are widely used throughout Australia's southern states:

* [[Adelaide Metro]] use [[3000 class railcar|3000 class DMUs]] on their suburban network.
* [[NSW TrainLink]] use [[New South Wales Xplorer|Xplorer DMUs]] on services from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Sydney]] to [[Canberra railway station|Canberra]] ([[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]]), [[Griffith railway station|Griffith]], [[Broken Hill railway station|Broken Hill]], [[Armidale railway station|Armidale]] and [[Moree railway station|Moree]]. [[New South Wales Endeavour railcar|Endeavour DMUs]] are used on services to [[Bathurst railway station, New South Wales|Bathurst]], [[Moss Vale railway station|Moss Vale]] and [[Goulburn railway station|Goulburn]] on the [[Main Southern railway line|Southern Highlands Line]], [[Kiama railway station|Kiama]] to [[Bomaderry railway station|Bomaderry]] and on the [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]]. [[New South Wales Hunter railcar|Hunter railcar DMUs]] are also used on the [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]].
* Victoria's [[V/Line]] uses [[V/Line Sprinter|Sprinter]] and [[V/Line VLocity|V/Locity]] DMUs on all medium distance services.
* Western Australia's [[Transwa]] operates the ''[[The Prospector (train)|Prospector]], [[AvonLink]]'' and ''[[Australind (train)|Australind]]'' on medium and long distance country services.

In Queensland, heritage DMUs are used on the ''[[Savannahlander]]'' and ''[[Gulflander]]'' tourist trains.

{{-}}
====Bangladesh====
[[File:Bangladesh Railway, Komlapur Railway Station.jpg|thumb|A DEMU train (right) at [[Kamalapur railway station]], [[Dhaka]]]]Chinese manufactured (CNR Tangshan) DEMU was introduced in Bangladesh from 25 May 2013. DEMU is the country's first-ever commuter train service starting its journey on the Chittagong–Faujdarhat line. These DEMUs also operate on the [[Chittagong Circular Railway]] and on the [[Bangladesh Railway]]'s service between [[Dhaka]] and [[Narayanganj]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/05/25/demu-trains-begin-debut-run-in-ctg | title=DEMU trains begin debut run in Ctg | publisher=[[Bdnews24.com]] | access-date=2013-05-26}}</ref> However, these trains faced reliability issues soon after the final delivery in 2015, with all 20 trains becoming inoperable past 2018.<ref name="SomoyNews">{{Cite web |author=Somoy National Desk |title=Railway to sell Tk 650cr worth of DEMU trains as scrap |url=https://en.somoynews.tv/news/2025-01-20/WZ7HMI1v |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Somoy News}}</ref> In 2020, technicians from Bangladesh Railway were able to repair one of the inoperative trains to working condition. However, the proposed project to repair the rest of the trains were deemed to be too expensive in the long run.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Another wasteful railway project |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/editorial/news/another-wasteful-railway-project-3147811 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> By January 2025, after 10 years of service, Bangladesh Railway announced its intention to sell the DEMU trains as scrap.<ref name="SomoyNews" />

{{-}}

====Cambodia====
[[File:FVB DSU.jpg|thumb|Ferrovias del Bajio DSU at Phom Penh Cambodia Airport]]

Mexican manufacturer Ferrovias Del Bajio supplied in 2019, three DSUs (Diesel Single Unit) to Royal Railway in Cambodia for their airport shuttle service from Phnom Penh international airport to the city central station. The other two units were assigned to long-distance services from the central station to Sihanoukville and to Poipet. Royal Railways Cambodia have now acquired eleven carriages DMU from Japan. Model: " Kiha 183 heavy snow ". (キハ183系オホーツク・大雪)
Speed: 110 km/h (max)
Type: 特急　(Limited Express)
Started: 1986 ............ End of Service in Japan 17 March 2023

{{-}}
==== China ====
[[File:NYJ1 Hanlu.jpg|thumb|right|The [[China Railway NYJ1]] DMU used on the [[Jining–Tongliao railway]]]]
The [[Dongfeng DMU]] was first Chinese diesel multiple unit produced by [[CRRC Qingdao Sifang|Qingdao Sifang]] in 1958. 

The [[China Railway NZJ]] was China's first double-decker diesel multiple unit is an ideal medium- and short-distance rail transport vehicle. It was independently developed and manufactured by [[CRRC Tangshan|Tangshan Works]] in 1998 and put into operation between [[Nanchang]] and [[Jiujiang]] in June of that year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=铁道馆_中国科普博览 |url=https://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/technology/railway/railway_engine/200402030022.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.kepu.net.cn}}</ref> 

The [[China Railway NYJ1]] was China's first hydraulic transmission diesel multiple unit class was developed by [[CRRC Qingdao Sifang|Qingdao Sifang]] at the end of 1998 and put into operation between [[Nanchang]] and [[Jiujiang]] and [[Nanchang]] and [[Ganzhou]] in February 1999.<ref name=":0" /> 

The [[China Railway NZJ1]] "New Dawn" was higher-speed [[Bilevel rail car|double-decker]] diesel multiple unit was jointly developed by [[CRRC Qishuyan|Qishuyan Works]] and [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen|Nanjing Puzhen Works]] in August 1999, and put into commercial operation on the [[Shanghai-Nanjing Railway]] in October of that year.<ref name=":0" />

The [[China Railway NDJ3]] "Great Wall", previously labeled the "Harmony Great Wall" is the only [[higher-speed rail|higher-speed]] diesel multiple unit that is still operating in China. It was first designed to be used for passenger transport in the 2008 Olympics, and has become a mature technology platform with export orders to Nigeria despite initial flaws related to overheating of electrical cables in the power car.

[[File:CJ5-0505@BCR (20160905093550).jpg|thumb|right|[[CJ5 (DEMU)]] used by the [[Xi'an–Huyi railway]]]]
On 14 January 2014, [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles]] announced that hybrid electric multiple units were put into production. At the end of 2014, the first batch of hybrid EMUs, one train each with battery-catenary power supply (EEMU) and catenary power supply-internal combustion engine (DEMU), rolled off the assembly line in Changchun. From 2016 to 2020, the vehicles were tested in Hohhot and Beijing Academy of Railway Sciences.

In September 2022, the first CJ-5 train used by the [[Xi'an]]-Huxian Railway arrived in Xi'an. The No. 0506 train, which uses an internal combustion engine and a battery hybrid, was used as a vehicle during the initial operation of the Xi'an-Huxian Railway. During the operation period, it will be temporarily managed by [[Xi'an Metro]].

{{-}}

====India====
[[File:(SC-Medchal) DHMU at Ammuguda.jpg|thumb|Older First generation DHMU in India]]
DMUs (particularly DEMUs) are widely used in India. DEMUs in India are used in both the eight-coach format and the four-coach format. These trains replaced many (up to 10 car) trains with a [[WDM-2]] or [[WDM-3A]] locomotive in the middle. These old trains had the loco controls duplicated in the Driving Trailer coach and all the actuation information reaching the locomotive through thin communication lines. This was called 'push-pull train'. The longest running such push-pull service operated between Diva – Bhiwandi Road and Vasai Road and was recently converted into an [[MEMU]] train service in 2018.

India's first and largest DMU shed at [[Jalandhar District|Jalandhar]], Punjab, holds more than 90 units placed in service all over Punjab.
The DMU services in India have had various different classes. They can be classified as

*First generation DMU:
**Rated power was 700 HP and had either three or six coaches.
**Transmission was Voith-hydraulic. 
**Max speed 100&nbsp;km/h.
**Made at first at ICF and then at [[Rail Coach Factory|RCF]].

*Second generation DMU:
[[File:Nanded - Medchal DEMU Express.jpg|thumb|Second generation DEMU train in India]] 
**Rated power is 1400 HP and have eight coaches. 
**Max speed is 105&nbsp;km/h. 
**Transmission is DC electric. 
**Made at ICF and [[Rail Coach Factory|RCF]].

*Third generation DMU:
[[File:BMO - GWD Pushkaram Special (28892046730).jpg|thumb|Third Generation Modern DEMU with a [[WDM-3A]] locomotive]]
**Rated power is 1,600 HP and have ten coaches. 
**Max speed is 110&nbsp;km/h. 
**Transmission is AC electric. 
**Made at [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]].

{{-}}

====Indonesia====
[[File:Solo Ekspres 2018.jpg|thumb|KRDI Solo Express, [[Surakarta]]]]

State-owned company [[Industri Kereta Api|PT.INKA]] builds several type of DMU, some of which operate in urban and suburban areas.

{{-}}
====Japan====
[[File:DC283 hokuto 001.jpg|thumb|right|JR Hokkaido [[KiHa 283]] [[Tilting train|tilting DMU]] on [[Hakodate Main Line]]]]

In Japan, where gasoline-driven railbuses (on small private lines) and railmotors ([[Kihani 5000]] of the [[Japanese National Railways|national railways]]) had been built since the 1920s, the first two streamlined DMUs came in service in 1937, class [[Kiha 43000]] (キハ43000系).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/h53001126/4568133.html|title=キハ４３０００の資料 – しるねこの微妙な生活／浮気心あれば水心!?|access-date=19 June 2016|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625140247/http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/h53001126/4568133.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The service of several hundreds (in sum even thousands) of diesel railcars and DMUs started in 1950s following the improvement of fuel supply that was critical during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepage3.nifty.com/EF57/r.museum/TP-flame.html|title=The Railway Museum in Saitama|access-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913212003/http://homepage3.nifty.com/EF57/r.museum/TP-flame.html|archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

====Kenya====

In 2021, Kenya acquired DMUs from France to operate in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area. These trains connect the city with settlements outside Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and the Nairobi Terminus.

====Malaysia====
The [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] (KTM) has a total of 13 DMU [[KTM Class 61]] ordered from [[CRRC]] for the West Coast Line and are assembled locally at CRRCs Batu Gajah factory from 2016 to 2020. The service began 1 September along the Gemas-Kuala Lipis-Tumpat route, replacing old non-automotive stock.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/commuter-rail/crrc-dmu-test-malaysia/|title=New CRRC DMU on test in Malaysia|date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

The [[Sabah State Railway]] (JKNS) utilized HD-100A DMU sets from CRRC Ziyang, along with older 2-car DMU sets for the West Sabah Line.

====Philippines====

The [[Philippine National Railways]] (PNR) was one of the first adopters of diesel multiple unit trains in Asia. Initially built as gasoline-powered railmotors, the locally assembled Manila Railroad RMC class of 1929 was the first to be powered by diesel traction. Some units were also converted to [[streamliner]] units by 1932 for first-class services on the South Main Line between Manila and [[Legazpi, Albay]].<ref name="r39">{{Cite report |title=Report of the General Manager for the Year Ended December 31, 1938 |work=Reports of the General Manager |publisher=Manila Railroad Company |date=17 March 1939}}</ref> Since then, generations of DMUs were used chiefly for short-distance commuter services by the PNR in the island of [[Luzon]].<ref>{{Cite report |title=Motive Power and Rolling Stock |work=Report of Survey of the Manila Railroad Company and the Preliminary Survey of Railroads for Mindanao |publisher=De Leuw, Cather and Company; Manila Railroad Company |url=https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/biblio/106523/ |date=July 1952 |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Profile |url=http://www.pnr.gov.ph/about-contact-us/who-we-are/corporate-profile.html |publisher=Philippine National Railways |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410154620/http://www.pnr.gov.ph/about-contact-us/who-we-are/corporate-profile.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Even without active [[inter-city rail]] services in the present-day, DMUs are still used on the [[PNR Metro Commuter Line]] in [[Metro Manila]] and the Bicol Commuter service in the [[Bicol Region]].<ref name="pea">{{Cite journal|last1=Peadon|first1=Brad|title=April 2020|volume=3|journal=Philippine National Railways Rolling Stock Update|publisher=Philippine Railways Historical Society}}</ref> Three generations of DMUs are in use: second-hand DMUs handed over by [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] such as the [[KiHa 35]], [[KiHa 52|52]] and [[KiHa 59 series#Philippine National Railways|59]] series originally built in the 1960s and acquired in the early 2010s,<ref name="jr">{{Cite book |author=寺本光照 |title=国鉄・JR関西圏近郊電車発達史 大阪駅140年の歴史とアーバンネットワークの成立ち |date=2014 |page=73 |publisher=JTBパブリッシング |series=キャンブックス |language=ja |isbn=978-4-533-09794-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://railf.jp/news/2019/12/10/170000.html |title=フィリピン国鉄 KIHA59「KOGANE」が営業運転に復帰 |trans-title=Philippine National Railways KIHA59 "KOGANE" returns to commercial operation |date=10 December 2019 |work=Japan Railfan Magazine Online |publisher=Koyusha Co., Ltd. |location=Japan |language=ja |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191210102501/https://railf.jp/news/2019/12/10/170000.html |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[PNR Hyundai Rotem DMU|Rotem DMU]]s of 2009 built by [[South Korea|Korean]] manufacturer [[Hyundai Rotem]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hyundai-rotem.co.kr/Eng/Business/Rail/Business_Record_View.asp?brid=228 |title=Railway Systems-Project Record View |website=hyundai-rotem.co.kr |access-date=2018-12-25 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421053328/https://www.hyundai-rotem.co.kr/Eng/Business/Rail/Business_Record_View.asp?brid=228 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[PNR 8000 class|8000]] and [[PNR 8100 class|8100 classes]] built by [[Indonesia]]n firm [[Industri Kereta Api|PT INKA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/two-more-pnr-trainsets-arrive-121543715.html |title=Two more PNR trainsets arrive in PH |website=ph.news.yahoo.com|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/national/312315/pnr-unveils-2-brand-new-diesel-multiple-unit-trains-bought-from-indonesia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212031126/https://manilastandard.net/news/national/312315/pnr-unveils-2-brand-new-diesel-multiple-unit-trains-bought-from-indonesia.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2023 |title=PNR unveils 2 brand new diesel multiple unit trains bought from Indonesia |website=Manila Standard|access-date=2020-02-03 }}</ref>

From 2022 onwards, the PNR will purchase [[standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]] DMUs for its upcoming inter-city rail network in Luzon and [[Mindanao]]. This is compared to the [[3 ft 6 in gauge railways|3 ft 6 in gauge]] of the rolling stock that is currently in active service. This move should allow access to better technology and increase line speeds.

====South Korea====
[[File:PP-DHC.jpg|thumb|Now retired Korail DHC-PP with new CI colour]]
[[File:Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg|thumb|Korail RDC DMU at Bujeon Station. Not a Budd Rail Diesel Car (RDC).]]
[[Korail]] used to operates many DMUs. The DHC (Diesel Hydraulic Car), which made its debut for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, was able to reach speeds up to {{convert|150|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and served [[Saemaul-ho]] trains. These train have retired on 2008.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

====Sri Lanka====
DMUs were first introduced to [[Sri Lanka Railways|Sri Lanka]] in 1940. The aim of this was connecting minor railway stations and stops on the main line where most express trains don't have a halt.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1081775/retrieve |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022142133/https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1081775/retrieve |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Taiwan====
The DMUs are now usually used on the [[Taiwan Railway Administration]] [[Hualien–Taitung Line]], [[North-Link Line]], [[South-Link Line]]. DMUs in Taiwan are classified as Class DR.
*[[DR2700 series|Class DR2700]] – built by [[Tokyu Car Corporation]] in 1966; was the fastest train on the [[West Coast line (Taiwan)|West Coast line]]
*[[DR2800 series|Class DR2800]] – built by Tokyu Car Corporation in 1982 and 1984{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}
*[[DR2900 series|Class DR2900]]
*Class DR3000
*Class DR3100

{{-}}
==== Thailand ====
[[File:Sprinter2509.jpg|thumb|ASR (Sprinter) Class diesel train at Bangkok (Krungthep Station), Thailand]]
The State Railway of Thailand [[State Railway of Thailand ASR class|ASR class]] is a diesel multiple unit operated by the [[State Railway of Thailand]]. Built by [[British Rail Engineering Limited]] at [[Derby Litchurch Lane Works]] in England, it is based on the [[British Rail Class 158]]. Twenty carriages were built in 1990/91. All were painted in the same [[Regional Railways]] livery as the Class 158s.
* Numbers 2501 – 2512 (with cockpit) 12 Unit
* Numbers 2113 – 2120 (no cockpit) 8 Unit

==Manufacturers==
DMU manufacturers include:
{{colbegin}}
* [[Alstom]]
* [[AnsaldoBreda]], Italy
* [[BEML]], India
* [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]], India
* [[Bombardier Transportation]] of [[Montreal]], Canada
* [[British Rail Engineering Limited]], United Kingdom (1962–1980s)
* [[British Rail]]ways, United Kingdom (1950s–1962)
* [[Budd Company]] of [[United States]]
* [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]
* [[Colorado Railcar]], US (Rader Railcar 1988–1997, Colorado Railcar 1997–2008, US Railcar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usrailcar.com|title=US Railcar|website=usrailcar.com}}</ref> 2009–present)
* [[CRRC]], China
* [[Demikhovsky Machine-building Plant|DMZ]], Russia
* [[EIKON International]]
* [[Electroputere VFU]], Romania
* [[Ferrovias Del Bajio S.A. de C.V.]], Mexico
* [[Ganz-MÁVAG]], Hungary
* [[Hyundai Rotem]] of [[Seoul]], South Korea
* [[PT Industri Kereta Api|INKA]], Indonesia
* [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]], India
* [[Luganskteplovoz]], Ukraine
* [[Materfer]], Argentina
* [[Metrovagonmash]], Russia
* [[Niigata Transys]] of [[Tokyo]], Japan
* [[Nippon Sharyo]]/[[Sumitomo]], Japan
* [[Pojazdy Szynowe Pesa Bydgoszcz]]
* [[Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca|RVR]], Latvia
* [[Siemens Mobility]] DMU
* [[Stadler Rail]] of [[Bussnang]], Switzerland
* [[Torzhoksky car-building factory]], Russia
* [[TÜVASAŞ]] of [[Adapazarı]], Turkey
{{colend}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Diesel multiple units, motor coaches and railcars}}
* [[Electric multiple unit]]
* [[Battery electric multiple unit]]
* [[Diesel locomotive]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diesel Multiple Unit}}
[[Category:Multiple units]]
[[Category:Diesel multiple units| ]]

[[fr:Rame automotrice#Élément automoteur diesel]]