View source for Dze

{{short description|Cyrillic letter}}
{{About||the Pashto letter|Źim{{!}}Dze (Pashto)|the Georgian surname suffix ''-dze''|Georgian surname}}
{{distinguish|text=the Latin letter [[S]] or the Georgian Asomtavruli letter [[Ch'ari|Ⴝ]]}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox grapheme
| letter = Ѕ ѕ
| script = [[Cyrillic]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc = ic
| name = Dze, {{Script|Cyrs|ѕѣло}} ([[Early Cyrillic alphabet]])
| image = Cyrillic letter Dze - uppercase and lowercase.svg
| imagealt = 
| phonemes = [{{IPA link|d͡z}}], [{{IPA link|z}}]
| number = 6 ([[Cyrillic numerals]])
| fam1 = [[Stigma (ligature)|Ϛ&nbsp;ϛ]] or [[Digamma|Ϝ&nbsp;ϝ]]{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| language = [[Old Church Slavonic]], [[Macedonian language]]
| usageperiod = {{circa|893}}–19th century, 1944–present
| variations = Ꙃ ꙃ, Ꙅ ꙅ
| equivalents = Ẑ ẑ
}}

'''Dze''' (Ѕ ѕ; italics: ''Ѕ ѕ'' or <span style="font-family: times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: larger">Ѕ&nbsp;ѕ</span>; italics: <span style="font-family: times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: larger">''Ѕ&nbsp;ѕ''</span>) is a letter of the [[Cyrillic script]], used in the [[Macedonian alphabet]] to represent the [[voiced alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/d͡z/}}, similar to the pronunciation of {{angbr|ds}} in "nee'''ds'''" or "ki'''ds'''" in English.  It is derived from the letter ''dzelo'' or ''zelo'' of the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]], and it was used historically in all Slavic languages that use Cyrillic.

Although fully obsolete everywhere in the Cyrillic world by the 19th century, the letter ''zelo'' was revived in 1944 by the designers of the alphabet of the then-codified [[Macedonian language]]. The phoneme is also present in [[Greek language|Greek]] ('''''ΤΖ'''''&nbsp;'''''{{lang|el|τζ}}''''') and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ('''X'''&nbsp;'''x'''), both non-Slavic neighbours to the Macedonian language; all are a part of the [[Balkan linguistic area]].<ref>{{citation
|publisher=BRILL |year=2013
|isbn=978-9004250765
|first1=Roumen |last1=Dontchev Daskalov|first2=Tchavdar |last2=Marinov
|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies
|series=Balkan Studies Library
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA453
|pages=454}}</ref>  In the early 21st century, the same letter also appeared in [[Vojislav Nikčević]]'s proposal for the new alphabet for the modern [[Montenegrin language]].

The most common early letterform ({{Slavonic|Ѕ&nbsp;ѕ}}) resembles the [[Latin script|Latin]] letter [[S]] (S&nbsp;s), but it is also seen reversed ({{Slavonic|Ꙅ&nbsp;ꙅ}}) like the Latin letter [[Ƨ|Reversed S]] (Ƨ&nbsp;ƨ), or Z with a tail and a tick ({{Slavonic|Ꙃ&nbsp;ꙃ}}).

[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] has [[Abkhazian Dze]] (Ӡ&nbsp;ӡ), with an identical function and name but a different shape.

==Church Slavonic==
[[File:7wordsCommencingWithTheLetterDzelo.tiff|thumb|left|400px|The seven root words commencing with the letter dze (aka, dzelo).]]
The letter is descended from ѕѣло (pronounced ''dzělo''; [[Image:Early Cyrillic letter Dzelo.png|40px|Dzělo]]) in the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]], where it had the numerical value 6. The letter Dzělo was itself based on the letter Dzelo in the [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic alphabet]]. In the Glagolitic alphabet, it was written {{angbr|Ⰷ}}, and had the numerical value of 8. In [[Old Church Slavonic]] it was called ѕѣло (pronounced ''dzeló''), and in [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]] it is called ѕѣлѡ (pronounced ''zeló'').

The origin of [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] letter Dzelo is unclear, but the Cyrillic Ѕ may have been influenced by the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] [[stigma (letter)|stigma]] {{angbr|Ϛ}}, the medieval form of the archaic letter [[digamma]], which had the same form and numerical value (6). Thus the visual similarity of the Cyrillic {{angbr|Ѕ}} and Latin {{angbr|[[S]]}} is largely coincidental.

The initial sound of {{angbr|Ѕ}} in [[Old Church Slavonic]] was a soft {{IPA|/d͡z/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}, which usually came from a historically palatalised *g (ноѕѣ, ѕвѣзда, etc.). In almost all Slavic dialects this sound was pronounced as a simple /z/; however, as the Old Church Slavonic language was based on the Bulgaro-Macedonian dialects, the sound remained distinct.

In the Old Slavic period the difference between {{angbr|Ѕ}} and {{angbr|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}} had already begun to be blurred, and in the written [[Church Slavonic|Church Slavonic language]] from the middle of the 17th century {{angbr|Ѕ}} was used only formally. The letter's distinguishing features from {{angbr|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}} are:<ref name="GCSL">{{Citation |last=Gamanovich |first=Alypy |title=Грамматика Церковно-Славянскаго Языка (Grammar of the Church Slavonic Language) |publication-date=1984 |year=1964 |place=[[Jordanville, New York]] |publisher=[[Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)|Printing shop of St. Job of Pochaev, Holy Trinity Monastery]] |isbn=978-0-88465-064-5}}</ref>
* {{angbr|Ѕ}} is used in root derived from these seven words beginning with {{angbr|Ѕ}}: ѕвѣзда, ѕвѣрь, ѕеліе, ѕлакъ, ѕлый, ѕмій, ѕѣлѡ ("star, beast, vegetable, herb, angry, dragon, very");
* {{angbr|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}} is used in all remaining cases.
* {{angbr|Ѕ}} has the numerical value of 6, whereas {{angbr|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}} has the numerical value of 7;

==East Slavic Languages==
:''See also [[Reforms of Russian orthography]]''.

In [[Russian language|Russian]] it was known as зѣло or ''zelo'' {{IPA|ru|zʲɪˈɫo|}} and had the phonetic value of {{IPA|/z/}} or {{IPA|/zʲ/}}. In the initial version of Russian civil script of [[Peter I of Russia|Tsar Peter I]] (1708), the {{angbr|Ѕ}} was assigned the sound {{IPA|/z/}}, and the letter {{angbr|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}} was removed. However, in the second version of the civil script (1710), {{angbr|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}} was restored, and {{angbr|Ѕ}} was abolished. Both versions of the alphabet were used until 1735, which is considered the date of the final elimination of {{angbr|Ѕ}} in Russian.

In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], the sound {{IPA|/d͡z/}} is integrated as part of the language's phonology, but it mainly occurs in loanwords rather than in words of native Ukrainian origin.  As such, the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|дз}} is used to represent both the phoneme {{IPA|/d͡z/}} and the separately occurring consonant cluster {{IPA|/d.z/}} which [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian phonotactics]] assimilate as {{IPA|/d͡z.z/}}.

[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] commonly features {{Angbr|дз}}, but it usually comes from *d from a similar development to [[Polish language|Polish]]. As such, {{Angbr|ѕ}} had never been used for it.

==South Slavic Languages==
[[File:Dze reflexes in Eastern South Slavic.png|thumb|left|Reflexes of Old Church Slavonic ''ѕ'' across Eastern South Slavic.]]
{{angbr|ѕ}} is now only used in the [[Macedonian alphabet]]. A commission formed to standardise the [[Macedonian language]] and [[orthography]] decided to adopt the letter on December 4, 1944, after a vote of 10-1. Despite the letter originally being found between {{Angbr|ж}} and {{Angbr|з}}, in the new alphabet it was placed after {{Angbr|з}} instead. The letter represents {{IPA|/dz/}} (examples including: ѕид/''dzid'', 'wall' and ѕвезда/''dzvezda'', 'star'). The corresponding sound is used in all dialects of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]].

{{angbr|ѕ}} was also used until the middle of the 19th century in the [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian]] civil script, whose orthography was closer to [[Early Cyrillic alphabet|Church Slavonic]] (compared to the [[Russian alphabet|Russian]]). [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić|Vuk Karadžić]]'s [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet]] (1868) did not include {{angbr|ѕ}}, instead favouring a simple [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|дз}} to represent the sound, as it was non-native. {{angbr|Ѕ}} is also included in Microsoft's Serbian Cyrillic keyboard layout, although it is not used in the [[Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet]]. The Serbian keyboard in Ubuntu replaces Ѕ with a second Ж.

The [[Bulgarian language|Modern Bulgarian]], apart from when explicitly written with the Church Slavonic alphabet, has never used {{Angbr|ѕ}}. Although most dialects feature it, it is found in neither the Tărnovo dialect, the [[prestige dialect]] of the time of codification, nor in the [[Church Slavonic|Church Slavonic language]] (despite being written independently there). A few eastern dialects, including the Tărnovo dialect, have, however, independently developed both /dz/ and /dʒ/ phonemes not found in the standard language due to [[Affricate|affrication]]. [[Marin Drinov]], one of the most important players in the establishment of Standard Bulgarian, floated the idea of using {{Angbr|ѕ}} as it was found in most dialects, however chose not to as he considered the letter all but forgotten.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drinov |first=Marin |date=1870 |title=За новобългарското азбуке |url=http://digilib.nalis.bg/xmlui/handle/nls/29501 |journal=Периодично списание |issue=2 |pages=21–23 |via=NALIS Repository}}</ref>

The [[Banat Bulgarian dialect]], being based on the [[Paulician dialect]], retains {{Angbr|ѕ}}. However, as it is written with the [[Latin script]], the sound is instead notated as {{Angbr|dz}}.

== Romanian ==
{{angbr|ѕ}} was used in the [[Romanian Cyrillic alphabet]] (where it represented {{IPA|/d͡z/}}) until the alphabet was abolished in favour of a [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]-based [[Romanian alphabet|alphabet]] in 1860-62.

==Related letters and other similar characters==
*Ϝ ϝ : [[Ϝ|Greek letter Digamma]]
*Ϛ ϛ : [[Ϛ|Greek letter Stigma]]
*З з : [[З|Cyrillic letter Ze]]
*S s : [[S|Latin letter S]]
*Ƨ ƨ : [[Ƨ|Latin letter Reversed S]]
*X x : [[X|Latin letter X]], an [[Albanian alphabet]] letter
*Ꚃ ꚃ : [[Ꚃ|Cyrillic letter Dzwe]]
*Ḑ ḑ : [[Ḑ|Latin letter Ḑ]], a [[Livonian alphabet]] letter
*D̦ d̦ : [[D̦|Latin letter D̦]], an obsolete [[Romanian alphabet|Romanian]] letter
*Dz : [[Dz (digraph)|Digraph Dz]]
*Ż ż : [[Ż|Latin letter Z with dot above]]

==Computing codes==

{{charmap
|0405|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter Dze
|0455|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter Dze
|a644|name3=Cyrillic Capital Letter Reversed Dze
|a645|name4=Cyrillic Small Letter Reversed Dze
|map1=Code page 855 |map1char1=89 |map1char2=88
|map2=[[Windows-1251]] |map2char1=BD |map2char2=BE
|map3=[[ISO-8859-5]] |map3char1=A5 |map3char2=F5
|map4=[[Macintosh Cyrillic encoding|Macintosh Cyrillic]] |map4char1=C1 |map4char2=CF
|6=a643|a642|name5=Cyrillic Capital Letter Dzelo|name6=Cyrillic Small Letter Dzelo}}

==See also==
*[[Glagolitic alphabet]]
*[[Early Cyrillic alphabet]]
*[[Cyrillic script]]
*[[Russian alphabet]]
*[[Reforms of Russian orthography]]
*[[Romanian Cyrillic alphabet]]
*[[Macedonian alphabet]]
*[[IDN homograph attack]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wiktionary-inline|Ѕ}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|ѕ}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308180930/http://www.uni-giessen.de/partosch/eurotex99/berdnikov2.pdf A Berdnikov and O Lapko, "Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic in TEX and Unicode", EuroTEX ’99 Proceedings], September 1999 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])

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[[Category:Cyrillic letters]]