View source for Dogon people

{{Short description|Peoples indigenous to Mali}}
{{for|the ethnic group of the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north of Ghana|Dagomba people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| image            = File:Dogon12.jpg
| image_caption    = Dogon men in their ceremonial attire
| group            = Dogon people
| total            = 1,591,787
| total_year       = 2012–2013
| region1          = {{flag|Mali}}
| pop1             = 1,751,965 (8.7%)<ref>{{cite web|title=Mali|website=www.cia.gov|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/#people-and-society|language=en|access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref>
| rels             = [[Dogon religion]] (most followed religion),<ref name="GATS & APPA">[[Anthony Appiah|Appiah, Anthony]]; [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.|Gates Jr., Henry Louis]]. ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience.'' Editors: Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates (Jr.). Oxford University Press (2005), p. 415. {{ISBN|9780195170559}}</ref> [[Islam]], [[Christianity]]
| langs            = [[Dogon languages]], [[Bangime]], [[French language|French]]
}}

The '''Dogon''' are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of [[Mali]], in [[West Africa]], south of the [[Niger River|Niger]] bend, near the city of [[Bandiagara]], and in [[Burkina Faso]]. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shoup |first1=John A. |title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-362-0 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&q=dogon+ghana&pg=PA86 |language=en}}</ref> They speak the [[Dogon languages]], which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the [[Niger–Congo language family]], meaning that they are not closely related to any other languages.<ref name=":0" />

The Dogon are best known for [[Dogon religion|their religious traditions]], their mask dances, wooden sculpture, and their architecture. Since the twentieth century, there have been significant changes in the social organisation, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, in part because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1280076.stm|title=Mali: what price tourism?|date=2001-04-16|access-date=2019-03-29|language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[Image:Dogon Hunter.JPG|thumb|300px|A Dogon hunter with a [[flintlock]] musket, 2010.]]

==Geography and history==
{{see also|Toloy|Dogon country|Religious persecution#Persecution of Dogons}}
[[File:Bandiagara escarpment 2.jpg|thumb|300px|Dogon dwellings along the [[Bandiagara Escarpment]].]]

The principal Dogon area is bisected by the [[Bandiagara Escarpment]], a sandstone cliff of up to {{convert|500|m|ft|sigfig=2}} high, stretching about 150&nbsp;km (90 miles). To the southeast of the cliff, the sandy Séno-Gondo Plains are found, and northwest of the cliff are the Bandiagara Highlands. Historically, Dogon villages were established in the Bandiagara area a thousand years ago because the people collectively refused to convert to Islam and retreated from areas controlled by Muslims.<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|Dieterlen|1965|p=17}}</ref>

Dogon insecurity in the face of [[Religious persecution#Persecution of Dogons|their historical persecution]] caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the escarpment. The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location was access to water. The [[Niger River]] is nearby and in the sandstone rock, a rivulet runs at the foot of the cliff at the lowest point of the area during the wet season.

Among the Dogon, several oral traditions have been recorded as to their origin. One relates to their coming from [[Mandé, Mali|Mande]], located to the southwest of the [[Bandiagara]] escarpment near [[Bamako]]. According to this oral tradition, the first Dogon settlement was established in the extreme southwest of the escarpment at Kani-Na.<ref>Dieterlen, G., 1955. "Mythes et organisation sociale au Soudan français". ''Journal de la Société des Africanistes'' 25 (1/2), 39–76.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=A. Mayor |title=Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country, Mali |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=25–61 |date=31 March 2005 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2004.08.003|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:14410 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological studies in the Dogon region have been especially revealing about the settlement and environmental history, and about social practices and technologies in this area over several thousands of years.<ref>Mayor, A. 2011. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JWoP7bJPqE0C&q=traditions+ceramiques+dans+la+boucle ''Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger: ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux.''] Africa Magna, Frankfurt a. M.</ref><ref>Ozainne, S. 2013. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rJYbEC43R0cC ''Un néolithique ouest-africain: cadre chrono-culturel, économique et environnemental de l'Holocène récent en Pays dogon, Mali''.] Africa Magna, Frankfurt a. M.</ref><ref>Robion-Brunner, C. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DEaqu12ptBwC&q=forgerons+et+siderurgie+pays+dogon ''Forgerons et sidérurgie en pays dogon: vers une histoire de la production du fer sur le plateau de Bandiagara (Mali) durant les empires précoloniaux''.] Africa Magna, Frankfurt a. M.</ref>

Over time, the Dogon moved north along the escarpment, arriving in the [[Sangha, Mali|Sanga]] region in the 15th century.<ref>Griaule, M. (1938) ''Masques dogons''. Paris.</ref> Other oral histories place the origin of the Dogon to the west beyond the river Niger, or tell of the Dogon coming from the east. It is likely that the Dogon of today are descendants of several groups of diverse origin who migrated to escape [[Islamization]].<ref>Morton, Robert (ed.) & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. van Beek (text) (2001) ''Dogon: Africa's people of the cliffs''. New York: Abrams. {{ISBN|0-8109-4373-5}}</ref>

It is often difficult to distinguish between pre-Muslim practices and later practices. But [[Sharia|Islamic law]] classified the Dogon and many other ethnicities of the region ([[Mossi people|Mossi]], [[Gurma]], [[Bobo people|Bobo]], [[Busa language (Mande)|Busa]] and the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]) as being within the non-canon ''[[dar al-harb]]'' and consequently fair game for slave raids organized by merchants.<ref>Timothy Insoll, ''The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa'' (2003) Cambridge University Press, p. 308</ref> As the growth of cities increased, the demand for slaves across the region of West Africa also increased. The historical pattern included the murder of Indigenous men by raiders and enslavement of women and children.<ref name="Wise">[[Christopher Wise]], ''Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer, Islamic Militant'', 1999, Lynne Rienner Publishers</ref>

For almost 1000 years,<ref name="Griaule"/> the Dogon people, an ancient ethnic group of [[Mali]]<ref>[[The Independent]], ''Caught in the crossfire of Mali's war'' (25 January 2013) by Kim Sengupta [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/caught-in-the-crossfire-of-mali-s-war-8467800.html] (retrieved March 14, 2020)</ref> had faced religious and ethnic persecution—through jihads by dominant Muslim communities.<ref name="Griaule">[[Marcel Griaule|Griaule, Marcel]]; [[Germaine Dieterlen|Dieterlen, Germaine]]; (1965). ''Le mythe cosmologique. Le renard pâle.'', 1. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie Musée de l'homme, p. 17</ref> These jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon to abandon [[Dogon religion|their traditional religious beliefs]] for Islam. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and moved up to the [[Bandiagara Escarpment|cliffs of Bandiagara]] for better defense and to escape persecution—often building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies.<ref name="Griaule"/><ref>''[[Africa Today]],'' Volume 7, [[Africa Media Review|Afro Media]] (2001), p. 126</ref>

==Art==
{{Main|African art#Dogon}}
Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. Dogon art revolves around religious values, ideals, and freedoms (Laude, 19). Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly, and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families, [[sanctuaries]], or kept with the [[Hogon]] (Laude, 20).  The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made.

Themes found throughout Dogon sculpture consist of figures with raised arms, superimposed bearded figures, horsemen, stools with [[caryatid]]s, women with children, figures covering their faces, women grinding [[pearl millet]], women bearing [[Bowl (vessel)|vessels]] on their heads, [[donkey]]s bearing cups, musicians, dogs, quadruped-shaped troughs or benches, figures bending from the waist, mirror-images, aproned figures, and standing figures (Laude, 46–52).

Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art.  The Dogon people were not the first inhabitants of the cliffs of Bandiagara.  Influence from [[Tellem]] art is evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs (Laude, 24).

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
Brooklyn Museum 1995.171.11a-c Kanaga Mask in Three Pieces.jpg|[[Kanaga mask]] in three pieces; 20th century; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9&nbsp;cm (42{{1/2}} x 23{{1/4}} x 9 in); [[Brooklyn Museum]] (New York City)
DogonSatimbe1.JPG|Person wearing a Satimbe mask
DogonWalu 01.JPG|Person wearing a Walu mask, based on an antelope
PorteMali.jpg|Door of the hogon box of Sangha village
Brooklyn Museum 61.2 Figure of a Seated Musician Koro Player (2).jpg|Figure of a seated musician (koro player); late 18th century; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8&nbsp;cm (22 x 7 x 4{{1/4}} in.); [[Brooklyn Museum]] (New York City)
Brooklyn Museum 1989.51.45 Female Figure (5).jpg|Female or male figure; probably early 17th century; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8&nbsp;cm (15{{3/4}} x 2 7/8 x 3 in.); Brooklyn Museum
Dogon sculpture Louvre 70-1999-9-2.jpg|Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure; 17th–18th century; wood; height: 59&nbsp;cm (23 in.); from [[Mali]]
Figure of a Kneeling Woman MET DP-13314-032.jpg|Figure of a kneeling woman; {{Circa|1500}}; wood; height: 35.2&nbsp;cm (13{{fraction|7|8}} in.); [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)
</gallery>

==Culture and religion==
{{Main|Dogon religion}}
{{Traditional African religion}}
The [[Dogon religion]] is the [[Traditional African religions|traditional religious]] or [[spirituality|spiritual]] beliefs of the Dogon people. Dogons who adhere to the Dogon religion believe in one Supreme [[Creator deity|Creator]] called [[Amma (deity)|Amma]] (or Ama).<ref name="Isoll">[[Timothy Insoll|Insoll, Timothy]], ''Archaeology, Ritual, Religion'', [[Routledge]] (2004), p. 123–125, {{ISBN|9781134526444}} (retrieved 21 Mar 2025) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HZOCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref><ref>Masolo, D. A., ''African Philosophy in Search of Identity'' : ''African systems of thought'', (ed. [[International African Institute]]), [[Indiana University Press]] (1994), pp. 70—71, {{ISBN|9780253207753}} [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CTzTvGHbXpgC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false]  (retrieved 21 Mar 2025)</ref><ref>[[Robert K. G. Temple|Temple, Robert]], [[The Sirius Mystery]], [[Random House]] (1999), p. 465, {{ISBN|9780099257448}} (retrieved 21 Mar 2025)[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4RXGAzYx-2cC&q=+monotheistic#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> They also believe in ancestral spirits known as the [[Nommo]] in [[Dogon language|their language]], also referred to as "Water Spirits".<ref>*Griaule, Marcel (1970, (original 1965)), ''Conversations With Ogotemmêli: an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas '', p. 97, {{ISBN|978-0-19-519821-8}}</ref>

Professors [[Anthony Appiah]] and [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]] write that: "most Dogon still practice traditional religion with a complex mythology.".<ref name="GATS & APPA"/> Others practice Islam or Christianity.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Dogon society is organized by a patrilineal kinship system. Each Dogon village, or enlarged family, is headed by one male elder. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family.

The blind Dogon elder [[Ogotemmeli]] taught the main symbols of the Dogon religion to French anthropologist [[Marcel Griaule]] in October 1946.<ref name="Griaule_3">{{harvp|Griaule|1970|p=3}}</ref> Griaule had lived amongst the Dogon people for fifteen years before this meeting with Ogotemmeli took place. Ogotemmeli taught Griaule the religious stories in the same way that Ogotemmeli had learned them from his father and grandfather; oral instruction which he had learned over the course of more than twenty years.<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|1970|pp=13–14}}</ref> What makes the record so important from a historical perspective is that the Dogon people were still living in their oral culture at the time their religion was recorded. They were one of the last people in West Africa to lose their independence and come under French rule.<ref name="Griaule_3"/>

The Dogon people with whom French anthropologists Griaule and [[Germaine Dieterlen]] worked during the 1930s and 1940s had a system of signs which ran into the thousands, including "their own systems of astronomy and calendrical measurements, methods of calculation and extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge, as well as a systematic [[pharmacopoeia]]".<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|1970|p=xiv}}</ref> The religion embraced many aspects of nature which are found in other [[traditional African religions]].

The key spiritual figures in the religion were the [[Nommo|Nummo/Nommo]] twins. According to Ogotemmêli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skin covered in green hair, and were formed like humans from the loins up, but serpent-like below. Their eyes were red, their tongues forked, and their arms flexible and unjointed.<ref>{{harvnb|Griaule|1970|p=18}}</ref>

Ogotemmêli classified the Nummo as [[hermaphrodite]]s. Their images or figures appeared on the female side of the Dogon sanctuary.<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|1970|p=105}}</ref> They were primarily symbolized by the Sun, which was a female symbol in the religion. In the Dogon language, the Sun's name (''nay'') had the same root as "mother" (''na'') and "cow" (''nā'').<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|Dieterlen|1986|p=508}}</ref> They were symbolized by the colour red, a female symbol.

The problem of "twin births" versus "single births", or androgyny versus single-sexed beings, was said to contribute to a disorder at the beginning of time. This theme was fundamental to the Dogon religion. "The jackal was alone from birth," said Ogotemmêli, "and because of this he did more things than can be told."<ref name="Griaule_22">{{harvp|Griaule|1970|p=22}}</ref> Dogon men were primarily associated with the single-sexed male Jackal and the Sigui festival, which was associated with death on the Earth. It was held once every sixty years and allegedly celebrated the white dwarf star, [[Sirius B]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badarchaeology.com/extraterrestrials/the-sirius-mystery/|title = Did the Dogon of Mali know about Sirius B?}}</ref> There has been extensive [[The Sirius Mystery|speculation]] about the origin of such astronomical knowledge. The colour white was a symbol of men. The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. It contained only about a quarter of the full vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. The "Sigi so" was used to tell the story of creation of the universe, of human life, and the advent of death on the Earth, during both funeral ceremonies and the rites of the "end of mourning" ("dama").<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|Dieterlen|1986|pp=33–34}}</ref>

Because of the birth of the single-sexed male Jackal, who was born without a soul, all humans eventually had to be turned into single-sexed beings. This was to prevent a being like the Jackal from ever being born on Earth again. "The Nummo foresaw that the original rule of twin births was bound to disappear, and that errors might result comparable to those of the jackal, whose birth was single. Because of his solitary state, the first son of God acted as he did."<ref name="Griaule_22"/> The removal of the second sex and soul from humans is what the ritual of circumcision represents in the Dogon religion. "The dual soul is a danger; a man should be male, and a woman female. Circumcision and excision are once again the remedy."<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|1970|pp=22–23}}</ref>

The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. Griaule describes it in this passage:

{{blockquote|Most of the conversations with Ogotemmêli had indeed turned largely on twins and on the need for duality and the doubling of individual lives. The Eight original Ancestors were really eight pairs&nbsp;... But after this generation, human beings were usually born single. Dogon religion and Dogon philosophy both expressed a haunting sense of the original loss of twin-ness. The heavenly Powers themselves were dual, and in their Earthly manifestations they constantly intervened in pairs&nbsp;...<ref name="Griaule_198">{{harvp|Griaule|1970|p=198}}</ref>}}

The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule's day because it recalled the "fabulous past, when all beings came into existence in twos, symbols of the balance between humans and the divine". According to Griaule, the celebration of twin-births was a cult that extended all over Africa.<ref name="Griaule_198"/> Today, a significant minority of the Dogon practice [[Islam]]. Another minority practices Christianity.

Those who remain in their ethnic religion generally believe in the significance of the stars and the creator god, [[Amma (deity)|Amma]], who created [[Earth]] and molded it into the shape of a woman,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Matt |first1=Phillips |title=The Africa Book: A Journey Through Every Country in the Continent |last2=Andrew |first2=David |last3=Bainbridge |first3=James |last4=Bewer |first4=Tim |last5=Bindloss |first5=Joe |last6=Carillet |first6=Jean-Bernard |last7=Clammer |first7=Paul |last8=Cornwell |first8=Jane |last9=Crossan |first9=Rob |date=September 2007 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |editor=Matt Phillips |isbn=978-1-74104-602-1 |location=[[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]], Australia |page=84 |oclc=144596621}}</ref> imbuing it with a divine feminine principle.

=== Marriage ===
The vast majority of marriages are monogamous, but nonsororal [[polygyny|polygynous]] marriages are allowed in the Dogon culture. However, even in polygynous marriages, it is rare for a man to have more than two wives. In a polygynous marriage, the wives reside in separate houses within the husband's compound. The first wife, or ''ya biru,'' holds a higher position in the family relative to any wives from later marriages. Formally, wives join their husband's household only after the birth of their first child.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The selection of a wife is carried out by the man's parents. Marriages are [[endogamous]] in that the people are limited to marry only persons within their [[clan]] and within their [[caste]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beierle |first1=John |last2=Skoggard |first2=Ian A. |title=Culture Summary: Dogon |date=2000 |page=4}}</ref>

Women may leave their husbands early in their marriage, before the birth of their first child.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} After a couple has had children together, [[divorce]] is a rare and serious matter, and it requires the participation of the whole village.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Divorce is more common in polygynous marriages than in monogamous marriages. In the event of a divorce, the woman takes only the youngest child with her, and the rest remain as a part of the husband's household. An enlarged family can count up to a hundred persons and is called ''guinna''.

[[Image:Hogon.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Hogon]].]]
The Dogon are strongly oriented toward harmony, which is reflected in many of their rituals. For instance, in one of their most important rituals, the women praise the men, the men thank the women, the young express appreciation for the old, and the old recognize the contributions of the young. Another example is the custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon meets another. This custom is repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village, all day.

During a greeting ritual, the person who has entered the contact answers a series of questions about his or her whole family, from the person who was already there. The answer is ''sewa'', which means that everything is fine. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. Because the word ''sewa'' is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village, neighboring peoples have dubbed the Dogon the ''sewa people''.

=== Hogon ===
{{main|Hogon}}
The [[Hogon]] is the spiritual and political leader of the village. He is elected from among the oldest men of the dominant lineage of the village.

After his election, he has to follow a six-month [[initiation]] period, during which he is not allowed to shave or wash. He wears white clothes and nobody is allowed to touch him. A [[virgin]] who has not yet had her [[Menstrual cycle|period]] takes care of him, cleans his house, and prepares his meals. She returns to her home at night.

[[File:Tellem Dwelling Bandiagara Escarpment Mali.jpg|300px|thumb|A mud mosque and [[minaret]].]]
After initiation, the Hogon wears a red [[Fez (hat)|fez]]. He has an armband with a sacred [[pearl]] that symbolises his function. The virgin is replaced by one of his wives, and she also returns to her home at night. The Hogon has to live alone in his house. The Dogon believe the sacred snake Lébé comes during the night to clean him and to transfer [[wisdom]].

=== Subsistence pattern ===
The Dogon are primarily agriculturalists and cultivate millet, [[sorghum]] and [[rice]], as well as onions, tobacco, [[peanut]]s, and some other vegetables. Griaule encouraged the construction of a dam near Sangha and persuaded the Dogon to cultivate [[onion]]s.  The economy of the Sangha region has doubled since then, and its onions are sold as far as the market of [[Bamako]] and those of the [[Ivory Coast]]. Grain is stored in granaries.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In addition to agriculture, the women gather wild fruits, tubers, nuts, and [[honey]] in the bush outside of village borders. Some young men will hunt for small game, but wild animals are relatively scarce near villages. While the people keep chickens or herds of [[sheep]] and [[goat]]s in Dogon villages, animal husbandry holds little economic value. Individuals with high status may own a small number of cattle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beek |first1=W. E. A. |title=Processes and Limitations of Dogon Agricultural Knowledge |journal=Anthropological Critique of Development: The Growth of Ignorance |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-415-07958-7 |url=https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=fa16-030}}</ref>

Since the late 20th century, the Dogon have developed peaceful trading relationships with other societies and have thereby increased variety in their diets. Every four days, Dogon people participate in markets with neighboring tribes, such as the [[Fulani]] and the [[Dyula people|Dyula]]. The Dogon primarily sell agricultural commodities: onions, grain, cotton, and tobacco. They purchase [[sugar]], salt, European merchandise, and many animal products, such as milk, butter, and dried fish.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Castes===
There are two endogamous castes in Dogon society: the smiths and the leather-workers. Members of these castes are physically separate from the rest of the village and live either at the village edge or outside of it entirely. While the castes are correlated to profession, membership is determined by birth. The smiths have important ritual powers and are characteristically poor. The leather-workers engage in significant trade with other ethnic groups and accumulate wealth. Unlike norms for the rest of society, parallel-[[cousin marriage]] is allowed within castes. Caste boys do not get circumcised.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tait |first1=David |title=An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |date=1950 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=185–189|doi=10.2307/1156785 |jstor=1156785 |s2cid=146405829 }}</ref>

===Circumcision===
[[Image:Dogon Circumsion Cave Painting.jpg|300px|thumb|Cave paintings depicting circumcisions.]]
In Dogon thought, men and women are born with both sexual components. The [[clitoris]] is considered male, while the [[foreskin]] is considered female.<ref name="Griaule_22"/> (Originally, for the Dogon, man was endowed with a dual soul. [[Female circumcision|Circumcision]] is believed to eliminate the superfluous one.<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|1970|p=24}}</ref>) Rites of circumcision enable each sex to assume its proper physical identity.

Boys are [[circumcision|circumcised]] in age groups of three years, counting for example all boys between 9 and 12 years old. This marks the end of their youth, and they are [[initiation|initiated]]. The [[blacksmith]] performs the circumcision. Afterwards, the boys  stay for a few days in a hut separated from the rest of the village people, until the wounds have healed. The circumcision is celebrated and the initiated boys go around and receive presents. They make music on a special instrument that is made of a rod of wood and [[calabash]]es that makes the sound of a [[Rattle (percussion instrument)|rattle]].

The newly circumcised youths, now considered young men, walk around naked for a month after the procedure so that their achievement in age can be admired by the tribe. This practice has been passed down for generations and is always followed, even during winter.

Once a boy is circumcised, he transitions into young adulthood and moves out of his father's house. All of the men in his age-set live together in a ''duñe'' until they marry and have children.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tait |first1=David |title=An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |date=1950 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=174–176|doi=10.2307/1156785 |jstor=1156785 |s2cid=146405829 }}</ref>

The Dogon are among several African ethnic groups that practice [[female genital mutilation]], including a type I circumcision, meaning that the clitoris is removed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Womack|first1=Mari|title=The Anthropology of Health and Healing|date=2009|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0-7591-1044-1|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqAraOM_CKgC&q=Dogon+female+circumcision&pg=PA11|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

The village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white [[cave painting|rock painting]]s of animals and plants. Nearby is a cave where [[musical instrument|music instrument]]s are stored.

=== Dogon mask societies ===
{{see also|Awa Society}}
The ''[[Awa Society|Awa]]'' is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance. It has a strict code of etiquette, obligations, interdicts, and a secret language (''sigi sǫ''). All initiated Dogon men participate in Awa, with the exception of some caste members. Women are forbidden from joining and prohibited from learning ''sigi sǫ''. The 'Awa' is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals. There are two major events at which the Awa perform: the 'sigi' ritual and 'dama' funeral rituals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tait |first1=David |title=An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|date=1950 |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=194|doi=10.2307/1156785 |jstor=1156785 |s2cid=146405829 }}</ref>

'Sigi' is a society-wide ritual to honor and recognize the first ancestors. Thought to have originated as a method to unite and keep peace among Dogon villages, the 'sigi' involves all members of the Dogon people. Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. Each village celebrates for around a year before the 'sigi' moves to the next village. A new 'sigi' is started every 60 years.

Dogon funeral rituals come in two parts. The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. Damas that are still performed today are not usually performed for their original intent, but instead are performed for tourists interested in the Dogon way of life. The Dogon use this entertainment to earn income by charging tourists money for the [[mask]]s they want to see and for the ritual itself (Davis, 68).

The traditional dama consists of a masquerade intended to lead the [[souls]] of the departed to their final resting places, through a series of ritual dances and rites.  Dogon damas include the use of many masks, which they wore by securing them in their teeth, and [[Sculpture|statuettes]].  Each Dogon village may differ in the designs of the masks used in the dama ritual.  Similarly each village may have their own way of performing the dama rituals.  The dama consists of an event, known as the Halic, that is held immediately after the death of a person and lasts for one day (Davis, 68).

According to Shawn R. Davis, this particular ritual incorporates the elements of the ''yingim'' and the ''danyim.'' During the ''yincomoli'' ceremony, a [[gourd]] is smashed over the deceased's wooden [[Bowl (vessel)|bowl]], [[Hoe (tool)|hoe]], and ''bundukamba'' (burial blanket). This announces the entrance of persons wearing the masks used in this ceremony, while the deceased's entrance to his home in the family compound is decorated with ritual elements (Davis, 72–73).

[[File:Mali1974-027 hg.jpg|thumb|A man wearing a Sirige mask jumps during a ceremony, 1974]]
Masks used during the yincomoli ceremony include the ''Yana Gulay'', ''Satimbe'', ''Sirige'', and ''Kanaga''. The Yana Gulay mask's purpose is to impersonate a Fulani woman, and is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells. The Satimbe mask represents the women ancestors, who are said to have discovered the purpose of the masks by guiding the spirits of the deceased into the [[afterlife]] (Davis, 74). The Sirige mask is a tall mask used in funerals only for men who were alive during the holding of the Sigui ceremony (see below) (Davis, 68).  The Kanaga masqueraders, at one point, dance and sit next to the bundkamba, which represents the deceased.

The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days. These events are held annually to honor the elders who have died since the last Dama.  The yingim consists of both the sacrifice of cows, or other valuable animals, and mock combat. Large mock battles are performed in order to help chase the spirit, known as the ''nyama,'' from the deceased's body and village, and towards the path to the afterlife (Davis, 68).

The danyim is held a couple of months later. During the danyim, masqueraders perform dances every morning and evening for any period up to six days, depending on that village's practice. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68).

===Sects===
[[Image:Crocodile totem.jpg|thumb|300px|Crocodile Totem]]
Dogon society is composed of several different [[sect]]s:
*The sect of the [[creator deity|creator god]] Amma. The celebration is once a year and consists of offering boiled millet on the conical [[altar]] of Amma, colouring it white. All other sects are directed to the god Amma.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
*''Sigui'' is the most important [[ceremony]] of the Dogon. It takes place every 60 years and can take several years. The last one started in 1967 and ended in 1973; the next one will start in 2027. The Sigui ceremony symbolises the death of the first ancestor (not to be confused with Lébé) until the moment that humanity acquired the use of the spoken word. The Sigui is a long [[procession]] that starts and ends in the village of [[Youga Dogorou]], and goes from one village to another during several months or years. All men wear [[masks]] and dance in long processions. The Sigui has a secret language, Sigui So, which women are not allowed to learn. The secret Society of Sigui plays a central role in the ceremony. They prepare the ceremonies a long time in advance, and they live for three months hidden outside of the villages while nobody is allowed to see them. The men from the Society of Sigui are called the ''Olubaru''. The villagers are afraid of them, and fear is cultivated by a prohibition to go out at night, when sounds warn that the Olubaru are out. The most important mask that plays a major role in the Sigui rituals is the Great Mask, or the Mother of Masks. It is several meters long, held by hand, and not used to hide a face. This mask is newly created every 60 years.
*The [[Binou (Dogon religion)|''Binou'' sect]] uses [[totem]]s: common ones for the entire village and individual ones for totem priests. A totem animal is worshiped on a Binou altar. Totems are, for example, the [[African Buffalo|buffalo]] for Ogol-du-Haut and the [[Black panther|panther]] for Ogol-du-Bas. Normally, no one is harmed by their totem animal, even if this is a [[crocodile]], as it is for the village of Amani (where there is a large [[pond|pool]] of crocodiles that do not harm villagers). However, a totem animal might exceptionally harm if one has done something wrong. A worshiper is not allowed to eat his totem. For example, an individual with a buffalo as totem is not allowed to eat buffalo meat, to use leather from its skin, nor to see a buffalo die. If this happens by accident, he has to organise a [[Ritual purification|purification]] [[sacrifice]] at the Binou altar. Boiled millet is offered, and goats and chickens are sacrificed on a Binou altar. This colours the altar white and red. Binou altars look like little houses with a door. They are bigger when the altar is for an entire village. A village altar also has the 'cloud hook', to catch [[clouds]] and make it rain.
*The ''Lébé'' sect worships the ancestor Lébé Serou, the first mortal human being, who, in Dogon myth, was transformed into a snake. The celebration takes place once a year and lasts for three days. The altar is a pointed conic structure on which the Hogon offers boiled millet while mentioning in his [[benediction]] eight [[Cereal|grains]] plus one. Afterwards, the Hogon performs some [[rituals]] in his house, which is the home of Lébé. The last day, all the village men visit all the Binou altars and dance three times around the Lébé altar. The Hogon invites everybody who assisted to drink the millet beer.
*The ''twin'' sect: The birth of [[twins]] is a sign of good luck. The extended Dogon families have common rituals, during which they evoke all their [[ancestors]] back to their [[genealogy|origin]]—the ancient pair of twins from the creation of the world.
*The ''Mono'' sect: The Mono altar is at the entry of every village. Unmarried young men celebrate the Mono sect once a year in January or February. They spend the night around the altar, singing and screaming and waving with fire [[torches]]. They hunt for mice that will be sacrificed on the altar at dawn.

== Dogon villages ==
[[Image:DogonVillage.jpg|thumb|300px|A typical Dogon village.]]
[[Image:Toguna.jpg|thumb|300px|A Toguna]]
Villages are built along escarpments and near a source of water. On average, a village contains around 44 houses organized around the 'ginna', or head man's house. Each village is composed of one main lineage (occasionally, multiple lineages make up a single village) traced through the male line. Houses are built extremely close together, many times sharing walls and floors.

Dogon villages have different buildings:

*''Male granary'': storage place for pearl millet and other grains. Building with a pointed roof. This building is well protected from mice. The number of filled male granaries is an indication for the size and the richness of a guinna.
*''Female granary'': storage place for a woman's things, her husband has no access. Building with a pointed roof. It looks like a male granary but is less protected against mice. Here, she stores her personal belongings such as clothes, jewelry, money and some food. A woman has a degree of economic independence, and earnings and things related to her merchandise are stored in her personal granary. She can for example make cotton or [[pottery]]. The number of female granaries is an indication for the number of women living in the guinna.
*''Tógu nà'' (a kind of ''case à palabres''): a building only for men. They rest here much of the day throughout the heat of the dry season, discuss affairs and take important decisions in the [[toguna]].<ref>Anne Doquet, Sory Camara, ''Les masques dogon:ethnologie savante et ethnologie autochtone,'' Karthala editions, 1999 p.253</ref> The roof of a toguna is made by 8 layers of millet stalks. It is a low building in which one cannot stand upright. This helps with avoiding violence when discussions get heated.
*''Punulu'' (a house for [[menstrual cycle|menstruating]] women): this house is on the outside of the village. It is constructed by women and is of lower quality than the other village buildings. Women having their period are considered to be unclean and have to leave their family house to live during five days in this house. They use kitchen equipment only to be used here. They bring with them their youngest children. This house is a gathering place for women during the evening. This hut is also thought to have some sort of reproductive symbolism due to the fact that the hut can be easily seen by the men who are working the fields who know that only women who are on their period, and thus not pregnant, can be there.

==Languages==
{{main|Dogon languages|Bangime language|Tebul Sign Language}}
Dogon has been frequently referred to as a single language. There are at least five distinct groups of dialects. The most ancient dialects are ''dyamsay'' and ''tombo'', the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. The Dogon dialects are highly distinct from one another and many varieties are not mutually intelligible, actually amounting to some 12 dialects and 50 sub-dialects. There is also a secret ritual language ''sigi sǫ'' (language of Sigi), which is taught to dignitaries (''olubarū'') of the Society of the Masks – all of whom must be circumcised men – during their enthronement at the ''Sigui'' ceremony.<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|Dieterlen|1965|pp=18–19}}</ref>

It is generally accepted that the Dogon language belongs to the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo language family]], though the evidence is weak.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}{{why|date=December 2017}} They have been linked to the [[Mande languages|Mande]] subfamily but also to [[Gur languages|Gur]]. In a recent overview of the Niger–Congo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch.<ref name=":0">{{harvp|Williamson|Blench|2000|p=18}}</ref>

The Dogon languages show few remnants of a unique [[noun class]] system, an example of which is that human nouns take a distinct plural suffix. This leads linguists to conclude that Dogon is likely to have diverged from Niger–Congo very early.{{when|date=December 2017}} Another indication of this is the [[subject–object–verb]] basic word order, which Dogon shares with such early Niger–Congo branches as [[Ijoid languages|Ijoid]] and [[Mande languages|Mande]].

About 1,500 ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali speak the [[Bangime language]], which is unrelated to the other Dogon languages and presumed by linguists to be an ancient, pre-Dogon [[language isolate]], although a minority of linguists (most notably [[Roger Blench]]) hypothesise that it may be related to [[Proto-Nilo-Saharan]].<ref>Blench, Roger. 2015. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/MT%20XX%20Blench%20off%20print.pdf Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon]. In ''Mother Tongue'', Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of [[Harold Crane Fleming]] (1926-2015).</ref>

==Astronomical beliefs==
Starting with the French anthropologist [[Marcel Griaule]], several authors have claimed that Dogon traditional religion incorporates details about extrasolar astronomical bodies that could not have been discerned from naked-eye observation. The idea has entered the [[New Age]] and [[Ancient astronauts|ancient astronaut]] literature as evidence that extraterrestrial aliens visited Mali in the distant past. Other authors have argued that previous 20th-century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information and dispute whether Griaule's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all.

From 1931 to 1956, Griaule studied the Dogon in field missions ranging from several days to two months in 1931, 1935, 1937 and 1938<ref>Ciarcia, Gaetano "Dogons et Dogon. Retours au 'pays du reel'", ''L'Homme'' 157 (janvier/mars): 217–229. [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.cairn.info/article.php%3FID_REVUE%3DLHOM%26ID_NUMPUBLIE%3DLHOM_157%26ID_ARTICLE%3DLHOM_157_0217&ei=QpgNSrSRKtSrjAfC4JG2Bg&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=9&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Ddogon%2Bgriaule%2B%25221931-1933%2522%2B1935%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official%26sa%3DG%26num%3D100%26newwindow%3D1]</ref> and then annually from 1946 until 1956.<ref>Imperato, Pascal James, ''Historical Dictionary of Mali'' Scarecrow Press, 1977 {{ISBN|978-0-8108-1005-1}} p.53</ref> In late 1946, Griaule spent a consecutive 33 days in conversations with the Dogon wiseman [[Ogotemmeli]], the source of much of Griaule and [[Germaine Dieterlen]]'s future publications.<ref>Imbo, Samuel Oluoch, ''An Introduction to African Philosophy'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (28 June 1998) {{ISBN|978-0-8476-8841-8}} p.64 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-p0iHjAEBvkC&dq=griaule+dogon+Ogotemm%C3%AAli+++days&pg=PA64]</ref> They reported that the Dogon believe that the brightest star in the night sky, [[Sirius]] (''Sigi Tolo'' or "star of the Sigui"<ref>Sirius is also called ''Albararu''. See {{harvp |Griaule |Dieterlen |1965 |p=514}}</ref>), has two companion stars, ''Pō Tolo'' (the [[Fonio|Digitaria]] star), and ''ęmmę ya tolo'', (the female [[Sorghum]] star), respectively the first and second companions of Sirius A.<ref>{{harvp |Griaule |Dieterlen |1965 |pp=468, 470, 514}}</ref> Sirius, in the Dogon system, formed one of the foci for the orbit of a tiny star, the companionate Digitaria star. When Digitaria is closest to Sirius, that star brightens: when it is farthest from Sirius, it gives off a twinkling effect that suggests to the observer several stars. The orbit cycle takes 50 years.<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|Dieterlen|1976|pp=64–65, 68}}</ref> They also claimed that the Dogon appeared to know of the [[rings of Saturn]], and the [[moons of Jupiter]].<ref>M Griaule, G Dieterlen, ''The Dogon of the French Sudan'' (1948)</ref>

Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this '[[French Sudan|Sudanese]]' star system, and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer, "The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed."<ref>{{harvp|Griaule|Dieterlen|1976|p=59}}</ref>

More recently, doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlen's work.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ramtops.co.uk/dogon.html |title = The Dogon Revisited |access-date = 2007-10-13 |author = Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130216045735/http://www.ramtops.co.uk/dogon.html |archive-date = 16 February 2013 |df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="coppens">{{cite web |url = http://www.philipcoppens.info/dogonshame.html |title = Dogon Shame |access-date = 2007-10-13 |author = Philip Coppens |author-link = Philip Coppens (author) |df = dmy-all| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180413185512/http://www.philipcoppens.info/dogonshame.html |archive-date = 13 April 2018 }}</ref> In a 1991 article in ''[[Current Anthropology]]'', anthropologist Wouter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, "Though they do speak about ''Sigu Tolo'' [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is [[Venus]] that, through a different position, appears as ''Sigu Tolo''. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule."<ref>{{cite journal |jstor = 2743641 |last =van Beek |first = WAE |journal = Current Anthropology| volume = 32 |issue = 2 |year = 1991 |title = Dogon Restudied: A Field Evaluation of the Work of Marcel Griaule |author2 = Bedaux |author3 = Blier |author4 = Bouju |author5 = Crawford | author6 = Douglas |author7 = Lane |author8 = Meillassoux |pages = 139–67 |doi = 10.1086/203932|s2cid =224796672 }}</ref>

Griaule's daughter Geneviève Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy".<ref>Geneviève Calame-Griaule: "On the Dogon Restudied". Current Anthropology, Vol. 32, No. 5 (December 1991), pp. 575–577</ref> An independent assessment is given by Andrew Apter of the University of California.<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/apter/Cahiers.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080627055808/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/apter/Cahiers.pdf |archive-date = 27 June 2008 |title = Griaule's Legacy: Rethinking "''la parole claire''" in Dogon Studies |author = Andrew Apter |journal=[[Cahiers d'Études africaines]] |volume=XLV |issue=1 |date=2005 |pages=95–129}}</ref>

In a 1978 critique, skeptic Ian Ridpath concluded: "There are any number of channels by which the Dogon could have received Western knowledge long before they were visited by Griaule and Dieterlen."<ref>Ridpath, Ian (1978) [https://web.archive.org/web/20030217073018/http://www.csicop.org/si/7809/sirius.html "Investigating the Sirius Mystery"] Skeptical Inquirer, vol.3, no.1, pp.56–62</ref> In his book ''Sirius Matters'', Noah Brosch postulates that the Dogon may have had contact with astronomers based in Dogon territory during a five-week expedition, led by [[Henri-Alexandre Deslandres]], to study the [[Solar eclipse of April 16, 1893|solar eclipse of 16 April 1893]].<ref>{{citation |first=Noah |last=Brosch |year=2008 |title=Sirius Matters |page=66 |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ricStR4SE-UC |access-date=21 January 2011 |isbn=978-1-4020-8319-8}}</ref>

[[Robert Todd Carroll]] also states that a more likely source of the knowledge of the Sirius star system is from contemporary, terrestrial sources who provided information to interested members of the tribes.<ref>{{cite book |last = Carroll |first = RT |author-link = Robert Todd Carroll |title = The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA104 | page = 104 |isbn = 978-0-471-27242-7 |publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]] |year = 2003}}</ref> [[James Oberg]], however, citing these suspicions notes their completely speculative nature, writing that, "The obviously advanced astronomical knowledge must have come from somewhere, but is it an ancient bequest or a modern graft? Although Temple fails to prove its antiquity, the evidence for the recent acquisition of the information is still entirely circumstantial."<ref>{{cite web |last = Oberg |first = J |author-link = James Oberg |url = http://www.debunker.com/texts/dogon.html |title = The Sirius Mystery |access-date = 2008-12-30 }}</ref> Additionally, [[James Clifford (historian)|James Clifford]] notes that Griaule sought informants best qualified to speak of traditional lore, and deeply mistrusted converts to Christianity, Islam, or people with too much contact with whites.<ref>[[James Clifford (historian)|James Clifford]], 'Power and Dialogue in Ethnography:Marcel Griaule's initiation,' in George W. Stocking (ed.) ''Observers observed: essays on ethnographic fieldwork'', University of Wisconsin Press, 1983 pp. 121–156, p.137</ref>

Oberg points out a number of errors contained in the Dogon beliefs, including the number of moons possessed by [[Jupiter]], that [[Saturn]] was the furthest planet from the sun, and the only planet with rings. Interest in other seemingly falsifiable claims, namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (not hypothesized until the 1950s), led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple, asserting that "Temple offered another line of reasoning. 'We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test, regardless of our preconceptions.' One example: 'If a Sirius-C is ever discovered and found to be a red dwarf, I will conclude that the Dogon information has been fully validated.'

This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system, ''Ęmmę Ya'', or a star "larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude". In 1995, gravitational studies indeed showed the possible presence of a [[brown dwarf]] star orbiting around Sirius (a Sirius-C) with a six-year orbital period.<ref>Benest, D. and Duvent, J. L. (1995). [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995A&A...299..621B "Is Sirius a triple star?"] Astronomy and Astrophysics 299: 621–628</ref> A more recent study using advanced infrared imaging concluded that the probability of the existence of a triple star system for Sirius is "now low" but could not be ruled out because the region within 5 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] of Sirius A had not been covered.<ref>{{cite journal
|arxiv = 0809.4871
|title = ADONIS high contrast infrared imaging of Sirius-B
|journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics |author1=Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M. |author2=Pantin, E. |date=October 2008 |volume= 489 
|issue = 2 
|pages= 651–655 
|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20078937 |bibcode=2008A&A...489..651B |s2cid = 14743554
 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ethnic groups in Mali]]
*[[Ethnic groups in Niger]]
*[[Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|24em}}

==References==

===People===
{{refbegin}}
*Beaudoin, Gerard: ''Les Dogon du Mali'' (1997) Ed. BDT Développement. {{ISBN|2-9511030-0-X}}
*Bedaux, R. & J.&nbsp;D. van der Waals (eds.) (2003) ''Dogon: mythe en werkelijkheid in Mali'' [Dogon: myth and reality in Mali]. Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology.
*[[Marcel Griaule|Griaule, M.]]: ''Dieu d'eau. Entretiens avec Ogotemmêli.'' (1966) Ed Fayard. {{ISBN|2-213-59847-9}} (the original French work of Griaule (that was published in 1948) on his discussions with Ogotemmêli)
*{{cite book |last=Griaule |first=Marcel |author-link=Marcel Griaule |year=1970 |orig-date=1965 |title=Conversations With Ogotemmêli: an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas |publisher=Oxford University Press for the International African Institute |isbn=978-0-19-519821-8 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Griaule |first1=Marcel |author-link1=Marcel Griaule |first2=Germaine |last2=Dieterlen |author-link2=Germaine Dieterlen |chapter=A Sudanese Sirius System |editor=Robert Temple |editor-link=Robert K. G. Temple |year=1976 |title=The Sirius Mystery |publisher=Futura Books |location=London |pages=58–81 }} – a translation of {{cite journal |last1=Griaule |first1=M. |author-link1=Marcel Griaule |first2=G. |last2=Dieterlen |author-link2=Germaine Dieterlen |year=1950 |title=Un système soudanais de Sirius |journal=Journal de la Société des Africainistes |volume=XX |issue=1 |pages=273–294 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1950.2611 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Griaule |first1=Marcel |author-link1=Marcel Griaule |first2=Germaine |last2=Dieterlen |author-link2=Germaine Dieterlen |year=1965 |series=Le renard pâle |publisher=Institut d'Ethnologie Musée de l'homme |location=Paris |volume=1 |title=Le mythe cosmologique }}
*{{cite book |last1=Griaule |first1=Marcel |author-link1=Marcel Griaule |first2=Germaine |last2=Dieterlen |author-link2=Germaine Dieterlen |year=1986 |title=The Pale Fox |others=Translated by Stephen C. Infantino |location=Chino Valley, AZ |publisher=Continuum Foundation }}
*Morton, Robert (ed.) & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. van Beek (text) (2001) ''Dogon: Africa's people of the cliffs''. New York: Abrams. {{ISBN|0-8109-4373-5}}
*Sékou Ogobara Dolo: ''La mère des masques. Un Dogon raconte.'' (2002) [http://www.seuil.com/ Eds. Seuil] {{ISBN|2-02-041133-4}}
*Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996) ''Les Dogon'' (photographs by Michel Renaudeau; text by Nadine Wanono). Paris: Éditions du Chêne-Hachette. {{ISBN|2-85108-937-4}}
*[http://www.petitfute.com/ Eds. Petit Futé]. ''Mali 2005–2006'' {{ISBN|2-7469-1185-X}}
{{refend}}

===Language===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Bertho | first1 = J. | year = 1953 | title = La place des dialectes dogon de la falaise de Bandiagara parmi les autres groupes linguistiques de la zone soudanaise | journal = Bulletin de l'IFAN | volume = 15 | pages = 405–441 }}
*Hantgan, Abbie (2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119133829/http://dogonlanguages.org/docs/Dogon_bibliography_12_2007.pdf Dogon Languages and Linguistics An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography]
*Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J.&nbsp;A. & E.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;K. Durieux-Boon (2004) ''Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area.'' SIL International. [http://www.sil.org/silesr/2004/silesr2004-004.pdf online version]
*{{cite book |last1=Williamson |first1=Kay |last2=Blench |first2=Roger |year=2000 |chapter=Niger–Congo |editor=Bernd Heine |editor2=Derek Nurse |title=African Languages – an Introduction |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=11–42 }}
{{refend}}

===Art===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |author=Ezra, Kate | title=Art of the Dogon: selections from the Lester Wunderman collection |url=http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/35597 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1988 | isbn=978-0-87099-507-1 }}
*{{cite book |author=Laude, Jean | title=African Art of the Dogon: The Myths of the Cliff Dwellers |url=https://archive.org/details/africanartofdogo00laud |url-access=registration | location=New York | publisher= The Viking Press | year= 1973| isbn=978-0-670-10928-9 }}
*Davis, Shawn R.  "Dogon Funerals" in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. 35 Issue 2.
{{refend}}

===Dogon religion===
*[[Timothy Insoll|Insoll, Timothy]], ''Archaeology, Ritual, Religion'', [[Routledge]] (2004), p.&nbsp;123–125, {{ISBN|9781134526444}}  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HZOCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q&f=false] (retrieved 21 Mar 2025)
*Masolo, D. A., ''African Philosophy in Search of Identity'' : ''African systems of thought'', (ed. [[International African Institute]]), [[Indiana University Press]] (1994), pp.&nbsp;70–71, {{ISBN|9780253207753}} [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CTzTvGHbXpgC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false]  (retrieved 21 Mar 2025)
*[[Robert K. G. Temple|Temple, Robert]], [[The Sirius Mystery]], [[Random House]] (1999), p.&nbsp;465, {{ISBN|9780099257448}} [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4RXGAzYx-2cC&q=+monotheistic#v=onepage&q&f=false] (retrieved 21 Mar 2025)
*Griaule, Marcel (1970, (original 1965)), ''Conversations With Ogotemmêli: an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas '', p.&nbsp;97, {{ISBN|978-0-19-519821-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dogon}}
{{wikivoyage|Dogon Country}}
*[https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/dogon/dogon.html The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali, The Dance of Masks of the Dogon People]
*[https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/mali/Dogon-Fish-Festival.html The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali : the Dogon Fish Festival]
*
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4380813 African worlds : studies in the cosmological ideas and social values of African peoples]
* [http://www.dogoncountry.com/photos/ Photos of Dogon Country]
* [http://dogon-guide.com/gallery.html Pictures of Dogon Country]
* [https://africa.si.edu/collections/view/objects/asitem/Objects@8/9/title-asc?t:state:flow=36734578-5828-4e39-9a8d-2372327cb209 Dogon images from the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808113524/https://africa.si.edu/collections/view/objects/asitem/Objects@8/9/title-asc?t:state:flow=36734578-5828-4e39-9a8d-2372327cb209 |date=8 August 2017 }}
* [http://www.dogon-lobi.ch/ Dogon images & traditions]
* [http://www.marcocavallini.it/dogongale.html Pictures about Dogon dances]

{{Dogon topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Ethnic groups in Mali}}
{{Ethnic groups in Niger}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dogon]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Mali]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Niger]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Female genital mutilation]]