View source for Doboj

{{for|the village in Kakanj municipality|Doboj (Kakanj)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Doboj
| official_name                   = ''Grad Doboj''<br />Град Добој<br />City of Doboj
| native_name                     = {{native name|sr-Cyrl|Добој|italics=off}}
| settlement_type                 = [[List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina|City]]
| image_shield                    = 
| image_skyline                   = <!-- images and maps  -----------> {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| perrow            = 1/2/2/2/2
| total_width       = 250
| image1 = Добој панорама.jpg
| image2 = Doboj Fortress.jpg
| image3 = Православна црква у Добоју 1.jpg
| image4 = Tvrđava Doboj.jpg
| footer = From the top to bottom-right, Panoramic View of Doboj, [[Doboj Fortress]], Orthodox Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, View over city from the fortress walls}}
| image_caption                   =                  
| image_flag                      = Flag of Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg
| image_seal                      = File:Grb grada Doboja.png
| image_map                       = Doboj municipality.svg
| map_caption                     = Location of Doboj within Republika Srpska
| coordinates                     = {{coord|44|43|53|N|18|05|04|E|region:BA|display=it}}
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{Nowrap|{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Entity]]
| subdivision_name1               = {{Flag|Republika Srpska}}
| subdivision_type2               = Geographical [[region]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Posavina]]/Doboj Basin
| established_title               = First written record
| established_date                = 28 June 1415
| established_title1              = City status
| established_date1               = July 2012
| parts_type                      = Settlements
| parts                           = 
| government_type                 = [[Mayor-council government]]
| governing_body                  = [[Mayor|Mayor of Doboj]]
| leader_party                    = [[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats|SNSD]]
| leader_title                    = Mayor
| leader_name                     = Boris Jerinić
| unit_pref                       = metric
| area_total_km2                  = 648
| area_land_km2                   = 648
| population_total                = 71441
| population_as_of                = 2013 census
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_urban                = 26987
| area_code                       = +387 53
| website                         = {{URL|doboj.gov.ba}}
| footnotes                       = 
| timezone                        = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset                      = +1
| timezone_DST                    = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST                  = +2
| image_map1                      = Doboj-naselja.png
}}

[[File:Dobojbypopulation.png|thumb|373x373px|Doboj municipality by population proportional to the settlement with the highest and lowest population]]
'''Doboj''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl| Добој}}, {{IPA|sh|dôboj|pron}})<ref>{{cite book|last=Mangold|first=Max|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|language=de|year=2005|publisher=Dudenverlag|edition=6th|location=Mannheim|isbn=9783411040667|page=279}}</ref> is a city in [[Republika Srpska]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. It is situated on the banks of the [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] river, in the northern region of Republika Srpska. As of 2013, it has a population of 71,441 inhabitants.

Doboj is the largest national railway junction and the operational base of the Railways Corporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhzjk.ba/ENG/contact.html|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina Railways Public Corporation contact|website=www.bhzjk.ba|accessdate=21 December 2022}}</ref> It is one of the oldest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and, aside from [[Banja Luka]], the most important urban center in northern Republika Srpska.

==Geography==
Prior to the [[Bosnian War]], the municipality of Doboj had a larger surface area. Most of the pre-war municipality's territory is part of [[Republika Srpska]], including the city itself. The southern rural areas are part of the [[Zenica-Doboj Canton]] of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and the eastern rural part of the municipality is part of the [[Tuzla Canton]], also in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The parts of the pre-war Doboj Municipality that are in the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] are the municipalities of [[Doboj South]] (Doboj Jug), [[Doboj East]] (Doboj Istok) and the [[Usora Municipality|Municipality of Usora]]. The northern suburbs of Doboj extend into the [[Pannonian Basin|Pannonian plains]], and effectively mark the southern tip of this great Central European plain. The southern (Doboj South) and eastern suburbs (Doboj East) are spread on the gentle hills which extend to the larger Central Bosnian mountain areas (Mt. [[Ozren (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Ozren]] in the southeast, Mt. Krnjin in the west).

===Climate===
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| single line = yes
| metric first = yes
| collapsed = yes
| location = Doboj (1991–2020)
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan record high C = 21.6
| Feb record high C = 25.0
| Mar record high C = 28.8
| Apr record high C = 32.7
| May record high C = 34.7
| Jun record high C = 37.6
| Jul record high C = 41.4
| Aug record high C = 40.9
| Sep record high C = 39.8
| Oct record high C = 30.5
| Nov record high C = 26.6
| Dec record high C = 23.7
| year record high C = 41.4
| Jan high C = 5.4
| Feb high C = 8.5
| Mar high C = 13.7
| Apr high C = 18.6
| May high C = 23.0
| Jun high C = 26.6
| Jul high C = 28.7
| Aug high C = 29.1
| Sep high C = 23.7
| Oct high C = 18.6
| Nov high C = 12.2
| Dec high C = 6.1
| year high C = 17.9
| Jan mean C = 1.1
| Feb mean C = 2.9
| Mar mean C = 7.3
| Apr mean C = 12.1
| May mean C = 16.5
| Jun mean C = 20.5
| Jul mean C = 22.1
| Aug mean C = 21.9
| Sep mean C = 16.7
| Oct mean C = 12.0
| Nov mean C = 7.1
| Dec mean C = 2.2
| year mean C = 11.9
| Jan low C = -2.6
| Feb low C = -1.8
| Mar low C = 1.5
| Apr low C = 5.8
| May low C = 10.3
| Jun low C = 14.2
| Jul low C = 15.6
| Aug low C = 15.6
| Sep low C = 11.5
| Oct low C = 7.3
| Nov low C = 3.1
| Dec low C = -1.3
| year low C = 6.6
| Jan record low C = -23.8
| Feb record low C = -26.0
| Mar record low C = -19.7
| Apr record low C = -4.8
| May record low C = -0.2
| Jun record low C = 4.2
| Jul record low C = 7.4
| Aug record low C = 6.6
| Sep record low C = 1.0
| Oct record low C = -5.6
| Nov record low C = -10.2
| Dec record low C = -18.6
| year record low C = -26.0
| Jan precipitation mm = 65.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 63.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 68.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 78.9
| May precipitation mm = 109.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 107.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 94.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 73.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 85.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 79.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 79.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 77.6
| year precipitation mm = 982.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 9.6
| Feb precipitation days = 9.5
| Mar precipitation days = 9.2
| Apr precipitation days = 10.7
| May precipitation days = 11.4
| Jun precipitation days = 10.5
| Jul precipitation days = 9.4
| Aug precipitation days = 7.6
| Sep precipitation days = 9.2
| Oct precipitation days = 8.8
| Nov precipitation days = 9.7
| Dec precipitation days = 10.4
| year precipitation days = 115.9
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230904230807/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/BosniaAndHerzegovinaRepublicOfSrpska/CSV/Doboj_14551.csv
| archive-date = 4 September 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/BosniaAndHerzegovinaRepublicOfSrpska/CSV/Doboj_14551.csv
| title = Doboj Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 4 September 2023}}</ref>
}}

==History==
===Ancient times===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2018}}
Doboj has been continuously inhabited ever since the [[Neolithic]] times. Fragments of pottery and decorative art were found on several localities, with the most known site in [[Makljenovac]], south from the city proper, at the confluence of the [[Usora (river)|Usora]] and [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] rivers. Archeological findings from the [[Paleolithic era]] were found in a cave in the Vila suburb.<ref>{{cite web|title=Visit Doboj. The Oldest Town in Bosnia|url=https://sarajevskasehara.com/2020/01/visit-doboj-the-oldest-town-in-bosnia/|publisher=sarajevskasehara|date=January 2020}}</ref>

The [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] tribe of [[Daesitiates|Daesitates]] settled in this region as early as the [[12th century BC|twelfth century BC]]. Daesitates were one of the largest and most important Illyrian tribes residing at the territory of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, sharing their northern borders with [[Breuci]], another important tribe. Daesitates and Breuci started the [[Great Illyrian revolt|Great Illyrian Revolt]], or in Roman sources, the widespread rebellion known as [[Bellum Batonianum]] (6–9 AD). After the bloody rebellion was subdued, Roman legions permanently settled in the area and built a large military camp ([[Castra|Castrum]]) and a civilian settlement (Canabea) in Makljenovac. These structures were most likely built in the early [[Flavian dynasty]] era, during [[Vespasian]]'s rule.

The military camp was large, in the shape of a near perfect rectangle with large towers at each corner and the main gate in the middle of the central wall, and served as the most important defense on the old Roman road from [[Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Brod]] to [[Sarajevo]], demarcating the very borders of the Roman provinces of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]].  It served its role for several centuries with the evidence of Belgian and Spanish cohorts stationed there in the second and third century AD. Canabea contained Roman settlers, with evidence of a large bathhouse with a [[hypocaust]] (central heating) and a concubine house for soldiers stationed at the nearby Castrum. A large Villa Rustica was located in the modern-day suburb of Doboj, appropriately named Vila. Very fine pieces of religious and practical artefacts were found at these sites, including an altar dedicated to [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]], figurines of [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], and fragments of African made [[Terra sigillata]] pottery. When [[South Slavs|South Slavic tribes]] migrated into this area in the sixth and seventh century AD, they had settled initially on the ruins of the previous Roman settlement and lived there continuously until the early thirteenth century at which point they used stones and building material from the old Roman Castrum in order to build the stone foundation of the Gradina fortress, several kilometers north, in the modern-day old town of Doboj. Nowadays only the walls of the former camp and civilian settlement are still open to visitors.

===Middle Ages===
[[Image:Dobojview.JPG|thumb|307x307px|View of Doboj from the fortress]]
[[Image:Doboj fortress.JPG|thumb|304x304px|14th Century Doboj Fortress, reconstructed in 2006, with a wooden stage added during reconstruction]]
The first official mention of the city itself is from 1415, in a charter issued by [[Republic of Ragusa|Dubrovnik]] to the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman]] Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], although there are numerous artefacts and objects that have been found (kept in the [[National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in Sarajevo and the Regional Museum in Doboj), which confirm that the area had been inhabited ever since the early [[Stone Age]], and that the [[Roman Empire]] had an army camp (''Castrum'') and a settlement (''Canabea'') in the vicinity of the town dating from the first century AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Doboj |url=https://novihorizonti.sf.ues.rs.ba/o-bih-i-dobju |website=novihorizonti.sf.ues.rs.ba}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting Doboj |url=https://visitbih.ba/en/why-you-should-visit-doboj/ |website=visitbih.ba |date=1 October 2024}}</ref> Following the arrival of the [[Slavs]] in the sixth century it became a part of the region/[[Usora (zemlja)|Usora]] banate (in medieval documents sometimes collectively mentioned with the nearby province of [[Soli (zemlja)|Soli]], hence, Usora and Soli).

The [[Doboj fortress]], a royal [[Kotromanić]] fortress, was first built in the early thirteenth century and then expanded in the early fifteenth century (1415). It was expanded again during [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule in 1490. This newer stone foundation of the fortress was built on previous layers of an older foundation (dating back to the ninth or tenth century) made of wood, mud and clay ([[Motte-and-bailey castle|Motte-and-bailey]] type).<ref name="sarajevskasehara">{{cite web |title=Doboj, the oldest town in Bosnia |url=https://sarajevskasehara.com/2020/01/visit-doboj-the-oldest-town-in-bosnia/ |website=sarajevskasehara.com |date=27 January 2020}}</ref> It was a very important obstacle for invaders coming from the north, [[Hungarians]], and later on, [[Austrians]] and [[Germans]]. It was built in the [[Gothic architecture|Gotho]]-[[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman]] style with Gothic towers and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] windows. The area saw numerous battles in medieval times and the fortress often changed hands between [[Kingdom of Bosnia|Bosnian]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] armies.<ref name="sarajevskasehara" /> Doboj was the site of a particularly major battle between the Hungarians and a Bosnian-Turkish coalition in early August 1415 in which the Hungarians were heavily defeated on the field where the modern city of Doboj lies today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Čuvalo |first1=Ante |title=The A to Z of Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9781461671787 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIlCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253}}</ref> As an important border fortress between the [[Kingdom of Bosnia|Bosnian Kingdom]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] it was also frequently attacked, officially recorded as 18 times, in the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Austro-Ottoman Wars]], and fell to the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarians]] in 1878.

===World War I and World War II===
During [[World War I]], Doboj was the site of the largest [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] [[Internment|concentration camp]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Paravac |first1=Dušan |title=Dobojski logor: hronika o austrougarskom logoru interniraca u Doboju : 1915-1917 |date=2002 |publisher=Narodna Biblioteka |isbn=9788675360087}}</ref> According to the official figures, it held in total 45,791 people between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, of which:<ref name="Paravac1970">{{cite book |last1=Paravac |first1=Dušan |title=Logor Smrti |date=1970 |publisher=Glas Komuna |pages=5–50}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Обиљежено страдање Срба у аустроугарском логору у Добоју |url=http://www.spc.rs/sr/obiljezheno_stradanje_srba_u_austrougarskom_logoru_u_doboju |website=spc.rs |publisher=Serbian Orthodox Church |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921083008/http://www.spc.rs/sr/obiljezheno_stradanje_srba_u_austrougarskom_logoru_u_doboju |archive-date=21 September 2016 |language=Serbian}}</ref>

* 16,673 men from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* 16,996 women and children from Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly of Serb ethnicity)
* 9,172 soldiers and civilians (men, women, children) from the [[Kingdom of Serbia]]
* 2,950 soldiers and civilians from the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]]

[[File:Tvrdjava Gradina Doboj 1.jpg|thumb|304x304px]]
Some 12,000 people had died in this camp, largely due to malnutrition and poor sanitary conditions.

By February 1916, the authorities began redirecting the prisoners to other camps. [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serbs]] were mostly sent to [[Győr]] (Sopronyek, Šopronjek/Шопроњек).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lukić|first=Nenad|title=Popis umrlih Srba u logoru Šopronjek/Nekenmarkt 1915–1918. godine |trans-title=List of deceased Serbs in the camp Sopronyek/Neckenmarkt 1915–1918|url=https://www.academia.edu/29093956|date=2016|language=en}}</ref>

Most of the prisoners from Bosnia were entire families from the border regions of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is said that 5,000 families alone were uprooted from the [[Sarajevo]] district in eastern Bosnia along the border with the Kingdoms of Serbia & Montenegro.<ref name="Paravac1970" />

From 1929 to 1941, Doboj was part of the [[Vrbas Banovina]] of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]].

After the creation of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] in April 1941, the [[Jesuit]] priest [[Dragutin Kamber]] was appointed as the grand prefect of Doboj.<ref>{{cite book|last=Redžić|first=Enver|author-link=Enver Redžić|others=Translated by Aida Vidan|year=2005|orig-year=1998|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War|publisher=Frank Cass|location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England|isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXiSKULRN-oC|page=70}}</ref> He oversaw the mass arrest and internment of Serbs, many of whom were interrogated in his house before being executed in its basement. Kamber also supervised the rollout of Ustaše race laws in the district, ordering that [[Jews]] were to wear [[Yellow badge|yellow armband]]s and Serbs were to wear white ones.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aarons|first1=Mark|authorlink1=Mark Aarons|last2=Loftus|first2=John|authorlink2=John Loftus (military author)|year=1998|orig-date=1991|title=Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, The Nazis, and The Swiss Banks|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-3121-8199-4|url=https://archive.org/details/mark-aarons-john-loftus-unholy-trinity-the-vatican-the-nazis-and-the-swiss-banks_202108/|url-access=registration|pages=98–99}}</ref> The historian Robert B. McCormick estimates that Kamber "sent hundreds of Serbs to their deaths."<ref>{{cite book|last=McCormick|first=Robert B.|year=2014|title=Croatia Under Ante Pavelić: America, the Ustaše and Croatian Genocide|publisher=I.B.Tauris|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-78076-712-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-t7BAAAQBAJ|page=81}}</ref> During this time, the [[Ustaše]] deported Serbs, Jews and [[Romani people|Roma]], as well as pro-[[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan]] civilians, to concentration and labor camps. According to public records, 291 civilians from Doboj of all ethnicities perished in the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cp13.heritagewebdesign.com/~lituchy/victim_search.php?field=origin&searchtype=contains&data=Doboj&submit=Go |title=Jasenovac |website=cp13.heritagewebdesign.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711164231/https://cp13.heritagewebdesign.com/~lituchy/victim_search.php?field=origin&searchtype=contains&data=Doboj&submit=Go |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the remains of 23 people killed by the Partisans were found in two pits near the Doboj settlement of [[Majevac (Doboj)|Majevac.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mondo.rs/s180563/ex-YU/Kod_Doboja_otkopali_kosture_zrtava_iz_1945.html |title=Kod Doboja otkopali kosture žrtava iz 1945 |publisher=Mondo.rs |date=2010-08-23 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> The [[non-governmental organization]] which discovered the remains alleges that nearby pits contain the remains of hundreds more also killed by the Partisans.

Doboj was an important site for the Partisan resistance. From their initial uprising in August 1941 up until the end of the war, the [[Ozren (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Ozren]] Partisan squadron carried out numerous actions against the occupation forces, among the first successful operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city was an important stronghold for permanently stationed [[Ustaše Militia]] and [[Croatian Home Guard (World War II)|Croatian Home Guard]] garrisons with smaller [[Wehrmacht]] units serving as liaison and in defense of important roads and railroads. The [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|Waffen SS "Handschar" division]] was partly mobilized from the local Muslim population and participated in battles around Doboj in the summer and fall of 1944.

Doboj with its surrounding area, the Ozren and [[Trebava]] mountains, was also a particularly important site for local [[Chetniks]]. They participated in battles against the Ustaše, Home Guards, and the Wehrmacht, initially allied with local Partisan units and then alone, after breaking ties with the Partisans in April 1942. In November 1944, the elements of the Ozren Chetnik Corps and the Trebava Chetnik Corps partook in the [[Operation Halyard]], the largest US rescue mission behind enemy lines. They built an airstrip in the village of [[Boljanić]] from which rescued US Airmen flew to safety to [[Bari]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]].

The town was eventually liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans on 17 April 1945. The units involved were the 14th Central Bosnian Brigade and the 53rd Division.

===SFR Yugoslavia===
The city was flooded in May 1965.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/1082898-zla-sudbina-doboj-potopljen-istog-dana-kao-i-pre-46-godina-video|title=Doboj potopljen istog dana kao i pre 46 godina|newspaper=Telegraf|date=22 May 2014|access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref> During this period, the city experienced mass industrialization, becoming one of the most important industrial hubs in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].

===Bosnian War===
{{See also|Doboj massacre}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Doboj stari grad.gif|thumb|250px|Doboj at the beginning of the 20th Century]] -->
Doboj was strategically important during the [[Bosnian War]]. In May 1992, the control of Doboj was held by [[Army of Republika Srpska|Bosnian Serb forces]] and the [[Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Serb Democratic Party]] governed the city. What followed was mass disarming and subsequently mass arrests of all non-Serb civilians (mainly [[Bosniaks]] and [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croats]]).

Doboj was heavily shelled throughout the entire war by local Bosniak and Croatian forces. More than 5,500 shells, mortar rounds, and other projectiles were fired into the city proper and some 100 civilians were killed and more than 400 were wounded and maimed during the indiscriminate shelling.

A number of instances of war crimes and ethnic cleansing were committed by Bosnian Serb forces. [[Biljana Plavšić]], [[Radovan Karadžić]], [[Momčilo Krajišnik]] and others planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise aided and abetted the planning, preparation or execution of the destruction of the [[Bosniaks]] and [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Croats]].<ref name=plavsic>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/plavsic/tjug/en/pla-tj030227e.pdf|title=Prosecutor v. Biljana Plavsic judgement.|accessdate=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/krajisnik/acjug/en/090317.pdf|title=Prosecutor v. Momcilo Krajisnik judgement|quote=Sentenced to 27 years' imprisonment}}</ref> Plavšić was charged with crimes against humanity that include but are not limited to the killings in Doboj. Her indictment was related to genocide charges in Doboj specifically.

Bosnian Serb forces were implicated in the systematic looting and destruction of [[Bosniak]] and [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croat]] properties during the [[Bosnian War]]. A number of women were raped and civilians tortured or killed. All the mosques in the town were destroyed. A number of mass executions took place in Spreča Prison, on the banks of the river [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] and in the "July 4th" military barrack in the village of [[Miljkovac, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Miljkovac]], all in 1992. Many of the non-Serbs were detained at various locations in the town, subjected to inhumane conditions, including regular beatings, torture and forced labour. A school in Grapska and the factory used by the Bosanka company that produced jams and juices in Doboj was used as a rape camp. Four different armies of soldiers were present at the rape camps, including the local Serbian militia, the Yugoslav army (JNA), [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|police forces based in the Serbian-occupied town of Knin]] and members of the [[White Eagles (paramilitary)|White Eagles]] paramilitary group. The man who oversaw the women's detention in the school was [[Nikola Jorgić]], a former police officer in Doboj, who had been convicted of [[genocide]] in Germany but died during the serving of his life sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=820323&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649 |title=HUDOC Search Page |publisher=Cmiskp.echr.coe.int |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref><ref name=helsinki>{{cite book |last=Helsinki Watch |author-link=Helsinki Watch | title=War crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |year=1993 |isbn=1-56432-097-9}}</ref>

After the [[Dayton Agreement]] and the peace following in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the city served as a major HQ/base for [[IFOR]] (later [[SFOR]]) units.

The [[Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] is processing several cases for other war crimes in Doboj.<ref name=iwpr>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwpr.net/index.php?apc_state=hen&s=o&o=p=tri&l=EN&s=f&o=164761 |title=Institute for War and Peace Reporting |publisher=Iwpr.net |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref>

===2014 floods===
In May 2014, Doboj was the city in Bosnia and Herzegovina that accounted for the most damage and casualties during and following the historic rainfall that caused [[2014 Southeast Europe floods|massive flooding and landslides]], taking the lives of at least 20 people in Doboj alone.

Throughout the two weeks after the beginning of the natural disaster, the corpses of victims were still being found on the streets, in homes and automobiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiosarajevo.ba/mobile/novost/152699 |title=Pronađeno tijelo muškarca, broj žrtava u RS dosegao 19 |publisher=Radio Sarajevo |date=24 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215904/http://www.radiosarajevo.ba/mobile/novost/152699 |archive-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> On 26 May 2014, it was announced that the floods and landslides had uncovered mass graves with the skeletal remains of [[Bosniak]] victims of the [[Bosnian War]] of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiosarajevo.ba/mobile/novost/152829 |title=Poplave otkrile nove masovne grobnice |publisher=Radio Sarajevo |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214027/http://www.radiosarajevo.ba/mobile/novost/152829 |archive-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> The mass graves are located in the [[Usora Municipality]] and the exact number of victims is as of yet unknown.

==Demographics==
=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="9" |Population of settlements – Doboj municipality
|-
|
|Settlement
|1948.
|1953.
|1961.
|1971.
|1981.
|1991.
|2013.
|-
|
|Total
|33,504
|56,442
|74,956
|88,985
|99,548
|95,213
|71,441
|-
|1
|Boljanić
|
|
|
|
|
|2,327
|1,714
|-
|2
|Božinci Donji
|
|
|
|
|
|587
|329
|-
|3
|Brestovo
|
|
|
|
|
|1,254
|644
|-
|4
|Bukovica Mala
|
|
|
|
|
|816
|752
|-
|5
|Bukovica Velika
|
|
|
|
|
|1,481
|2,669
|-
|6
|Bušletić
|
|
|
|
|
|787
|556
|-
|7
|Čajre
|
|
|
|
|
|456
|289
|-
|8
|Cerovica
|
|
|
|
|
|1,701
|1,030
|-
|9
|Čivčije Bukovičke
|
|
|
|
|
|1,017
|658
|-
|10
|Čivčije Osječanske
|
|
|
|
|
|538
|294
|-
|11
|Cvrtkovci
|
|
|
|
|
|897
|581
|-
|12
|'''Doboj'''
|
|
|13,415
|18,264
|23,558
|27,498
|26,987
|-
|13
|Donja Paklenica
|
|
|
|
|
|764
|483
|-
|14
|Dragalovci
|
|
|
|
|
|1,031
|367
|-
|15
|Glogovica
|
|
|
|
|
|714
|517
|-
|16
|Gornja Paklenica
|
|
|
|
|
|628
|398
|-
|17
|Grabovica
|
|
|
|
|
|798
|598
|-
|18
|Grapska Donja
|
|
|
|
|
|494
|445
|-
|19
|Grapska Gornja
|
|
|
|
|
|2,297
|1,334
|-
|20
|Jelanjska
|
|
|
|
|
|701
|435
|-
|21
|Kladari
|
|
|
|
|
|673
|520
|-
|22
|Kostajnica
|
|
|
|
|
|1,342
|1,596
|-
|23
|Kotorsko
|
|
|
|
|
|3,295
|1,790
|-
|24
|Kožuhe
|
|
|
|
|
|1,471
|999
|-
|25
|Lipac
|
|
|
|
|
|1,018
|1,246
|-
|26
|Ljeb
|
|
|
|
|
|446
|325
|-
|27
|Ljeskove Vode
|
|
|
|
|
|821
|613
|-
|28
|Majevac
|
|
|
|
|
|456
|329
|-
|29
|Makljenovac
|
|
|
|
|
|2,164
|1,165
|-
|30
|Miljkovac
|
|
|
|
|
|1,430
|838
|-
|31
|Mitrovići
|
|
|
|
|
|441
|233
|-
|32
|Opsine
|
|
|
|
|
|351
|230
|-
|33
|Osječani Donji
|
|
|
|
|
|821
|687
|-
|34
|Osječani Gornji
|
|
|
|
|
|1,259
|1,084
|-
|35
|Osojnica
|
|
|
|
|
|676
|369
|-
|36
|Osredak
|
|
|
|
|
|605
|282
|-
|37
|Ostružnja Donja
|
|
|
|
|
|1,130
|838
|-
|38
|Ostružnja Gornja
|
|
|
|
|
|495
|380
|-
|39
|Paležnica Gornja
|
|
|
|
|
|342
|328
|-
|40
|Pločnik
|
|
|
|
|
|304
|261
|-
|41
|Podnovlje
|
|
|
|
|
|1,239
|1,156
|-
|42
|Potočani
|
|
|
|
|
|897
|605
|-
|43
|Pridjel Donji
|
|
|
|
|
|987
|841
|-
|44
|Pridjel Gornji
|
|
|
|
|
|1,247
|777
|-
|45
|Prnjavor Mali
|
|
|
|
|
|793
|568
|-
|46
|Radnja Donja
|
|
|
|
|
|572
|368
|-
|47
|Raškovci
|
|
|
|
|
|666
|460
|-
|48
|Ritešić
|
|
|
|
|
|584
|327
|-
|49
|Rječica Donja
|
|
|
|
|
|302
|215
|-
|50
|Rječica Gornja
|
|
|
|
|
|483
|314
|-
|51
|Ševarlije
|
|
|
|
|
|1,792
|1,271
|-
|52
|Sjenina
|
|
|
|
|
|1,950
|1,028
|-
|53
|Sjenina Rijeka
|
|
|
|
|
|679
|402
|-
|54
|Stanari
|
|
|
|
|
|1,299
|1,015
|-
|55
|Stanić Rijeka
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1,002
|-
|56
|Stanovi
|
|
|
|
|
|1,073
|760
|-
|57
|Striježevica
|
|
|
|
|
|597
|433
|-
|58
|Suho Polje
|
|
|
|
|
|924
|576
|-
|59
|Svjetliča
|
|
|
|
|
|906
|614
|-
|60
|Tekućica
|
|
|
|
|
|736
|630
|-
|61
|Trnjani
|
|
|
|
|
|887
|609
|-
|62
|Zarječa
|
|
|
|
|
|350
|293
|-
|63
|Zelinja Gornja
|
|
|
|
|
|
|274
|}

===Ethnic composition===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="8" |Ethnic composition – Doboj city
|-
|
|2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popis 2013 u BiH |url=http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=20141 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.statistika.ba}}</ref>
|1991.
|1981.
|1971.
|-
|Total
|26,987 (100,0%)
|27,498 (100,0%)
|23 558 (100,0%)
|18,264 (100,0%)
|-
|Bosniaks
|3,797 (15,1%)
|11,154 (40,56%)
|8,822 (37,45%)
|8,976 (49,15%)
|-
|Serbs
|19,586 (77,9%)
|8,011 (29,13%)
|6,091 (25,86%)
|5,044 (27,62%)
|-
|Yugoslavs
|
|4,365 (15,87%)
|5,211 (22,12%)
|919 (5,032%)
|-
|Croats
|704 (2,8%)
|2,714 (9,870%)
|2,852 (12,11%)
|2,889 (15,82%)
|-
|Others
|1,045 (4,2%)
|1 254 (4,560%)
|234 (0,993%)
|169 (0,925%)
|-
|Montenegrins
|
|
|171 (0,726%)
|175 (0,958%)
|-
|Roma
|
|
|76 (0,323%)
|1 (0,005%)
|-
|Albanian
|
|
|54 (0,229%)
|35 (0,192%)
|-
|Macedonians
|
|
|20 (0,085%)
|15 (0,082%)
|-
|Slovenes
|
|
|16 (0,068%)
|25 (0,137%)
|-
|Hungarians
|
|
|11 (0,047%)
|16 (0,088%)
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="8" |Ethnic composition – Doboj municipality
|-
|
|2013.
|1991.
|1981.
|1971.
|-
|Total
|71,441 (100,0%)
|95,213 (100,0%)
|99,548 (100,0%)
|88,985 (100,0%)
|-
|Serbs
|52,628 (73,67%)
|39,820 (38,83%)
|39,224 (39,40%)
|39,884 (44,82%)
|-
|Bosniaks
|15,322 (21,45%)
|41,164 (40,14%)
|35,742 (35,90%)
|32,418 (36,43%)
|-
|Croats
|1,845 (2,583%)
|13,264 (12,93%)
|14,522 (14,59%)
|14,754 (16,58%)
|-
|Others
|1,646 (2,304%)
|2,536 (2,473%)
|1,043 (1,048%)
|453 (0,509%)
|-
|Yugoslavs
|
|5,765 (5,622%)
|8,549 (8,588%)
|1,124 (1,263%)
|-
|Montenegrins
|
|
|225 (0,226%)
|214 (0,240%)
|-
|Albanians
|
|
|95 (0,095%)
|60 (0,067%)
|-
|Roma
|
|
|76 (0,076%)
|1 (0,001%)
|-
|Macedonians
|
|
|32 (0,032%)
|28 (0,031%)
|-
|Slovenes
|
|
|26 (0,026%)
|30 (0,034%)
|-
|Hungarians
|
|
|14 (0,014%)
|19 (0,021%)
|}

;

=== Urban area by settlements (1991) ===
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdmagazine.com/bosnia/census/cens-s.html |title=Bosnian Congres – census 1991 – North of Bosnia |publisher=Hdmagazine.com |access-date=2013-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613171014/http://www.hdmagazine.com/bosnia/census/cens-s.html |archive-date=2013-06-13 }}</ref>

*Bare: 732 (62%) Serbs; 153 (13%) Yugoslavs; 135 (11%) Croats; 112 (9%) Bosniaks; 53 (4%) others, 1,185 total
*Centar: 3,720 (35%) Serbs; 3,365 (31%) Bosniaks; 1,982 (18%) Yugoslavs; 1,236 (12%) Croats; 432 (4%) others, 10,735 total
*Čaršija: 3,561 (72%) Bosniaks; 594 (12%) Yugoslavs; 303 (6%) Serbs; 195 (4%) Croats; 273 (6%) others, 4,926 total
*Doboj Novi: 358 (48%) Bosniaks; 237 (32%) Serbs; 39 (5%) Yugoslavs; 7 (1%) Croats; 108 (14%) others, 749 total
*Donji Grad: 1,879 (37%) Serbs; 1,547 (31%) Bosniaks; 844 (17%) Yugoslavs; 569 (11%) Croats; 196 (4%) others, 5,035 total
*Orašje: 1,411 (66%) Bosniaks; 293 (14%) Serbs; 231 (11%) Yugoslavs; 111 (5%) Croats, 90 (4%) others, 2,136 total
*Usora: 924 (33%) Serbs; 779 (28%) Bosniaks; 502 (18%) Croats; 491 (17%) Yugoslavs; 117 (4%) others, 2,813 total

==Economy==
{{wide image|Doboj Panorama.JPG|800px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of Doboj from the [[Doboj Fortress]].}}
As a railway hub, before the [[Bosnian War]], Doboj focused much of its industrial activities around it. Moreover, as a regional center, it was home to several factories, now mostly bankrupt from mismanagement or privatization, including "Bosanka Doboj", a fruit and vegetable produce factory; "Trudbenik", a maker of air compressors and equipment, etc. Nowadays, most of the economy, similar to the rest of the country and typical for the poorly executed transition from state-controlled to a market economy, is based around the service industry. High unemployment warrants a vibrant coffee shop and bar scene, crowded throughout most of the day and night (it is commonly believed that Doboj is one of the top three cities having the largest number of cafes and bars/pubs within city limits in Bosnia & Herzegovina).

In 1981, Doboj's GDP per capita was 53% of the Yugoslav average.<ref>{{cite book | title=Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju | year=1984 | edition=3rd | publisher=Sveučilišna naklada Liber | location=Zagreb | language=hr | editor1-first=Radovan | editor1-last=Radovinović | editor2-first=Ivan | editor2-last=Bertić}}</ref>

;<big>Economic preview</big>
[[Image:Dobojska Opstina.JPG|thumb|right|Doboj Municipal Assembly]]

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in professional fields per their core activity (as of 2018):<ref name="stats2018">{{cite web |title=Cities and Municipalities of Republika Srpska |url=http://www2.rzs.rs.ba/static/uploads/bilteni/gradovi_i_opstine_republike_srpske/2019/Gradovi_I_Opstine_Republike_Srpske_2019_WEB.pdf |website=rzs.rs.ba |publisher=Republika Srspka Institute of Statistics |access-date=31 December 2019 |date=25 December 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Professional field
! Total
|-
|Agriculture, forestry and fishing||align="right"|166
|-
|Mining and quarrying||align="right"|108
|-
|Manufacturing||align="right"|1,061
|-
|Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply||align="right"|340
|-
|Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities||align="right"|223
|-
|Construction||align="right"|733
|-
|Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles||align="right"|2,446
|-
|Transportation and storage||align="right"|1,600
|-
|Accommodation and food services||align="right"|605
|-
|Information and communication||align="right"|230
|-
|Financial and insurance activities||align="right"|248
|-
|Real estate activities||align="right"|1
|-
|Professional, scientific and technical activities||align="right"|261
|-
|Administrative and support service activities||align="right"|321
|-
|Public administration and defense; compulsory social security||align="right"|1,226
|-
|Education||align="right"|1,208
|-
|Human health and social work activities||align="right"|1,315
|-
|Arts, entertainment and recreation||align="right"|50
|-
|Other service activities||align="right"|338
|- class="sortbottom"
|'''Total'''||align="right"|'''12,480'''
|}

==Transportation==
The city is the region's primary railroad junction, going south to [[Ploče]] on the [[Adriatic Sea]], west to [[Banja Luka]] and [[Zagreb]], north to [[Vinkovci]], [[Croatia]], and east to [[Tuzla]], [[Bijeljina]] and [[Zvornik]]. A highway toward western RS and [[Banja Luka]] has been completed and opened since 2018.

==Society==
===Education===
Doboj hosts the private [[Slobomir P University]], with several colleges like
the Faculty of information technology;
the Faculty of economics and management;
the Faculty of philology; the Faculty of law;
a Fiscal Academy and the Academy of Arts. Doboj also seats the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Technical School, as well as several specialized high schools.

Doboj also hosts the public Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, a branch of the [[University of East Sarajevo]] with several departments: [[Road Transport|Road]] & [[Public transport|Urban Transport]]; [[Rail Transport]]; [[Postal services|Postal Transport]]; [[Telecommunication]] and [[Logistics]]. Since the 2015/2016 academic year, it has opened new departments: [[Aviation|Air Transport]]; [[Roads]]; IT Transport and [[Motor vehicles|Motor Vehicles]].

===Sport===
[[File:Ognjen Kuzmić 32 Real Madrid Baloncesto Euroleague 20171012.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Ognjen Kuzmić]], a basketball player, [[2015 NBA Finals|2015 NBA champion]] and [[EuroBasket 2017|2017 EuroBasket]] silver medalist]]

The local [[Football team|football club]], [[FK Sloga Doboj|Sloga Doboj]], plays in the [[First League of the Republika Srpska]]. The town's favourite sport, however, is [[handball]]. The local handball club is [[RK Sloga Doboj|Sloga Doboj]]. Sloga Doboj ranks among the country's top teams and consistently qualifies for international competitions. Very importantly, Doboj traditionally hosts "The Annual Doboj International Champions' Handball Tournament" every year during the last days of August. Its 55th tournament was in 2023 and once again. The prestige of this [[EHF Champions League|EHF]]-listed tournament was consistently strong enough to attract the most important names in the European team handball over the past five decades such as: [[FC Barcelona Handbol|Barcelona]], [[Grasshopper Club Zürich|Grasshopper]], [[VfL Gummersbach|Gummersbach]], [[CB Ademar León|Ademar León]], [[HBC CSKA Moscow|CSKA]], [[Steaua București Handball|Steaua]], [[HC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]], [[Atlético Madrid BM|Atlético Madrid]], [[RK Crvena zvezda|Red Star]], [[RK Metaloplastika|Metaloplastika]], [[RK Partizan|Partizan]], [[RK Pelister|Pelister]], [[HSG Nordhorn|Nordhorn]], [[SC Pick Szeged|Pick Szeged]], [[MKB Veszprém|Veszprém]], [[Frisch Auf Göppingen|Göppingen]], [[Montpellier Agglomération Handball|Montpellier]], [[US d'Ivry Handball|d'Ivry]] and [[Chekhovskiye Medvedi|Chekhovski Medvedi]].

==Symbol==
The four squares represent the four mountains which mark the outer borders of the Doboj valley in which the City of Doboj lies in: [[Ozren (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Ozren]], [[Trebava]], Vučjak, and Krnjin. The [[fleur-de-lis]] represent the medieval origins of the city in the royal fortress ''Gradina'' built by the kings from the medieval Bosnian dynasty of [[Kotromanić]].

==Notable places==
* The [[Fortress of Doboj|Doboj Fortress]] from the early thirteenth century, looking over the town.
* A [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] military camp (Castrum) from the first century AD (right above the confluence of the [[Usora (river)|Usora]] and the [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] rivers)
* Goransko Jezero, lake and recreation park in the vicinity of town.

==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Aleksandar Đurić]], Singapore footballer
*[[Bojan Šarčević]], basketball player
*[[Borislav Paravac]], politician
*[[Danijel Pranjić]], Croatian footballer
*[[Danijel Šarić (handballer)|Danijel Šarić]], Bosnian-Qatari handball player
*[[Dina Bajraktarević]], singer
*[[Dino Djulbic]], Australian footballer
*[[Dragan Mikerević]], politician
*[[Fahrudin Omerović]], footballer
*[[Igor Vukojević]], singer
*[[Indira Radić]], singer
*[[Izet Sarajlić]], historian
*[[Jasmin Džeko]], footballer
*[[Krešimir Zubak]], politician
*[[Mirsada Bajraktarević]], singer
*[[Nenad Marković]], basketball player
*[[Ognjen Kuzmić]], Serbian basketball player
*[[Pero Bukejlović]], politician
*[[Sejad Halilović]], former footballer
*[[Silvana Armenulić]], singer
*[[Spomenko Gostić]], soldier
*[[Vladimir Tica]], Serbian basketball player
*[[Vlastimir Jovanović]], footballer
*[[Zoran Kvržić]], footballer
*[[Aidin Mahmutović]], footballer
*[[Zdenko Križić]], Croatian Roman Catholic prelate
*[[Benjamin Burić]], handball goalkeeper
*[[Senjamin Burić]], handballer
{{Div col end}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
Doboj is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Gradovi pobratimi|url=https://doboj.gov.ba/bs/doboj/gradovi-pobratimi/|website=doboj.gov.ba|publisher=Doboj|language=bs|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Celje]], Slovenia (1965)
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ćuprija]], Serbia

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://doboj.gov.ba/Doboj City homepage]

{{Doboj}}
{{Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Doboj| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Doboj]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Republika Srpska]]