View source for Diving activities

{{short description|Things people do while diving underwater}}
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'''Diving activities''' are the things people do while [[Underwater diving|diving underwater]]. People may dive for various reasons, both personal and professional. While a newly qualified recreational diver may dive purely for the experience of diving, most divers have some additional reason for being underwater. [[Recreational diving]] is purely for enjoyment and has several specialisations and [[technical diving|technical disciplines]] to provide more scope for varied activities for which specialist training can be offered, such as [[cave diving]], [[wreck diving]], [[ice diving]] and [[deep diving]].<ref name="Technical diving" /><ref name=richardson1999 /> Several [[underwater sports]] are available for exercise and competition.<ref name="CMAS Sports committee" />

There are various aspects of [[professional diving]] that range from part-time work to lifelong careers. Professionals in the recreational diving industry include instructor trainers, diving instructors, assistant instructors, [[divemaster]]s, dive guides, and scuba technicians. A [[scuba diving tourism]] industry has developed to service recreational diving in regions with popular dive sites. Commercial diving is industry related and includes [[civil engineering]] tasks such as in [[oil exploration]], [[offshore construction]], dam maintenance and harbour works. Commercial divers may also be employed to perform tasks related to marine activities, such as [[naval diving]], [[ships husbandry]], [[marine salvage]] or [[aquaculture]].<ref name="OSHA 1910.410" /><ref name="Careers" /><ref name="Sokanu" /> Other specialist areas of diving include [[military diving]], with a long history of military [[frogmen]] in various roles. They can perform roles including direct combat, reconnaissance, infiltration behind enemy lines, placing mines, [[bomb disposal]] or engineering operations.{{sfnp|US Navy Diving Manual|2006|loc=Chapter 1 History of Diving}}

In civilian operations, [[police diving]] units perform search and rescue operations, and recover evidence. In some cases [[diver rescue]] teams may also be part of a [[fire department]], [[paramedical service]], [[Search and rescue|sea rescue]] or [[lifeguard]] unit, and this may be classed as [[public safety diving]].<ref name="Robinson 2002" /><ref name="Phillips 2015" /> There are also professional [[Media diving|media divers]] such as [[Underwater photography|underwater photographers]] and [[Videography|videographers]], who record the underwater world, and [[scientific diving|scientific divers]] in fields of study which involve the underwater environment, including [[Marine biology|marine biologists]], [[geologist]]s, [[Hydrology|hydrologists]], [[Oceanography|oceanographers]] and [[Underwater archaeology|underwater archaeologists]].{{sfnp|NOAA Diving Manual|2001|loc=Chapter 1 History of Diving and NOAA Contributions}}<ref name="Sokanu" /><ref name="CoP Scientific" />

The choice between scuba and surface-supplied diving equipment is based on both legal and logistical constraints. Where the diver requires mobility and a large range of movement, scuba is usually the choice if safety and legal constraints allow. Higher risk work, particularly commercial diving, may be restricted to surface-supplied equipment by legislation and codes of practice.<ref name="CoP Inshore" /><ref name="CoP Scientific" /><ref name="SA Diving Regulations 2009" />

==Diving procedures==
{{See also|Freediving|Scuba skills|Surface-supplied diving skills|Saturation diving}}
The standard procedures and activities essential to safe diving in the chosen [[diving mode]], using the chosen [[diving equipment]], and in the chosen [[diving environment]] are inherently part of the activities of a dive. Monitoring the dive profile, gas supplies, decompression status, relative positions of the divers and communication associated with these are all standard operating procedures. Contingency procedures associated with the diving mode, equipment and foreseeable diversions from the dive plan may also be necessary. These activities may be considered as occurring in the background, as in most cases they are not the reason for the dive.<ref name="WRSTC OWTS" /><ref name="IDSA Level 1" />

===Navigation===
[[File:Shearwater Perdix and Ratio iX3M GPS in compass mode with Suunto SK7 magnetic compass in close proximity P9070461.jpg|thumb|Shearwater Perdix and Ratio iX3M GPS dive computers in compass mode with Suunto SK7 magnetic compass in close proximity]]
{{Main|Diver navigation}}
Navigation is a common activity during dives. Diver navigation, termed "underwater navigation" by scuba divers,<ref name = UKDivers/> is a set of techniques—including observing natural features, the use of a compass, and surface observations—that divers use to [[Navigation|navigate]] [[underwater]]. [[Free-diving|Free-divers]] do not spend enough time underwater for navigation to be important, and [[Surface supplied diving|surface supplied divers]] are limited in the distance they can travel by the length of their [[Surface-supplied diving#Diver's umbilical|umbilicals]] and are usually directed from the surface control point. On those occasions when they need to navigate they can use the same methods used by scuba divers. When it is critical for safety to return to a specific place, a [[distance line]] is generally used. This may be laid and left in place for other divers, or recovered on the return leg. Use of distance lines is standard in [[penetration diving]], where the divers cannot ascend directly to the surface at all times, and it is possible to lose track of the route out to {{diving term|open water}}.<ref name="Exley" /><ref name="Guideline 2" /><ref name="Guideline 1" />

===Searches===
{{main|Underwater searches}}
Searches are a fairly common diving activity, and may be the primary purpose of the dive, part of a more complex activity plan, or incidental. Underwater searches are procedures to find a known or suspected target object or objects in a specified search area under water. A search method attempts to provide full coverage of the search area, by using a search pattern, which should completely cover the search area without excessive redundancy or missed areas.<ref name="Larn and Whistler 1999" /><ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="BSAC Sport Diving 1985" />

===Operation of special equipment===
[[File:Gavin scooter dab.jpg|thumb|Two divers scootering with heavy duty DPVs]]
A [[diver propulsion vehicle]] is a type of diving equipment sometimes used by scuba divers to increase range underwater. Range is restricted by the amount of breathing gas that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, and the battery power of the DPV. Time limits imposed on the diver by decompression requirements may also limit safe range in practice. DPVs have recreational, scientific and military applications.<ref name="Alert Diver 2" /><ref name="AAUS 2012" /><ref name="AAUS 2008" />

==Exploration==
{{See also|Underwater exploration|Recreational diving#Reasons to dive}}
There is often an element of exploration in diving activity, as it is common to dive in an unfamiliar place. This exploration may be casual or focused on gathering information which can be shared or recorded and published for use by others. A large part of the waters accessible to divers remains virtually unknown, and has not been surveyed or mapped in detail, and in many cases, has not yet been visited by divers. Exploration has been identified as one of the major motivations for recreational diving, but it is mostly casual and seldom results in recorded reports which can be of use to others.

==Underwater work==
[[File:Working Diver 02.jpg|thumb|alt=Diver wearing a diving helmet is sanding a repair patch on a submarine|A [[Navy diver (United States Navy)|US Navy diver]] diversat work. The umbilical supplying air from the surface is clearly visible.]]
{{main|Underwater work}}
{{see also|Professional diving}}
Underwater work is usually done by professional divers who are paid for their work. The [[diving procedures|procedures]] are often regulated by legislation and codes of practice as it is an inherently [[occupational safety and health|hazardous occupation]] and the diver works as a member of a [[diving team|team]]. Due to the dangerous nature of some professional diving operations, specialized equipment such as an on-site [[hyperbaric chamber]] and diver-to-surface communication system is often required by law, and the mode of diving for some applications may be regulated.<ref name="SA Diving Regulations 2009" /><ref name="Offshore ACOP 2014" />

There are several branches of professional diving, the best known of which is probably commercial diving and its specialised applications. There are also applications in [[scientific research]], [[marine archaeology]], [[fishing]] and [[aquaculture]], [[Public safety diving|public service]], [[Police diving|law enforcement]], [[military service]], [[media work]] and [[diver training]]. Specialist training may be required for some aspects of this work.

===Commercial diving===
{{Main|Commercial diving}}
[[File:Commercial diving equipment at Eudi Show 2006 adventurediving.it.jpg|thumb|Surface supplied commercial diving equipment on display at a trade show]]
Commercial diving may be considered an application of [[professional diving]] where the diver engages in underwater work for industrial, construction, engineering, maintenance or other commercial purposes which are similar to work done out of the water, and where the diving is usually secondary to the work.

====Offshore diving====
{{main|Commercial offshore diving}}
Commercial offshore diving, sometimes shortened to just offshore diving, generally refers to the branch of [[commercial diving]], with divers working in support of the exploration and production sector of the [[upstream (petroleum industry)|oil and gas industry]]. The work in this area of the industry includes maintenance of [[oil platform]]s and the building of underwater structures. In this context "{{diving term|offshore}}" implies that the diving work is done outside of [[Border|national boundaries]]. Technically it also refers to any diving done in the international offshore waters outside of the territorial waters of a state, where national legislation does not apply. Most commercial offshore diving is in the [[exclusive economic zone]] of a state, and much of it is outside the territorial waters. The type of work includes tasks such as [[wellhead]] completion, [[submarine pipeline]] monitoring and inspection, assembly of manifolds and work on [[mooring]]s, including [[rigging]], [[Lifting bag|lifting]], and assembly of components.<ref name="Bevan 2005" />

====Salvage diving====
{{main|Salvage diving}}
Salvage diving is the diving work associated with [[marine salvage]], the recovery of all or part of ships, their [[cargo]]es, aircraft, and other vehicles and [[Structural engineering|structures]] which have sunk or fallen into water. In the case of ships it may also refer to repair work done to make an [[Abandonment (legal)|abandoned]] or [[Distress signal|distressed]] but still floating vessel more suitable for towing or propulsion under its own power. The [[recreational diving|recreational/technical]] activity known as [[wreck diving]] is generally not considered salvage work, though some recovery of [[artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] may be done by recreational divers.

Most salvage diving is [[Commercial diving|commercial]] or [[Military diving|military]] work, depending on the diving contractor and the purpose for the salvage operation, Similar underwater work may be done by divers as part of [[forensic investigation]]s into accidents, in which case the procedures may be more closely allied with [[underwater archaeology]] than the more basic procedures of advantageous [[cost/benefit]] expected in commercial and military operations.<ref name="Salvage manual 040" /><ref name="Salvage manual 010" />

====Hazmat diving====
{{main|Hazmat diving}}
Hazmat diving generally refers to the presence of [[hazardous materials]] in the diving environment, but some classes of underwater work are inherently in a hazardous materials environment, including [[nuclear diving]] and [[sewer diving]].<ref name="Barsky 2007" />

====Underwater inspection====
{{see also|Underwater inspection}}
Inspection of underwater structures, installations, and sites is a common professional diving activity, applicable to planning, installation, and maintenance phases, but the required skills are often specific to the application. Much use is made of video and still photographic evidence, and live video to allow direction of the inspection work by the supervisor and topside specialists. Inspections may also involve surface preparation, often by cleaning, and non-destructive testing.<ref name="Bayliss et al 1988" />

====Potable water diving====
[[File:Harveysburg Water tower.jpg|thumb|right|Inspection of the interior of a municipal [[water tower]] requires specialized training and safety equipment.]]
{{main|Potable water diving}}
Potable water diving is diving inside a [[Water tank|tank]] that is used for [[potable]] water. This is usually done for inspection and cleaning tasks. A person who is trained to do this work may be described as a potable water diver. The risks to the diver associated with potable water diving are related to the access, confined spaces and outlets for the water. The risk of contamination of the water is managed by isolating the diver in a clean dry-suit and helmet or full-face mask which are decontaminated before the dive.<ref name="Barsky 2007" />

====Ships husbandry====
{{main|Ships husbandry}}
Ships husbandry is all aspects of maintenance, cleaning,<ref name="Nelson" /> and general upkeep of the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]], [[rigging]], and equipment of a ship. It may also be used to refer to aspects of maintenance which are not specifically covered by the technical departments.<ref name="RAN" /> The term is used in both naval and merchant shipping,<ref name="Jensen 2004" /> but 'naval vessel husbandry' may also be used for specific reference to naval vessels.<ref name="Stratlog" /> Underwater ships husbandry includes hull cleaning, inspection, and some kinds of repair work.<ref name="UNDS 1999" />

====Underwater construction====
{{main|Underwater construction}}
Underwater construction is [[industrial construction]] in an [[underwater environment]]. There is often, but not necessarily, a significant component of [[commercial diving]] involved.<ref name="Brown 2011" /><ref name="DUC" /> It is a part of the [[marine construction]] industry.<ref name="IMCA" />
[[Concrete]] work is a common component of underwater construction, and may involve site clearing and preparation by [[suction dredging]], [[airlift]]ing, high pressure and abrasive [[waterjetting]], [[in-water surface cleaning]] using [[brushcart]]s, [[Formwork|shuttering and formwork]], bagwork, and setup of [[Rebar|reinforcement]]. Underwater concrete placement may be by [[tremie]], [[pumped concrete]], [[skip placement]], or [[toggle bag]]s.
Concrete repair, and assembly of pre-cast components often involves [[grouting]]. Other work may include fitting fixing bolts by drilling and [[core drilling]], pipe installation (outfalls), pipeline support and protection, using mattresses for ballast and scour protection, and [[underwater welding]].

====Underwater mining and mineral extraction====
*[[Underwater mining]]
*Diamonds off the Orange River mouth
*Amber in the Baltic sea (historical)
*Gold in rivers
{{expand section|date=September 2022}}

===Military diving===
{{main|Military diving}}
Underwater divers may be employed in any branch of an armed force, including the navy, army, marines, air force and coast guard.
Scope of operations includes: [[Underwater search and recovery|search and recovery]], [[search and rescue]], [[hydrographic survey]], [[explosive ordnance disposal]], [[Underwater demolition|demolition]], underwater engineering, [[Salvage diving|salvage]], [[ships husbandry]], reconnaissance, infiltration, sabotage, counterinfiltration, [[combat diving|underwater combat]] and [[Defense against swimmer incursions|security]].<ref name="Alert diver" />

[[Clearance diving]], the removal of obstructions and hazards to navigation, is closely related to salvage diving, but has a different purpose, in that the objects to be removed are not intended to be recovered, just removed or reduced to a condition where they no longer constitute a hazard or obstruction. Many of the techniques and procedures used in clearance diving are also used in salvage work.

[[Submarine rescue]] is the process of locating a sunk [[submarine]] with survivors on board, and bringing the survivors to safety.<ref name="Stewart 2008" /> This may be done by recovering the vessel to the surface first, or by transferring the trapped personnel to a [[rescue bell]] or [[deep-submergence rescue vehicle]] to bring them to the surface. Submarine rescue may be done at pressures between ambient at depth, and sea level atmospheric pressure, depending on the condition of the disabled vessel and the equipment used for the rescue.<ref name="Stewart 2008" /> Associated diving work may include preparing the submarine for access by a rescue bell or rescue submersible, if the depth allows human intervention. Recent developments tend to favour the use of remotely operated vehicles dedicated to this application.

===Public service===
[[File:Nesconset FD Scuba rescue team 14539 1260593349239 6089134 n.jpg|thumb|Nesconset fire department scuba rescue team on training exercise]]
[[File:Polizeitaucher.jpg|thumb|Police divers in a river in Berlin]]
{{Main|Police diving|Public safety diving}}

[[Public safety diving]] is underwater diving conducted as part of [[law enforcement]] and [[search and rescue]]. Their work includes underwater rescue, underwater recovery and underwater investigation conducted by divers working for or under the authority of municipal, state or federal agencies. These divers are typically members of police departments, sheriff's offices, fire rescue agencies, search and rescue teams or providers of emergency medical services. Public safety divers differ from recreational, scientific and commercial divers who can generally plan the date, time, and location of a dive, and dive only if the conditions are conducive to the task. Public safety divers respond to emergencies 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and may be required to dive in the middle of the night, during inclement weather, in zero visibility "black water," or in waters polluted by chemicals and biohazards. Much of their work involves [[Underwater searches]].<ref name="Robinson 2002"/>

[[Police diving]] is a branch of [[professional diving]] carried out by [[police]] services. Police divers are usually sworn police officers, and may either be employed full-time as divers or as general [[water police]] officers, or be volunteers who usually serve in other units but are called in if their diving services are required. The duties carried out by police divers include [[rescue diving]] for underwater casualties and [[Underwater search and recovery|search and recovery diving]] for [[evidence]] and bodies.<ref name="Stanton2003" />

===Scientific===
{{main|Scientific diving|Underwater archaeology}}
[[File:Scale drawing underwater.jpg|thumb|right|A scientific diver at work]]
Scientific diving is the use of [[underwater diving]] techniques by scientists to perform work underwater in the direct pursuit of scientific knowledge.<ref name="CoP Scientific" /> Scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second, who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork. The direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba-equipped scientists have transformed the marine sciences generally, and [[marine biology]] and [[marine chemistry]] in particular.<ref name=RaD-Witman /> [[Underwater archeology]] and [[geology]] are other examples of sciences pursued underwater. Some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs, and government bodies such as the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] and the UK [[Environment Agency]] carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water, marine organisms and sea, lake or [[Stream bed|riverbed]] material to examine for signs of pollution.

Activities are widely varied and may include visual counts and measurements of organisms in situ, collection of samples, [[underwater survey]]s, photography, videography, video mosaicing, benthic coring, coral coring, and deployment, maintenance and retrieval of [[scientific equipment]].<ref name="ADAS" /><ref name="Maine" /><ref name="SDSC" /> Surveys include site surveys, geological surveys, [[Baseline survey|baseline]] and monitoring ecological surveys, which may involve the use of [[transect]] and [[quadrat]] methodology. A bibliographic analysis of papers published between 1995 and 2006 that have been supported by scientific diving shows that diving supports scientific research through efficient and targeted sampling. Activities include collection of specimen organisms and biological samples, observing and recording animal behaviour, quantitative surveys, ''in situ'' measurements, impact studies, ecological analyses, evaluation of techniques, mapping underwater areas, profiling geology, and deploying and retrieving underwater equipment.<ref name="Sayer 2007" />

===Media and entertainment===
{{main|Media diving}}
[[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Jumar Balacy, right, documents a surface supplied dive..jpg|thumb|Underwater photographer documenting a surface supplied dive.]]
Media diving is [[underwater diving]] in support of the media industries, including the practice of [[underwater photography]] and underwater cinematography and [[underwater videography]] outside of normal recreational interests.<ref name=ADASmedia /> Media diving is often carried out in support of television documentaries featuring underwater photography or footage. Media divers are normally highly skilled camera operators who use diving as a method to reach their workplace, although some underwater photographers start as recreational divers and move on to make a living from their hobby. Equipment in this field is varied with scuba and surface supplied equipment used, depending on requirements, but [[rebreathers]] are often used for wildlife related work as they are normally quiet, release few or no bubbles and allow the diver a lengthy bottom time with a reduced risk of frightening off the subject.<ref name=Frink2005 />

===Tourism===
{{main|Scuba diving tourism}}
[[Scuba diving tourism]] is the industry based on servicing the requirements of [[recreational diver]]s at destinations other than where they live. It includes aspects of training, equipment sales, rental and service, guided experiences and [[environmental tourism]].<ref name="Dimmock et al 2013" /><ref name="Dimmock and Musa 2015" /> The diving activity most associated with work in the diving tourism industry is leading dives.
[[Dive leader]] is the title of an internationally recognised recreational diving certification for the occupation of "dive guide", which is a specialist underwater application of "[[tour guide]]".<ref name="ISO24801-3" /><ref name="EUF certification" /> Several other titles are also used, including "[[Divemaster]]". This is a role that includes organising and leading recreational dives, particularly in a professional capacity,

===Diver training===
[[File:USMC-07396.jpg|thumb|Instructor and learner divers practicing scuba skills in confined water]]
{{Main|Diver training|Diving instructor}}
Diver training is the set of processes through which a person learns the necessary and desirable skills to [[Diving safety|safely]] [[Underwater diving|dive underwater]] within the scope of the [[diver training standard]] relevant to the specific training programme. Most diver training follows procedures and schedules laid down in the associated training standard, in a formal training programme, and includes practical skills training in the safe use of the associated [[diving equipment|equipment]] in the specified underwater environment, and [[Test (assessment)|assessment]] of the required skills and knowledge deemed necessary by the [[Diver certification agency|certification agency]] to allow the newly certified diver to dive within the specified range of conditions at an acceptable level of [[risk]]. Practical training and assessment of skills largely occurs underwater, in the presence of a [[diving instructor]], who is responsible for the safety of the trainee while under instruction or assessment.

===Aquaculture, fishing and harvesting of organisms underwater===
[[Aquaculture]] is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of [[aquatic organism]]s such as [[fish]], [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusk]]s, [[algae]] and other organisms of value such as [[aquatic plant]]s (e.g. [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]). {{vanchor|Aquaculture}} involves cultivating [[freshwater]], [[brackish water]] and [[saltwater]] populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions, and can be contrasted with [[commercial fishing]], which is the harvesting of [[wild fish]]. There are many underwater activities associated with aquaculture which can be done by divers, including monitoring stock health and fish pen maintenance.<ref name="ADAS Aquaculture" />

[[Spearfishing]] is a method of [[fishing]] that involves impaling the fish with a straight pointed object such as a [[spear]], [[gigging|gig]] or [[harpoon]]. It has been deployed in [[artisanal fishing]] throughout the world for millennia. Modern spearfishing usually involves the use of [[diving gear|underwater swimming gear]] and [[slingshot]]-like elastic powered [[speargun]]s or [[compressed gas]] powered pneumatic spearguns, which launch a tethered underwater [[projectile]] to strike the target fish. Specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish. Spearfishing may be done using [[free-diving]], [[snorkelling]] or [[scuba diving]] techniques.<ref name="Barsky1997" />

Abalone, lobster, sea urchins and various other marine invertebrates can be collected by hand or with the assistance of hand tools while diving.

[[Pearl hunting]] is the activity of recovering [[pearl]]s from wild [[molluscs]], usually [[oyster]]s or [[mussels]], in the sea or freshwater. Pearl hunting was prevalent in the [[Persian Gulf]] region and [[Japan]] for thousands of years. On the [[Pearling in Western Australia|northern and north-western coast]] of [[Western Australia]] pearl diving began in the 1850s, where the term also covers diving for [[nacre]] or mother of pearl found in what were known as [[pearl shell]]s. In most cases the pearl-bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface. Historically the molluscs were retrieved by [[freediving]], When the [[standard diving suit]] became available it was applied to pearl hunting.<ref name="Rahn 1965"/><ref name="Ganter 2010" />

[[Sponge diving]], is diving to collect soft natural sponges for human use as personal cleaning tools. It is one of the oldest known underwater diving activities, dating back to classical times, and was also originally a freediving activity which later made use of the standard diving helmet.<ref name="Denoble 2011" />

==Recreational activities==
[[File:Sharks outside cage.jpg|thumb|Shark cage diving]]
{{Further|Scuba diving tourism|Underwater sports|Freediving}}
Professional diving is done where the job is, but recreational divers have the freedom to choose where they dive, based on convenience, cost, their chosen underwater activities, and the characteristics of the environment at the available dive sites. Many recreational divers dive mainly in their home waters, but others will travel to sites where their preferences are more likely to be available.

[[Scuba diving tourism]] is the industry based on servicing the requirements of [[recreational diver]]s at destinations other than where they live. It includes aspects of training, equipment sales, rental and service, guided experiences and [[environmental tourism]].<ref name="Dimmock et al 2013" /><ref name="Dimmock and Musa 2015" />

Motivations to travel for scuba diving are complex and may vary considerably during the diver's development and experience. Participation can vary from once off to multiple dedicated trips per year over several decades. The popular destinations fall into several groups, including tropical reefs, shipwrecks and cave systems, each frequented by its own group of enthusiasts, with some overlap. Temperate and inland open water reef sites are generally dived by people who live relatively nearby.<ref name="Kler and Tribe 2012" /><ref name="Lucrezi et al 2019" />

[[Shark tourism]] is a form of [[eco-tourism]] that allows people to dive with sharks in their natural environment. This benefits local shark populations by educating tourists and through funds raised by the shark tourism industry. People can get close to the sharks by freediving or scuba diving or by entering the water in a [[Shark cage diving|protective cage]] for more aggressive species.

===Scuba activities===
{{see also|Recreational diving#Activities}}
[[File:Cave diver running a reel.jpg|thumb|right|A cave diver running a reel with guide line into the overhead environment]]
[[File:Trevor Jackson returns from SS Kyogle.jpg|thumb|Diver returning from a {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on|0}} dive]]
[[File:Ship wreck Carnatic 2017-04-22 Egypt-7947.jpg|thumb|Divers at the wreck of the SS Carnatic]]
There are many recreational diving activities, and several equipment and environmental specialties which require skills additional to those provided by the entry level courses, These skills were originally developed by trial and error, but training programmes are offered by most diver training agencies for the convenience of the diver, and profit for the agency, or in the case of club oriented systems, for the overall benefit of the club community: 
*[[Cave diving|Cave and cavern diving]] is [[underwater diving]] in water-filled [[cave]]s. It may be done as an extreme sport, a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation, or for the search for and recovery of divers lost as a result of one of these activities. The equipment used varies depending on the circumstances, but almost all cave diving is done using [[scuba equipment]], often in specialised configurations with redundancies. Recreational cave diving is generally considered to be a type of [[technical diving]] due to the lack of a [[free surface]] during large parts of the dive, and often involves planned [[Decompression (diving)|decompression]] stops. A distinction is made by recreational diver training agencies between cave diving and cavern diving, where cavern diving is deemed to be diving in those parts of a cave where the exit to [[open water (diving)|open water]] can be seen by natural light. An arbitrary distance limit to the open water surface may also be specified.<ref name="cavedivingdotcom" />
*[[Muck diving]] gets its name from the [[sediment]] that lies on the bottom at many dive sites - a frequently muddy or "mucky" environment. Other than muddy sediment, the muck dive substrate may consist of dead [[coral]] skeletons, [[Waste|garbage]] and natural detritus. The visibility is usually less than on the [[reef]] or [[Shipwreck|wreck]] sites of the area. However, the sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef, and the "muck" substrate can be the habitat for unusual, exotic and juvenile organisms that are not found in the cleaner reef sites.
*[[Recreational diving]] is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, and usually refers to scuba diving for recreational purposes, where the diver is not constrained from making a direct near-vertical ascent to the surface at any point during the dive, and risk is considered low. The equipment used for recreational diving is mostly [[open circuit scuba]], though semi closed and fully automated electronic closed circuit [[rebreather]]s may be included in the scope of recreational diving. Risk is managed by training the diver in a range of standardised procedures and skills appropriate to the equipment the diver chooses to use and the environment in which the diver plans to dive. Further experience and development of skills by practice will improve the diver's ability to dive safely. Specialty training is made available by the recreational diver training industry and diving clubs to increase the range of environments and venues the diver can enjoy at an acceptable level of risk. Reasons to dive and preferred diving activities may vary during the personal development of a recreational diver, and may depend on their [[Psychology|psychological]] profile and their level of dedication to the activity. Most divers average less than eight dives per year, but some total several thousand dives over a few decades and continue diving into their 60s and 70s, occasionally older. Recreational divers may frequent local [[dive site]]s or dive as tourists at more distant venues known for desirable [[underwater environment]]s.<ref name="Beneton et al 2017" /><ref name="Kler and Tribe 2012" />
*[[Scuba finswimming]], officially named "Immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus", is underwater competitive swimming using mask, monofin and underwater breathing apparatus conducted in a swimming pool. While there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried, it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race.<ref name="Techniques"/> 
*[[Technical diving]] is recreational scuba diving that exceeds the [[List of diver certification organizations|agency]]-specified limits of [[recreational diving]] for non-[[Professional diver|professional]] purposes. Technical diving may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving, and to a greater risk of serious injury or death. The risk may be reduced by appropriate skills, knowledge and experience, and by using suitable equipment and procedures. The skills may be developed through appropriate specialised training and experience. The equipment often involves [[breathing gas]]es other than [[air]] or standard [[nitrox]] mixtures, and multiple gas sources.<ref name=richardson1999 />
*[[Underwater citizen science]] is the scientific research and monitoring for projects for which members of the public collect, categorize, transcribe or analyze scientific data. It is an increasingly popular but underutilised collaboration between society and scientific research,<ref name="Ciglianoa et al 2015" /> in which members of the recreational scuba diving community actively participate in marine data acquisition and recording, largely by way of geolocated photographic observations collected during recreational dives, but also in more structured and long term experimental work.<ref name="Lucrezi et al 2018" />
*[[Underwater photography]] is the process of taking [[photograph]]s while under water. It is usually done while scuba diving, but can also be done while diving on [[Surface-supplied diving|surface supply]], or freediving. Underwater photography can be categorised as an art form and a method for recording data. Successful underwater imaging is usually done with specialized equipment and techniques, and it offers unusual and rare photographic opportunities and subjects. 
*[[Underwater orienteering]] is a competitive underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba equipment, fins, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The competition consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water testing the competitors' speed and accuracy in underwater navigation around accurately surveyed courses marked by buoys.<ref name="Orienteering" />
*[[Underwater videography]] is the branch of electronic underwater photography concerned with capturing underwater moving images as a recreational diving, scientific, commercial, documentary, or filmmaking activity. 
*[[Wreck diving]] is [[recreational diving]] where the [[shipwreck|wreckage of ships]], aircraft and other artificial structures are explored. Although most wreck dive sites are at shipwrecks, there is an increasing trend to [[Sinking ships for wreck diving sites|scuttle retired ships to create artificial reef sites]]. The recreation of wreck diving makes no distinction as to how the vessel ended up on the bottom. Some wreck diving involves [[Penetration diving|penetration]] of the wreckage, making a direct ascent to the surface impossible for a part of the dive.<ref name="CHAA"/>

===Freediving activities===
[[Image:Junko-Kitahama Apnea-Monofin cropped.jpg|thumb|Freediver with [[monofin]], ascending]]
[[File:OctopushTwoPlayers28092009.JPG|thumb|Two players competing for the puck in a game of underwater hockey]]
{{main|Freediving}}
Freediving is a form of underwater diving that relies on [[apnea|breath-holding]] until resurfacing rather than the use of breathing apparatus such as [[scuba set|scuba gear]]. Besides the limits of breath-hold, immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure also have physiological effects that limit the depths and duration possible in freediving. Examples of freediving activities are [[artisanal fishing|traditional fishing]] techniques, competitive and non-competitive freediving, competitive and non-competitive [[spearfishing]] and freediving [[photography]], [[synchronised swimming]], [[underwater football]], [[underwater rugby]], [[underwater hockey]], [[underwater target shooting]] and [[snorkeling]]. There are also a range of "competitive [[apnea]]" disciplines; in which competitors attempt to attain great depths, times, or distances on a single breath:
*[[Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)|Aquathlon]], also known as underwater wrestling, is an [[underwater sports|underwater sport]], where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other's ankle band to win the bout. The "combat" takes place in a {{convert|5|m|adj=on}} square ring within a swimming pool, and is made up of three 30-second rounds, with a fourth round played in the event of a tie.<ref name="Aquathlon" /> 
*[[Finswimming]] is an underwater competitive sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins, either on the water's surface using a snorkel and with either a monofins or bifins, or underwater with a monofin. Three of the disciplines are on breath-hold, and one on scuba. Events take place over distances similar to swimming competitions for both [[swimming pool]] and {{diving term|open water}} venues.<ref name="CMAS Finswimming" />
* Recreational hunting and gathering, including non-competitive [[spearfishing]], usually for food.
*[[Competitive spearfishing]] is "the hunting and capture of fish underwater without the aid of artificial breathing devices, using gear that depends entirely on the physical strength of the competitor."<ref name="CMAS Spearfishing" /><ref name="Spearfishing rules" />
*[[Underwater football]] is a two-team underwater sport is played in a [[swimming pool]] with [[snorkeling]] equipment: ([[Diving mask|mask]], [[Snorkel (swimming)|snorkel]], and [[Swimfins|fins]]). The goal of the game is to manoeuvre (by [[Carry (American football)|carry]]ing and [[Forward pass|passing]]) a slightly [[buoyancy|negatively buoyant]] ball from one side of a pool to the other by players who are completely submerged.
*[[Underwater hockey]] (also known as Octopush in the [[United Kingdom]]) is a globally played [[limited-contact sport]] in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a [[hockey puck|puck]] across the bottom of a [[swimming pool]] into the opposing team's [[Goal (sport)|goal]] by propelling it with a [[hockey stick|hockey stick (or pusher)]]. A key challenge of the game is that it is played on breath-hold. 
*[[Underwater ice hockey]] is played upside-down underneath the ice on frozen pools or ponds. Participants wear diving masks, fins and wetsuits and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a buoyant puck. Competitors do not use breathing apparatus, and must surface for air as required.
*[[Underwater rugby]] is an underwater team sport. During a match two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball (filled with saltwater) into the opponents' goal at the bottom of a [[swimming pool]]. It has little in common with [[rugby football]] except for the name. 
*[[Underwater target shooting]] is combined underwater sport and shooting sport that tests a competitors' ability to accurately use a [[speargun]] in a set of individual and team events conducted in a [[swimming pool]] using [[freediving]] or Apnoea technique.<ref name="UTS rules" />

==Training and skills development==
{{main|Diver training}}
The skills of underwater diving include some skills which are only needed in an emergency. These skills should be exercised sufficiently to ensure that if the emergency occurs, the diver is able to deal with it promptly and effectively. Skills practice can be done as part of a dive for other purposes, or in a dive dedicated to maintaining and developing the skills. Divers who do not dive sufficiently often to maintain basic skills may need to do [[refresher course]]s or {{diving term|checkout dive}}s when returning to active diving. New skills may require dedicated practice to bring them up to a reliable standard.<ref name="Class 4 training standard" /><ref name="Class 3 training standard" /><ref name="Class 2 diver training standard" /><ref name="USNDM R6" />

==Familiarisation with equipment==
New equipment or a modification to equipment configuration may affect the diver's ability to operate the equipment or respond effectively to a problem. A common example is checking buoyancy control with a new diving suit, buoyancy compensator, cylinder configuration, or weighting system, or an unfamiliar model of rebreather. Buoyancy testing is done with the cylinders nearly empty, to ensure that the diver can maintain neutral buoyancy at the end of a dive during decompression, even if contingency use has depleted the reserve gas supplies. In many cases, testing new equipment does not require a special dive, as any problems will be noticed immediately, and either fixed or the dive can be safely aborted.<ref name="Class 4 training standard" /><ref name="Class 3 training standard" /><ref name="Class 2 diver training standard" /><ref name="USNDM R6" />

==Response to an emergency==
{{see also|Diving procedures}}
Both foreseeable and not reasonably foreseeable emergencies can occur during a dive. Dealing with them in some way is necessary, and may involve the diver in self-rescue, the buddy, in assistance to the other buddy, or the safety diver or [[stand-by diver]] in assistance to the diver or divers in difficulty. Response to an emergency happening to someone else may lead to [[public safety diving]] team involvement. Special circumstances like flooded cave rescues, entrapment in capsized vessels, and rescues from other disasters may involve larger groups.<ref name="Class 4 training standard" /><ref name="Class 3 training standard" /><ref name="Class 2 diver training standard" /><ref name="USNDM R6" />

==Emergency recompression==
{{main|In-water recompression}}
[[In-water recompression]] (IWR) is the emergency treatment of [[decompression sickness]] (DCS) by returning the diver [[underwater]] to help the gas bubbles in the tissues, which are causing the symptoms, to resolve. It is a procedure that exposes the diver to significant risk which should be compared with the risk associated with the other available options. Some authorities recommend that it is only to be used when the time to [[Medical evacuation|travel]] to the nearest [[recompression chamber]] is too long to save the victim's life, others take a more pragmatic approach, and accept that in some circumstances IWR is the best available option.<ref name=uhms /><ref name=Pyle /> The risks may not be justified for case of mild symptoms likely to resolve spontaneously, or for cases where the diver is likely to be unsafe in the water, but in-water recompression may be justified in cases where severe outcomes are likely, if conducted by a competent and suitably equipped team.<ref name="Doolette and Mitchell 2018" />

==Classification of underwater diving activities by occupational field==
<!-- Target for redirect [[Classification of underwater activities]] -->
This is a table of underwater diving activities classified by occupational field and the diving modes usually associated with them. The mode may be dictated by the regulations or codes of practice governing the field of occupation.
{| class = "wikitable"
! scope="col" | Diving activity name or description
! scope="col" | Occupational classification
! scope="col" | Diving modes generally used
|-
| [[aquarium]] maintenance in large [[public aquarium]]s<ref name="CoP Benign" />
| [[Commercial diving|commercial]], [[Scientific diving|scientific]]<ref name="CoP Benign" />
| Scuba, SSDE<ref name="CoP Benign" />
|-
| boat and ship inspection, cleaning and maintenance<ref name="usn" /><ref name="Sokanu"/>
| commercial, [[Naval diving|naval]]<ref name="usn" /><ref name="Sokanu" />
| SSDE, occasionally scuba<ref name="usn" /><ref name="CoP Inshore" />
|-
| [[cave diving]]<ref name="NOAA" />
| [[Technical diving|technical]], [[Recreational diving|recreational]], [[Scientific diving|scientific]]<ref name="NOAA"/>
| Scuba, occasionally SSDE<ref name="NOAA"/>
|-
| civil engineering in harbours, water supply, and drainage systems<ref name="CoP Inshore" />
| commercial<ref name="CoP Inshore" />
| Almost exclusively SSDE<ref name="CoP Inshore" />
|-
| [[offshore construction]] and maintenance in the crude oil and other industry<ref name="Sokanu" />
| commercial<ref name="Sokanu" />
| SSDE, ROV, occasionally atmospheric suit
|-
| demolition and [[Marine salvage|salvage]] of [[shipwreck]]s<ref name="usn" />
| commercial, naval<ref name="usn" />
| SSDE, sometimes scuba, atmospheric suit or ROV<ref name="usn" />
|-
| [[Diving training|professional diver training]]<ref name="usn" />
| [[Professional diving|professional]]<ref name="usn" />
| SSDE or scuba as appropriate<ref name="usn" />
|-
| [[Diving training|recreational diver training]]<ref name="ISO" /><ref name="WRSTC" />
| [[Professional diving|professional]], [[Recreational diving|recreational]]<ref name="ISO" /><ref name="WRSTC" />
| Scuba, breathhold<ref name="ISO" /><ref name="WRSTC" />
|-
| [[fish farm]] and other [[aquaculture]] maintenance<ref name="CoP Benign" />
| commercial<ref name="CoP Benign" />
| Scuba, SSDE<ref name="CoP Benign" />
|-
| fishing/gathering, e.g. for [[abalone]]s, [[crab]]s, [[lobster]]s, [[pearl]]s, [[scallop]]s, [[sea crayfish]], [[sponge]]s<ref name="Vary 1983" /><ref name="Hendrickse" /><ref name="Rahn 1965" />
| commercial, recreational<ref name="Vary 1983" /><ref name="Hendrickse" /><ref name="Rahn 1965" />
| Scuba, SSDE, breathhold<ref name="Vary 1983" /><ref name="Hendrickse" /><ref name="Rahn 1965" />
|-
| [[frogman]], [[manned torpedo]]<ref name="usn" />
| [[Military diving|military]]<ref name="usn" />
| Scuba<ref name="usn" />
|-
| harbour clearance and maintenance<ref name="usn" />
| commercial, military<ref name="usn" /><ref name="CoP Inshore" />
| Almost exclusively SSDE<ref name="usn" /><ref name="CoP Inshore" />
|-
| media diving: making television programs, [[underwater videography]], [[underwater photography]] etc.<ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="Sokanu" />
| professional, recreational<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="Sokanu" />
| Scuba, ROV, occasionally SSDE<ref name="CoP Scientific" />
|-
| [[Naval mine|mine]] clearance and [[bomb disposal]], disposing of [[unexploded ordnance]]<ref name="usn" />
| military, naval<ref name="usn" />
| Scuba, ROV, occasionally SSDE<ref name="usn" />
|-
| pleasure, leisure, sport<ref name=richardson1999 />
| recreational<ref name=richardson1999 />
| Scuba, breathhold, occasionally SSDE (Snuba)<ref name=richardson1999 />
|-
| policing/security: diving to investigate or arrest unauthorized divers<ref name="usn" />
| [[police diving]], military, naval<ref name="usn" />
| Scuba<ref name="usn" />
|-
| search and recovery diving<ref name="usn" />
| commercial, public safety, [[police diving]], military<ref name="usn" />
| Scuba, SSDE, ROV
|-
| [[search and rescue]] diving<ref name="usn" />
| police, naval, public service<ref name="usn" />
| Scuba, occasionally SSDE<ref name="usn" />
|-
| [[spear fishing]]<ref name="sport" />
| recreational(sometimes competitive),<ref name="sport" /> occasionally professional, 
| Breathhold<ref name="sport" />
|-
| stealthy [[Infiltration tactics|infiltration]]<ref name="usn" />
| military<ref name="usn" />
| Scuba<ref name="usn" />
|-
| surveys and mapping<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
| scientific, recreational<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
| Scuba, SSDE<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
|-
| [[scientific diving]] ([[marine biology]], [[oceanography]], [[hydrology]], [[geology]], [[palaeontology]], diving physiology and medicine<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="Sokanu" /><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
| scientific<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="Sokanu" /><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
| Scuba, occasionally SSDE, atmospheric suit, ROV, AUV<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="CoP Scientific" />
|-
| [[underwater archaeology]] ([[shipwreck]]s; harbors, and buildings)<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
| scientific, recreational<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
| Scuba, SSDE, ROV, occasionally atmospheric suit<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="CoP Scientific"/>
|-
| underwater inspections and surveys<ref name="usn" /><ref name="Sokanu" />
| commercial, military<ref name="usn" /><ref name="Sokanu" />
| SSDE, sometimes scuba, ROV<ref name="usn" />
|- 
| underwater mineral extraction (gold, diamonds, oil)<ref name="Minimg CoP" />
| commercial
| SSDE, including airline (Hookah) and saturation, ROV
|-
| [[Underwater sports|competitive underwater sport]], including [[underwater hockey]], [[aquathlon]], [[scuba orienteering]], [[underwater rugby]] and others<ref name="sport" />
| recreational<ref name="sport" />
| Snorkel, breathhold and scuba<ref name="sport" />
|-
| underwater tour guiding<ref name=richardson1999 />
| professional, recreational<ref name=richardson1999 />
| Scuba<ref name=richardson1999 />
|-
| underwater tourism<ref name=richardson1999 />
| recreational<ref name=richardson1999 />
| Scuba, occasionally Snuba<ref name=richardson1999 /> 
|-
| [[underwater welding]]<ref name="Sokanu" />
| commercial<ref name="Sokanu" />
| Almost exclusively SSDE<ref name="CoP Inshore"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="AAUS 2008">{{cite conference |last1=Kernagis |first1=Dawn N. |last2=McKinlay |first2=Casey |last3=Kincaid |first3=Todd R.  |title=Dive Logistics of the Turner to Wakulla Cave Traverse |editor1-last=Brueggeman |editor1-first=P |editor2-last=Pollock |editor2-first=Neal W. |work=Diving for Science 2008. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 27th Symposium |location=Dauphin Island, AL |publisher=AAUS |year=2008 
}}</ref>

<ref name="AAUS 2012">{{cite conference |last1=Kimura |first1=S. |last2=Cox |first2=G. |last3=Carroll |first3=J. |last4=Pengilley |first4=S. |last5=Harmer |first5=A |title=Going the Distance: Use of Diver Propulsion Units, Underwater Acoustic Navigation, and Three-Way Wireless Communication to Survey Kelp Forest Habitats |editor1-last=Steller |editor1-first=D |editor2-last=Lobel |editor2-first=L. |work=Diving for Science 2012. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 31st Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL |year=2012 }}</ref>

<ref name="ADAS" >{{cite web |url=https://adas.org.au/careers/scientific-diving/ |title=Scientific diving - Overview |publisher=Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme |last=Talbot |first=Simon |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227035632/https://adas.org.au/careers/scientific-diving/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ADAS Aquaculture" >{{cite web |url=https://adas.org.au/careers/aquaculture/ |title=Aquaculture |website=adas.org.au |publisher=ADAS |access-date= 28 December 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name=ADASmedia >{{cite web |title=Media diving |publisher=[[Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme]] |url=https://www.adas.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=115#feature |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125213014/https://adas.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=115#feature |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Alert diver" >{{cite journal |url=http://www.alertdiver.com/Military |title=Military Diving - A history of innovation |journal=Alert Diver |publisher=[[Divers Alert Network]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |volume=Summer 2014 |last=Grollimund |first=Tim |date=2014 |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822155842/https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/military-diving/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Alert Diver 2">{{cite journal |last=Rossier |first=Robert N. |title=Redefining Performance: Diver propulsion vehicles: Manage the risks, and enjoy the ride |journal=Alert Diver |publisher=[[Divers Alert Network]] |url=http://www.alertdiver.com/?articleNo=1133 |access-date=2014-03-28 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407021453/http://www.alertdiver.com/?articleNo=1133 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Aquathlon" >{{Cite web |title=About Aquathlon |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |url=http://www.cmas.org/aquathlon/about-aquatlon |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=www.cmas.org |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018034037/https://www.cmas.org/aquathlon/about-aquatlon }}</ref>

<ref name="Barsky1997">{{cite book |first=Steven M. |last=Barsky |title=Spearfishing for Skin and Scuba Divers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItUYAQAAIAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Best Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-941332-59-0 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2024-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822155848/https://books.google.com/books?id=ItUYAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Barsky 2007">{{cite book |last=Barsky |first=Steven |title=Diving in High-Risk Environments |edition=4th |year=2007 |publisher=Hammerhead Press |location=Ventura, California |isbn=978-0-9674305-7-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Bayliss et al 1988" >{{cite book |title=Underwater Inspection |first1=Mel |last1=Bayliss |first2=David |last2=Short |first3=Mary |last3=Bax |isbn=978-0-419-13540-1 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=17 March 1988 |pages=229 }}</ref>

<ref name="Beneton et al 2017" >{{cite journal |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=18 December 2017 |volume=8 |page=2193 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02193 |pmid=29326628  |title=Recreational Diving Practice for Stress Management: An Exploratory Trial |first1=Frédéric |last1=Beneton |first2=Guillaume |last2=Michoud |first3=Mathieu |last3=Coulange |first4=Nicolas |last4=Laine |first5=Céline |last5=Ramdani |first6=Marc |last6=Borgnetta |first7=Patricia |last7=Breton |first8=Regis |last8=Guieu |first9=J. C. |last9=Rostain |first10=Marion |last10=Trousselard |pmc=5741699 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Bevan 2005" >{{cite book |last=Bevan |first=John |title=The Professional Divers's Handbook |edition= second |year=2005 |publisher=Submex Ltd |location=Alverstoke / Gosport, Hampshire |isbn= 978-0-9508242-6-0 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brown 2011" >{{cite web |url=http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/design-news/underwater-construction |title=Underwater Construction |first=J. Mariah |last=Brown |date=27 January 2011 |website=buildipedia.com |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017214420/http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/design-news/underwater-construction |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BSAC Sport Diving 1985">{{cite book |editor-last=Busuttili |editor-first= Mike |editor2-last=Holbrook |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Ridley |editor3-first= Gordon |editor4-last=Todd |editor4-first=Mike |title=Sport diving – The British Sub-Aqua Club Diving Manual |year=1985 |publisher=Stanley Paul & Co Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-09-163831-3 |chapter=Using basic equipment |page=58}}</ref>

<ref name="Careers">{{cite web |title=Work activities |last=<!-- not specified --> |year=2016 |work=Job profiles: Diver |publisher=UK National Careers Service |url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/diver.aspx |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012141728/https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/diver.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="cavedivingdotcom" >{{cite web |url=https://cavediving.com/what/cavern/ |title=How cavern and cave diving differ |website=cavediving.com |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030210/https://cavediving.com/what/cavern/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=CHAA >{{cite web |url=http://chaa-recovery.ca/content/view/49/50/ |title=The Search is in the Planning |publisher=Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association Dive Recovery Team |year=2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613130546/http://chaa-recovery.ca/content/view/49/50/ |archive-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Class 2 diver training standard" >{{cite book |title=Class II Training Standard |edition=Revision 5 |last= <!-- not stated --> |date=October 2007 |publisher=South African Department of Labour }}</ref>

<ref name="Class 3 training standard">{{cite book |title=Class III Training Standard |edition=Revision 5 |last= <!-- not stated --> |date=October 2007 |publisher=South African Department of Labour }}</ref>

<ref name="Class 4 training standard">{{cite book |title=Class IV Training Standard |edition=Revision 5 |last= <!-- not stated --> |date=October 2007 |publisher=South African Department of Labour }}</ref>

<ref name="CMAS Finswimming">{{cite book |url=http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=2538&language=1 |title=Finswimming - CMAS Rules Version 2012/03 In force as from January 1, 2013 (BoD179 - 22/11/2012) |year=2012 |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |location=Rome |access-date=September 4, 2022 |archive-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421225703/https://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=2538&language=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="CMAS Spearfishing">{{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/spearfishing/about-120327201610 |title=About Spearfishing |website=www.cmas.org |publisher=World Underwater Federation (CMAS) |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323115649/https://www.cmas.org/spearfishing/about-120327201610 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ciglianoa et al 2015" >{{cite journal |title=Making marine and coastal citizen science matter |journal=Ocean & Coastal Management |volume=115 |date=October 2015 |pages=77–87 |first1=John A. |last1=Ciglianoa |first2=Ryan |last2=Meyer |first3=Heidi L. |last3=Ballard |first4=Amy |last4=Freitag |first5=Tina B. |last5=Phillips |first6=Ann |last6=Wasserf |publisher=Elsevier Science Direct |doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.012 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="CMAS Sports committee" >{{cite web |title=Underwater sports |website=cmas.org |url=https://www.cmas.org/sport |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084519/https://www.cmas.org/sport }}</ref>

<ref name="CoP Benign">{{cite report |title=Code Of Practice for Diving in Benign Conditions |last=<!-- not specified --> |publisher=The South African Department of Labour |location=Pretoria }}</ref>

<ref name="CoP Inshore">{{cite book |title=Code of Practice Inshore Diving |author=<!-- not stated --> |publisher=The South African Department of Labour |location=Pretoria |url=http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/inshorediving2014.pdf |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-date=2016-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109161003/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/inshorediving2014.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="CoP Scientific">{{cite book | title = Code of Practice for Scientific Diving |author=<!-- not stated --> | publisher = The South African Department of Labour |location=Pretoria |url=http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/scientificdiving2014.pdf |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-date=2016-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109155455/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/scientificdiving2014.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="Denoble 2011" >{{cite web |url=https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/the-story-of-sponge-divers/ |title=The Story of Sponge Divers |date=1 May 2011 |first=Petar |last=Denoble |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=dan.org |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228180322/https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/the-story-of-sponge-divers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dimmock and Musa 2015" >{{cite book |title=Scuba diving tourism system: a framework for collaborative management and sustainability |url=https://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=bus_tourism_pubs |editor1-last=Dimmock |editor1-first=Kay |editor2-last=Musa |editor2-first=Ghazali |year=2015 |publisher=Southern Cross University School of Business and Tourism |access-date=2022-09-03 |archive-date=2016-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326034653/http://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=bus_tourism_pubs |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- contains list of 101 references-->

<ref name="Dimmock et al 2013" >{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259489022 |title=Scuba Diving Tourism |chapter=Chapter 10: The business of Scuba diving |pages=161–173 |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |first1=Kay |last1=Dimmock |first2=Terry |last2=Cummins |first3=Ghazali |last3=Musa |editor1-first=Ghazali |editor1-last=Musa |editor2-first=Kay |editor2-last=Dimmock |access-date=2022-09-03 |archive-date=2021-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723092824/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259489022_Kay_Dimmock_Terry_Cummins_and_Ghazali_Musa_2013_The_Business_of_SCUBA_Diving_Chapter_10_161-173_in_SCUBA_Diving_Tourism_edited_by_Ghazali_Musa_and_Kay_DimmockRoutledge_London_and_New_York |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Doolette and Mitchell 2018" >{{cite journal |title=In-water recompression |journal=Diving Hyperb Med |date=June 2018 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=84–95 |last1=Doolette |first1=D.J. |last2=Mitchell |first2=S.J. |doi=10.28920/dhm48.2.84-95 |pmid=29888380 |pmc=6156824}}</ref>

<ref name="DUC" >{{cite web |url=https://www.ducmarinegroup.com/civil-underwater-construction/ |title=Civil underwater construction |website=www.ducmarinegroup.com |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807153905/https://www.ducmarinegroup.com/civil-underwater-construction/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="EUF certification">{{cite web |url=http://www.euf-certification.org/euf-certification/training-organisations/relevant-standards/competencies-and-qualifications/ |last=<!-- not specified --> |publisher=European Underwater Federation (EUF) |work=EUF Certification |title=Competencies and qualifications of recreational scuba divers Level 1-3 |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821032704/http://www.euf-certification.org/euf-certification/training-organisations/relevant-standards/competencies-and-qualifications/ |url-status=live }}</ref>+

<ref name="Exley">{{cite book |title=Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival |first=Sheck |last=Exley |year=1977 |publisher=National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section |isbn=99946-633-7-2}}</ref>

<ref name=Frink2005 >{{cite web |last1=Frink |first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Frink |title=The Best Reason to Recycle |year=2005 |url=http://www.stephenfrink.com/sf-tips/200506-uw-photo-rebreather/ |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203014437/http://www.stephenfrink.com/sf-tips/200506-uw-photo-rebreather/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ganter 2010" >{{cite web |url=https://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/pearling |website=Queensland Historical Atlas |title=Pearling |first=Regina |last=Ganter |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812211207/https://qhatlas.com.au/content/pearling |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Guideline 1">{{cite journal |last1=Devos |first1=Fred |last2=Le Maillot |first2=Chris |last3=Riordan |first3=Daniel |title=Introduction to Guideline Procedures Part 1: Equipment |journal=DIRquest |publisher=[[Global Underwater Explorers]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=2004 |url=http://www.gue.com/files/page_images/expeditions/Mexico/guideline1.pdf |access-date=2009-04-05 |archive-date=2021-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609033303/https://www.gue.com/files/page_images/expeditions/Mexico/guideline1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Guideline 2">{{cite journal |last1=Devos |first1=Fred |last2=Le Maillot |first2=Chris |last3=Riordan |first3=Daniel |title=Introduction to Guideline Procedures - Part 2: Methods |journal=DIRquest |publisher=[[Global Underwater Explorers]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |year=2004 |url=http://www.gue.com/files/page_images/expeditions/Mexico/guideline2.pdf |access-date=2009-04-05 |archive-date=2021-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804025102/https://www.gue.com/files/page_images/expeditions/Mexico/guideline2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Hendrickse">{{cite web |url=http://www.divingheritage.com/greecekern2.htm |title=Diving the Skafandro suit |first1=Sandra |last1=Hendrikse |first2=André |last2=Merks |date=12 May 2009 |publisher=Diving Heritage |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-date=2020-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514204135/https://www.divingheritage.com/greecekern2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="IDSA Level 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.idsaworldwide.org/docs/diverts0909.pdf |access-date=9 September 2013  |title=International Diver Training Certification: Diver Training Standards, Revision 4 |publisher=International Diving Schools Association |date=2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215439/http://www.idsaworldwide.org/docs/diverts0909.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>

<ref name="IMCA" >{{cite web |url=https://www.imca-int.com/about-imca/industry/ |title=Our industry |website=imca-int.com |publisher=[[International Marine Contractors Association]] |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923130124/https://www.imca-int.com/about-imca/industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ISO">{{cite web|url=http://www.euf-certification.org/?id=6627|title=Standards for Training Organisations/System|last=Staff|publisher=EUF Certification International|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-date=30 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030130157/http://www.euf-certification.org/?id=6627|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ISO24801-3">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:24801:-3:ed-2:v1:en |last=<!-- not specified --> |title=Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers — Part 3: Level 3 — Dive leader (ISO&nbsp;24801-3:2014) |publisher=[[International Standards Organisation|ISO]] |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:24801:-3:ed-2:v1:en |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Jensen 2004">{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=12085 |title=Underwater Ship Husbandry Combines Navy, Civilian Divers into Successful Team |last=Jensen |first=Milinda D. |date=3 March 2004 |work=Story Number: NNS040303-02 |publisher=Naval Sea Systems Command Public Affairs |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052015/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=12085 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kler and Tribe 2012" >{{Cite journal |title=Flourishing Through Scuba: Understanding the Pursuit of Dive Experiences |journal=Tourism in Marine Environments |first1=Balvinder Kaur |last1=Kler |first2=John |last2=Tribe |volume=8 |issue=1/2 |pages=19–32 |date=2012 |doi=10.3727/154427312X13262430524027 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4170774 |access-date=2022-09-03 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921153850/https://www.academia.edu/4170774 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Larn and Whistler 1999" >{{cite book |last1=Larn |first1=Richard |last2=Whistler |first2=Rex |title=Commercial Diving Manual |edition=3rd |year=1993 |publisher=David and Charles |location=Newton Abbott, UK  |isbn=0-7153-0100-4}}</ref>

<ref name="Lucrezi et al 2018" >{{cite journal |title=Stirring the strategic direction of scuba diving marine Citizen Science: A survey of active and potential participants |first1=Serena |last1=Lucrezi |first2=Martina |last2=Milanese |first3=Marco |last3=Palma |first4=Carlo |last4=Cerrano |date=16 August 2018 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0202484 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=8 |article-number=e0202484 |pmid=30114250 |pmc=6095588 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1302484L |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Lucrezi et al 2019" >{{cite journal |last1=Lucrezi |first1=S |last2=Milanese |first2=M |last3=Cerrano |first3=C |last4=Palma |first4=M. |title=The influence of scuba diving experience on divers' perceptions, and its implications for managing diving destinations |journal= PLOS ONE |date=5 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |article-number = e0219306 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0219306 |pmid=31276482 |pmc = 6611629|bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1419306L|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Maine" >{{cite web |url=https://umaine.edu/scientificdiving/what-is-scientific-diving/ |title=What is Scientific Diving? |last=<!--not specified--> |publisher=University of Maine |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054832/https://umaine.edu/scientificdiving/what-is-scientific-diving/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Minimg CoP">{{cite book|last=Staff: Mine health and safety inspectorate|title=Guideline For the Compilation of a Mandatory Code of Practice for a Diving Operations Procedure Manual for Underwater Mining Operations|url=http://www.mhsc.org.za/sites/default/files/Guideline%20Underwater%20Mining.pdf|access-date=26 September 2016|date=31 January 2011|publisher=Department of mineral resources |location=Arcadia}}</ref>

<ref name="Nelson">{{cite web |url=http://readyayeready.com/jackspeak/termview.php?id=1794 |title=Ship's Husbandry |last=Nelson |first=Mark |work=Jackspeak of the Royal Canadian Navy |publisher=ReadyAyeReady.com |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054322/http://readyayeready.com/jackspeak/termview.php?id=1794 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="NOAA">{{cite book |title=NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology |author=NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) |edition=4th |editor-first=James T. |editor-last=Joiner |date=28 Feb 2001 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program |location=Silver Spring, Maryland |isbn=978-0-941332-70-5 |ref={{harvid|NOAA Diving Manual|2001}} |url=https://archive.org/details/noaadivingmanual00noaa |url-access=registration }} CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company</ref>

<ref name="Offshore ACOP 2014" >{{cite book |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/l103.pdf |title=Commercial diving projects offshore Diving at Work Regulations 1997 - Approved Code of Practice and guidance |last=<!-- not specified --> |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-7176-6592-1 |edition=L103 (Second edition) |publisher=Health and Safety Executive |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822155730/http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/l103.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Orienteering" >{{cite web |title=Orienteering Rules Edition 2009/01 |url=http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=1475&language=1 |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404121721/http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=1475&language=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="OSHA 1910.410">{{cite web |title=Commercial Diving Operations (1910.401) – Scope and application |author=<!-- not stated --> |work=Occupational Safety and Health Standards subpart T |publisher=United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9977 |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509165519/http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Phillips 2015">{{cite magazine |title=Public Safety Diving and OSHA, Are We Exempt? Final Answer |last=Phillips |first=Mark |issue=112 |magazine=PS Diver Magazine |url=http://www.psdiver.com/images/112-_PSDiverMonthly.pdf |date=November 2015 |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-date=19 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119061602/http://psdiver.com/images/112-_PSDiverMonthly.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Pyle >{{cite journal |last1=Pyle |first1=R.L. |first2=D.A. |last2=Youngblood |title=In-water Recompression as an emergency field treatment of decompression illness |journal=AquaCorp |volume=11 |year=1995 }}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="Pyle et al 2016" >{{cite conference  |editor1-last=Pollock |editor1-first=N.W. |editor2-last=Sellers |editor2-first=S.H. |editor3-last=Godfrey |editor3-first=J.M. |title= Rebreathers and Scientific Diving. |chapter=The Value of Closed-Circuit Rebreathers for Biological Research |conference=Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS Workshop, June 16–19, 2015 |location=Durham, NC |date= 2016 |isbn=978-0-9800423-9-9 |first=Richard L. |last=Pyle |first2=Phillip S. |last2=Lobel |first3=Joseph A. |last3=Tomoleoni |pages=120–134 |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/kajabi-storefronts-production/sites/3839/themes/2022276/downloads/M73b2JtDTTugam7OMZyj_Pollock_-_2016_-_NPSNOAADANAAUS.pdf }}</ref> -->

<ref name=RaD-Witman>{{cite book |last1=Witman |first1=Jon D. |last2=Dayton |first2=Paul K. |last3=Arnold |first3=Suzanne N. |last4=Steneck |first4=Robert S. |last5=Birkeland |first5=Charles |editor1-last=Lang |editor1-first=Michael A. |editor2-last=Marinelli |editor2-first=Roberta L. |editor3-last=Roberts |editor3-first=Susan J. |display-editors=3 |editor4-last=Taylor |editor4-first=Phillip R. |title=Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba |url=http://opensi.si.edu/index.php/smithsonian/catalog/view/48/22/496-1 |date=2013 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press |location=Washington, DC |pages=3–11 |chapter-url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/21619/SCMS39_Lang_01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |format=PDF |chapter=Scuba Revolutionizes Marine Science |access-date=2022-09-03 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044655/http://opensi.si.edu/index.php/smithsonian/catalog/view/48/22/496-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Rahn 1965" >{{cite book |last1=Rahn |first1=H. |last2=Yokoyama |first2=T. |title=Physiology of Breath-Hold Diving and the Ama of Japan. |year=1965 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council |location=United States |isbn=0-309-01341-0 }}</ref>

<ref name="RAN">{{cite book |last=Staff |title=Ship Husbandry |url=http://www.boatregister.net/Library/Maritime%20History/ShipHusbandry_RAN_ApprenticeTrainingEstablishment.pdf |publisher=Royal Australian Navy Apprentice Training Establishment |chapter=1: Hull Maintenance |access-date=2022-09-03 |archive-date=2021-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029100215/http://www.boatregister.net/Library/Maritime%20History/ShipHusbandry_RAN_ApprenticeTrainingEstablishment.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=richardson1999>{{cite journal |title=A brief history of recreational diving in the United States |last=Richardson |first=D. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |publisher=SPUMS |location=Melbourne, Victoria |via=Rubicon Research Repository |year=1999 |volume=29 |issue=3 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 }}</ref>

<ref name="Robinson 2002">{{cite web |title=What is "Public Safety Diving?" |last=Robinson |first=Blades |publisher=SanDiegoDiving.com |url=https://www.sandiegodiving.com/education/items/9.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707032122/http://www.sandiegodiving.com/education/items/9.html |date=11 January 2002 |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name="SA Diving Regulations 2009">{{cite report| title = Diving Regulations 2009 |author=<!-- not stated --> |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria
 |work=Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41 |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104080007/http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/ |via=Southern African Legal Information Institute |access-date=3 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Salvage manual 010" >{{cite book |url=https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Salvage%20Docs/Salvage%20Manual%20Vol%201%20S0300-A6-MAN-010.pdf |title=U.S. Navy Salvage Manual |volume=1: Strandings, Harbor Clearance and Afloat Salvage S0300-A6-MAN-010 |publisher=United States. Navy Department. Supervisor of Salvage and Diving. |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405102913/https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Salvage%20Docs/Salvage%20Manual%20Vol%201%20S0300-A6-MAN-010.pdf |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> 	

<ref name="Salvage manual 040" >{{cite book |url=https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Salvage%20Docs/Salvage%20Manual%20Vol%204.pdf |title=U.S. Navy Salvage Manual |volume=4: Deep Ocean Operations S0300-A6-MAN-040 0910-LP-252-3200 |publisher=United States. Navy Department. Supervisor of Salvage and Diving. |date=1 August 1993 |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405102915/https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Salvage%20Docs/Salvage%20Manual%20Vol%204.pdf |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="Sayer 2007" >{{cite journal |last=Sayer |first=Martin |year=2007 |title=Scientific diving: A bibliographic analysis of underwater research supported by SCUBA diving, 1995-2006. |journal=Underwater Technology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=75–94 |doi=10.3723/175605407783360035 }}</ref>

<ref name="SDSC" >{{cite web |url= http://www.uk-sdsc.com/scientific.htm |title= Scientific Diving |publisher= UK Scientific diving Supervisory Committee |date= 3 July 2017 |access-date= 22 November 2018 |archive-date= 6 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190806105935/http://www.uk-sdsc.com/scientific.htm }}</ref>

<ref name="Sokanu" >{{cite web |title=What does a Commercial Diver do? |author=<!-- not stated --> |year=2016 |publisher=Sokanu |url=https://www.sokanu.com/careers/commercial-diver/ |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908082203/https://www.sokanu.com/careers/commercial-diver/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Spearfishing rules" >{{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=3749&language=1 |title=Underwater Fishing (Spear fishing) International Rules - English version |date=23 January 2015 |website=www.cmas.org |publisher=World Underwater Federation (CMAS) |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041707/https://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=3749&language=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="sport">{{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/sport |title=The Sport Committee |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |access-date=2023-01-07 |archive-date=2022-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084519/https://www.cmas.org/sport }}</ref>

<ref name=Stanton2003 >{{cite journal |last1=Stanton |first1=Gregg |title=Underwater Crime Scene Investigations (UCSI), a New Paradigm |journal=In: SF Norton (Ed). 2003. Diving for Science...2003. |volume=Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences |issue=22nd annual Scientific Diving Symposium |year=2003 }}</ref>

<ref name="Stewart 2008" >{{cite journal |url=https://jmvh.org/article/submarine-escape-and-rescue-a-brief-history-2/ |title=Submarine escape and rescue: a brief history |first=Nick |last=Stewart |journal=Semaphore |date=7 July 2008 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822155845/https://jmvh.org/article/submarine-escape-and-rescue-a-brief-history-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Stratlog">{{cite web |url=http://www.strategiclogisticsagency.com/naval-vessel-husbandry/ |title=Naval Vessel Husbandry |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2014 |publisher=Strategy Logistics |access-date=19 March 2017 }}</ref>

<ref name="Technical diving">{{cite web |title=Technical Diving |author=<!-- not stated --> |year=2013 |publisher=NOAA |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/diving/technical/technical.html |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120180249/https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/diving/technical/technical.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Techniques>{{cite book |title=Finswimming - CMAS Rules version 2012/03 In force as from January 1, 2013 (BoD179 - 22/11/2012) |year=2012 |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |location=Rome |pages=2–3 |url=http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=2538&language=1 |access-date=September 4, 2022 |archive-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421225703/https://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=2538&language=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=uhms >{{cite conference |last1=Kay |first1=E. |first2=M. P. |last2=Spencer |title=In water recompression |work=48th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop |year=1999 |publisher=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |volume=UHMS Publication Number RC103.C3 |location=United States |page=108 }}</ref>

<ref name=UKDivers>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukdivers.net/diving/uwnav.htm |title=Underwater Navigation |last=<!-- not specified --> |date=October 16, 2007 |website=UKDivers.net |access-date=2016-05-16 |quote=Navigation by reference to terrain features, both natural and artificial, usually with the aid of an appropriate chart. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313082610/http://www.ukdivers.net/diving/uwnav.htm |archive-date=March 13, 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name="UNDS 1999">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appaundernod.pdf |title=Underwater Ship Husbandry: Nature of Discharge (EPA-842-R-99-001.) |date=April 1999 |work=Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218101838/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appaundernod.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=usn>{{cite book |title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision |year=2006 |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |location=United States |url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 |access-date=15 September 2016 |author=US Navy |ref={{harvid|US Navy Diving Manual|2006}} |archive-date=2 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9 }}</ref>

<ref name="USNDM R6">{{cite book |title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision |year=2006 |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |location=Washington, DC |url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-date=2 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9 }}</ref>

<ref name="UTS rules">{{cite web |title=International Rules Underwater Target Shooting |url=http://www.spearfishing.pl/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/International_Rules_Underwater_Target_Shooting.pdf |publisher=Stowarzyszente Spearfishing Poland |access-date=14 February 2013 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204095957/http://www.spearfishing.pl/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/International_Rules_Underwater_Target_Shooting.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Vary 1983">{{cite book|last=Vary|first=Colin|title=Diving for crayfish in South Africa|year=1983|publisher=C. Struik|location=Cape Town|isbn=0-86977-180-9}}</ref>

<ref name="WRSTC">{{cite web |publisher=WRSTC |date=2013 |title=ISO approves 6 Diving Standards |url=http://www.wrstc.com/headline.php?id=15 |access-date=28 September 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003103355/http://www.wrstc.com/headline.php?id=15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="WRSTC OWTS" >{{cite web |url=http://www.wrstc.com/downloads/03%20-%20Open%20Water%20Diver.pdf |title=Minimum course standard for Open Water Diver training |last=Staff |date=1 October 2004 |publisher=[[World Recreational Scuba Training Council]] |pages=8–9 |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017144038/http://wrstc.com/downloads/03%20-%20Open%20Water%20Diver.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

{{Underwater diving|}}

[[Category:Underwater diving]]