View source for Digital Visual Interface

{{Short description|Standard for transmitting digital video to a display}}
{{Redirect|DVI}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox connector
|name=Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
|type=Digital video connector
|logo= [[File:DVI_Logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|upright=0.7]]
|image= Dvi-cable.jpg
|caption=A [[Gender of connectors and fasteners|male]] DVI-D (single link) connector
|designer=[[Digital Display Working Group]]
|design_date={{start date and age|1999|4|}}
|manufacturer=
|production_date=1999–present
|superseded= [[VGA connector]]
|superseded_by=[[DisplayPort]], [[HDMI]]
|superseded_by_date=
|external=Yes
|hotplug=Yes
|length=
|width=
|height=
|video_signal=Digital video stream:<br />Single link: {{resx|1920&nbsp;×&nbsp;1200}} ([[WUXGA]])&nbsp;@ 60&nbsp;Hz or {{resx|2560 × 1600}} ([[WQXGA]])&nbsp;@ 30&nbsp;Hz <br />Dual link: {{resx|2560&nbsp;×&nbsp;1600}} ([[WQXGA]])&nbsp;@ 60&nbsp;Hz or {{resx|3840 × 2400}} ([[WQUXGA]])&nbsp;@ 30&nbsp;Hz <br />Analog video stream: {{resx|1920&nbsp;×&nbsp;1200}} ([[WUXGA]])&nbsp;@ 60&nbsp;Hz
|data_bit_width=
|data_bandwidth=(Single link) 3.96&nbsp;Gbit/s <br />(Dual link) 7.92&nbsp;Gbit/s
|data_devices=1
|data_style=3 × [[Transition Minimized Differential Signaling|transition minimized differential signaling]] data and clock
|cable=
|physical_connector=
|num_pins=DVI-D Single Link: 19<br />DVI-D Dual Link: 25<br />DVI-I Single Link: 23<br />DVI-I Dual Link: 29<br />DVI-A: 11<br />DVI-M1-DA: 35
|pinout_image=[[File:DVI Connector Pinout.svg|300px]]
|pinout_caption=A female DVI-I socket from the front
|pinout_image2=[[File:DVI pinout no info.png|300px]]
|pinout_caption2=Color coded (click to read text)

|pin1=Digital red− (link 1)
|pin1_name=[[TMDS]] data 2−
|pin2=Digital red+ (link 1)
|pin2_name=TMDS data 2+
|pin3=
|pin3_name=TMDS data 2/4 shield
|pin4=Digital green− (link 2)
|pin4_name=TMDS data 4−
|pin5=Digital green+ (link 2)
|pin5_name=TMDS data 4+
|pin6=
|pin6_name=DDC clock
|pin7=
|pin7_name=DDC data
|pin8=
|pin8_name=Analog vertical sync
|pin9=Digital green− (link 1)
|pin9_name=TMDS data 1−
|pin10=Digital green+ (link 1)
|pin10_name=TMDS data 1+
|pin11=
|pin11_name=TMDS data 1/3 shield
|pin12=Digital blue− (link 2)
|pin12_name=TMDS data 3−
|pin13=Digital blue+ (link 2)
|pin13_name=TMDS data 3+
|pin14=Power for monitor when in standby
|pin14_name=+5&nbsp;V
|pin15=Return for pin 14 and analog sync
|pin15_name=Ground
|pin16=
|pin16_name=Hot plug detect
|pin17=Digital blue− (link 1) and digital sync
|pin17_name=TMDS data 0−
|pin18=Digital blue+ (link 1) and digital sync
|pin18_name=TMDS data 0+
|pin19=
|pin19_name=TMDS data 0/5 shield
|pin20=Digital red− (link 2)
|pin20_name=TMDS data 5−
|pin21=Digital red+ (link 2)
|pin21_name=TMDS data 5+
|pin22=
|pin22_name=TMDS clock shield
|pin23=Digital clock+ (links 1 and 2)
|pin23_name=TMDS clock+
|pin24=Digital clock− (links 1 and 2)
|pin24_name=TMDS clock−
|pin_custom1_name=C1
|pin_name_custom1=Analog red
|pin_custom1=&nbsp;
|pin_custom2_name=C2
|pin_name_custom2=Analog green
|pin_custom2=&nbsp;
|pin_custom3_name=C3
|pin_name_custom3=Analog blue
|pin_custom3=&nbsp;
|pin_custom4_name=C4
|pin_name_custom4=Analog horizontal sync
|pin_custom4=&nbsp;
|pin_custom5_name=C5
|pin_name_custom5=Analog ground
|pin_custom5=Return for R, G, and B signals
|pinout_notes=
}}

'''Digital Visual Interface''' ('''DVI''') is a [[video display interface]] developed by the [[Digital Display Working Group]] (DDWG). The [[Digital data|digital]] interface is used to connect a video source, such as a [[video display controller]], to a [[display device]], such as a [[computer monitor]]. It was developed with the intention of creating an industry standard for the transfer of [[Uncompressed video|uncompressed]] digital video content.

DVI devices manufactured as DVI-I have support for analog connections, and are compatible with the analog [[VGA]] interface<ref name="2000 Press Release">{{cite news|url=http://www.ddwg.org/articles.asp?id=22|title=Digital Visual Interface adoption accelerates as industry prepares for next wave of DVI-compliant products|date=February 16, 2000|publisher=DDWG, copy preserved by [[Internet Archive]]|access-date=29 March 2012|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828233809/http://www.ddwg.org/articles.asp?id=22|archive-date=28 August 2007}}</ref> by including VGA pins, while DVI-D devices are digital-only. This compatibility, along with other advantages, led to its widespread acceptance over competing digital display standards [[Plug and Display]] (P&D) and [[VESA Digital Flat Panel|Digital Flat Panel]] (DFP).<ref name="Competing standards">{{cite web|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/tft-guide-part-3,117.html|title=TFT Guide Part 3 - Digital Interfaces|last=Eiden|first=Hermann|date=July 7, 1999|publisher=TomsHardware.com|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref> Although DVI is predominantly associated with computers, it is sometimes used in other consumer electronics such as [[television set]]s and [[DVD player]]s.

==History==
An earlier attempt to promulgate an updated standard to the analog [[VGA connector]] was made by the [[Video Electronics Standards Association]] (VESA) in 1994 and 1995, with the [[VESA Enhanced Video Connector|Enhanced Video Connector]] (EVC), which was intended to consolidate cables between the computer and monitor.<ref name=VESA-stds>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesa.org:80/standards.html |title=VESA Standards |publisher=Video Electronics Standards Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117080256/http://www.vesa.org:80/standards.html |archive-date=January 17, 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Manchester99>{{cite report |first=Gary |last=Manchester |date=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112151649/http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/informatik/RA/news/stack/kompendium/vortraege_99/peripherie/standards/dfp/DFPwhitepap.PDF |title=The VESA Digital Flat Panel (DFP) Standard: A White Paper |publisher=VESA Marketing Committee |url=http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/informatik/RA/news/stack/kompendium/vortraege_99/peripherie/standards/dfp/DFPwhitepap.PDF |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> EVC used a 35-pin [[Molex]] MicroCross connector and carried analog video (input and output), analog stereo audio (input and output), and data (via [[USB]] and [[FireWire]]). At the same time, with the increasing availability of digital flat-panel displays, the priority shifted to digital video transmission, which would remove the extra analog/digital conversion steps required for VGA and EVC;<ref name=DVI-whitepaper/>{{rp|5–6}} the EVC connector was reused by VESA,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesa.org:80/public/Intellectual%20Property/MolexPnD.PDF |title=Molex PnD intellectual property letter |author=Manchester, Gary |date=October 7, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030222125034/http://www.vesa.org:80/public/Intellectual%20Property/MolexPnD.PDF |archive-date=February 22, 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which released the [[VESA Plug and Display| Plug & Display (P&D)]] standard in 1997.<ref name=VESA-stds/> P&D offered single-link [[Transition-minimized differential signaling|TMDS]] digital video with, as an option, analog video output and data (USB and FireWire), using a 35-pin MicroCross connector similar to EVC; the analog audio and video input lines from EVC were repurposed to carry digital video for P&D.<ref name=DVI-whitepaper/>{{rp|4}}<ref name=VESA-P&D>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesa.org/public/PnD/pnd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704041337/http://www.vesa.org/public/PnD/pnd.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2003 |url-status=dead |date=June 11, 1997 |title=VESA Plug and Display (P&D) Standard, Version 1 |publisher=Video Electronics Standards Association}}</ref>{{rp|§1.3.3}}

Because P&D was a physically large, expensive connector, a consortium of companies developed the DFP standard (1999), which was focused solely on digital video transmission using a 20-pin [[micro ribbon connector]] and omitted the analog video and data capabilities of P&D.<ref name=Manchester99/>{{rp|3}}<ref name=DVI-whitepaper>{{cite report |url=https://www.fpga4fun.com/files/WP_TMDS.pdf |title=Digital Visual Interface & TMDS Extensions |date=October 2004 |publisher=Silicon Image |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|4}} DVI instead chose to strip just the data functions from P&D, using a 29-pin MicroCross connector to carry digital and analog video.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.molex.com/mx_upload/family/microcross_dvi/082mcdvi.pdf |title=MicroCross DVI Connector System: Digital Visual Interface Standard |publisher=Molex |date=December 2000 |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> Critically, DVI allows dual-link TMDS signals,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/276/2/molex_dvi%20technical1-1185865.pdf |title=MicroCross DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Connector System |publisher=Molex |date=November 1999 |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> meaning it supports higher resolutions than the single-link P&D and DFP connectors, which led to its successful adoption as an industry standard. Compatibility of DVI with P&D and DFP is accomplished typically through passive adapters that provide appropriate physical interfaces, as all three standards use the same DDC/EDID handshaking protocols and TMDS digital video signals.<ref name=DVI1.0 >{{cite web |url=https://glenwing.github.io/docs/DVI-1.0.pdf |title=Digital Visual Interface Revision 1.0 |date=2 April 1999 |publisher=Digital Display Working Group |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|§1.3.7}}

DVI made its way into products starting in 1999. One of the first DVI monitors was [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] original [[Apple Cinema Display|Cinema Display]], which launched in 1999.

==Technical overview==
DVI's digital video transmission format is based on [[panelLink]], a serial format developed by [[Silicon Image Inc.|Silicon Image]] that utilizes a high-speed serial link called [[Transition Minimized Differential Signaling|transition minimized differential signaling]] (TMDS).

===TMDS===
Digital video [[pixel]] data is transported using multiple TMDS [[twisted pair]]s. At the electrical level, these pairs are highly resistant to [[electrical noise]] and other forms of analog [[distortion]].

====Single link====
A ''single link'' DVI connection has four TMDS pairs. Three data pairs carry their designated 8-bit RGB component (red, green, or blue) of the video signal for a total of 24&nbsp;bits per [[pixel]]. The fourth pair carries the TMDS clock. The binary data is encoded using [[8b/10b encoding]]. DVI does not use [[packet (information technology)|packetization]], but rather transmits the pixel data as if it were a [[rasterized]] analog video signal. As such, the complete frame is ''drawn'' during each vertical refresh period. The full active area of each frame is always transmitted without compression. Video modes typically use horizontal and vertical refresh timings that are compatible with [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) displays, though this is not a requirement. In single link mode, the maximum TMDS clock frequency is 165&nbsp;MHz, which supports a maximum resolution of 2.75&nbsp;[[megapixels]] (including [[blanking interval]]) at 60&nbsp;Hz refresh. For practical purposes, this allows a maximum 16:10 screen resolution of 1920&nbsp;×&nbsp;1200 at 60&nbsp;Hz.

====Dual link====
To support higher-resolution display devices, the DVI specification contains a provision for ''dual link''. Dual link DVI doubles the number of TMDS data pairs, effectively doubling the video bandwidth, which allows higher resolutions up to 2560&nbsp;×&nbsp;1600 at 60&nbsp;Hz or higher refresh rates for lower resolutions.

===Compatibility===
For [[backward compatibility]] with displays using analog VGA signals, some of the contacts in the DVI connector carry the analog VGA signals.

To ensure a basic level of interoperability, DVI compliant devices are required to support one baseline [[display mode]], "low pixel format" (640&nbsp;×&nbsp;480 at 60&nbsp;Hz).

===DDC===
Like modern analog [[VGA connector]]s, the DVI connector includes pins for the [[display data channel]] (DDC), which allows the graphics adapter to read the monitor's [[extended display identification data]] (EDID). When a source and display using the DDC2 revision are connected, the source first queries the display's capabilities by reading the monitor EDID block over an [[Inter-Integrated Circuit|I²C]] link. The EDID block contains the display's identification, color characteristics (such as gamma value), and table of supported video modes. The table can designate a preferred mode or [[native resolution]]. Each mode is a set of timing values that define the duration and frequency of the horizontal/vertical sync, the positioning of the active display area, the horizontal resolution, vertical resolution, and refresh rate.

===Cable length===
The maximum length recommended for DVI cables is not included in the specification, since it is dependent on the TMDS clock frequency. In general, cable lengths up to {{Convert|4.5|m}} will work for display resolutions up to 1920&nbsp;×&nbsp;1200. Longer cables up to {{Convert|15|m}} in length can be used with display resolutions 1280&nbsp;×&nbsp;1024 or lower. For greater distances, the use of a DVI booster—a signal repeater which may use an external power supply—is recommended to help mitigate signal degradation.

==Connector==
{{see also|Mini-DVI|Micro-DVI}}
{{Multiple image
| image1            = DVI Connector Types.svg
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 
| image2            = M1-DA.svg
| caption2          = Female DVI connector pins (view of plug)
}}

The DVI connector on a device is given one of three names, depending on which signals it implements:
*''DVI-I'' (integrated, combines digital and analog in the same connector; digital may be single or dual link)
*''DVI-D'' (digital only, single link or dual link)
*''DVI-A'' (analog only)

Most DVI connector types—the exception is DVI-A—have pins that pass digital video signals. These come in two varieties: single link and dual link. Single link DVI employs a single transmitter with a TMDS clock up to 165&nbsp;MHz that supports resolutions up to 1920&nbsp;×&nbsp;1200 at 60&nbsp;Hz. Dual link DVI adds six pins, at the center of the connector, for a second transmitter increasing the bandwidth and supporting resolutions up to 2560&nbsp;×&nbsp;1600 at 60&nbsp;Hz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2184/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520033457/http://www.anandtech.com/show/2184/2|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 20, 2010|title=Dell 2407WFP and 3007WFP LCD Comparison|last=Walton|first=Jarred|date=March 2, 2007|publisher=AnandTech|access-date=November 7, 2013}}</ref> A connector with these additional pins is sometimes referred to as DVI-DL (dual link). Dual link should not be confused with ''[[Multi-monitor|dual display]]'' (also known as ''dual head''), which is a configuration consisting of a single computer connected to two monitors, sometimes using a [[DMS-59]] connector for two single link DVI connections.

In addition to digital, some DVI connectors also have pins that pass an analog signal, which can be used to connect an analog monitor. The analog pins are the four that surround the flat blade on a DVI-I or DVI-A connector. A [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]] monitor, for example, can be connected to a video source with DVI-I through the use of a passive adapter. Since the analog pins are directly compatible with VGA signaling, passive adapters are simple and cheap to produce, providing a cost-effective solution to support VGA on DVI. The long flat pin on a DVI-I connector is wider than the same pin on a DVI-D connector, so even if the four analog pins were manually removed, it still wouldn't be possible to connect a male DVI-I to a female DVI-D. It is possible, however, to join a male DVI-D connector with a female DVI-I connector.<ref name="A+ Study Guide book">{{cite book|last1=Docter|first1=Quentin|last2=Dulaney|first2=Emmett|last3=Skandier|first3=Toby|title=CompTIA A+ Complete Deluxe Study Guide: Exams 220-801 and 220-802|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|isbn=978-1118324066}}</ref>

DVI is the only widespread video standard that includes analog and digital transmission in the same connector.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kruegle |first=Herman |title=CCTV Surveillance: Analog and Digital Video Practices And Technology |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=0-7506-7768-6 |page=268 |chapter=8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaQY8CrmqFcC&q=DVI+is+the+only+widespread+video+standard+that+includes+analog+and+digital+transmission+options+in+the+same+connector.&pg=PA268 |year=2006  }}</ref> Competing standards are exclusively digital: these include a system using low-voltage differential signaling ([[low voltage differential signaling|LVDS]]), known by its proprietary names [[FPD-Link]] (flat-panel display) and FLATLINK; and its successors, the [[LVDS Display Interface]] (LDI) and [[OpenLDI]].

Some [[DVD player]]s, [[High-definition television|HDTV]] sets, and [[video projector]]s have DVI connectors that transmit an encrypted signal for copy protection using the [[High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection]] (HDCP) protocol. Computers can be connected to HDTV sets over DVI, but the graphics card must support HDCP to play content protected by [[digital rights management]] (DRM).

==Specifications==
[[File:Adapter DVI to VGA.jpg|thumb|right|A passive DVI-to-VGA adapter. This adapter will ''not'' work with a DVI-D output. It requires a DVI-I or DVI-A output to get the analog signal to a VGA input (even if the adapter looks like a DVI-D). A more expensive active adapter (or converter) is required to connect DVI-D to VGA.]]

===Digital===
* Minimum TMDS clock frequency: 25.175&nbsp;MHz
** Used for the mandatory "low pixel format" display mode: [[VGA (resolution)|VGA]] (640x480) @ 60&nbsp;Hz
* Maximum single link TMDS clock frequency: 165&nbsp;MHz
* Single link maximum [[gross bit rate]] (including 8b/10b overhead): 4.95&nbsp;Gbit/s
** [[Net bit rate]] (subtracting 8b/10b overhead): 3.96&nbsp;Gbit/s
* Dual link bit rates are twice that of single link at an identical clock frequency.
** Gross bit rate (Including 8b/10b overhead) at a 165&nbsp;MHz clock: 9.90&nbsp;Gbit/s.
*** Net bit rate (subtracting 8b/10b overhead): 7.92&nbsp;Gbit/s
** Clocks above 165&nbsp;MHz are allowed in dual link mode{{notetag|and only used when total bandwidth requirement surpassing 330MHz TMDS clock. The specification only specifies first link to operate at above single-link maximum in such scenario.<ref name=DVI1.0 />{{rp|§2.2.2.}}}}
* Bits per pixel:
** 24 bits per pixel support is mandatory in all resolutions supported.
** Less than 24 bits per pixel is optional.
** Dual link optionally supports up to 48 bits per pixel.
*** If a depth greater than 24 bits per pixel is desired, the least significant bits are sent on the second link.
* Pixels per TMDS clock cycle:
** 1 (single link at 24 bits or less per pixel, and dual link for 25 to 48 bits per pixel) or
** 2 (dual link at 24 bits or less per pixel)
* Example display modes (''single link''):
** [[SXGA]] ({{resx|1280|1024}}) @ 85&nbsp;Hz with GTF blanking (159&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
** [[FHD]] ({{resx|1920|1080}}) @ 60&nbsp;Hz with CVT-RB blanking (139&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
** [[UXGA]] ({{resx|1600|1200}}) @ 60&nbsp;Hz with GTF blanking (161&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
** [[WUXGA]] ({{resx|1920|1200}}) @ 60&nbsp;Hz with CVT-RB blanking (154&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
** [[WQXGA]] ({{resx|2560|1600}}) @ 30&nbsp;Hz with CVT-RB blanking (132&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
*Example display modes (''dual link''):
** [[QXGA]] ({{resx|2048|1536}}) @ 72&nbsp;Hz with CVT blanking (2 pixels per 163&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
** [[FHD]] ({{resx|1920|1080}}) @ 144&nbsp;Hz<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=The Best DVI Cable for 144hz {{!}} The Technology Land |url=https://thetechnologyland.com/the-best-dvi-cable-for-144hz/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=thetechnologyland.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
** [[WUXGA]] ({{resx|1920|1200}}) @ 120&nbsp;Hz with CVT-RB blanking (2 pixels per 154&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
** [[WQXGA]] ({{resx|2560|1600}}) @ 60&nbsp;Hz with CVT-RB blanking (2 pixels per 135&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)
** [[WQUXGA]] ({{resx|3840|2400}}) @ 30&nbsp;Hz with CVT-RB blanking (2 pixels per 146&nbsp;MHz TMDS clock)

[[Generalized Timing Formula]] (GTF) is a [[VESA]] standard which can easily be calculated with the [[Linux]] gtf utility. [[Coordinated Video Timings]]-Reduced Blanking (CVT-RB) is a [[VESA]] standard which offers reduced horizontal and vertical blanking for non-CRT based displays.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nvidia.com/object/advanced_timings.html |title=Advanced Timing and CEA/EIA-861B Timings |publisher=NVIDIA |access-date=2008-06-18}}</ref>

====Digital data encoding====
One of the purposes of DVI stream encoding is to provide a [[DC-balanced]] output that reduces decoding errors. This goal is achieved by using 10-bit symbols for 8-bit or less characters and using the extra bits for the DC balancing.

Like other ways of transmitting video, there are two different regions: the active region, where pixel data is sent, and the control region, where synchronization signals are sent. The active region is encoded using [[transition-minimized differential signaling]], where the control region is encoded with a fixed [[8b/10b encoding]]. As the two schemes yield different 10-bit symbols, a receiver can fully differentiate between active and control regions.

When DVI was designed, most computer monitors were still of the [[cathode-ray tube]] type that require analog video synchronization signals. The timing of the digital synchronization signals matches the equivalent analog ones, so the process of transforming DVI to and from an analog signal does not require extra (high-speed) memory, expensive at the time.

[[High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection|HDCP]] is an extra layer that transforms the 10-bit symbols before transmitting. Only after correct authorization can the receiver undo the HDCP encryption. Control regions are not encrypted in order to let the receiver know when the active region starts.

====Clock and data relationship====
DVI provide one TMDS clock pair and 3 TMDS data pairs in single link mode or 6 TMDS data pairs in dual link mode. TMDS data pairs operate at a [[gross bit rate]] that is 10 times the frequency of the TMDS clock. In each TMDS clock period there is a 10-bit symbol per TMDS data pair representing 8-bits of pixel color. In single link mode each set of three 10-bit symbols represents one 24-bit pixel, while in dual link mode each set of six 10-bit symbols either represents two 24-bit pixels or one pixel of up to 48-bit [[color depth]].

The specification document allows the data and the clock to not be aligned. However, as the ratio between the TMDS clock and gross bit rate per TMDS pair is fixed at 1:10, the unknown alignment is kept over time. The receiver must recover the bits on the stream using any of the techniques of [[clock recovery|clock/data recovery]] to find the correct symbol boundary. The DVI specification allows the TMDS clock to vary between 25&nbsp;MHz and 165&nbsp;MHz. This 1:6.6 ratio can make clock recovery difficult, as [[phase-locked loop]]s, if used, need to work over a large frequency range. One benefit of DVI over other interfaces is that it is relatively straightforward to transform the signal from the digital domain into the analog domain using a video [[Digital-to-analog converter|DAC]], as both clock and synchronization signals are transmitted. Fixed frequency interfaces, like [[DisplayPort]], need to reconstruct the clock from the transmitted data.

====Display power management====
The DVI specification includes signaling for reducing power consumption. Similar to the analog [[VESA Display Power Management Signaling|VESA display power management signaling]] <!-- didn't think this was a proper noun, so is not capitalized.  However, the referenced page did capitalize it, and think the page should be moved.  I guess, feel free to remove the text after the bar if you think it should be capitalized.  --> (DPMS) standard, a connected device can turn a monitor off when the connected device is powered down, or programmatically if the display controller of the device supports it. Devices with this capability can also attain Energy Star certification.

===Analog===
The analog section of the DVI specification document is brief and points to other specifications like VESA VSIS<ref>Video Signal Standard (VSIS) Version 1, Rev. 2, available for purchase at http://www.vesa.org/</ref> for electrical characteristics and [[Generalized Timing Formula|GTFS]] for timing information. The motivation for including analog is to keep compatibility with the previous [[VGA connector|VGA cables and connectors]]. VGA pins for HSync, Vsync and three video channels are available in both DVI-I or DVI-A (but not DVI-D) connectors and are electrically compatible, while pins for DDC (clock and data) and 5 V power and ground are kept in all DVI connectors. Thus, a passive adapter can interface between DVI-I or DVI-A (but not DVI-D) and VGA connectors.

==DVI and HDMI compatibility==
[[HDMI]] is a newer digital audio/video interface developed and promoted by the consumer [[electronics industry]]. DVI and HDMI have the same electrical specifications for their TMDS and VESA/DDC twisted pairs. However HDMI and DVI differ in several key ways.

* HDMI lacks VGA compatibility and does not include analog signals.
* DVI is limited to the [[RGB color model]] while HDMI also supports [[YCbCr]] 4:4:4 and [[YCbCr]] 4:2:2 color spaces, which are generally not used for computer graphics.
* In addition to digital video, HDMI supports the transport of packets used for digital audio.
* HDMI sources differentiate between legacy DVI displays and HDMI-capable displays by reading the display's [[EDID]] block.

To promote interoperability between DVI-D and HDMI devices, HDMI source components and displays support DVI-D signaling. For example, an HDMI display can be driven by a DVI-D source because HDMI and DVI-D both define an overlapping minimum set of supported resolutions and frame buffer formats.

Some DVI-D sources use non-standard extensions to output HDMI signals including audio (e.g. [[Radeon R600|ATI 3000-series]] and [[GeForce 200 series|NVIDIA GTX 200-series]]).<ref name="HDMI2006SpecsAppC">{{cite news |title=HDMI Specification 1.3a Appendix C |publisher=HDMI Licensing, LLC. |url=https://www.hdmi.org |format=PDF |date=2006-11-10 |access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref> Some multimedia displays use a DVI to HDMI adapter to input the HDMI signal with audio. Exact capabilities vary by video card specifications.

In the reverse scenario, a DVI display that lacks optional support for [[High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection|HDCP]] might be unable to display protected content even though it is otherwise compatible with the HDMI source. Features specific to HDMI such as remote control, audio transport, xvYCC and deep color are not usable in devices that support only DVI signals. HDCP compatibility between source and destination devices is subject to manufacturer specifications for each device.

==Proposed successors==
* [[IEEE 1394]] was proposed by [[High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080928130647/http://www.hanaalliance.org/hana_solutions/use_cases HANA Alliance]) for all cabling needs, including video, over coaxial or 1394 cable as a combined data stream. However, this interface does not have enough throughput to handle uncompressed HD video, so it is unsuitable for applications such as [[video game]]s and [[Electronic program guide|interactive program guides]].
* [[HDMI|High-Definition Multimedia Interface]] (HDMI), a [[forward compatibility|forward-compatible]] standard that also includes [[digital audio]] [[transmission (telecommunications)|transmission]]
* [[Unified Display Interface]] (UDI) was proposed by [[Intel]] to replace both DVI and HDMI, but was deprecated in favor of [[DisplayPort]].
* [[DisplayPort]] (a license-free standard proposed by [[Video Electronics Standards Association|VESA]] to succeed DVI that has optional [[Digital rights management|DRM]] mechanisms) / [[Mini DisplayPort]] 
* [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]]: an interface that uses the [[USB-C]] connector (from Thunderbolt 3 and onward; the Mini DisplayPort connector was used for Thunderbolt 1 and 2) but combines [[PCI Express]] (PCIe) and DisplayPort (DP) into one serial signal, permitting the connection of PCIe devices in addition to video displays. It provides DC power as well.

In December 2010, [[Intel]], [[AMD]], and several computer and display manufacturers announced they would stop supporting DVI-I, [[VGA connector|VGA]] and [[LVDS]]-technologies from 2013/2015, and instead speed up adoption of DisplayPort and HDMI.<ref>[http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2010/12/08/leading-pc-companies-move-to-all-digital-display-technology-phasing-out-analog Intel Newsrom] – ''Leading PC Companies Move to All Digital Display Technology, Phasing out Analog'' (8. December 2010)</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ruconnected.nl/hdmi-versies/| title= HDMI versions | date= 2017-01-17 }} Wednesday, 1 February 2017</ref> They also stated: "Legacy interfaces such as VGA, DVI and LVDS have not kept pace, and newer standards such as DisplayPort and HDMI clearly provide the best connectivity options moving forward. In our opinion, DisplayPort 1.2 is the future interface for PC monitors, along with HDMI 1.4a for TV connectivity".

==See also==
* [[DMS-59]] – a single DVI sized connector providing two single link DVI or VGA channels
* [[List of video connectors]]
* [[DiiVA]]
* [[Lightning (connector)]]

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|author1=Silicon Image |author2-link=Molex |author2=Molex |url=http://www.ddwg.org/lib/dvi_10.pdf |title=Digital Visual Interface |publisher=[[Digital Display Working Group]] |version=Revision 1.0: Initial Specification Release |date=1999-04-02 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813201146/http://www.ddwg.org/lib/dvi_10.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-13 |author1-link=Silicon Image }}

{{AVconn}}
{{Audio_and_video_interfaces_and connectors}}
{{High-definition}}
{{Digital audio and video protocols}}

[[Category:Computer connectors]]
[[Category:Computer display standards]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1999]]
[[Category:Digital display connectors]]
[[Category:High-definition television]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Television technology]]
[[Category:Television transmission standards]]
[[Category:Video signal]]
[[Category:Audiovisual connectors]]