View source for Drug paraphernalia

{{Short description|Items associated with recreational drug use}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed| date = June 2016}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=October 2017}}
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[[File:Unrolled joint.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|An unrolled joint with a paper filter on the left. These filters are commonly handmade from pieces of paper if they don't come bundled with filter papers.]]

The term '''drug paraphernalia''' refers to any equipment that is used to produce, conceal, and consume illicit drugs. It includes but is not limited to items such as bongs, roach clips, miniature spoons, and various types of pipes.<ref name="DOJ">{{Source-attribution|''Drug Paraphernalia Fast Facts'', by https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6445/6445p.pdf US Department of Justice|inline=y}}</ref> 

==Product types==
In the United States, Under federal law the term drug paraphernalia means "any equipment, product or material of any kind which is primarily intended or designed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, concealing, producing, processing, preparing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled substance."<ref name="DOJ"/>

=== Aluminum foil ===
"[[Chasing the dragon]]" (CTD) ({{zh|t=追龍|s=追龙|j=zeoi1 lung4|p=zhuī lóng|first=t}}), or "foily" in [[Australian English]],<ref>{{cite book|title=foily|isbn = 978-0-19-982994-1|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199829941.001.0001/acref-9780199829941-e-17913?rskey=kbEDFV&result=62|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> refers to inhaling the vapor of a powdered [[psychoactive drug]] off a heated sheet of [[aluminium foil]]. The moving vapor is chased after with a tube (often rolled foil) through which the user inhales.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Strang |first1=John |last2=Griffiths |first2=Paul |last3=Gossop |first3=Michael |title=Heroin smoking by 'chasing the dragon': origins and history |journal=Addiction |date=June 1997 |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=673–684 |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02927.x |pmid=9246796 }}</ref> 

=== Banknotes (risky "drug paraphernalia") ===
{{also|Needle sharing}}

[[File:Cocaine lines 2.jpg|thumb|left|Lines of cocaine prepared for snorting. [[Contaminated currency]] such as banknotes might serve as a [[fomite]] of diseases like [[hepatitis C]]<ref name="LV">{{cite web |url=http://cocaine.org/cokemoney/banknotes.html |title='Shared banknote' health warning to cocaine users |accessdate=2008-07-26 |author=Laureen Veevers |date=1 October 2006 |work=The Observer }}</ref>]]

Sharing snorting equipment (straws, banknotes, bullets, etc) has been linked to the transmission of hepatitis C. (Bonkovsky and Mehta) In one study, the University of Tennessee Medical Center researches warned that other blood-borne diseases such as HIV, the AIDS-causing virus, could be transmitted as well.<ref>{{Citation | year=2016 | title=Sharing Drug "Snorting Straws" Spreads Hepatitis C | url=https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/hepatitis-news-373/sharing-drug-snorting-straws-spreads-hepatitis-c-713114.html}}</ref> 

=== Scales ===
{{Empty section|date=January 2025}}

=== Gravity bong ===
{{main|Gravity bong}}

[[File:Bucket bong diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diagram of bucket bong in operation]]

A [[gravity bong]], also known as a GB, bucket bong, grav, geeb, gibby, yoin, or ghetto bong, is a method of consuming smokable substances such as [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].  The term describes both a bucket bong and a waterfall bong, since both use air pressure and water to draw smoke. A lung uses similar equipment but instead of water draws the smoke by removing a compacted plastic bag or similar from the chamber.

The bucket bong is made out of two containers, with the larger, open top container filled with water. The smaller has an attached [[Bowl (smoking)|bowl]] and open bottom, and the smaller is placed into the larger. Once the bowl is lit, the operator must move the small container up, causing a pressure difference. Smoke slowly fills the small jar until the user removes the bowl and inhales the contents. A waterfall bong is made up of only one container. The container must have a bowl and a small hole near the base so the water can drain easily. As the water flows out of the container, air is forced through the bowl and causes the substance to burn and accumulate smoke in the bong.

=== Love rose ===
{{main|Drug pipe}}
[[File:Smoking Crack crop.jpg|thumb|A love rose being used to smoke [[crack cocaine]]]]

A "love rose" is a glass tube with a paper or plastic rose inside of it, and a bit of cork or foil on the ends to keep the rose from falling out. While ostensibly intended as romantic gifts, their primary known use is as a pipe to smoke drugs such as [[crack cocaine]] or [[methamphetamine]].<ref>{{cite web|last=DiSalvo|first=David|title=A Rose in a Glass By Any Other Name is a Crack Pipe|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2012/07/12/a-rose-in-a-glass-by-any-other-name-is-a-crack-pipe/|work=Forbes.com|accessdate=19 March 2013|date=July 12, 2012|archive-date=5 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305073713/http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2012/07/12/a-rose-in-a-glass-by-any-other-name-is-a-crack-pipe/|url-status=live}}</ref>  They are commonly sold at [[convenience store]]s in the United States, particularly in inner-city locations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reist|first=Margaret|title=A rose by another name: crack pipe|url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/a-rose-by-another-name-crack-pipe/article_28e66c86-1ef8-52dc-ac0a-f3933ed6ec5a.html|accessdate=19 March 2013|newspaper=Lincoln Journal Star|place=Nebraska|date=January 16, 2005|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225133/http://journalstar.com/news/local/a-rose-by-another-name-crack-pipe/article_28e66c86-1ef8-52dc-ac0a-f3933ed6ec5a.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sterling">{{cite book|author=Terry Greene Sterling|title=Illegal: Life and Death in Arizona's Immigration War Zone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xRhaYkD8a8C&pg=PA126|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7627-6618-5|page=126 ff}}</ref>

=== Magnifying lens ===
Solar puffing (also called ''solar toking'' or ''taking solar hits''<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/1483.html |title=Solar Bowls |accessdate=2009-02-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921060218/http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/1483.html |archivedate=2008-09-21 }}</ref>) is the act of using the sun's rays with a [[magnifying lens]] or [[burning glass]] to heat cannabis for [[cannabis consumption|consumption]].

===Drug designed equipment===

====Bong====
[[File:Bong.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Bong]]s are an example of user-specific paraphernalia, in this case for the use of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].]]

A [[bong]] (also known as a water pipe) is a filtration device generally used for smoking [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[tobacco]], or other herbal substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ul451.gsu.edu/lawand/papers/fa05/albright_shawkat_susor/|title=Contraband: The Sale of Regulated Goods on the Internet|access-date=2010-03-24|archive-date=2016-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412074521/http://ul451.gsu.edu/lawand/papers/fa05/albright_shawkat_susor/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  

Bongs have been in use by the [[Hmong people|Hmong]] in [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]], as well all over Africa, for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.420magazine.com/community/threads/the-real-history-of-the-bong.73197/|title=The real history of the bong|website=420 Magazine|date=5 February 2008 |access-date=2023-02-16|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216051309/https://www.420magazine.com/community/threads/the-real-history-of-the-bong.73197/|url-status=live}}</ref> 

====Bulb syringe====
[[Image:Rectal bulb syringe.jpg|thumb|left|This enema bulb syringe features a bulb-shaped reservoir and a nozzle for delivering small amounts of fluid directly into the rectum.]]

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====Cocaine spoon====
[[File:Stopper, snuff bottle (AM 687402-2).jpg|thumb|Chinese snuff bottle stopper with a [[snuff spoon]] (also known as a cocaine spoon)]]

A [[snuff spoon]] is a tiny spoon used for nasal [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] of powdered substances. In the ancient time the spoons were used to ingest psychotropic substances,{{sfn|Childress|2012|loc=The Lost World of South America}} in the 18th century − [[Snuff (tobacco)|tobacco]],{{sfn|Hopkins|1897|p=55}} in the 20th century − [[cocaine]] (the spoon is thus also known as a cocaine spoon or coke spoon). Some local statutes in the US treat this spoon as drug paraphernalia, defining it as a spoon that is too small and thus "unsuited for the typical, lawful uses of a spoon".<ref>{{cite web |title=Code of ordinances village of Dundee, Michigan. Chapter 51. |url=https://library.municode.com/mi/dundee/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH51DRARNUPR_ARTIDRPA_S51-1DE |publisher=[[Dundee, Michigan|Village of Dundee]]}}</ref>

====Glass blades====
[[File:Glassblades.jpg|thumb|Glass blades]]
{{main|Spots (cannabis)}}

[[Spots_(cannabis)|Spots]] (also known as spotting, knifers, knife hits, knife tokes, dots, hot knives, kitchen tracking blades, or bladers) refers to a method of smoking [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].<ref>Handbook of Pharmacy Education, Harmen R.J., 2001, Pg 169</ref> Small pieces of cannabis are rolled (or simply torn from a larger bud) to form the spot.

The practice originated in the 1970s when drops or dabs of hashish oil were smoked (three dabs of hash oil were considered to be a good standard dose). Generally, the tips of two knife blades are heated, the spot or drop of hash oil, is compressed between the two blades, and the subsequent smoke is inhaled through the nose or mouth. 

Another means that is gaining popularity is specially made glass presses heated with a [[propane]] or [[butane]] torch.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = McBride | first1 = A. | title = Cannabis use in a drug and alcohol clinic population | doi = 10.1016/0376-8716(95)01132-I | journal = Drug and Alcohol Dependence | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–32 | year = 1995 | pmid =  7587971}}</ref> In order to facilitate this process, a ''spottle'' (also referred to as a ''bowser'', ''hooter'' or ''toker'') or ''hitter'' is often, but not always, used to funnel the smoke and maximize the amount inhaled. A spottle is generally made from a funnel or cone-shaped container, such as the top (or neck) of a plastic or glass bottle or a gallon of milk/water.<ref name="streetdrugs">"Understanding street drugs: a handbook of substance misuse for parents, teachers and other professionals", Emmett D. & Nice G. 2006, Pg 41</ref>{{Full|date=June 2015}}<ref>"James Bong's Ultimate SpyGuide to Marijuana", Arooka, Pg 186</ref>

[[File:Clandinjectkit.JPG|thumb|A clandestine kit containing materials to inject drugs, a bottle of a type of [[Purple drank|lean]], [[promethazine]], an [[antiemetic]], and unidentified pills]][[File:NOS Cracker With Balloon And Charger.jpg|thumb|Food grade [[Recreational use of nitrous oxide|{{chem|N|2|O}}]] charger (bottom right), cracker (top right) and balloon]]

====One-hitter====
{{main|One-hitter_(smoking)}}

A [[One-hitter_(smoking)|one-hitter]] has been considered drug paraphernalia in certain regions.<ref name="dail_Poli">{{Cite web| title = Police Blotter: Missing wallet in Hanover; wanted person in Hackettstown| work = Daily Record| date = 1 December 2015| access-date = 2015-12-06| url = http://www.dailyrecord.com/story/news/2015/12/01/police-blotter-missing-wallet-hanover-wanted-person-hackettstown/76629954/}}</ref><ref name="newj_Potb">{{Cite web| title = Pot busts persist on Thanksgiving weekend in Mount Olive| author = Phil Garber| work = New Jersey Hills| date = 2015-11-30| access-date = 2015-12-06| url = http://www.newjerseyhills.com/mt_olive_chronicle/news/pot-busts-persist-on-thanksgiving-weekend-in-mount-olive/article_7184519d-825c-5e00-ad50-136e989646fa.html}}</ref>

====Pizzo====
{{main|Drug pipe}}
[[File:Oil burner pipe.jpg|thumb|250px|An oil burner pipe, commonly used in ingestion of [[free base]] psychoactive substances though [[Route_of_administration#Mouth_inhalation|inhalation]].]]

A pizzo<ref name="PagliaroPagliaro2019">{{cite book|author1=Louis A. Pagliaro|author2=Ann Marie Pagliaro|title=Child and Adolescent Drug and Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0jpDwAAQBAJ|date=1 November 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-00947-8|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811223611/https://books.google.com/books?id=J0jpDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> – also known as an pilo, oil burner, bubble, tweak pipe, meth pipe, gack pipe, crank pipe, crack pipe, pookie pipe, chicken bone, or ice pipe – AKA “Billy” – is a glass pipe which consists of a tube connected to a spherical bulb with a small opening on top designed for [[smoking]] [[methamphetamine]] or [[free base|freebasing]] [[crack cocaine]] as well as other drugs. There are some legitimate uses for these pipes including applying the hole "on the top of an eucalyptus bottle" for inhaling aromas or moisture.<ref name="weho_WeHo">{{Cite web| title = WeHo Public Safety Commission to Consider Ban on Sale of Meth Pipes| author = | work = WEHOville| date = 2016-11-15| access-date = 17 June 2020| url = https://www.wehoville.com/2016/11/15/weho-public-safety-commission-consider-ban-sale-meth-pipes/| archive-date = 2020-06-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200617084135/https://www.wehoville.com/2016/11/15/weho-public-safety-commission-consider-ban-sale-meth-pipes/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="meth_Meth">{{Cite web| title = Meth Pipe Pictures| author = | work = meth-abuse.com| date = | access-date = 17 June 2020| url = https://www.meth-abuse.com/Meth_Pipe_Pictures.htm| archive-date = 18 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200618152519/https://www.meth-abuse.com/Meth_Pipe_Pictures.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="grap_Agri">{{Cite web| title = A gritty life for those on the edge| author = Mozingo, Joe| work = graphics.latimes.com| date = 2015-06-14| access-date = 17 June 2020| url = https://graphics.latimes.com/san-bernardino-park/| archive-date = 2020-04-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200420141649/https://graphics.latimes.com/san-bernardino-park/| url-status = live}}</ref>

====Snuff bullets====
[[File:Two snuff bullets for snorting drugs in powder form.jpg|thumb|Two snuff bullets for [[Nasal administration|snorting drugs]] in powder form]]

{{expand section|date=May 2024}}

====Free base equipment====
[[File:Crack Ingredients.JPG|thumb|For cocaine (in a plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. Pictured here are [[baking soda]], a commonly used base in making crack, a metal spoon, a [[tealight]], and a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held over the heat source to "cook" the cocaine into crack.]]

{{expand section|date=May 2024}}

==Contamination==
{{also|Needle sharing}}

[[File:Cocaine lines 2.jpg|thumb|left|Banknotes frequently changes hands, increasing the risk of exposure to viruses from past users.]]

Sharing snorting equipment (straws, banknotes, bullets, etc) has been linked to the transmission of [[hepatitis C]]. (Bonkovsky and Mehta) In one study, the University of Tennessee Medical Center researches warned that other blood-borne diseases such as [[HIV]], the [[AIDS]]-causing virus, could be transmitted as well.<ref>{{Citation | year=2016 | title=Sharing Drug "Snorting Straws" Spreads Hepatitis C | url=https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/hepatitis-news-373/sharing-drug-snorting-straws-spreads-hepatitis-c-713114.html}}</ref>

Bongs that are cleaned regularly eliminates yeast, fungi, bacteria and pathogens that can cause several symptoms that vary from allergy to lung infection.<ref>{{Citation | title=Can You Get Sick From Dirty Bong Water? | url=https://herb.co/learn/sick-dirty-bong-water/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maryjanetokes.com/dirty-bong-the-dangers-of-using-one/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505074143/https://www.maryjanetokes.com/dirty-bong-the-dangers-of-using-one/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | title=The Dangers of a Dirty Bong | url=https://www.leafscience.com/2018/07/16/dangers-dirty-bong/ | access-date=14 May 2024 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521084225/https://www.leafscience.com/2018/07/16/dangers-dirty-bong/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Re-used uncleaned vapes, and vape sharing, may cause [[bacterial pneumonia]],<ref name="pmid32042584">{{cite journal |last1=Kooragayalu |first1=S |last2=El-Zarif |first2=S |last3=Jariwala |first3=S |title=Vaping Associated Pulmonary Injury (VAPI) with superimposed Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection |journal=Respiratory Medicine Case Reports |date=2020 |volume=29 |article-number=100997 |doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.100997 |pmid=32042584 |pmc=6997893}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vaping changes oral microbiome and raises infection risk |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vaping-changes-oral-microbiome-and-raises-infection-risk |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en |date=14 March 2020}}</ref> [[fungal pneumonia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mughal |first1=Mohsin Sheraz |last2=Dalmacion |first2=Denise Lauren V. |last3=Mirza |first3=Hasan Mahmood |last4=Kaur |first4=Ikwinder Preet |last5=Dela Cruz |first5=Maria Amanda |last6=Kramer |first6=Violet E. |title=E-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury, (EVALI) - A diagnosis of exclusion |journal=Respiratory Medicine Case Reports |article-number=101174 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101174 |date=1 January 2020|volume=31 |pmid=32775191 |pmc=7394920 }}</ref> and [[viral pneumonia]].<ref name="pmid32042584" />

[[File:Assortment of drug paraphernalia.jpg|thumb|A collection of safe drug use supplies commonly used to inject [[heroin]], [[fentanyl]], or other illicit [[opioid]]s ]]

== Legality ==

===United States===
In the US, enterprising individuals would sell items openly in the street, until anti-paraphernalia laws in the 1980s eventually ended the practice. With the growth of the Internet, drug paraphernalia sellers have greatly expanded their sales to a worldwide market.

According to the Federal Drug Paraphernalia Statute, 21 USC 863, which is part of the [[Controlled Substances Act]], in the US it is illegal to sell, transport through the mail, transport across state lines, import, or export drug paraphernalia as defined. Possession is usually illegal under State law. The law gives specific guidance on determining what constitutes drug paraphernalia. Many states have also enacted their own laws prohibiting drug paraphernalia. In the 1982 case ''[[Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.]]'', the US Supreme Court found a municipal ordinance requiring licensing for paraphernalia sales to have sufficiently distinguished marketing for illegal use to be constitutional. Government crackdowns have resulted in the arrest of sellers of recreational drug paraphernalia, such as actor [[Tommy Chong]], who spent time in prison in 2003 for having his name used on bongs for sale via the internet.<ref>[http://norml.org/news/2003/09/18/noted-actor-sentenced-to-prison-on-drug-paraphernalia-charges Actor Maxwell Parker Hahn Sentenced To prison on Drug Paraphernalia Charges]</ref>


[[Head shop]]s are very much alive and well in the US, however.  Generally, though, they have signs near presumable paraphernalia saying "For tobacco use only" or "Not for use with illicit drugs." Many also ban customers for referencing the use of illegal drugs when buying items.  Similar policies are used in online head shops, where customers are often made to verify detailed disclaimers of their non-use of illegal substances before buying items.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

====Reagent testing====
[[#Reagent testing|Home pill testing]] equipment is illegal in the US state of Illinois where the (720 ILCS 600/) Drug Paraphernalia Control Act specifically outlaws "testing equipment intended to be used unlawfully in a private home for identifying or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness or purity of cannabis or controlled substances".<ref name="Illinois law">{{cite web | url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1947&ChapterID=53 | title=(720 ILCS 600/) Drug Paraphernalia Control Act. | publisher=Illinois General Assembly | access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
In the UK, while cannabis is illegal, owning drug paraphernalia is not illegal, but under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, the individual may be committing a criminal offense if the items contain traces of drugs.

Under Section 9A of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, It is a criminal offense "to supply or offer to supply an object for providing or preparing a controlled drug if a person believes that the article will be used in circumstances where the administration is unlawful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lookah.com/bongs-and-water-pipes.html|title=Are Water Pipes Legal|language=en-US}}</ref> If convicted in a magistrates' court, the penalty is a maximum of six months in prison and/or a £5,000 fine.
{{tl|CIA World Factbook}}
===Sweden===

====Injection equipment====
In Sweden, pharmacies can only sell syringes and hypodermic needles to people with a doctor's prescription for medical use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lag (2006:323) om utbyte av sprutor och kanyler |url=https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2006323-om-utbyte-av-sprutor-och-kanyler_sfs-2006-323/ |website=www.riksdagen.se |language=sv}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Drug checking]]
* [[Harm reduction]]
* [[One hitter (smoking)]]
* [[Philadelphia blunt ban]]
* [[Paraphernalia]]
* [[Recreational drug use]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{CCBYSA4Source|sourcepath=https://psychonautwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Routes_of_administration|sourcearticle=Routes of Administration|revision=1226961315|author(s)=https://psychonautwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Routes_of_administration&action=history}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | first1 = David Hatcher | last1 = Childress | date = 2012 | title = Ancient Technology in Peru & Bolivia | publisher = Adventures Unlimited Press | pages = | isbn = 978-1-935487-81-4 | oclc = 788245749 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A_vjuQAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book | first1 = Tighe | last1 = Hopkins | date = 1897 | title = The Leisure Hour | volume = 47 | publisher = W. Stevens, printer | pages = 51–56 | oclc = 145390810 | chapter= The Spoon | chapter-url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=aboRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51}}

{{Drug use}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Drug paraphernalia| ]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Cannabis smoking]]