View source for Draw (chess)

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Result of a chess game ending in a tie}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Example of a draw
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|kl|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|kd|__|__|bl|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|Draw by insufficient material. A king and one bishop versus a king cannot create a [[checkmate]] on either player.
}}
In [[chess]], there are a number of ways that a game can end in a '''draw''', in which neither player wins. Draws are codified by various [[rules of chess]] including [[stalemate]] (when the player to move is not in [[check (chess)|check]] but has no legal move), [[threefold repetition]] (when the same position occurs three times with the same player to move), and the [[fifty-move rule]] (when the last fifty successive moves made by both players contain no {{chessgloss|capture}} or [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] move). Under the standard [[FIDE]] rules, a draw also occurs in a ''dead position'' (when no sequence of legal moves can lead to checkmate), most commonly when neither player has sufficient {{chessgloss|material}} to [[checkmate]] the opponent.

Unless specific tournament rules forbid it, players may [[draw by agreement|agree to a draw]] at any time. Ethical considerations may make a draw uncustomary in situations where at least one player has a reasonable chance of winning. For example, a draw could be called after a move or two, but this would likely be thought unsporting.

In the 19th century, some tournaments, notably [[London 1883 chess tournament|London 1883]], required that drawn games be replayed; however, this was found to cause organizational problems due to the backlog. It is now standard practice to score a decisive game as one point to the winner, and a draw as a half point to each player.
{{algebraic notation|pos=tocleft}}

==Draw rules==
The rules allow for several types of draws: [[stalemate]], [[threefold repetition|threefold]] or [[fivefold repetition]] of a position, if there has been no {{chessgloss|capture}} or a [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] being moved in the last [[fifty-move rule|fifty]] or seventy-five moves, if [[checkmate]] is impossible, or if the players [[draw by agreement|agree to a draw]]. In games played under [[time control]], a draw may result under additional conditions.<ref>{{harvcol|Schiller|2003|pp=26–29}}</ref> A stalemate is an automatic draw, as is a draw due to impossibility of checkmate. A draw by threefold repetition or the fifty-move rule may be claimed by one of the players with the {{chessgloss|arbiter}} (normally using his {{chessgloss|score sheet}}), and claiming it is optional. The draw by fivefold repetition or the seventy-five-move rule is mandatory by the arbiter.

A claim of a draw first counts as an offer of a draw, and the opponent may accept the draw without the arbiter examining the claim. Once a claim or draw offer has been made, it cannot be withdrawn. If the claim is verified or the draw offer accepted, the game is over. Otherwise, the offer or claim is nullified and the game continues; the draw offer is no longer in effect.

The correct procedure for an offer of a draw is to first make a move, verbally offer the draw, then press the [[game clock|clock]]. The other player may decline the draw offer by making a move, in which case the draw offer is no longer in effect, or else indicate acceptance. The offer of a draw should be recorded by each player in their score sheet using the symbol (=) as per Appendix C.12 of [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] [[Rules of chess|Laws of Chess]].

===Scoring===
In early tournaments, draws were often replayed until one of the players won; however, this was found to be impractical and caused organizational difficulties. The [[Paris 1867 chess tournament|1867 Paris]] tournament even ignored draws altogether, effectively treating them as double losses. The 1867 Dundee tournament initiated the awarding of a half point for draws,<ref>{{harvcol|Sunnucks|1970|p=100}}</ref> which is now standard practice. A minority of tournaments use a different scoring scheme, such as "football scoring" where 3 points are awarded to the winner and 1 point to each in the event of a draw. For the purpose of calculating [[Elo rating]], these tournaments are treated as if they were using standard scoring.

==Draws in all games==
Article 5 of the 2018 [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] [[Rules of chess|Laws of Chess]] gives the basic ways a game may end in a draw; more complicated ways are detailed in Article 9:<ref>{{harvcol|Schiller|2003|pp=26–29}}</ref>

* [[Stalemate]] – if the player on turn has no legal move but is not in [[check (chess)|check]], this is stalemate and the game is automatically a draw.
* [[Threefold repetition|Threefold repetition rule]] – if an identical position has occurred at least three times during the course of the game with the same player to move each time, and is the current position on the board or will occur after the player on turn makes their move, the player on move may claim a draw (to the {{chessgloss|arbiter}}). In such a case the draw is not automatic – a player must claim it if they want the draw. When the position occurs for the third time after the player's intended next move, they write the move on their {{chessgloss|score sheet}} but does not make the move on the board and claims the draw. Article 9.2 states that a position is considered identical to another if the same player is on move, the same types of pieces of the same colors occupy the same squares, and the same moves are available to each player; in particular, each player has the same [[castling]] and ''[[en passant]]'' capturing rights. (A player may lose their right to castle; and an ''en passant'' capture is available only at the first opportunity.) If the claim is not made on the move in which the repetition occurs, the player forfeits the right to make the claim. Of course, the opportunity may present itself again.
** [[Threefold repetition#Fivefold repetition rule|Fivefold repetition]] – If the same position occurs five times during the course of the game, the game is automatically a draw (i.e. a player does not have to claim it).
* [[Fifty-move rule]] – if in the previous 50 moves by each side, no [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]] has moved and no {{chessgloss|capture}} has been made, a draw may be claimed by either player. Here again, the draw is not automatic and must be claimed if the player wants the draw. If the player whose turn it is to move has made only 49 such moves, they may write their next move on the scoresheet and claim a draw. As with the threefold repetition, the right to claim the draw is forfeited if it is not used on that move, but the opportunity may occur again.
** [[Fifty-move rule#Seventy-five-move rule|Seventy-five-move rule]] – If no capture or no pawn move has occurred in the last 75 moves (by both players), the game is automatically a draw (i.e. a player does not have to claim it). If the last move was a checkmate, the checkmate stands.
* Impossibility of [[checkmate]] – if a position arises in which neither player could possibly give checkmate by a series of legal moves, the game is a draw. Such a position is called a [[Rules of chess#Dead position|dead position]]. This is usually because there is insufficient material left, but it is possible in other positions too, such as a blocked king and pawn ending where it is impossible for either king to capture the pawns. Combinations with insufficient material to checkmate include:
** [[King (chess)|king]] versus king
** king and [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]] versus king
** king and [[Knight (chess)|knight]] versus king
** king and bishop versus king and bishop with the bishops on the same color.
* [[Draw by agreement|Mutual agreement]] – a player may offer a draw to their opponent at any stage of a game. If the opponent accepts, the game is a draw.

There is no longer a rule defining [[perpetual check]]—a situation in which one player gives a series of checks from which the other player cannot escape—as a draw. Any perpetual check situation will eventually be claimable as a draw under the threefold repetition rule or the fifty-move rule; more commonly the players will simply agree a draw.<ref>{{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1992}}</ref> By 1965, perpetual check was no longer in the rules.<ref>{{harvcol|Harkness|1967}}</ref>

Although these are the laws as laid down by FIDE and, as such, are used at almost all top-level tournaments, at lower levels different rules may operate, particularly with regard to [[Fast chess|rapid play]] finish provisions.

===Examples===
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:left}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
| tleft
| [[Viktor Korchnoi|Korchnoi]] vs. [[Anatoly Karpov|Karpov]], [[World Chess Championship 1978#Games|1978]]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |kl|bl|kd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  

| Position after 124.Bg7, Black is stalemated.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1068051 Karpov vs. Korchnoi]</ref> 
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
| tleft
| [[Bobby Fischer|Fischer]] vs. [[Tigran Petrosian|Petrosian]], [[World Chess Championship 1972#1971 Candidates matches|1971]]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pd|pd|  |  |  |pd|  |kd
|  |  |pd|  |  |qd|  |pd
|  |  |  |rd|  |pl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |rl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl
|pl|  |pl|  |ql|pl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kl

| Position after 30.Qe2, after 32.Qe2, and after 34.Qe2, the game is drawn by threefold repetition.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106921 Fischer vs. Petrosian 1971]</ref> 
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
| tleft
| [[Jan Timman|Timman]] vs. [[Christopher Lutz|Lutz]], 1995

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |   
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |rd|  |  |  |kl|rl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |bl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  

| Position after 121...Rb5+, the game is drawn by fifty-move rule.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1143375 Timman vs. Lutz]</ref> 
}}
{{col-end}}
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:left}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
| tleft
| [[Milan Vidmar|Vidmar]] vs. [[Géza Maróczy|Maróczy]], 1932

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |bd|  |  |kd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  

| Draw by insufficient material. No sequence of legal moves can lead to checkmate.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094403 Vidmar vs. Maroczy]</ref> 
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
| tleft
|Mednis, 1990<ref>{{harvcol|Mednis|1990|p=43}}</ref>

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |kd|  |pd|  |pd
|  |  |pd|  |pd|pl|pd|pl
|  |pd|pl|  |pl|  |pl|  
|pd|pl|  |bl|  |  |  |  
|pl|  |  |  |kl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  

| Draw. No sequence of legal moves can lead to checkmate. 
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
| tleft
| Petrosian vs. Fischer, [[World Chess Championship 1960#1958 Interzonal tournament|1958]]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |rd|  
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |kd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  

| Position after 67.f7, draw agreed.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1008374 Petrosian vs. Fischer, 1958]</ref> 
}}
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}

==Draws in timed games==
In games played with a [[time control]], there are other ways a draw can occur.<ref>{{harvcol|Schiller|2003|p=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Just|Burg|2003}}</ref>

{{Chess diagram
|tright
|
|kl|__|__|__|xo|__|bl|kl
|nl|bd|kd|__|xo|__|bd|__
|__|__|__|__|xo|__|kd|__
|__|__|__|__|xo|__|__|__
|xo|xo|xo|xo|xo|xo|xo|xo
|__|kd|__|__|xo|__|nd|kd
|__|__|nd|__|xo|__|__|__
|kl|nl|__|__|xo|__|bl|kl
|Possible checkmate positions for Black. If White runs out of time with one of these combinations of material, Black wins because of the possible checkmate. In a sudden death time control, however, if White can convince the arbiter before the time is up that Black is merely stalling to win on time, the game is nevertheless declared a draw.}}
* In a sudden death time control (players have a limited time to play all of their moves), if it is discovered that both players have exceeded their time allotment, the game is a draw. (The game continues if it is not a sudden-death time control.)
* If only one player has exceeded the time limit, but the other player does not have sufficient mating material, the game is still a draw. Law 6.9 of the [[FIDE Laws of Chess]] states that: "If a player does not complete the prescribed number of moves in the allotted time, the game is lost by the player. However, the game is drawn if the position is such that the opponent cannot checkmate the player's king by any possible series of legal moves, even with the most unskilled counterplay." It is still possible to lose on time in positions where mate is extremely unlikely but not theoretically impossible, as with king and bishop versus king and knight. (Under [[United States Chess Federation|USCF]] rules, king and bishop, king and knight, or [[Two knights endgame|king and 2 knights]] with no pawns on the board is not considered sufficient mating material, unless the opponent has a forced win, even though it is theoretically possible to mate (but extremely unlikely to happen) in situations such as K+B vs. K+N). There are differences between USCF and FIDE rules, whereby USCF requires checkmate be forced and FIDE requires it only be legally possible.
* Because of this last possibility, article 10 of the FIDE laws of chess states that when a player has less than two minutes left on their clock during a rapid play finish (the end of a game when all remaining moves must be completed within a limited amount of time), they may claim a draw if their opponent is not attempting to win the game by "normal means" or cannot win the game by "normal means". "Normal means" can be taken to mean the delivery of checkmate or the winning of material. In other words, a draw is claimable if the opponent is merely attempting to win on time, or cannot possibly win except on time. It is up to the arbiter to decide whether such a claim will be granted or not.

==Frequency of draws==
{{see also|First-move advantage in chess#Draw death and proposed rule changes}}
In chess games played at the top level, a draw is the most common outcome of a game: of around 22,000 games published in ''[[The Week in Chess]]'' played between 1999 and 2002 by players with a [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] [[Elo rating]] of 2500 or above, 55 percent were draws. According to chess analyst [[Jeff Sonas]], although an upward draw rate trend can be observed in general master-level play since the beginning of the 20th century, it is currently "holding pretty steady around 50%, and is only increasing at a very slow rate".<ref>{{cite web | title = Sonas: what exactly is the problem? | url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/sonas-what-exactly-is-the-problem- | date = September 6, 2011 | last = Sonas | first = Jeff | author-link = Jeff Sonas | work = en.chesbase.com | publisher = [[Chessbase]] | access-date = October 9, 2015}}</ref> The draw rate of elite grandmasters, rated more than 2750 Elo, is, however, significantly higher, surpassing 70% in 2017 and 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-draw-rule-is-classical-chess-dead | title = Is Classical Chess Dead From Draws? | work = [[Chess.com]] | date = January 8, 2019 | access-date = August 18, 2020}}</ref>

In top-level [[correspondence chess]] under [[International Correspondence Chess Federation|ICCF]], where computer assistance is allowed, the draw rate is much higher than in the over-the-board chess: of 1512 games played in the World Championship finals and the Candidates' sections between 2010 and 2013, 82.3% ended in a draw.<ref name="nickel"/> Since that time, draw rate in top-level correspondence play has been rising steadily, reaching 97% in 2019.<ref>{{cite tweet | last = Ljubičić | first = Leonardo | author-link = Leonardo Ljubičić | user = LeoLjubicic66 | number = 1289682018851262465 | date = August 1, 2020 | title = Draw rate through years on #ICCF by rating groups | access-date = August 18, 2020}}</ref> Engine tests strongly suggest that the result of a perfectly played game is a draw, and that the draw margin is quite large: White cannot force a win without Black making significant mistakes.<ref name=kaufman/>

The high draw rate has often led to fears of "draw death", as the top players draw an ever-increasing percentage of their games and the game becomes played out: such sentiments have been expressed by World Champions [[Emanuel Lasker]], [[José Raúl Capablanca]], [[Bobby Fischer]], and [[Vladimir Kramnik]].<ref name="Ed.LaskerCL&R1974">{{cite news
 | title=The New York Tournament of 1924
 | author=Lasker, Ed.
 | work=Chess Life & Review
 | date=April 1974
 | page=263
 | author-link=Edward Lasker
}}</ref><ref>Saidy 1975, p. 24.</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3468
 | title=Speaking about Fischer...
 | access-date=July 8, 2008
 | date=November 4, 2006
 | publisher=ChessBase.com
}}</ref><ref name=kramnikchesscom>{{Cite web |last=Kramnik (VladimirKramnik) |first=Vladimir |date=December 2, 2019 |title=Kramnik And AlphaZero: How To Rethink Chess |url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/no-castling-chess-kramnik-alphazero |access-date=July 9, 2023 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref> All four advocated changing the rules of chess to avoid the problem, and with the advent of modern chess engines playing at an extremely high level, their ideas have been tested. Based on tests in correspondence and engine play, GM [[Larry Kaufman]] (one of the original authors of [[Komodo (chess)|Komodo]]) and correspondence chess grandmaster [[Arno Nickel]] have suggested an extension of Lasker's proposal, which would score stalemate, king and minor piece versus king with the superior side to move (similar to the old [[bare king]] rule), and threefold repetition as ¾–¼ rather than draws – for threefold repetition, this means penalising the player who brought about a repetition with ¼ of a point, which is similar to how repetitions are sometimes forbidden in [[xiangqi]], [[shogi]], and [[Go (game)|Go]].<ref name=kaufman>{{cite book | author=Kaufman, Larry | title=Chess Board Options | publisher=New in Chess | year=2021 |pages=211–217 | isbn=978-9-056-91933-7 }}</ref> (Lasker's original proposal was only for stalemate and bare king; it was supported by [[Richard Réti]] and considered not harmful – though unnecessary – by [[Max Euwe]]. Capablanca thought that doing this for stalemate would be enough.)<ref name=wintervariants>{{cite web |url=https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/variants.html |title=Chess Variants and Rule Changes |last=Winter |first=Edward |date=September 27, 2023 |website=chesshistory.com |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2023 |quote=}}</ref> Engine tests by Kaufman using Komodo suggest that at over-the-board human World Championship level, this would lower the draw rate from 65.6% to just 22.6%.<ref name=kaufman/>

Other ideas have also been suggested, such as the "football scoring": 0 for a loss, 1 for a draw, and 3 for a win, which is equivalent to scoring draws as ⅓–⅓ rather than ½–½. This has been criticised, however. Kaufman argues that this solution misses the point: it reduces the incentive to draw, but the reason for the high draw rate is not one of incentives, but rather that White's first-move advantage is not enough to win. Thus Kaufman calls this solution "terrible", going against "the very nature of the game": he writes that "The inferior side should be trying to draw, and to penalize Black for obtaining a good result is crazy. It makes chess like a game of '[[Chicken (game)|chicken]]'; who will 'blink' first and play an unsound move to avoid the mutually bad result of a draw?"<ref name=kaufman/> Nickel has likewise criticised this idea as "wholly inadequate", creating "an artificial and empty pressure at best", and creating unfairness and incentivising "game manipulations" in team events or double round-robins.<ref name=nickel>{{cite web | title = Correspondence Chess – the draw problem | url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/correspondence-chess-the-draw-problem | date = June 20, 2015 | last = Nickel | first = Arno | author-link = Arno Nickel | work = en.chessbase.com | publisher = [[Chessbase]] | access-date = October 9, 2015}}</ref> Kaufman speaks more favourably of an idea by Ed Epp, which is to score draws as 0.4–0.6, equalising the [[expected value|expected]] score for White and Black; but while he writes that he is "all for this idea", he also admits that "the benefit would be small, most games would have the same outcome".<ref name=kaufman/>

==Drawing combinations==
[[Yuri Averbakh]] gives these combinations for the weaker side to draw:
* [[perpetual check]]
* [[stalemate]]
* blockade
* perpetual pursuit
* [[fortress (chess)|fortress]]
* drawing balance of forces<ref>{{harvcol|Averbakh|1996|pp=79–86}}</ref>

==Terminology==
{{Chess diagram 
|tright
|
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|rl
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|bd|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|kd|__
|__|__|__|__|rd|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|kl|__|__
|Position after 123...Kg3, only 124.Rf8{{chesspunc|!}} draws.
}}
* A ''book draw'' or ''theoretical draw'' is a position that is known to result in a draw if both sides {{chessgloss|optimal play|play optimally}}.
* A ''positional draw'' is an impasse other than [[stalemate]], where a draw is salvaged despite a big material disadvantage (see {{seclink|Fortress (chess)|Positional draw}}).
* A ''grandmaster draw'' is a game in which the players quickly agree to a draw after making little or no effort to win (see {{seclink|Draw by agreement|Grandmaster draw}}).

[[Andy Soltis]] discusses the vagueness of the terms "draw", "drawish", "drawable", "book draw", "easy draw", and "dead draw". In books and [[chess theory]] a position is considered to be a draw if best play leads to a draw – the difficulty of the defence is not taken into account. Soltis calls these positions "drawable". For instance, under that criterion the [[rook and bishop versus rook endgame]] is usually a theoretical draw or book draw, but the side with the bishop often wins in practice. In this position from an actual game, the only move to draw is 124.Rf8! White actually played 124.Rd8{{chesspunc|??}} and lost after 124...Re3, with the winning threat of 125...Bh3+ 126.Kg1 Re1#.<ref>{{harvcol|Soltis|2010|pp=12–13}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rules of chess]]
* [[Tie (draw)]]

===Articles on draw rules===
* [[Draw by agreement]]
* [[Fifty-move rule]] and [[Seventy-five-move rule]]
* [[Stalemate]]
* [[Threefold repetition]] and [[Fivefold repetition]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{citation
 | last = Averbakh| first = Yuri|author-link = Yuri Averbakh
 | year = 1996
 | title = Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge
 | publisher = Cadogan
 | isbn= 1-85744-125-7
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Just|first1=Tim
|last2=Burg|first2=Daniel B.
|year=2003
|title=U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess
|edition=fifth
|publisher=McKay
|isbn= 0-8129-3559-4
}}
* {{citation
 |last=Harkness|first=Kenneth|author-link=Kenneth Harkness
 |title=Official Chess Handbook
 |year=1967
 |publisher=McKay
}}
* {{citation
 | last = Mednis| first = Edmar | author-link = Edmar Mednis
 | title = Practical Bishop Endings
 | publisher = Chess Enterprises
 | year = 1990
 | isbn= 0-945470-04-5
 }}
* {{Citation
|last=Schiller|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Schiller
|year=2003
|title=Official Rules of Chess
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Cardoza
|isbn= 978-1-58042-092-1
}}
* {{citation
 | last = Soltis|first = Andy | author-link = Andy Soltis
 |date=August 2010
 | title = Chess to Enjoy: Draw-Drawish-Drawable
 | journal = Chess Life
 | pages = 12–13
 }}
* {{citation
 | last=Sunnucks | first=Anne |author-link=Anne Sunnucks
 | year=1970
 | title=The Encyclopaedia of Chess
 |contribution = drawn games
 | publisher=St. Martins Press
 | isbn=978-0-7091-4697-1}} <!-- ISBN is for the second edition -->

==Further reading==
* {{citation
 | last=Golombek | first=Harry |author-link=Harry Golombek
 | year=1977
 | title=Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess
 | publisher=Crown Publishing
 | isbn=0-517-53146-1}}
* {{citation
 | last1=Hooper | first1=David | author-link1=David Vincent Hooper
 | last2=Whyld | first2=Kenneth | author-link2=Kenneth Whyld
 | title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]
 | year=1992
 | edition=second
 | publisher=Oxford University Press
 | isbn=0-19-280049-3 }}
* {{Citation
|surname=McCrary|given=John
|year=2004
|title=The Evolution of Special Draw Rules
|journal=[[Chess Life]]
|issue=November
|pages=26–27}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=208&view=article FIDE Laws of Chess]
* [http://main.uschess.org/content/view/6768/341/ article] by [[International Grandmaster]] [[Joel Benjamin]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080609094238/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1001018 ChessGames article on some interesting draws]
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4644 Chessbase article on draw debate]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/draws.html  "Chess Draws" by Edward Winter]

{{chess}}

[[Category:Rules of chess]]
[[Category:Chess terminology]]