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{{Short description|Family of rodents}}
{{About||Lewis Carroll's fictional character|The Dormouse}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Dormice
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Early Eocene | Recent}}
| image = Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg
| image_caption = African dormouse, ''[[Graphiurus]]'' sp.
| taxon = Gliridae
| authority = [[Lockhart Muirhead|Muirhead]] in [[David Brewster|Brewster]], 1819<ref>Davis Brewster, ed. ''[[Edinburgh Encyclopædia]]'', 1819.</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Edible dormouse|Glis]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and genera
| subdivision = 
[[Graphiurinae]]
*''[[Graphiurus]]''
[[Leithiinae]]
*''[[Chaetocauda]]''
*''[[Dryomys]]''
*''[[Eliomys]]''
*†''[[Hypnomys]]''
*†''[[Leithia]]''
*''[[Muscardinus]]''
*''[[Myomimus]]''
*''[[Selevinia]]''
[[Glirinae]]
*''[[Glirulus]]''
*''[[Edible dormouse|Glis]]''
}}

A '''dormouse''' is a [[rodent]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Gliridae''' (this family is also variously called '''Myoxidae''' or '''Muscardinidae''' by different taxonomists). Dormice are nocturnal animals found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. They are named for their long, dormant [[hibernation]] period of six months or longer.<ref name="The Mammal Society">{{cite web | title=Species – Dormouse | website=The Mammal Society | url=http://www.mammal.org.uk/discover-mammals/species-dormouse/ | access-date=March 8, 2018 | archive-date=March 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231407/http://www.mammal.org.uk/discover-mammals/species-dormouse/ }}</ref> There are 9 genera and 28 living species of dormice, with half of living species belonging to the African genus ''[[Graphiurus]].''<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The word dormouse comes from [[Middle English]] {{lang|enm|dormous}}, of uncertain origin, possibly from a dialectal element ''*dor-'', from [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|dár}} {{gloss|benumbed}} and Middle English {{lang|enm|mous}} {{gloss|mouse}}.

The word is sometimes conjectured to come from an [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] derivative of {{lang|xno|dormir}} {{gloss|to sleep}}, with the second element mistaken for ''mouse'', but no such Anglo-Norman term is known to have existed.<ref>Random House Dictionary, dormouse.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wedgwood |first=Hensleigh |author-link=Hensleigh Wedgwood |year=1855 |title=On false etymologies |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |issue=6 |page=66 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=78 }}</ref>

The Latin noun {{lang|la|glīs}}, which is the origin of the scientific name, descends from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] noun ''*gl̥h₁éys'' {{gloss|weasel, mouse}}, and is related to [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गिरि}} ({{Transliteration|sa|girí}}) {{gloss|mouse}} and [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|γαλέη}} ({{Transliteration|grc|galéē}}) {{gloss|weasel}}.

==Characteristics==
Dormice are small rodents, with body lengths between {{convert|6|and|19|cm|abbr=on}}, and weight between {{convert|15|and|180|g|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Juškaitis |first= R.|date= 2001|title= Weight changes of the common dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius L.) during the year in Lithuania|url=https://ptes.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Juskaitis-2001-Weight-changes-of-common-dormouse.pdf |journal=Trakya University Journal of Scientific Research}}</ref> They are generally [[mouse]]-like in appearance, but with [[fur]]red [[tail]]s. They are largely [[arboreal]], agile, and well-adapted to climbing. Most species are [[nocturnal]]. Dormice have an excellent sense of [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]] and signal each other with a variety of vocalisations.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book|editor= Macdonald, D.|author= Baudoin, Claude|year= 1984|title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location= New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/678 678–680]|isbn= 978-0-87196-871-5|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/678}}</ref>

Dormice are [[omnivore|omnivorous]], and typically feed on berries, flowers, fruits, insects, and nuts. They are unique among rodents in that they lack a [[cecum]], a part of the gut used in other species to ferment vegetable matter. Their [[dentition|dental formula]] is similar to that of [[squirrel]]s, although they often lack [[premolar]]s:{{dentition2|1.0.0–1.3|1.0.0–1.3}}

Dormice breed once (or, occasionally, twice) each year, producing litters with an average of four young after a [[gestation]] period of 22–24 days. They can live for as long as five years. The young are born hairless and helpless, and their eyes do not open until about 18 days after birth. They typically become sexually mature after the end of their first hibernation. Dormice live in small family groups, with home ranges that vary widely between species and depend on the availability of food.<ref name=EoM/>

===Hibernation===
[[File:Muscardinus avellanarius - 1700-1880 little dormouse, sleeping in the winter nest.jpg|thumb|The little dormouse, sleeping in the winter nest.]]
One of the most notable characteristics of those dormice that live in [[temperate]] zones is hibernation. They can hibernate six months out of the year, or even longer if the weather does not become warm enough, sometimes waking for brief periods to eat food they had previously stored nearby. During the summer, they accumulate fat in their bodies to nourish them through the hibernation period.<ref name=EoM/>

==Relationship with humans==
The [[Glis glis|edible dormouse]] (''Glis glis'') was considered a [[Ancient Roman cuisine|delicacy in ancient Rome]], either as a savoury appetizer or as a dessert (dipped in honey and poppy seeds). The Romans used a special kind of enclosure, a [[glirarium]], to raise and fatten dormice for the table.<ref name=EoM/> It is still considered a delicacy in [[Slovenia]] and in several places in [[Croatia]], namely [[Lika]], and the islands of [[Hvar]] and [[Brač]].<ref>{{cite web| last= Freedman| first= Paul| url= http://www.gourmet.com/food/2008/03/dormouse |title= Meals that Time Forgot| website= Gourmet.com | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080311011527/http://www.gourmet.com/food/2008/03/dormouse |date= March 6, 2008 |archive-date=March 11, 2008|access-date= February 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.otok-hvar.com/en/news/fifth-puhijada-dol-hvar-695| title= Fifth Puhijada| first= Igor| last= Kolumbić| website= otok-hvar.com| publisher= Offero Prima d.o.o.| location= Hvar| access-date= February 13, 2017| archive-date= March 7, 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210307001427/http://www.otok-hvar.com/en/news/fifth-puhijada-dol-hvar-695}}</ref> Dormouse fat was believed by the [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethans]] to induce sleep since the animal put on fat before hibernating.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7967968.stm |title= 10 ways to get a really good sleep| publisher= BBC | date= 27 March 2009| access-date= February 13, 2017}}</ref>

In more recent years,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/efexotics/africandormouse.html|title=www.oocities.org/efexotics/africandormouse.html|date=2009|quote=As far as I know, my own pet shop in Cambridgeshire was the first pet shop in Britain to regularly stock the species (this was as recently as the 1990s).}}</ref> dormice have begun to enter the pet trade; however, they are uncommon as pets and are considered an [[exotic pet]]. The [[woodland dormouse]] (''Graphiurus murinus)'' is the most commonly seen species in the pet trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crittery.co.uk/species-list/african-pygmy-dormice|title=Crittery Exotics|website=crittery.co.uk}}</ref> [[Asian garden dormouse|Asian garden dormice]] (''Eliomys melanurus'') are also occasionally kept as pets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crittery.co.uk/species-list/asian-garden-dormice|title=Crittery Exotics|website=crittery.co.uk}}</ref>

==Evolution==
Dormice likely originated in Europe, with the earliest dormouse genus ''[[Eogliravus]]'' being known from the Early Eocene (around 48-41 million years ago) of France. Dormice were relatively undiverse in the Eocene, but considerably diversified during the [[Oligocene]] (34-23 million years ago). Their ability to hibernate may have emerged during this period. They reached an apex of diversity during the late Early [[Miocene]] (around 17 million years ago<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Zhaoyu |last2=Mörs |first2=Thomas |date=June 2023 |title=Dormice (Rodentia, Gliridae) from the Middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, Northwest Germany |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016699523000414 |journal=Geobios |language=en |volume=78 |pages=15–31 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2023.05.002}}</ref>) when there were 18 genera and 36 species of dormice in Europe alone during this period.<ref name=":0" /> During this timespan, dormice represented the dominant group of rodents in Europe.<ref name=":1" />

The earliest Asian dormice are known from the early Miocene, and the Miocene saw the emergence of several of the modern genera of living dormice. The diversity of dormice saw continual decline until the middle [[Pliocene]], when there was again a period of speciation, mostly driven by the diversification of the African ''[[Graphiurus]]'', which first appeared during the Pliocene, while the diversity of European dormice remained relatively low compared to their Miocene peak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Xiaoyu |last2=Costeur |first2=Loïc |last3=Hugueney |first3=Marguerite |last4=Maridet |first4=Olivier |date=2021-02-01 |title=New data on early Oligocene dormice (Rodentia, Gliridae) from southern Europe: phylogeny and diversification of the family |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2021.1888814 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1888814 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref>

Several dormouse lineages experienced [[Island gigantism|insular gigantism]] after being isolated on islands in the Mediterranean during the Pliocene and [[Pleistocene]], the largest being the rabbit-sized ''[[Leithia]]'' of Sicily and Malta, the biggest ever.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hennekam |first1=Jesse J. |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B. J. |last3=Herridge |first3=Victoria L. |last4=Jeffery |first4=Nathan |last5=Torres-Roig |first5=Enric |last6=Alcover |first6=Josep Antoni |last7=Cox |first7=Philip G. |date=2020-11-11 |title=Morphological divergence in giant fossil dormice |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=287 |issue=1938 |article-number=20202085 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2085 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=7735280 |pmid=33143584}}</ref>

==Classification==
{{further|List of glirids}}
The family consists of 29 extant species, in three subfamilies and (arguably) nine genera:

Cladogram of most living and recently extinct dormice genera based on [[mitochondrial DNA]] after Petrova et al. 2024:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrova |first1=Tatyana V. |last2=Panitsina |first2=Valentina A. |last3=Bodrov |first3=Semyon Yu. |last4=Abramson |first4=Natalia I. |date=2024-09-27 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the critically endangered enigmatic Kazakhstani endemic Selevinia betpakdalaensis (Rodentia: Gliridae) and its phylogenetic relationships with other dormouse species |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-73703-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11436627 |pmid=39333293}}</ref>{{clade|{{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Graphiurinae
|1=''[[Graphiurus]]'' (African dormice)
|label2=[[Glirinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Glirulus]]'' (Japanese dormouse)
|2=''[[Glis (genus)|Glis]]'' (edible dormice)
}}}}
|label2=[[Leithiinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Muscardinus]]'' (hazel dormouse)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Myomimus]]'' (mouse-tailed dormice)
|2=''[[Selevinia]]'' (desert dormouse)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dryomys]]'' (woolly and forest dormice)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eliomys]]'' (garden dormice)
|2={{extinct}}''[[Hypnomys]]'' (Balearic dormice)
}}}}}}}}}}|label1=[[Gliridae]] (dormice)}}'''Family Gliridae''' – Dormice
* '''Subfamily [[Glirinae]]'''
** Genus ''[[Glirulus]]''
*** [[Japanese dormouse]], ''Glirulus japonicus''
** Genus ''[[Glis (genus)|Glis]]''
*** [[European edible dormouse]], ''Glis glis''
***[[Iranian edible dormouse]], ''Glis persicus''
* '''Subfamily [[Graphiurinae]]'''
** Genus ''[[Graphiurus]]'', African dormice
*** [[Angolan African dormouse]], ''Graphiurus angolensis''
*** [[Christy's dormouse]], ''Graphiurus christyi''
*** [[Walter Verheyen's African dormouse]], ''Graphiurus walterverheyeni'' <ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1206/582-9.1 |title=Chapter 9. Systematic Revision of Sub-Saharan African Dormice (Rodentia: Gliridae: ''Graphiurus'') Part II: Description of a New Species of ''Graphiurus'' from the Central Congo Basin, Including Morphological and Ecological Niche Comparisons with ''G. crassicaudatus'' and ''G. lorraineus''|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume= 331|pages=314–355|year= 2009|author1=Holden, Mary Ellen   |author2=Levine, Rebecca S |s2cid=85409018 }}</ref>
*** [[Jentink's dormouse]], ''Graphiurus crassicaudatus''
*** [[Johnston's African dormouse]], ''Graphiurus johnstoni''
*** [[Kellen's dormouse]], ''Graphiurus kelleni''
*** [[Lorrain dormouse]], ''Graphiurus lorraineus''
*** [[Monard's dormouse]], ''Graphiurus monardi''
*** [[Nagtglas's African dormouse]], ''Graphiurus nagtglasii''
*** [[Rock dormouse]], ''Graphiurus platyops''
*** [[Silent dormouse]], ''Graphiurus surdus''
*** [[Small-eared dormouse]], ''Graphiurus microtis''
*** [[Spectacled dormouse]], ''Graphiurus ocularis''
*** [[Stone dormouse]], ''Graphiurus rupicola''
*** [[Woodland dormouse]], ''Graphiurus murinus''
* '''Subfamily [[Leithiinae]]'''
** Genus ''[[Chaetocauda]]''
*** [[Chinese dormouse]], ''Chaetocauda sichuanensis''
** Genus ''[[Dryomys]]''
*** [[Balochistan forest dormouse]], ''Dryomys niethammeri''
*** [[Forest dormouse]], ''Dryomys nitedula''
*** [[Woolly dormouse]], ''Dryomys laniger''
** Genus ''[[Eliomys]]'', garden dormice
***[[Asian garden dormouse]], ''Eliomys melanurus''
*** [[Garden dormouse]], ''Eliomys quercinus''[[Image:Dormouse.jpeg|240px|thumb]]
*** [[Maghreb garden dormouse]], ''Eliomys munbyanus''
** Genus ''[[Hypnomys]]''† (Balearic dormouse)
*** [[Majorcan giant dormouse]], ''Hypnomys morphaeus''†
*** [[Minorcan giant dormouse]], ''Hypnomys mahonensis''†
** Genus  ''[[Leithia]]''†
*** ''Leithia cartei''†
*** Maltese giant dormouse, ''Leithia melitensis''†
** Genus ''[[Muscardinus]]''
*** [[Hazel dormouse]], ''Muscardinus avellanarius''
** Genus ''[[Myomimus]]'', mouse-tailed dormice
*** [[Masked mouse-tailed dormouse]], ''Myomimus personatus''
*** [[Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse]], ''Myomimus roachi''
*** [[Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse]], ''Myomimus setzeri''
** Genus ''[[Selevinia]]''
*** [[Desert dormouse]], ''Selevinia betpakdalaensis''
**

† indicates an extinct species.

===Fossil genera and species===
* Genus ''[[Bransatoglis]]''
** ''[[Bransatoglis adroveri]]'' Majorca, Early Oligocene
** ''[[Bransatoglis planus]]'' Eurasia, Early Oligocene
*''[[Glamys]]'' Vianey-Liaud, 1989
* ''[[Oligodyromys]]'' Bahlo, 1975
* ''[[Vasseuromys]]'' Baudelot & de Bonis, 1966
* ''[[Butseloglis]]'' Vianey-Liaud, 2003
* ''[[Microdyromys]]'' de Bruijn, 1966
* ''[[Glirudinus]]'' de Bruijn, 1966
* ''[[Graphiurops]]'' Bachmayer & Wilson, 1980 
* ''[[Eogliravus]]'' Hartenberger, 1971s 
* ''[[Armantomys]]'' de Bruijn, 1966
* ''[[Miodyromys]]'' Kretzoi,Quote1943
* ''[[Praearmantomys]]'' de Bruijn, 1966
* ''[[Pseudodryomys]]'' de Bruijn,1966
* ''[[Simplomys]]'' García-Paredes ''et al.'' 2009
* ''[[Tempestia]]'' van de Weerd, 1976
* ''[[Ramys]]'' García-Moreno & Lopez-Martínez,1986
* ''[[Moissenetia]]'' Hugueney & Adrover, 1995
* ''[[Paraglis]]'' Baudelot, 1970
* ''[[Seorsumuscardinus]]'' de Bruijn 1998
* ''[[Peridyromys]]'' Stehlin & Schaub, 1951
* ''[[Carbomys]]'' Mein & Adrover, 1982
* ''[[Prodryomys]]'' Mayr, 1979

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Holden, M. E. |editor=Wilson, D. E. |editor2=Reeder, D. M. |section=Family Gliridae |pages=819–841 |title=Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press|location= Baltimore|date= 2005}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web|website=The PiedPiper|url=http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th1k.htm |title=Dormice }}
* {{cite news|work=BBC Wales Nature|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/species/mammals/dormouse.shtml |title=Dormouse}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040122040057/http://www.glirarium.org/ Glirarium.org] {{in lang|en|de}}

{{Rodents}}
{{Gliridae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q108235}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dormice| ]]
[[Category:Sciuromorpha]]
[[Category:Natural monuments of Japan]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]