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{{Short description|Regent of Qing China from 1643 to 1650}}
{{family name hatnote|Dorgon|[[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin Gioro]]|lang=Manchu}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Dorgon
| title = Prince Rui of the First Rank
| image = Dorgon, the Prince Rui (17th century).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Portrait of Dorgon as regent in imperial regalia 
| alt = Three-quarter painted portrait of a thickly bearded man wearing a red hat adorned with a peacock feather and dressed with a dark long robe with dragon patterns. Clockwise from bottom left to bottom right, he is surrounded by a sheathed sword mounted on a wooden display, Manchu writing on the wall, a three-clawed dragon and a five-clawed dragon (also printed on the wall), and a wooden desk with an incense burner and a book on it.
| succession = Prince Regent of the [[Qing Empire]]
| predecessor = [[Jirgalang]] (1643–1644)
| pre-type = Co-Regents
| successor = Jirgalang (1644–1647)<br />[[Dodo (prince)|Dodo]] (1647–1649)
| suc-type = Assistant-Regents
| reign = 1643–1650
| succession1 = [[Prince Rui (睿)|Prince Rui of the First Rank]]
| predecessor1 = ''None''
| successor1 = Chunying
| reign1 = 1636–1650
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1612|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Yenden (present-day [[Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County]], [[Fushun]], Liaoning, China)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1650|12|31|1612|11|17|df=y}}
| death_place = Kharahotun (present-day [[Chengde]], Hebei, China)
| burial_place = 
| father = [[Nurhaci]]
| mother = [[Lady Abahai|Empress Xiaoliewu]]
| spouse = Lady Borjigit<br>{{Marriage|Borjigit Batema||1650|end=d}}<br>Lady Tunggiya<br>Lady Borjigit<br>Lady Borjigit<br>Lady Borjigit<br>[[Princess Uisun]]
| spouse-type = Consorts
| issue = Donggo
| house = [[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin-Gioro]]
| full name = Aisin-Gioro Dorgon ({{lang|zh-Hant|愛新覺羅 多爾袞}})
| temple name = Chengzong ({{lang|zh|成宗}}) (revoked in 1651)
| posthumous name = Emperor Maode Xiudao Guangye Dinggong Anmin Lizheng Chengjing Yi ({{lang|zh-Hant|懋德修道廣業定功安民立政誠敬義皇帝}}) (revoked in 1651)<br>Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank ({{lang|zh-Hant|和碩睿忠親王}}) (granted in 1778)
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Dorgon
| t = 多爾袞
| s = 多尔衮
| p = Duō'ěrgǔn
| lang1 = [[Manchu alphabet|Manchu script]] 
| lang1_content = {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡩᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ}}
| lang2 = Transcription 
| lang2_content = Dorgon
| ibox-order = zh}}
{{Contains special characters|Manchu}}

'''Dorgon'''{{NoteTag|{{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡩᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ}}}}, {{Literal translation|badger}};{{sfn|Elliott|2001|loc=[https://archive.org/details/manchuwayeightba00elli/page/n267 p. 242]}}}} (17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650) was a [[Manchu people|Manchu]] prince and regent of the early [[Qing dynasty]]. Born in the [[House of Aisin-Gioro]] as the 14th son of [[Nurhaci]] (the founder of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] dynasty, which was the predecessor of the Qing), Dorgon started his career in military campaigns against the Mongols, the Koreans, and the [[Ming dynasty]] during the reign of [[Hong Taiji]] (his eighth brother) who succeeded their father.

After Hong Taiji's death in 1643, he was involved in a power struggle against Hong Taiji's eldest son, [[Hooge, Prince Su|Hooge]], over the succession to the throne. Both of them eventually came to a compromise by backing out and letting Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, become the emperor; Fulin was installed on the throne as the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]. Dorgon served as [[Prince regent|Prince-Regent]] from 1643 to 1650, throughout the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign. In 1645, he was given the honorary title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" ({{lang|zh-Hant|皇叔父攝政王}}); the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" ({{lang|zh-Hant|皇父攝政王}}) in 1649.

Under Dorgon's regency, Qing forces occupied Beijing, the capital of the fallen Ming dynasty, and gradually conquered the rest of the Ming in a series of battles against [[Southern Ming|Ming loyalists]] and other opposing forces around China. Dorgon also introduced the policy of forcing all [[Han Chinese]] men to shave the front of the heads and wear their hair in [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]]s just like the Manchus. He died in 1650 during a hunting trip and was posthumously honoured as an emperor even though he was never an emperor during his lifetime. A year after Dorgon's death, however, the Shunzhi Emperor accused Dorgon of several crimes, stripped him of his titles, and ordered his remains to be exhumed and flogged in public. Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated and restored of his honorary titles by the [[Qianlong Emperor]] in 1778.

==Early career==
{{Expand section|date=June 2025}}
Dorgon was born in the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] Aisin-Gioro clan as the 14th son of [[Nurhaci]], the [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] dynasty (the precursor to the [[Qing dynasty]]). His mother was Nurhaci's primary consort, [[Lady Abahai]]. [[Ajige]] and [[Dodo, Prince Yu|Dodo]] were his full brothers, and [[Hong Taiji]] was one of his half-brothers. Dorgon was one of the most influential among Nurhaci's sons, and his role was instrumental to the Qing occupation of Beijing, the capital of the fallen [[Ming dynasty]], He fought against the [[Chahars|Chahar Mongols]] in 1628 and 1635.<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|page=860}}</ref>

After Hong Taiji died in 1643, Dorgon became involved in a power struggle with Hong Taiji's eldest son, [[Hooge, Prince Su|Hooge]], over the succession to the throne. The conflict was resolved with a compromise – both backed out, and Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, ascended the throne as the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]. Since the Shunzhi Emperor was only six years old at that time, Dorgon and his cousin [[Jirgalang]] were appointed co-regents.<ref name=SinaDorgon />

In 1644. During Hong Taiji's reign, Dorgon participated in many military campaigns, including the conquests of Mongolia and Korea.<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|page=860}}.</ref> On 17 February 1644, Jirgalang, who was a capable military leader but appeared uninterested in managing state affairs, willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=299}}.</ref> After an alleged plot by [[Hooge, Prince Su|Hooge]] to undermine the regency was exposed on 6 May of that year, Hooge was stripped of his princely title and his co-conspirators were executed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=300}}, note 231.</ref> Dorgon soon replaced Hooge's supporters (mostly from the Yellow Banners) with his own, thus gaining closer control of two more banners.<ref>{{harvnb|Dennerline|2002|p=79}}.</ref> By early June 1644, he was in firm control of the Qing government and its military.<ref>{{harvnb|Roth Li|2002|p=71}}.</ref> 

=== Conquest of the Ming ===
{{main|Qing conquest of the Ming|Southern Ming}}


[[File:Yangzhou massacre.jpg|alt=A black-and-white print of an outdoor scene depicting a broken city wall and two destroyed houses, with several corpses lying on the ground (some beheaded), and two men with swords killing unarmed men.|thumb|right|A late Qing dynasty woodblock print representing the [[Yangzhou massacre]] of May 1645. Dorgon's brother, [[Dodo, Prince Yu|Dodo]], ordered this massacre to scare other southern Chinese cities into submission. By the late 19th century, the massacre was used by anti-Qing revolutionaries to arouse [[anti-Manchu sentiment]] among the Han Chinese population.<ref>{{harvnb|Zarrow|2004a}}, passim.</ref>]]

Later, just as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]], peasant rebellions were dangerously approaching Beijing. On 24 April of that year, rebel forces led by [[Li Zicheng]] breached the walls of the Ming capital. The last Ming emperor, the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], hanged himself at [[Jingshan Park|a hill]] behind the [[Forbidden City]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mote|1999|p=809}}.</ref> Hearing the news, Dorgon's Han Chinese advisors [[Hong Chengchou]] and [[Fan Wencheng]] (范文程; 1597–1666) urged the prince to seize this opportunity to present themselves as avengers of the fallen Ming Empire and claim the [[Mandate of Heaven]] for the Qing Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=304}}; {{harvnb|Dennerline|2002|p=81}}.</ref> The last obstacle between Dorgon and Beijing was [[Wu Sangui]], a former Ming general guarding the [[Shanhai Pass]] at the eastern end of the [[Great Wall]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=290}}.</ref> 
[[File:Battle of Shanhai Pass.png|thumb|280px|Battle of Shanhai Pass in 1644; Dorgon was the commander of Qing army in this battle.]]

Later, The last obstacle between Dorgon and Beijing was Ming general [[Wu Sangui]], who was garrisoned at [[Shanhai Pass]] at the eastern end of the [[Great Wall]].<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|p=290}}.</ref> Just as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]], peasant rebellions were dangerously approaching [[Beijing]]. On 24 April of that year, rebel leader [[Li Zicheng]] breached the walls of the Ming capital, pushing the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] to hang himself on a hill behind the [[Forbidden City]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mote|1999|p=809}}.</ref> 

Wu Sangui was caught between the Manchus and Li Zicheng's forces. He requested Dorgon's help in ousting the rebels and restoring the Ming Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=304}}.</ref> When Dorgon asked Wu Sangui to work for the Qing Empire instead, Wu had little choice but to accept.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=308}}.</ref> Aided by Wu Sangui's elite soldiers, who fought the rebel army for hours before Dorgon finally chose to intervene with his cavalry, the Qing army won a decisive victory against Li Zicheng at the [[Battle of Shanhai Pass]] on 27 May.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|pp=311–312}}.</ref> Li Zicheng and his defeated troops looted Beijing for several days until they left the capital on 4 June with all the wealth they could carry.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=313}}; {{Harvnb|Mote|1999|p=817}}.</ref> Historian [[Frederic Wakeman]] claims that by the late afternoon, Wu Sangui, who already defected to the Qing, found his army on the verge of defeat when a "violent sandstorm" started blowing on the battlefield. Dorgon have chosen this moment to intervene: galloping around Wu's right flank, the Qing cavalry charged Li's left wing at Yipianshi ("Lone Rock", north of Shanhai Pass). When they saw mounted warriors with shaved foreheads rushing at them out of the storm, Shun troops broke their lines, and With their left wing shattered, the Shun army was routed; thousands of Shun soldiers were massacred as they retreated chaotically toward [[Yongping, Jinggu County|Yongping]].<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|page=311–312}}.</ref>

Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=857}}.</ref> On 30 October the six-year-old monarch performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the [[Temple of Heaven|Altar of Heaven]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=858}}.</ref> The southern cadet branch of [[Confucius]]'s descendants who held the title [[Hanlin Academy|''wujing boshi'']] and the northern branch 65th generation descendant of Confucius to hold the title [[Duke Yansheng]] had their titles confirmed by the Shunzhi Emperor on 31 October.<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|page=858}}</ref> A formal ritual of enthronement for the Shunzhi Emperor was held on 8 November, during which the young emperor compared Dorgon's achievements to those of the [[Duke of Zhou]], a revered regent of the [[Zhou dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|page=858,860}}"According to the emperor's speechwriter, who was probably Fan Wencheng, Dorgon even 'surpassed' (''guo'') the revered Duke of Zhou because 'The Uncle Prince also led the Grand Army through Shanhai Pass to smash two hundred thousand bandit soldiers, and then proceeded to take Yanjing, pacifying the Central Xia. He invited us to come to the capital and received him as a great guest'."</ref> During the ceremony, Dorgon's official title was raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle and Prince Regent" ({{lang|zh-Hant|叔父攝政王}}), in which the Manchu term for "Uncle" (''ecike'') represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985}}, pp. 860–861, & p. 861, note 31.</ref> Three days later Dorgon's co-regent, [[Jirgalang]], was demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" ({{lang|zh-Hant|輔政叔王}}).<ref name="Wakeman 1985 861">{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=861}}.</ref> In June 1645, Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" ({{lang|zh-Hant|皇叔父攝政王}}), leaving him one step short of claiming the throne for himself.<ref name="Wakeman 1985 861"/>

Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han Chinese official Feng Quan,<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|page=872}}</ref> who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. The Manchu [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue hairstyle]] was willingly adopted by Feng Quan before it was enforced on the Han population and Feng learned the [[Manchu language]].<ref>{{harvnb|Frederic E. Wakeman|1985|page=868}}</ref>

===Settling in the capital===
[[File:CircularMound.jpg|alt=Color photograph of a three-level stone structure with railings on each level, viewed from the outside, facing a staircase that leads to the top level.|right|thumb|The circular mound of the [[Temple of Heaven|Altar of Heaven]], where the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] conducted sacrifices on 30 October 1644, ten days before being officially proclaimed [[Emperor of China]]. The ceremony marked the moment when the Qing dynasty seized the [[Mandate of Heaven]].]]

After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops, the residents of Beijing sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=313}}.</ref> They were startled when, instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent, they saw Dorgon, a horse-riding Manchu with the front half of his head shaved, present himself as the [[Prince regent|Prince-Regent]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=314}} (were all expecting Wu Sangui and the heir apparent) and 315 (reaction to seeing Dorgon instead).</ref> In the midst of this upheaval, Dorgon installed himself as Prince-Regent in Wuying Palace ({{lang|zh-Hant|武英殿}}), the only building that remained more or less intact after Li Zicheng had set fire to the [[Forbidden City]] on 3 June.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=315}}.</ref> Banner troops were ordered not to loot; their discipline made the transition to Qing rule "remarkably smooth."<ref>{{harvnb|Naquin|2000|p=289}}.</ref> Yet, at the same time, as he claimed to have come to avenge the Ming Empire, Dorgon ordered that all claimants to the Ming throne (including descendants of the last Ming emperor) should be executed along with their supporters.<ref>{{harvnb|Mote|1999|p=818}}.</ref>

On 7 June, just two days after entering the city, Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population surrendered, the officials would be allowed to stay at their posts. Besides, all the men had to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=416}}; {{harvnb|Mote|1999|p=828}}.</ref> He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing, threatening Qing control over the capital region.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985}}, pp. 420–422 (which explains these matters and claims that the order was repealed by edict on 25 June). {{harvnb|Gong 宫 |2010|p=84}} gives the date as 28 June.</ref>

[[File:Examination hall, Peking.jpg|alt=A black-and-white picture of a stone-paved alley going from bottom right to top left leading to a three-roofed gate and bordered on the right by a line up of small roofed cubicles open on one side.|thumb|left|Examination rooms in Beijing. In order to enhance their legitimacy among the Chinese elite, the Qing reestablished the [[imperial examination|imperial civil service examination]]s almost as soon as they seized Beijing in 1644.]]

One of Dorgon's first orders in the new Qing capital was to vacate the entire northern part of Beijing and give it to [[Eight Banners|Bannermen]], including Han Chinese Bannermen.<ref name="Frederic E. Wakeman 1985 478"/> The Yellow Banners were given the place of honor north of the palace, followed by the White Banners to the east, the Red Banners to the west, and the Blue Banners to the south.<ref>See maps in {{harvnb|Naquin|2000|p=356}} and {{Harvnb|Elliott|2001}}, p. 103.</ref> This distribution complied with the order established in the Manchu homeland before the conquest and under which "each of the banners was given a fixed geographical location according to the points of the compass."<ref>{{Harvnb|Oxnam|1975|p=170}}.</ref> Despite tax remissions and large-scale building programmes designed to facilitate the transition, in 1648 many Chinese civilians still lived among the newly arrived Banner population and there was still animosity between the two groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Naquin|2000|pp=289–291}}.</ref> Agricultural land outside the capital was also delineated (''quan'' {{lang|zh|圈}}) and given to Qing troops.<ref name="Naquin 291">{{harvnb|Naquin|2000|p=291}}.</ref> Former landowners now became tenants who had to pay rent to their absentee Bannermen landlords.<ref name="Naquin 291"/> This transition in land use caused "several decades of disruption and hardship."<ref name="Naquin 291"/>

In 1645, Dorgon was conferred the title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" ({{lang|zh-Hant|皇叔父攝政王}}). Later, in 1649, the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" ({{lang|zh-Hant|皇父攝政王}}). It was rumoured that Dorgon had a romantic affair with the Shunzhi Emperor's mother, [[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]], and even secretly married her, but there are also refutations. Whether they secretly married,{{NoteTag|According to Manchu custom, a widowed woman can marry her brother-in-law. However, according to Han Chinese custom, such a marriage was taboo.}} had a secret affair or kept their distance remains a controversy in Chinese history.<ref name=SinaDorgon>[http://book.sina.com.cn/excerpt/sz/rw/2010-01-13/1331265392.shtml 清朝秘史：孝庄太后到底嫁没嫁多尔衮(图)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301055803/http://book.sina.com.cn/excerpt/sz/rw/2010-01-13/1331265392.shtml |date=1 March 2014 }}</ref>

Under the reign of Dorgon – whom historians have called "the mastermind of the Qing conquest" and "the principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise" – the Qing subdued almost all of China and pushed loyalist "[[Southern Ming]]" resistance into the far southwestern reaches of China. After repressing anti-Qing revolts in [[Hebei]] and [[Shandong]] in the summer and fall of 1644, Dorgon sent armies to root out [[Li Zicheng]] from the important city of [[Xi'an]] ([[Shaanxi]] province), where Li had reestablished his headquarters after fleeing Beijing in early June 1644.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985}}, p. 483 (Li reestablished headquarters in Xi'an) and 501 (Hebei and Shandong revolts, new campaigns against Li).</ref> Under the pressure of Qing armies, Li was forced to leave Xi'an in February 1645. He was killed – either by his own hand or by a peasant group that had organised for self-defence during this time of rampant banditry – in September 1645 after fleeing though several provinces.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|pp=501–507}}.</ref>

From newly captured Xi'an, in early April 1645, the Qing forces mounted a campaign against the rich commercial and agricultural region of [[Jiangnan]] south of the lower [[Yangtze River]], where in June 1644 the [[Zhu Yousong|Prince of Fu]] had established a regime loyal to the Ming.{{NoteTag|Dorgon's brother Dodo received the command to lead this "southern expedition" (''nan zheng'' 南征) on 1 April ({{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=521}}). He set out from Xi'an on that very day ({{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=657}}). The prince had been crowned as the Hongguang Emperor on 19 June 1644 ({{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=346}}; {{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=644}}).}} Factional bickering and numerous defections prevented the Southern Ming from mounting an efficient resistance.<ref>For examples of the factional struggles that weakened the Hongguang court, see {{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|pp=523–543}}. Some defections are explained in {{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|pp=543–545}}.</ref> Several Qing armies swept south, taking the key city of [[Xuzhou]] north of the [[Huai River]] in early May 1645 and soon converging on [[Yangzhou]], the main city on the Southern Ming's northern line of defence.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=522}} (taking of Xuzhou; {{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=657}}; converging on Yangzhou).</ref> Bravely defended by [[Shi Kefa]], who refused to surrender, Yangzhou fell to Qing artillery on 20 May after a one-week siege.<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=657}}.</ref> Dorgon's brother, [[Dodo, Prince Yu|Dodo]], then ordered the [[Yangzhou massacre|slaughter of Yangzhou's entire population]].<ref>{{harvnb|Finnane|1993|p=131}}.</ref> As intended, this massacre terrorised other Jiangnan cities into surrendering to the Qing Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=657}} (purpose of the massacre was to terrorise Jiangnan); {{harvnb|Zarrow|2004a}}, passim (late-Qing uses of the [[Yangzhou massacre]]).</ref> Indeed, Nanjing surrendered without a fight on 16 June after its last defenders made Dodo promise he would not harm the population.<ref name="Struve 660">{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=660}}.</ref> The Qing forces soon captured the Ming emperor (who died in Beijing the following year) and seized Jiangnan's main cities, including [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]] and [[Hangzhou]]; by early July 1645, the frontier between the Qing Empire and the Southern Ming regime had been pushed south to the [[Qiantang River]].<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=660}} (capture of Suzhou and Hangzhou by early July 1645; new frontier); {{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=580}} (capture of the emperor around 17 June, and later death in Beijing).</ref>

[[Image:Elderly Chinese American Man with Queue.close crop.jpg|alt=A black-and-white photograph from three-quarter back view of a man wearing a round cap and a long braided queue that reaches to the back of his right knee. His left foot is posed on the first step of a four-step wooden staircase. Bending forward to touch a cylindrical container from which smoke is rising, he is resting his left elbow on his folded left knee.|left|thumb|A man in [[San Francisco's Chinatown]] around 1900. The old Chinese habit of wearing a queue came from Dorgon's July 1645 edict ordering all men to shave the front half of their head and wear the rest of their hair in a [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]] similar to those of the [[Manchu people|Manchus]].]]

On 21 July 1645, after Jiangnan had been superficially pacified, Dorgon issued a most inopportune edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]]s identical to those of the Manchus.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=647}}; {{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=662}}; {{harvnb|Dennerline|2002|p=87}} (which calls this edict "the most untimely promulgation of [Dorgon's] career.)"</ref> The punishment for non-compliance was death.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuhn|1990|p=12}}.</ref> This policy of symbolic submission helped the Manchus distinguish friend from foe.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=647}} ("From the Manchus' perspective, the command to cut one's hair or lose one's head not only brought rulers and subjects together into a single physical resemblance; it also provided them with a perfect loyalty test").</ref> For Han officials and literati, however, the new hairstyle was shameful and demeaning (because it breached a common [[Confucianism|Confucian]] directive to preserve one's body intact), whereas for common folk cutting their hair was the same as losing their [[virility]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985}}, pp. 648–649 (officials and literati) and 650 (common men).</ref>{{NoteTag|In the ''[[Classic of Filial Piety]]'', [[Confucius]] is cited as "a person's body and hair, being gifts from one's parents, are not to be damaged: this is the beginning of filial piety" (身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也). Prior to the Qing dynasty, adult Han Chinese men customarily did not cut their hair, but instead wore it in a topknot.}} Because it united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule, the hair cutting command greatly hindered the Qing conquest.<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988|pp=662–663}} ("broke the momentum of the Qing conquest"); {{harvnb|Wakeman|1975|p=56}} ("the hair-cutting order, more than any other act, engendered the Kiangnan [Jiangnan] resistance of 1645"); {{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=650}} ("the rulers' effort to make Manchus and Han one unified 'body' initially had the effect of unifying upper- and lower-class natives in central and south China against the interlopers").</ref> The defiant population of [[Jiading District|Jiading]] and [[Songjiang District|Songjiang]] was massacred by former Ming general [[Li Chengdong]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|李成東}}; d. 1649), respectively on 24 August and 22 September.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1975|p=78}}.</ref> [[Jiangyin]] also held out against about 10,000 Qing troops for 83 days. When the city walls were finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Qing army led by the previous Ming defector [[Liu Liangzuo]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|劉良佐}}; d. 1667) massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1975|page=83}}.</ref> These massacres ended armed resistance against the Qing Empire in the Lower Yangtze.<ref name="Wakeman 674">{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=674}}.</ref> A few committed loyalists became hermits, hoping that for lack of military success, their withdrawal from the world would at least symbolise their continued defiance against Qing rule.<ref name="Wakeman 674"/>

After the fall of Nanjing, two more members of the Ming imperial household created new Southern Ming regimes: one centred in coastal [[Fujian]] around the “Longwu Emperor” [[Zhu Yujian|Zhu Yujian, Prince of Tang]],  – a ninth-generation descendant of the [[Hongwu Emperor]], the Ming dynasty's founder – and one in [[Zhejiang]] around "Regent" [[Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu|Zhu Yihai]], Prince of Lu.<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988}}, pp. 665 (on the Prince of Tang) and 666 (on the Prince of Lu).</ref> But the two loyalist groups failed to cooperate, making their chances of success even lower than they already were.<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988}}, pp. 667–669 (for their failure to cooperate), 669–674 (for the deep financial and tactical problems that beset both regimes).</ref> In July 1646, a new southern campaign led by [[Bolo (prince)|Bolo]] sent Prince Lu's Zhejiang court into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian.<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=675}}.</ref> Zhu Yujian was caught and summarily executed in Tingzhou (western Fujian) on 6 October.<ref name="Struve 676">{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=676}}.</ref> His adoptive son [[Koxinga|Zheng Chenggong]] fled to the island of [[Taiwan]] with his fleet.<ref name="Struve 676"/> Finally in November, the remaining centers of Ming resistance in Jiangxi province fell to the Qing.<ref name="Wakeman 737"/>
[[File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665 0748-2.tif|thumb|alt=Black-and-white print of a man with small eyes and a thin mustache wearing a robe, a fur hat, and a necklace made with round beads, sitting cross-legged on a three-level platform covered with a rug. Behind him and much smaller are eight men (four on each side) sitting in the same position wearing robes and round caps, as well as four standing men with similar garb (on the left).|right|[[Johan Nieuhof]]'s portrait of [[Shang Kexi]], who recaptured [[Guangzhou]] from [[Southern Ming|Ming loyalist forces]] in 1650. He was one of the [[Han Chinese]] generals the Qing government relied on to conquer and administer southern China. Entrenched in the south, he eventually took part in the anti-Qing rebellion of the [[Three Feudatories]] in 1673.]]

In late 1646, two more Southern Ming monarchs emerged in the southern province of [[Guangzhou]], reigning under the [[Chinese era name|era name]]s of [[Zhu Yuyue|Shaowu]] and [[Prince of Gui|Yongli]].<ref name="Wakeman 737">{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=737}}.</ref> Short of official robes, the [[Zhu Yuyue|Shaowu]] court had to purchase from local theatre troupes.<ref name="Wakeman 737"/> The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by Li Chengdong captured Guangzhou, killed the [[Zhu Yuyue|Shaowu Emperor]], and sent the Yongli court fleeing to [[Nanning]] in Guangxi.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=738}}.</ref> In May 1648, however, Li mutinied against the Qing Empire, and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli Emperor to retake most of south China.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|pp=765–766}}.</ref> Li's loyalist resurgence failed. New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang (present-day [[Hubei]] and [[Hunan]]), Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650.<ref name="Wakeman 767">{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=767}}.</ref> The Yongli Emperor had to flee again.<ref name="Wakeman 767"/> Finally on 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by [[Shang Kexi]] captured Guangzhou and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|pp=767–768}}.</ref> Although Dutch traveler [[Johan Nieuhof]] who witnessed the event happened claimed only 8000 people were slaughtered<ref>《广东通志》、《广州市志》</ref><ref>《"庚寅之劫"——1650年广州大屠杀》，大洋網，2010年7月13日。</ref>

Meanwhile, in October 1646, Qing armies led by [[Hooge, Prince Su|Hooge]] reached Sichuan, where their mission was to destroy the regime of bandit chief [[Zhang Xianzhong]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dai|2009|p=17}}.</ref> Zhang was killed in a battle against Qing forces near [[Xichong County|Xichong]] in central Sichuan on 1 February 1647.<ref>{{harvnb|Dai|2009}}, pp. 17–18.</ref> Also late in 1646 but further north, forces assembled by a Muslim leader known in Chinese sources as Milayin ({{lang|zh-Hant|米喇印}}) revolted against Qing rule in [[Ganzhou District|Ganzhou]] ([[Gansu]]). He was soon joined by another Muslim named Ding Guodong ({{lang|zh-Hant|丁國棟}}).<ref name="Rossabi 191">{{Harvnb|Rossabi|1979|p=191}}.</ref> Proclaiming that they wanted to restore the Ming, they occupied a number of towns in Gansu, including the provincial capital [[Lanzhou]].<ref name="Rossabi 191" /> These rebels' willingness to collaborate with non-Muslim Chinese suggests that they were not only driven by religion.<ref name="Rossabi 191" /> Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed by [[Meng Qiaofang]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|孟喬芳}}; 1595–1654) in 1648, and by 1650 the Muslim rebels had been crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties.<ref>{{harvnb|Larsen|Numata|1943|p=572}} (Meng Qiaofang, death of rebel leaders); {{harvnb|Rossabi|1979|p=192}}.</ref>·

In 1646, Dorgon also ordered that the [[imperial examination|imperial civil service examinations]] for selecting government officials be reinstated. From then on, examinations were held every three years as under the Ming Empire. In the very first imperial examination held under Qing rule in 1646, candidates, most of whom were northern Chinese, were asked how the Manchus and Han Chinese could work together for a common purpose.<ref>{{harvnb|Elman|2002|p=389}}.</ref> 

To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Board of Revenue]] if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the Qing dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111230216/http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-2004Fall-11-WANG-research%20notes-final.pdf Wang 2004, pp. 215–216 & 219–221.]</ref><ref>Walthall 2008, pp. 140–141.</ref> The decree was formulated by Dorgon.<ref name="Frederic E. Wakeman 1985 478">{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=478–}}</ref>

The 1649 examination asked "how Manchus and Han Chinese could be unified so that their hearts were the same and they worked together without division."<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Elman|2002|pp=389–390}}.</ref> Under the Shunzhi Emperor's reign, the average number of graduates of the metropolitan examination per session was the highest of the Qing dynasty ("to win more Chinese support"), continuing until 1660 when lower quotas were established.<ref>{{harvnb|Man-Cheong|2004|p=7}}, Table 1.1 (number of graduates per session under each Qing reign); {{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=954}} (reason for the high quotas); {{harvnb|Elman|2001|p=169}} (lower quotas in 1660).</ref>

==Death==
{{unsourcedsect|date=August 2021}}
Dorgon died on 31 December 1650, during a hunting trip in Kharahotun{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} (present-day [[Chengde]], Hebei), after sustaining injuries despite the presence of imperial doctors. He was posthumously granted the title "Emperor Yi" ({{lang|zh-Hant|義皇帝}}) and the [[temple name]] "Chengzong" ({{lang|zh|成宗}}), even though he was never emperor during his lifetime, which is unique in all history of feudal China when only direct ancestors and deceased heirs of a higher degree to an emperor (such as one's own older brothers, one's father's older brothers, or one's cousins born into such uncles) were posthumously granted the title of Emperor.  The Shunzhi Emperor even bowed thrice in front of Dorgon's coffin during the funeral.

However, the suspicion that Dorgon was actually murdered by his political enemies while being away from the heavy protection afforded him inside the Forbidden City never went away.  Dorgon had 25 years of experience of horse-riding and managed to survive, on horseback, numerous battles with the Koreans, Mongols, Han Chinese rebels, as well as regular Han Chinese armies.  The official Qing history claim that he injured his leg while riding on his horse and that the injuries were so severe that he could not survive the trip back to the Forbidden City, despite the presence of imperial doctors, was dubious at best.  In the dry winter of northern China, the ground was not wet.  Or else, it would have easily caused horses to trip.  Another cause for suspicion is that Dorgon's corpse was exhumed, flogged, and incinerated in the purge ordered by Emperor Shunzhi, a likely method camouflaged as the ultimate punishment for his alleged plot to take over the throne, in order to remove all evidence that Dorgon was murdered.

His death also took place when Emperor Shunzhi was about 13, an appropriate age for removing the regency over his head.  That is, if Dorgon had died any earlier, Shunzhi would still need a regent to supervise the empire on his behalf.

{{Infobox royal styles
|royal name = Dorgon, Prince Rui
|dipstyle = [[His Imperial Highness]]
|offstyle = Your Imperial Highness
|altstyle = [[Prince Rui (睿)|Prince Rui]]/[[Prince Regent]]
|image = File:Seal of Qing dynasty.svg
}}

==Posthumous demotion and restoration==
{{unsourcedsect|date=August 2021}}
In 1651, Dorgon's political enemies, led by his former co-regent [[Jirgalang]], submitted to the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] a long memorial listing a series of crimes committed by Dorgon, which included: possession of yellow robes, which were strictly for use only by the emperor; plotting to seize the throne from the Shunzhi Emperor by calling himself "Emperor's Father"; killing [[Hooge, Prince Su|Hooge]] and taking Hooge's wife for himself.  It is difficult to prove verbal accusations made at the time when all records were ordered to be purged by the Qianlong Emperor in 1778 when he also ordered the rehabilitation of Dorgon.  The last charge that Dorgon took Hooge's wife was mostly contrived, as the Manchu tradition dating from the 12th century had allowed a male relative to marry the deceased person's wife almost as a charitable act to save her and her children from being starved to death in the minus 20, merciless winters of the northeastern tip of China, known nowadays as Manchuria.

Jirgalang was an ally of Hooge in the 1643 bitter fight against Dorgon, who allied with his biological brothers for succession to the throne. Jirgalang had been expelled by Dorgon from the joint regency in 1646.  This time, Jirgalang succeeded in convincing Emperor Shunzhi that even Dorgon's descendants could become a threat to the throne. As a result, Shunzhi posthumously stripped Dorgon of his titles and even had Dorgon's corpse exhumed and flogged in public.  In the February 1651 imperial edict trying to justify the ultimate punishment to a dead person as well as a key member of the imperial clan, Shunzhi ordered that not only Dorgon's name be removed from the scrolls of the imperial ancestral temple.  His biological mother, Empress Xiaoliewu, got the same treatment.  It was a political act to remove the legitimacy for succession to the throne by any future heir descended from Empress Xiaoliewu.

Execution of all of Dorgon's heirs was also ordered but intentionally not recorded in official Qing history. Dorgon had two biological brothers: Ajige, the 12th son of Nurhaci and Dodo, the 15th.  With Dodo dying of smallpox a few months prior to the death of Dorgon in December 1650 and the death of Ajige after he was arrested by Jirgalang's forces and put in jail, the 1651 purge was meant to permanently eliminate the potential that a future prince descending from Empress Xiaolewu would repeat the two Dorgon competitions for succession to the throne happening in 1626, upon the death of Nurhaci, and 1643, upon the death of Hongtaiji.

However, Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated during the [[Qianlong Emperor]]'s reign.  In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor granted Dorgon a posthumous name ''zhong'' (忠; "loyal"), so Dorgon's full posthumous title became "Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank" ({{lang|zh-Hant|和碩睿忠親王}}).  The word "loyal" was intentionally picked.  It starkly testified that the charges made by Jirgalang in 1651 were all trumped up. The Qianlong Emperor, either intentionally or inadvertently, contradicted the records of the imperial ancestral temple left behind by Shunzhi when he ordered that the words "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" ({{lang|zh|后嗣废绝}}) be included into official Qing history to indicate why Dorbo, a fifth generation descendant of Dodo, was designated to inherit the iron-cap princely title of Dorgon.  The expression "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" does not carry the same meaning as "Dorgon never had a son."  Regardless, after a lapse of 128 years, the Qianlong Emperor could no longer find the heirs of Dorgon.  The Qianlong Emperor also ordered that the rehabilitation of Dorgon be accompanied by a destruction of all the records related to the elimination of the heirs of Dorgon.  This was an inglorious chapter not only of Qing history but also the history of the imperial clan of Aisin-Gioro.

==Evaluation==
{{unsourcedsect|date=August 2025}}
According to the account of Japanese travellers,{{who|date=August 2025}}

After Dorgon led Manchu and Han Chinese troops loyal to him into Beijing on 6 June 1644, he immediately ordered restoration of order, as well as penalties for extortion and corruption activities conducted by any member of the imperial clan and other officials.  Later, he declared that all Ming officials would be re-employed and the restoration of the civil service system to look for talents nationwide.

Dorgon is usually considered a good, devoted politician but he is also blamed for "Six Bad Policies" ({{lang|zh|六大弊政}}).<ref>阎崇年，《清十二帝疑案》</ref> These were policies designed to bolster the rule of the Qing conquerors, but which caused considerable disturbance and bloodshed in China, and included:
*Forced head-shaving ({{lang|zh|剃发}}) and adopting Manchu clothing ({{lang|zh|易服}}): Chinese men were compelled to shave the front half of their heads and tie their hair in [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]]s after the Manchu fashion, on pain of death. Massacres occurred in southern Chinese cities whose inhabitants resisted the imposition of the law. 
*Land enclosure ({{lang|zh|圈地}}) and requisitioning of homes ({{lang|zh|占房}}): to provide economic bases for the Bannermen, they were allowed to enclose 'wasteland without owners' for their use; this law was however abused to take farmlands and estates which were already inhabited, with military force. 
*Forced slavery ({{lang|zh|投充}}) and anti-escapee ({{lang|zh|逃人}}) laws: in the wake of the enclosure of vast agricultural estates, the manpower was provided by allowing Bannermen to seize commoners and enslave them. This in turn necessitated decrees to tackle the problem of escapees, including [[summary execution]]s of people harbouring escaped slaves and hanging for repeated escapees.

=== Physical appearance===
{{unsourcedsect|date=August 2025}}
According to the account of Japanese travellers,{{who|date=August 2025}} Dorgon was a 34- or 35-year-old man with slightly dark skin complexion and sharp eyes. He was handsome, tall and slim, and had a shiny and beautiful [[beard]].

== Family ==
'''Primary Consort'''

* Consort, of the [[Borjigin#Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin Borjigit]] clan ({{lang|zh-Hant|嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏}})
* First primary consort, of the [[Borjigin#Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin Borjigit]] clan ({{lang|zh-Hant|嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏}}; d. January 1650), personal name Batema ({{lang|zh-Hant|巴特瑪}}), posthumously honoured as Empress Jingxiaoyi ({{lang|zh-Hant|敬孝義皇后}})
* Second primary consort, of the [[Tunggiya]] clan ({{lang|zh-Hant|嫡福晉 佟佳氏}})
* Third primary consort, of the [[Borjigin#Zha'ermang (扎爾莽) Mongols|Zha'ermang Borjigit]] clan ({{lang|zh-Hant|嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏}})
* Fourth primary consort, of the [[Borjigin#Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin Borjigit]] clan ({{lang|zh-Hant|嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏}})
* Fifth primary consort, of the [[Borjigin#Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin Borjigit]] clan ({{lang|zh-Hant|嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏}})
* [[Princess Uisun]], of the [[Yi clan of Jeonju]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|義順公主 全州李氏}}; 1635–1662), personal name Aesuk ({{lang|ko-Hani|愛淑}})

'''Secondary Consort'''

* Secondary consort, of the [[Yi clan of Jeonju]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|側福晉 全州李氏}})
** First daughter (b. 1638), personal name Donggo ({{lang|zh-Hant|東莪}})

===Ancestry===
{{ahnentafel | align = center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = Dorgon (1612–1650)
| 2 = [[Nurhaci]] (1559–1626)
| 3 = [[Lady Abahai|Empress Xiaoliewu]] (1590–1626)
| 4 = [[Taksi]] (1543–1583)
| 5 = Empress Xuan (d. 1569)
| 6 = Mantai (d. 1596)
| 8 = [[Giocangga]] (1526–1583)
| 9 = Empress Yi
| 10 = Agu
| 12 = Bugan
}}

==In popular culture==
*Portrayed by Yoo Jong-keun in the 1981 [[KBS1]] TV Series ''[[Daemyeong]]''.
*Portrayed by ''[[Park Ki-woong]]'' in the 2011 film ''[[War of the Arrows]]''.
*While he does not appear in the 2024 [[tvN]] TV Series ''[[Captivating the King]]'', he is heavily-mentioned throughout the series as ''Prince Rui''.
*Portrayed by Qu Chuxiao in the 2017 Chinese TV Series ''[[Rule the World (TV series)|Rule the World]]''
*Portryaed by Geng Le in Chinese TV Series ''The Legend of Xiao Zhuang''.

==See also==
* [[Prince Rui (睿)]]
* [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty#Male members]]
* [[Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing]]
* [[Qing conquest of the Ming]]

== Appendix ==
=== Notes ===
{{NoteFoot}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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{{refend}}

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{{Qing regents}}
{{Yizheng wang}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorgon}}
[[Category:1612 births]]
[[Category:1650 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese military personnel]]
[[Category:17th-century regents]]
[[Category:Manchu Plain White Bannermen]]
[[Category:Deliberative princes and ministers]]
[[Category:Nurhaci's sons]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty regents]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty imperial princes]]
[[Category:Prince Rui (睿)]]
[[Category:Posthumous executions]]
[[Category:17th-century generals]]