View source for Dumper

{{Short description|Truck designed for carrying bulk material}}
{{other uses|dumper (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|dump truck}}

[[Image:Thwaites_dumper_in_action_498_3.jpg|thumb|A Thwaites dumper in action]]
[[File:Wozidło przegubowe.jpg|thumb|A Neuson dumper]]
[[File:Dumper Picco 1 Dreikantfeile (hinten).jpg|thumb|A German-made Picco 1 dumper with one rear wheel in the midline. See [[:de:Picco 1]] (in German)]]
A '''dumper''' or '''dumper truck''' is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites. A dumper has a body which tilts or opens at the back for unloading and is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver. The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name "dumper" comes from. They are normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor. Dumpers with [[rubber tracks]] are used in special circumstances and provide a more even distribution of weight compared to tires. Continuous tracks allow the operator to carry heavier payload on slick, snowy, or muddy surfaces, and are popular in some countries.<ref>[https://www.handymoves.co.uk/blog/removals/201610/654/construction-trucks-and-dumpers-of-today.html Construction Trucks and Dumpers of Today]</ref> Rubber track dumpers offer even weight distribution for transporting heavy payloads over challenging terrains like mud or snow, popular in certain regions.

==Background==
One of the earliest British dumpers was the [[Muir-Hill]], which was based on the Fordson tractor with 2 cubic yard bucket, driving on the front axle and steered by the back wheels. Devised in 1927, and on sale by 1931, it gained a lot of versatility when in 1933 Dunlop introduced 'tractor-style' pneumatic low pressure tyres.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=4 August 1933 |title=Increasing the Scope of the Dumping Tractor |url=https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/4th-august-1933/32/increasing-the-scope |magazine=Commercial Motor |location= |publisher= |access-date=|page=880}}</ref> This allowed it to travel on tarmac roads or off-road, which was of particular advantage on construction sites. Originally advertised as the "dumping tractor", it soon became known as the Muir-Hill dumper.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sackey |first1=Lyndon N. A. |last2=Quartey |first2=Jeremiah |last3=Nortey |first3=Augustus N. N. |last4=Obeng |first4=Afia Tiwaa |last5=Okyere |first5=Abigail Amoakoatta |last6=Kayoung |first6=Phebe Y. |date=2023-07-06 |title=Road construction and its socio-economic and health impact: a case study of Atonsu lake road |journal=Discover Environment |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1007/s44274-023-00009-x |issn=2731-9431|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023DiEnv...1....6S }}</ref>

Modern dumpers have payloads of up to {{convert|10|t|ST LT|abbr=off|lk=on}} and usually steer by articulating at the middle of the [[chassis]] (pivot steering). They have multi-cylinder diesel engines, some turbocharged, [[electric]] start and [[hydraulic]]s for tipping and steering and are usually four-wheel drive. An [[A-frame]] known as a ROPS (Roll-Over Protection) frame, may be fitted over the seat to protect the driver if the dumper rolls over. Some dumpers have FOPS (Falling Object Protection) as well. Lifting skips are available for discharging above ground level. In the 1990s, dumpers with swivel skips, which could be rotated to tip sideways, became popular, especially for working in narrow sites such as [[road works]]. Dumpers are the most common cause of serious accidents involving construction [[Heavy equipment|plant]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bohm |first1=Jonathan |last2=Harris |first2=Don |title=Hazard Awareness of Construction Site Dumper Drivers |journal=International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics |date=2012 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=363–373 |doi=10.1080/10803548.2012.11076939 |pmid=22995134 |s2cid=22536725 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10803548.2012.11076939 |language=en |issn=1080-3548|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Nowadays these vehicles are also called "dumper" in some mainland [[Europe]]an languages.

==See also==
*[[Articulated hauler]]
*[[Dump truck]]
* [[Haul truck]]

{{Commons category|Dumpers}}
{{Wiktionary}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHpVyIidXp0 Youtube video of starting an old-type dumper after over 4 months unused]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Engineering vehicles]]
[[Category:Construction equipment]]