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{{Short description|Problem of solving a partial differential equation subject to prescribed boundary values}}
In [[mathematics]], a '''Dirichlet problem''' asks for a [[function (mathematics)|function]] which solves a specified [[partial differential equation]] (PDE) in the interior of a given region that takes prescribed values on the boundary of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dirichlet Problem |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DirichletProblem.html}}</ref>

The Dirichlet problem can be solved for many PDEs, although originally it was posed for [[Laplace's equation]].  In that case the problem can be stated as follows:

:Given a function ''f'' that has values everywhere on the boundary of a region in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>, is there a unique [[continuous function]] <math>u</math> twice continuously differentiable in the interior and continuous on the boundary, such that <math>u</math> is [[harmonic function|harmonic]] in the interior and <math>u=f</math> on the boundary?

This requirement is called the [[Dirichlet boundary condition]].  The main issue is to prove the existence of a solution; uniqueness can be proven using the [[maximum principle]].

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
The Dirichlet problem goes back to [[George Green (mathematician)|George Green]], who studied the problem on general domains with general boundary conditions in his ''Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism'', published in 1828.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=0807.0088 |last1=Green |first1=George |title=An Essay on the Application of mathematical Analysis to the theories of Electricity and Magnetism |date=2008 |class=physics.hist-ph }}</ref> He reduced the problem into a problem of constructing what we now call [[Green's function]]s, and argued that Green's function exists for any domain. His methods were not rigorous by today's standards, but the ideas were highly influential in the subsequent developments. The next steps in the study of the Dirichlet's problem were taken by [[Karl Friedrich Gauss]], William Thomson ([[Lord Kelvin]]) and [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]], after whom the problem was named, and the solution to the problem (at least for the ball) using the [[Poisson kernel]] was known to Dirichlet (judging by his 1850 paper submitted to the Prussian academy). Lord Kelvin and Dirichlet suggested a solution to the problem by a [[variational method]] based on the minimization of "Dirichlet's energy". According to [[Hans Freudenthal]] (in the ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'', vol.&nbsp;11), [[Bernhard Riemann]] was the first mathematician who solved this variational problem based on a method which he called [[Dirichlet's principle]]. The existence of a unique solution is very plausible by the "physical argument": any charge distribution on the boundary should, by the laws of [[electrostatics]], determine an [[electrical potential]] as solution. However, [[Karl Weierstrass]] found a flaw in Riemann's argument, and a rigorous proof of existence was found only in 1900 by [[David Hilbert]], using his [[direct method in the calculus of variations]]. It turns out that the existence of a solution depends delicately on the smoothness of the boundary and the prescribed data.

==General solution==
For a domain <math>D</math> having a sufficiently smooth boundary <math>\partial D</math>, the general solution to the Dirichlet problem is given by

: <math>u(x) = \int_{\partial D} \nu(s) \frac{\partial G(x, s)}{\partial n} \,ds,</math>

where <math>G(x, y)</math> is the [[Green's function]] for the partial differential equation, and

: <math>\frac{\partial G(x, s)}{\partial n} = \widehat{n} \cdot \nabla_s G (x, s) = \sum_i n_i \frac{\partial G(x, s)}{\partial s_i}</math>

is the derivative of the Green's function along the inward-pointing unit normal vector <math>\widehat{n}</math>. The integration is performed on the boundary, with [[Measure (mathematics)|measure]] <math>ds</math>. The function <math>\nu(s)</math> is given by the unique solution to the [[Fredholm integral equation]] of the second kind,

: <math>f(x) = -\frac{\nu(x)}{2} + \int_{\partial D} \nu(s) \frac{\partial G(x, s)}{\partial n} \,ds.</math>

The Green's function to be used in the above integral is one which vanishes on the boundary:

: <math>G(x, s) = 0</math>

for <math>s \in \partial D</math> and <math>x \in D</math>. Such a Green's function is usually a sum of the free-field Green's function and a harmonic solution to the differential equation.

===Existence===
The Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions always has a solution, and that solution is unique, when the boundary is sufficiently smooth and <math>f(s)</math> is continuous. More precisely, it has a solution when

: <math>\partial D \in C^{1,\alpha}</math>

for some <math>\alpha \in (0, 1)</math>, where <math>C^{1,\alpha}</math> denotes the [[Hölder condition]].

==Example: the unit disk in two dimensions==
In some simple cases the Dirichlet problem can be solved explicitly. For example, the solution to the Dirichlet problem for the [[unit disk]] in '''R'''<sup>2</sup> is given by the [[Poisson integral formula]].<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1748016/FULLTEXT01.pdf|title=The History of the Dirichlet Problem for Laplace's Equation|first=Måns|last=Alskog|date=December 2022|publisher=Linköping University}}</ref>

If <math>f</math> is a continuous function on the boundary <math>\partial D</math> of the open unit disk <math>D</math>, then the solution to the Dirichlet problem is <math>u(z)</math> given by

: <math>u(z) =
 \begin{cases}
  \displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} f(e^{i\psi}) \frac {1 - |z|^2}{|1 - ze^{-i\psi}|^2} \,d\psi & \text{if } z \in D, \\
  f(z) & \text{if } z \in \partial D.
 \end{cases}
</math>

The solution <math>u</math> is continuous on the closed unit disk <math>\bar{D}</math> and harmonic on <math>D.</math>

The integrand is known as the [[Poisson kernel]]; this solution follows from the Green's function in two dimensions:

: <math>G(z, x) = -\frac{1}{2\pi} \log|z - x| + \gamma(z, x),</math>

where <math>\gamma(z, x)</math> is [[Harmonic function|harmonic]] (<math>\Delta_x \gamma(z, x) = 0</math>) and chosen such that <math>G(z, x) = 0</math> for <math>x \in \partial D</math>.

==Methods of solution==
For bounded domains, the Dirichlet problem can be solved using the [[Perron method]], which relies on the [[maximum principle]] for [[subharmonic function]]s. This approach is described in many text books.<ref>See for example:
* {{harvnb|John|1982}}
* {{harvnb|Bers|John|Schechter|1979}}
* {{harvnb|Greene|Krantz|2006}}
</ref> It is not well-suited to describing smoothness of solutions when the boundary is smooth. Another classical [[Hilbert space]] approach through [[Sobolev space]]s does yield such information.<ref>See for example:
* {{harvnb|Bers|John|Schechter|1979}}
* {{harvnb|Chazarain|Piriou|1982}}
* {{harvnb|Taylor|2011}}
</ref> The solution of the Dirichlet problem using [[Sobolev spaces for planar domains]] can be used to prove the smooth version of the [[Riemann mapping theorem]]. {{harvtxt|Bell|1992}} has outlined a different approach for establishing the smooth Riemann mapping theorem, based on the [[reproducing kernel]]s of Szegő and Bergman, and in turn used it to solve the Dirichlet problem. The classical methods of [[potential theory]] allow the Dirichlet problem to be solved directly in terms of [[integral operator]]s, for which the standard theory of [[compact operator|compact]] and [[Fredholm operator]]s is applicable. The same methods work equally for the [[Neumann problem]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Folland|1995}}
* {{harvnb|Bers|John|Schechter|1979}}</ref>

==Generalizations==
Dirichlet problems are typical of [[elliptic partial differential equation]]s, and [[potential theory]], and the [[Laplace equation]] in particular. Other examples include the [[biharmonic equation]] and related equations in [[elasticity theory]].

They are one of several types of classes of PDE problems defined by the information given at the boundary, including [[Neumann problem]]s and [[Cauchy problem]]s.

==Example: equation of a finite string attached to one moving wall==

Consider the Dirichlet problem for the [[wave equation]] describing a string attached between walls with one end attached permanently and the other moving with the constant velocity i.e. the [[d'Alembert equation]] on the triangular region of the [[Cartesian product]] of the space and the time:
: <math>\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} u(x, t) - \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} u(x, t) = 0,</math>
: <math>u(0, t) = 0,</math>
: <math>u(\lambda t, t) = 0.</math>

As one can easily check by substitution, the solution fulfilling the first condition is
: <math>u(x, t) = f(t - x) - f(x + t).</math>

Additionally we want
: <math>f(t - \lambda t) - f(\lambda t + t) = 0.</math>

Substituting

: <math>\tau = (\lambda + 1) t,</math>

we get the condition of [[self-similarity]]

: <math>f(\gamma \tau) = f(\tau),</math>

where

: <math>\gamma = \frac{1 - \lambda}{\lambda + 1}.</math>

It is fulfilled, for example, by the [[composite function]]
: <math>\sin[\log(e^{2 \pi} x)] = \sin[\log(x)]</math>

with

: <math>\lambda = e^{2\pi} = 1^{-i},</math>

thus in general

: <math>f(\tau) = g[\log(\gamma \tau)],</math>

where <math>g</math> is a [[periodic function]] with a period <math>\log(\gamma)</math>:

: <math>g[\tau + \log(\gamma)] = g(\tau),</math>

and we get the general solution

: <math>u(x, t) = g[\log(t - x)] - g[\log(x + t)].</math>

== See also ==

* [[Lebesgue spine]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{springer|author=A. Yanushauskas|id=d/d032910|title=Dirichlet problem}}
* S. G. Krantz, ''The Dirichlet Problem''. §7.3.3 in ''Handbook of Complex Variables''. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, p.&nbsp;93, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8176-4011-8}}.
* [[Sheldon Axler|S. Axler]], [[Pamela Gorkin|P. Gorkin]], K. Voss, ''[https://www.ams.org/mcom/2004-73-246/S0025-5718-03-01574-6/home.html The Dirichlet problem on quadratic surfaces]'', Mathematics of Computation '''73''' (2004), 637–651.
* {{Citation | last1=Gilbarg | first1=David | last2=Trudinger | first2=Neil S. | author2-link=Neil Trudinger | title=Elliptic partial differential equations of second order | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | edition=2nd | isbn=978-3-540-41160-4 | year=2001}}.
* Gérard, Patrick; [[Eric Leichtnam|Leichtnam, Éric]]: Ergodic properties of eigenfunctions for the Dirichlet problem. Duke Math. J. 71 (1993), no.&nbsp;2, 559–607.
* {{citation |last=John |first=Fritz |title=Partial differential equations |edition=4th |series=Applied Mathematical Sciences |volume=1 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=1982 |isbn=0-387-90609-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/partialdifferent00john_0}}.
* {{citation |last1=Bers |first1=Lipman |last2=John |first2=Fritz |last3=Schechter |first3=Martin |title=Partial differential equations, with supplements by Lars Gårding and A. N. Milgram |series=Lectures in Applied Mathematics |volume=3A |publisher=American Mathematical Society |year=1979 |isbn=0-8218-0049-3}}.
* {{citation |title=Lectures on Elliptic Boundary Value Problems |first=Shmuel |last=Agmon |authorlink=Shmuel Agmon |year=2010 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn=978-0-8218-4910-1}}
* {{citation |first=Elias M. |last=Stein |authorlink=Elias Stein |year=1970 |title=Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions |publisher=Princeton University Press}}.
* {{citation |last1=Greene |first1= Robert E. |author1-link=Robert Everist Greene |last2=Krantz |first2=Steven G. |title= Function theory of one complex variable |edition=3rd |series=[[Graduate Studies in Mathematics]] |volume=40 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |year=2006 |isbn=0-8218-3962-4}}.
* {{citation |last=Taylor |first= Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Taylor |title=Partial differential equations I. Basic theory |edition=2nd |series=Applied Mathematical Sciences |volume=115 |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4419-7054-1}}.
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first= Robert J. |title=Essential results of functional analysis |series=Chicago Lectures in Mathematics |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-226-98337-4}}.
* {{citation |last=Folland |first=Gerald B. |title=Introduction to partial differential equations |edition=2nd |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1995 |isbn= 0-691-04361-2}}.
* {{citation |title=Introduction to the Theory of Linear Partial Differential Equations |volume=14 |series=Studies in Mathematics and Its Applications |first1=Jacques |last1=Chazarain |first2=Alain |last2=Piriou |publisher=Elsevier |year=1982 |isbn=0444864520}}.
* {{citation |last=Bell |first=Steven R. |title=The Cauchy transform, potential theory, and conformal mapping |series=Studies in Advanced Mathematics |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-8493-8270-X}}.
* {{citation |title=Foundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie Groups |series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics |volume=94 |year=1983 |first=Frank W. |last=Warner |isbn=0387908943 |publisher=Springer}}.
* {{citation |title=Principles of Algebraic Geometry |first1=Phillip |last1=Griffiths |first2=Joseph |last2=Harris |publisher=Wiley Interscience |year=1994 |isbn=0471050598}}.
* {{citation |last=Courant |first= R. |title=Dirichlet's Principle, Conformal Mapping, and Minimal Surfaces |publisher=Interscience |year=1950}}.
* {{citation |last1=Schiffer |first1= M. |last2=Hawley |first2= N. S. |title=Connections and conformal mapping |journal=Acta Math. |volume=107 |year=1962 |issue= 3–4 |pages=175–274 |doi=10.1007/bf02545790 |doi-access=free}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2021}}

==External links==
* {{springer|title=Dirichlet problem|id=p/d032910}}
* {{MathWorld | urlname=DirichletProblem | title=Dirichlet Problem}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet}}

[[Category:Potential theory]]
[[Category:Partial differential equations]]
[[Category:Fourier analysis]]
[[Category:Mathematical problems]]
[[Category:Boundary value problems]]