View source for Ditrysia

{{short description|Suborder of moths and butterflies}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Kamehamehabutterfly2.jpg
| image_caption = [[Kamehameha (butterfly)|Kamehameha]]
| display_parents = 4
| taxon = Ditrysia
| authority = Borner, 1925
| subdivision_ranks = Principal clades and [[Taxonomic rank|superfamilies]]{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
| subdivision = 
*[[Tineoidea]]
*[[Gracillarioidea]]
*[[Yponomeutoidea]]
*'''Apoditrysia'''
**[[Simaethistoidea]]
**[[Gelechioidea]]
**[[Galacticoidea]]
**[[Zygaenoidea]]
**[[Cossoidea]]
**[[Sesioidea]]
**[[Choreutoidea]]
**[[Carposinoidea]]
**[[Tortricoidea]]
**[[Urodoidea]]
**[[Schreckensteinioidea]]
**[[Epermenioidea]]
**[[Alucitoidea]]
**[[Pterophoroidea]]
**[[Immoidea]]
**'''[[Obtectomera]]'''
***[[Whalleyanoidea]]
***[[Hyblaeoidea]]
***[[Pyraloidea]]
***[[Thyridoidea]]
***[[Calliduloidea]]
***[[Papilionoidea]] (butterflies)
***'''[[Macroheterocera]]'''
****[[Mimallonoidea]]
****[[Lasiocampoidea]]
****[[Bombycoidea]]
****[[Noctuoidea]]
****[[Drepanoidea]]
****[[Geometroidea]]
}}

'''Ditrysia''' is a [[clade]] of [[lepidoptera]]ns that contains both [[butterfly|butterflies]] and a majority of moth species. They are named for the fact that the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for [[mating]], and the other for laying [[egg (biology)|eggs]].

About 98% of known Lepidoptera species belong to Ditrysia. As larvae, they initially feed on plants until they grow to become adults and feed on nectar. They function as herbivores, pollinators, and prey in terrestrial ecosystems, and can also be extremely damaging to crops.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Regier|first1=Jerome C.|last2=Zwick|first2=Andreas|last3=Cummings|first3=Michael P.|last4=Kawahara|first4=Akito Y.|last5=Cho|first5=Soowon|last6=Weller|first6=Susan|last7=Roe|first7=Amanda|last8=Baixeras|first8=Joaquin|last9=Brown|first9=John W.|last10=Parr|first10=Cynthia|last11=Davis|first11=Donald R.|date=2009-12-02|title=Toward reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=280|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-280|pmid=19954545|issn=1471-2148|pmc=2796670 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..280R |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Lepidoptera group can be divided into the primitive but [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] "micromoths" and the derived [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] '''Apoditrysia''', which include mostly larger moths, as well as the butterflies.
Those with a dorsal heart vessel belong in section [[Cossina]].<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Capinera J | date = 2008 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&q=Ditrysia | title = Encyclopedia of Entomology | edition = 2nd | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | page = 657 | isbn = 9781402062421 }}</ref> Others, having a ventral heart vessel, belong in section Tineina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tineina - Wiktionary|url=https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tineina|access-date=2021-02-17|website=en.m.wiktionary.org}}</ref> While it is difficult to pinpoint the origin of affinities between clades, Tineoidea are found to be useful in understanding the vast diversity in Ditrysia. Obstecomera and Macrolepidoptera are other examples of Ditrysia's subclades.{{explain|date=February 2023}} Apoditrysia, Obtectomera, and Macrolepidoptera will be considered monophyletic if one or more organisms are either included or excluded from the clade.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mutanen M, Wahlberg N, Kaila L | title = Comprehensive gene and taxon coverage elucidates radiation patterns in moths and butterflies | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 277 | issue = 1695 | pages = 2839–48 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20444718 | pmc = 2981981 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.0392 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lepidoptera#Phylogeny|Lepidoptera]]
* [[Taxonomy of Lepidoptera]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Kristensen NP, Skalski AW | date = 1999 | chapter = Phylogeny and paleontology | pages = 7–25 | title = Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. | series = Handbook of Zoology | volume = IV | issue = 35 | veditors = Kristensen NP | publisher = De Gruyter | location = Berlin and New York }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Regier JC, Mitter C, Davis DR, Harrison TL, Sohn JC, Cummings MP, Zwick A, Mitter KT | title = A molecular phylogeny and revised classification for the oldest ditrysian moth lineages (L epidoptera: T ineoidea), with implications for ancestral feeding habits of the mega‐diverse D itrysia. | journal = Systematic Entomology | date = April 2015 | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 409–32 | doi = 10.1111/syen.12110 | s2cid = 85287782 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Ditrysia&contgroup=Neolepidoptera Tree of Life project page: Ditrysia]
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Lepidopteran superfamilies}}
{{Lepidoptera}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q843246}}

[[Category:Ditrysia| ]]
[[Category:Protostome unranked clades]]

{{Ditrysia-stub}}