View source for ETA (separatist group)

{{Short description|Basque separatist group (1960–2018)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name             = Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
| war              = [[Basque conflict]]
| image            = ETA BASQUE.svg
| caption          = {{Lang|eu|Euskadi Ta Askatasuna|italic=no}}'s symbol
| active           = 31 July 1959 – 16 April 2018<br>({{age in years and days|1959|07|31|2018|04|16}}){{unordered list|item_style=line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em
|5 September 2010 (extant ceasefire)
|8 April 2017 (disarmament)
|16 April 2018 (dissolution)}}
| leaders          = {{plainlist|
*[[Josu Urrutikoetxea|Josu Ternera]]
*[[David Pla Marín|David Pla]]
*Izaskun Lesaka
*Mikel Irastorza}}
| headquarters     = [[Basque Country (greater region)|Greater Basque Country]]
| area             = {{plainlist| 
*Spain
*France{{efn|name="France_area"|Largely as operative base and safe haven.}}}}
| ideology         = {{plainlist|
*[[Basque Country independence|Basque separatism]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite book |title=Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone |first=Andrew |last=Mango |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-203-68718-3 |page=5 |quote="‘Euro-terrorism’ is the third strand in the post-war history of terrorism. This, in turn, can be divided into two categories – ethnic terrorism (represented by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the United Kingdom, and the Basque separatist organisation (ETA) in Spain) and ideological terrorism, exemplified by the Red Brigades in Italy, the Baader–Meinhof gang in Germany, and Action Directe in France."}}|{{cite journal |first1=Steven |last1=Hutchinson |first2=Pat |last2=O’Malley |year=2007 |title=A Crime–Terror Nexus? Thinking on Some of the Links between Terrorism and Criminality  |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=30 |issue=12 |doi=10.1080/10576100701670870 |publisher=Routledge |quote="Traditional understandings of what the terrorist organization looks like are based on these models, which reflect the structure of such groups as Marxist-Leninist movements, the Japanese Red Army, the Irish Republican Army (IRA), and the Basque separatist group ETA." |page=1098}}}}</ref>
*[[Basque nationalism]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Spain’s Dual Security Dilemma: Strategic Challenges of Basque and Islamist Terror during the Aznar and Zapatero Eras |first=Anthony N. |last=Celso |journal=Mediterranean Quarterly |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=17 |issue=4 |issn=1047-4552 |year=2006 |doi=10.1215/10474552-2006-026 |quote=Many of the older micronationalist terror groups like ETA and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) combine conservative nationalism with communist ideology. In ETA one can see patterns of crossgenerational recruitment and mobilization of young militants fueled by both Basque nationalism and Marxist-Leninism, which make for a very combustible and nihilistic mix. |pages=122-123}}</ref>
*[[Revolutionary socialism]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Beyond ‘Hellenes’ and ‘Barbarians’: Asymmetrical Concepts in European Discourse |year=2023 |publisher=Berghahn Books |chapter=‘We the Basques’, and the ‘Other(s)’: Ethnic Asymmetries in Basque Nationalist Discourse |first=Iñaki Iriarte |last=López |editor1=Kirill Postoutenko |isbn=978-1-80073-680-1 |doi=10.3167/9781800736795 |page=313 |quote="Although ETA did not initially declare itself to be Marxist, it was not long before it defined itself as a revolutionary socialist party. It was, in any case, a ‘national socialism (socialism nacional), distinctly Basque’, in the style of many anti-colonialist movements of the time."}}</ref>
*[[Marxism-Leninism]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite journal |first1=Francisco J. |last1=Santonja |first2=Ana C. |last2=Tarazona |first3=Rafael J. |last3=Villanueva |title=A mathematical model of the pressure of an extreme ideology on a society |journal=Computers & Mathematics with Applications |volume=56 |issue=3 |year=2008 |issn=0898-1221 |doi=10.1016/j.camwa.2008.01.001 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0898122108000497 |page=837 |quote= ETA was founded in 1959 and evolved from a group advocating traditional cultural ways to an armed group using violence to demand Basque independence. Its ideology is Marxist–Leninist.|url-access=subscription }}|{{cite report |title=Lessons from Contemporary Insurgency: The PKK's Enduring Fight |date=31 July 2008 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/html/tr/ADA494908/ |publisher=University of Military Intelligence |last=Alger |first=Kevin |pages=5-6 |quote="Although the ETA adopted Marxist-Leninism in 1965, and even today advocate a socialist agenda, with the benefit of historical analysis it’s obvious that the ETA adopted a communist ideology as a means to achieving their nationalist separatist agenda – very similar to the PKKs early adoption of both a Marxist-Leninist ideology and nationalist/separatist agenda.}}|{{cite journal |title=Spain's Democracy: A Remarkable First Year |first=Robert |last=Harvey |journal=The World Today |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=1980 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40395175 |page=106 |quote="Although there have been sporadic attacks by extreme right-wing groups, the two main angels of death have been from the far Left: the Marxist-Leninist Basque separatist organization, ETA, and the Madrid-based Marxist GRAPO movement."}}|{{cite journal |title=Why Do They Kill? The Basque Conflict in Spain |first=Paddy |last=Woodworth |journal=World Policy Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |year=2001 |publisher=Duke University Press |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40209726 |page=5 |quote="While ETA indicated a commitment to armed resistance from its beginnings, it did not carry out its first killings until 1968. In the meantime, it passed through an ideological ferment, moving rapidly from Catholic social radicalism through a spectrum of anti-colonialist positions, ultimately defining itself as a Marxist-Leninist movement commited to Basque independence and socialism."}}|{{cite book |title=Perceptions and Policy in Transatlantic Relations: Prospective visions from the US and Europe |publisher=Routledge |editor1=Natividad Fernández Sola |editor2=Michael Smith |chapter=Terrorism and Homeland Security |first=Carlos Echeverría |last=Jesús |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-89169-8 |page=163 |quote="Western terrorism was basically nationalist or anarchist and Marxist-Leninist in origin and ideology. Groups such as ETA (Basque Land and Freedom) in Spain, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom, the Baeder-Meinhoff gang in Germany, the Red Brigades in Italy, the 17 November Group in Greece, Action Direct in France, and others, saw themselves as the vanguard of the working class or the armed supporters of marginalized national minorities."}}|{{cite book |title=Western Responses to Terrorism |editor1=Alex P. Schmid |editor2=Ronald D. Crelinsten |chapter=Spain: The Terrorist Challenge and the Government’s Response |first=Fernando |last=Jiménez |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd  |year=1993 |isbn=0-7146-4090-5  |page=111 |quote="ETA is one of the oldest West European terrorist groups currently operating. Although the leadership of the ETA generally espouses a Marxist-Leninist ideology, the primary motivation for many of its members is Basque nationalism."}}|{{cite journal |publisher=Routledge |first=Siamak |last=Khatami |year=1997 |title=Between class and nation: Ideology and radical Basque ethnonationalism |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=20 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/10576109708436048 |page=396 |quote="Of course Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Country and Liberty), the Marxist-Leninist ethnonationalist organization that engages in acts of political violence to achieve its aims, will also be discussed."}}|{{cite book |title=Meeting the Challenges of Global Terrorism: Prevention, Control, and Recovery |editor1=Dilip K. Das |editor2=Peter C. Kratcoski |year=2003 |publisher= Lexington Books  |isbn=0-7391-0499-3 |chapter=A Future for the ETA? |first1=Irwin M. |last1=Cohen |first2=Raymond R. |last2=Corrado |page=276 |quote=While moving through different phases, ETA eventually defined itself as a Marxist-Leninist movement committed to the principles of Basque independence and socialism through the use of violence.}}}}</ref>
*'''Factions:'''
*[[Liberation theology]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite thesis |title=Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism |first=Diego |last=Muro Ruiz |degree=Doctor of Philosophy |year=2004 |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519284.pdf |page=161 |quote=The Basque clergy provided ETA with spaces in which to celebrate their assemblies and hide their weaponry. They also provided ETA with some of its members and theoretical influences such as the Liberation Theology.}}|{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13507486.2021.1971626 |first=Kostis |last=Kornetis |year=2022 |title=Rebel code? The transnational imaginary of ‘armed struggle’ in the fall of Southern European dictatorships |journal=European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire |doi=10.1080/13507486.2021.1971626 |volume=29 |issue=3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=470 |quote=While in Spain violence had above all the flair of micro-national politics – and in particular the Basque ETA’s combination of liberation theology, separatism, Catholicism and Marxism – in Portugal it was strictly Marxist-Leninist, and in Greece it had decisively third-worldist and anti-imperialist triggers. When it first emerged, this political violence was legitimized as ‘functional’, and as a reaction against illegitimate, violent and abusive regimes, like the ones of Salazar, Franco or the Colonels.|hdl=10486/710874 |hdl-access=free }}}}</ref>
*[[European federalism]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Azcona Pastor |first1=José Manuel |editor1-last=Azcona Pastor |editor1-first=José Manuel |title=Sociedad del bienestar, vanguardias artísticas, terrorismo y contracultura |date=2011 |publisher=Dykinson |location=Madrid |pages=220–221 |chapter=El nacionalismo vasco y la deriva terrorista de ETA.}}</ref>}}
| position         = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite journal |title=Spain’s Dual Security Dilemma: Strategic Challenges of Basque and Islamist Terror during the Aznar and Zapatero Eras |first=Anthony N. |last=Celso |journal=Mediterranean Quarterly |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=17 |issue=4 |issn=1047-4552 |year=2006 |doi=10.1215/10474552-2006-026 |quote=Encouraged by far-left revolutionary doctrine, the IRA and ETA have employed repeated violence at both state actors and their citizens. |page=126}}|{{cite journal |title=Spain's Democracy: A Remarkable First Year |first=Robert |last=Harvey |journal=The World Today |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=1980 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40395175 |page=106 |quote="Although there have been sporadic attacks by extreme right-wing groups, the two main angels of death have been from the far Left: the Marxist-Leninist Basque separatist organization, ETA, and the Madrid-based Marxist GRAPO movement."}}|{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/27/which-other-regions-want-to-secede-from-spain |title=Which other regions want to secede from Spain? |date=22 October 2017 |first=Creede |last=Newton |website=[[Al-Jazeera]] |quote="Basque separatists led by the far-left Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), an armed group whose name translates to “Basque Homeland and Liberty”, waged a conflict with the Spanish state starting in 1959 that resulted in the death of more than 1,000 people and the wounding of more than 6,000 more."}}}}</ref>
| allies           = {{ubli|[[Batasuna]]
| [[Herri Batasuna]]
| [[FARC]]
| [[Breton Liberation Front|FLB-ARB]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lionel Henry |author2=Annick Lagadec |title=FLB-ARB: L'Histoire (1966–2005) |date=2006 |publisher=Yoran Embanner |location=Foesnant |page=136}}</ref><ref>{{citation|publisher=FLB–ARB Délegation exterieur; Euskadi ta Askatasuna; Irish Republican Publicity Bureau |title=Documentos Y Vol. 12 |date=1972 |page=386 |chapter=Communiqué}}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg}}[[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]]
| [[Terra Lliure]]<ref name="terra">{{cite web |title=Voting or violence? Analysing political violence by ETA and Terra Lliure during and after the Spanish transition to democracy |date=March 2018 |first=Lisa |last=van Dijk |publisher=University of Utrecht |url=https://studenttheses.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12932/28912/THESIS%20Lisa%20van%20Dijk.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>
| [[FLNC]]
| [[EZLN]]
| Criminal elements within [[Republika Srpska]] <small>(supply of arms)</small>{{r|safer}} }}
| partof           = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| opponents        = {{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[France]]<br/>{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
}}
[[File:ETA Symbol.svg|thumb|ETA emblem]]
'''ETA''',{{efn|{{small|English pronunciation:}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|t|ə}} {{respell|ET|ə}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/eta|title=ETA|website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|language=en|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvdBrPBBs04&t=20| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/NvdBrPBBs04| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=ETA: A history of violence|last=Goodman|first=Al|publisher=[[CNN]]|via=YouTube|at=0:20}}{{cbignore}}</ref> {{small|Basque:}} {{IPA|eu|eta|}}; {{small|Spanish:}} {{IPA|es|ˈeta|}}}} an [[acronym]] for '''{{Lang|eu|Euskadi Ta Askatasuna|italic=no}}'''{{efn|{{small|Basque pronunciation:}} {{IPA|eu|eus̺kaði ta as̺katas̺una|}}}} ('Basque Homeland and Liberty'<ref name="ETA BASQUE ORGANIZATION">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/ETA ETA BASQUE ORGANIZATION], [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] 20 October 2011</ref> or 'Basque Country and Freedom'<ref name=ideological>{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Cameron |title=Basque Nationalism and Political Violence: The Ideological and Intellectual Origins of ETA |date=2007 |publisher=Center for Basque Studies |location=Reno |isbn=978-1-877802-75-1 |page=15}}</ref> in [[Basque language|Basque]]),<!-- NOTE: Please do not add "terrorist" here, that is covered in the very next paragraph --> was an armed [[Basque nationalism|Basque nationalist]] and [[Separatism|separatist]] organization active in [[Spain]] and [[France]] between 1959 and 2018.<!-- NOTE: Please do not add "terrorist" here, that is covered in the very next paragraph --> It was founded in 1959, during [[Francoist Spain]], by a group of Basque nationalist students seeking to promote Basque identity and [[Basque Country independence|independence]]. Over time, ETA evolved into a clandestine [[paramilitary]] group that conducted a campaign of [[Assassination|assassinations]], [[Bomb|bombings]], and [[Kidnapping|kidnappings]] primarily in Spain, particularly in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] and surrounding regions. ETA was considered the main organization of the [[Basque National Liberation Movement]] and played a central role in the [[Basque conflict|Basque armed conflict]], in which more than 850 people were killed, 2,600 were wounded, and nearly 90 were kidnapped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DatosRTVE |first=ANA MARTÍN PLAZA / |date=2021-10-20 |title=Las cifras de la barbarie de ETA: más de 850 asesinatos, 2.600 heridos y casi 90 secuestrados |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20211020/cifras-barbarie-eta-mas-850-asesinatos-2600-heridos-casi-90-secuestrados/2195448.shtml |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=RTVE.es |language=es}}</ref> The group announced a definitive end to its armed activity in 2011 and formally dissolved in 2018.

ETA's motto was {{lang|eu|Bietan jarrai}} ("Keep up in both"), referring to the two figures in its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an axe (representing armed struggle).<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2007/07/10/opinion/2150459.html Quiosco | El Mundo en ORBYT]. Elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/21/espana/1116672025.html ETA, una serpiente vacilante]. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref> [http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/03/24/blog03/1143175900.html De patrulla por Vitoria]. elmundo.es (24 March 2006). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> Between 1968 and 2010, ETA killed 829 people (including 340 civilians) and injured more than 22,000.<ref name="casualities_eta_829">{{cite web | title = Lista de víctimas mortales | work = Ministerio del Interior | url = http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm | language = es | access-date = 19 September 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100915224606/http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm | archive-date = 15 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="casualties_total_basque">{{cite web|title = Datos significativos del conflicto vasco, 1968–2003|url = http://www.euskonews.com/0256zbk/gaia25604_01.html
| work=Eusko News|year = 2003|language = es|access-date =19 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victimas MIR">{{cite web |url=http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm |title=ETA has killed 829 people as of 19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915224606/http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm |archive-date=15 September 2010 |language=es |work=[[Ministerio del Interior]] |access-date=29 July 2018 |publisher=[[Gobierno de España]]}}</ref><ref name="smithsonianmag.com">[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130419175931/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/basque.html Peace at Last? | People & Places|Smithsonian Magazine]. Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> ETA was classified as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] by France,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-16|title=Leader of Eta Basque rebels arrested in France|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48293187|access-date=2020-08-24}}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref name="legislation2000">{{cite act |title=Terrorism Act 2000 |title-link=Terrorism Act 2000 |date=2000-07-20 |reporter=UK Public General Acts |volume=2000 c. 11 |chapter=Schedule 2: Proscribed Organisations |chapter-url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-date=2013-01-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|United States]],<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)]. Retrieved on 16 April 2013.</ref> Canada,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|title=About the listing process|date=21 December 2018|website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> and the [[European Union]].<ref name="eu-list">{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/compos/2009/468/oj|title=Council Common Position 2009/468/CFSP of 15 June 2009 updating Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2009/67/CFSP|work=Council of the European Union|date=15 June 2009|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><!-- Before changing the treatment of the word "terrorist", check [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Terrorist, terrorism]] --> This convention was followed by a plurality of domestic and international media, which also referred to the group as [[terrorism in Spain|terrorists]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eta-gives-terrorists-disguise-manual-765286.html|work=The Independent |location=London |title=Eta gives terrorists disguise manual|date=15 December 2007|access-date=27 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559677/Eta-terrorists-demand-protection-money.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559677/Eta-terrorists-demand-protection-money.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Eta terrorists demand protection money|first=Edward|last=Owen|date=7 August 2007|access-date=27 March 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13061961 Spain's rail ambitions: Ave Madrid]. The Economist (5 February 2009). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,491972,00.html Spanien: Mutmaßliche Eta-Terroristen gefasst – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Politik]. Spiegel.de (2 July 2007). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> {{as of |2019}}, there were more than 260 [[Basque National Liberation Movement Prisoners |imprisoned former members]] of the group in Spain, France, and other countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cifran en 21 los presos de ETA aquejados por enfermedades graves |url=https://www.elmundo.es/pais-vasco/2019/01/07/5c334d36fdddff06b48b461e.html |access-date=16 January 2019 |publisher=El Mundo newspaper |date=7 January 2019}}</ref>

ETA declared ceasefires in 1989, 1996, 1998 and 2006. On 5 September 2010, ETA declared a new ceasefire<ref name="bbc 5 sep">{{cite news|title=Basque separatist group Eta 'declares ceasefire'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11191395|work=BBC News |access-date=5 September 2010|date=5 September 2010}}</ref> that remained in force, and on 20 October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed activity".<ref name=BBC20111020>{{cite news|title=Basque group Eta says armed campaign is over |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15393014|access-date=20 October 2011| work=BBC News |date=20 October 2011}}</ref> On 24 November 2012, it was reported that the group was ready to negotiate a "definitive end" to its operations and disband completely.<ref name="BBC Eta 'ready to disband'">{{cite news|title=Basque separatists Eta 'ready to disband'|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20482620}}</ref> The group announced on 7 April 2017 that it had given up all its weapons and explosives.<ref name="BBC070417">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39512637|title=Eta: Basque separatists plan to unilaterally disarm on Saturday|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|work=BBC News}}</ref> On 2 May 2018, ETA made public a letter dated 16 April 2018 according to which it had "completely dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative".<ref name="2may">{{cite news|title=Basque group ETA says has 'completely dissolved': El Diario website|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-eta/basque-group-eta-says-has-completely-dissolved-el-diario-website-idUSKBN1I31TP|access-date=2 May 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=2 May 2018}}</ref>

==Structure==
[[File: ArmaTiroPumEtaMilikiliklik26 8.jpg|thumb|ETA members fire blanks during the [[Euzko Gudarostea|Day of the Basque Soldier]] of 2006]]

ETA changed its internal structure on several occasions, commonly for security reasons. The group used to have a very hierarchical organization with a leading figure at the top, delegating into three substructures: the logistical, military and political sections. Reports from Spanish and French police point towards significant changes in ETA's structures in its later years. ETA divided the three substructures into a total of eleven. The change was a response to captures, and possible infiltration, by the different law enforcement agencies. ETA intended to disperse its members and reduce the effects of detentions.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

The leading committee comprised 7 to 11 individuals, and ETA's internal documentation referred to it as {{lang|eu|Zuba}}, an abbreviation of {{lang|eu|Zuzendaritza Batzordea}} (directorial committee). There was another committee named {{lang|eu|Zuba-hits}} that functioned as an advisory committee. The eleven different substructures were: logistics, politics, international relations with fraternal organisations, military operations, reserves, prisoner support, expropriation, information, recruitment, negotiation, and treasury.<ref>[http://www.elcorreodigital.com/vizcaya/pg060323/actualidad/politica/200603/23/ECD_eta_funcionamiento.html POLÍTICA – ETA ha modificado su estructura interna por motivos de seguridad]. ''El Correo Digital'' (1 December 1997). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>

ETA's armed operations were organized in different {{lang|eu|talde}}''s'' (groups or commandos), generally composed of three to five members, whose objective was to conduct attacks in a specific geographic zone.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} The {{lang|eu|talde}}''s'' were coordinated by the {{lang|es-ES|cúpula militar}} ("military [[cupola]]"). To supply the {{lang|eu|talde}}''s'', support groups maintained [[safe house]]s and {{lang|es-ES|zulos}} (small rooms concealed in forests, [[garret]]s or underground, used to store arms, explosives or, sometimes, kidnapped people; the Basque word {{lang|eu|zulo}} literally means "hole"). The small cellars used to hide the people kidnapped are named by ETA and ETA's supporters "people's jails".<ref name="La Razón Técnico">''[http://www.belt.es/noticias/2004/octubre/21/eta_zulo.htm «El técnico» construyó loss zulos de ETA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508174944/http://www.belt.es/noticias/2004/octubre/21/eta_zulo.htm |date=8 May 2008 }}'', [[La Razón (Madrid)|La Razón]], 18 October 2004.</ref> The most common ''commandos'' were itinerant, not linked to any specific area, and thus were more difficult to capture.<ref>Riding, Alan. (11 July 1992) [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0D7143DF932A25754C0A964958260 OLYMPICS – OLYMPICS – Keeping Terrorism at Bay in Barcelona – NYTimes.com]. New York Times. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>

Among its members, ETA distinguished between {{lang|es-ES|legales}}/{{lang|eu|legalak}} ("legal ones"), those members who did not have police records and lived apparently normal lives; {{lang|es-ES|liberados}} ("liberated members") known to the police that were on ETA's payroll and working part-time for ETA; and {{lang|es|apoyos}} ("supporters") who just gave occasional help and logistics support to the group when required.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wayne Anderson|title=The ETA: Spain's Basque terrorists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZ5TNlhO5V8C&pg=PA42|access-date=30 January 2011|date=January 2003|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3818-6|pages=42–}}</ref>

There were also imprisoned members of the group, serving time scattered across Spain and France, that sometimes still had significant influence inside the organisation; and finally the {{lang|es-ES|quemados}} ("burnt out"), members freed after having been imprisoned or those that were suspected by the group of being under police surveillance. In the past, there was also the figure of the deportees, expelled by the French government to remote countries where they lived freely. ETA's internal bulletin was named {{lang|eu|[[Zutabe]]}} ("Column"), replacing the earlier one (1962) {{lang|eu|[[Zutik (publication)|Zutik]]}} ("Standing").{{cn|date=April 2024}}

ETA also promoted the {{lang|eu|[[kale borroka]]}} ("street fight"), that is, violent acts against public transportation, political parties' offices or cultural buildings, destruction of private property of politicians, police, military, bank offices, journalists, council members, and anyone voicing criticism of ETA.{{cn|date=April 2024}} Tactics included threats, graffiti of political mottoes, and rioting, usually using [[Molotov cocktails]].{{cn|date=April 2024}} These groups were mostly made up of young people, who were directed through youth organisations (such as {{lang|eu|[[Jarrai]]}}, {{lang|eu|[[Haika (organization)|Haika]]}} and {{lang|eu|[[Segi (organization)|Segi]]}}). Many members of ETA started their collaboration with the group as participants in the {{lang|eu|kale borroka}}.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

==Ideology==
Initially, ETA did not consider itself Marxist, but soon after its founding it did gain such coloration and defined itself as revolutionary socialist. The organization spoke of a distinctly Basque "national socialism" (''socialismo nacional''), a term that was used by numerous anti-colonial movements during the Cold War, as well as movements such as [[Peronism]]. From 1965 onwards, ETA had two distinct factions - the nationalist and socialist one, with the former subordinating class struggle to the national question, and the latter seeing the national question as subordinate to a greater class struggle. Early ETA also had European federalist influences thanks to the presence of [[Federico Krutwig]], a Basque revolutionary who was a staunch [[Europhile]] and adhered to the views of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] and [[Menachem Begin]]. However, he left ETA in 1967 as Marxist factions became dominant.<ref>{{cite book |title=Beyond ‘Hellenes’ and ‘Barbarians’: Asymmetrical Concepts in European Discourse |year=2023 |publisher=Berghahn Books |chapter=‘We the Basques’, and the ‘Other(s)’: Ethnic Asymmetries in Basque Nationalist Discourse |first=Iñaki Iriarte |last=López |editor1=Kirill Postoutenko |isbn=978-1-80073-680-1 |doi=10.3167/9781800736795 |pages=313-314}}</ref>

The main and non-negotiable demand of the party was an independent Basque state stretching from northern Spain to southern France. It was said to combine 'conservative nationalism with communist ideology',<ref>{{cite journal |title=Spain’s Dual Security Dilemma: Strategic Challenges of Basque and Islamist Terror during the Aznar and Zapatero Eras |first=Anthony N. |last=Celso |journal=Mediterranean Quarterly |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=17 |issue=4 |issn=1047-4552 |year=2006 |doi=10.1215/10474552-2006-026 |quote=Encouraged by far-left revolutionary doctrine, the IRA and ETA have employed repeated violence at both state actors and their citizens. |page=123}}</ref> as it centered its doctrine on Basque independence and socioeconomic struggle against capitalism, which it expressed through a slogan of “Basques as a people of workers”.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Thomas |last1=Chevallier |first2=Xabier |last2=Itçaina |title=Left nationalism in the French Basque Country: From civic opposition to critical participation |journal=Nations and Nationalism |year=2024 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04814660/document |publisher=HAL Open Science |page=6}}</ref> ETA postulated a two-fold cause for independence, based on both respect for Basque language and culture as well as the liberation of the working class.<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. P. |last=Linstroth |year=2002 |title=The Basque Conflict Globally Speaking: Material Culture, Media and Basque Identity in the Wider World |journal=Oxford Development Studies |publisher=Routledge |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/13600810220138302 |page=207}}</ref> It intertwined the goal for a Basque nation-state for a socialist economy which was to comprise of an equitable distribution of wealth and improved living standards for the Basque working class.<ref>{{cite book |title=Meeting the Challenges of Global Terrorism: Prevention, Control, and Recovery |editor1=Dilip K. Das |editor2=Peter C. Kratcoski |year=2003 |publisher= Lexington Books  |isbn=0-7391-0499-3 |chapter=A Future for the ETA? |first1=Irwin M. |last1=Cohen |first2=Raymond R. |last2=Corrado |page=276}}</ref> 

ETA defined itself as an anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movement.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Routledge |first=Hans Josef |last=Horchem |year=1982 |title=European terrorism: A German perspective |journal=Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=1-2 |doi=10.1080/10576108208435532 |page=44}}</ref> Its ideology was described as a "combination of liberation theology, separatism, Catholicism and Marxism" and as "a nationalist, third-worldist organization of Marxist inclinations, with Catholic influences, especially from the Latin American inspired theology of liberation".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13507486.2021.1971626 |first=Kostis |last=Kornetis |year=2022 |title=Rebel code? The transnational imaginary of ‘armed struggle’ in the fall of Southern European dictatorships |journal=European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire |doi=10.1080/13507486.2021.1971626 |volume=29 |issue=3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=470-477|hdl=10486/710874 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The vision of Basque nationalism that ETA envisioned was "based not only on the Basque culture and language but also on the centrality of the Roman Catholic Church."<ref>{{cite book |title=Meeting the Challenges of Global Terrorism: Prevention, Control, and Recovery |editor1=Dilip K. Das |editor2=Peter C. Kratcoski |year=2003 |publisher= Lexington Books  |isbn=0-7391-0499-3 |chapter=A Future for the ETA? |first1=Irwin M. |last1=Cohen |first2=Raymond R. |last2=Corrado |page=275}}</ref> According to Paddy Woodworth, ETA "passed through an ideological ferment, moving rapidly from Catholic social radicalism through a spectrum of anti-colonialist positions, ultimately defining itself as a Marxist-Leninist movement commited to Basque independence and socialism",<ref>{{cite journal |title=Why Do They Kill? The Basque Conflict in Spain |first=Paddy |last=Woodworth |journal=World Policy Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |year=2001 |publisher=Duke University Press |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40209726 |page=5}}</ref> and noted profound "religious overtones" in the theoretical documents of ETA.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Basque Country: A Cultural History |first=Paddy |last=Woodworth |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532800-4 |page=181}}</ref>

According to the organization's Marxist-Leninist and ethnonational doctrine, despite the Spanish transition to democracy, Spain continued to be ruled and dominated by the same oligarchy and military, whose interests continued to depend on 'exploiting the masses', including the Basques and other ethnonational minorities in Spain. According to ETA, Spain transitioned into "Francoism without Franco" and is still based on the same state apparatus and capitalism. The party also attacked the Basque bourgeoisie, arguing that it collaborates with the Spanish elites as it also depends on the continued exploitation of the Basque working class, thus having a common interest with Madrid. ETA also claimed that "one cannot be a Basque patriot unless one is also a member of the Basque working class", as the collaboration of the Basque bourgeoisie with the Spanish bourgeoisie would result in the "elimination of all signs of a distinctive Basque ethnocultural identity". Moreover, the organization claimed that the American [[Central Intelligence Agency]] aids the Spanish and Basque governments and police forces against it, referring to the Spanish and Basque officials as "occupation forces". ETA went as far as to label drug smugglers "Spanish occupation forces" as well, claiming that they secretly collaborate with police forces.<ref name="khatami">{{cite journal |publisher=Routledge |first=Siamak |last=Khatami |year=1997 |title=Between class and nation: Ideology and radical Basque ethnonationalism |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=20 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/10576109708436048}}</ref>

Defining itself as an "armed socialist organization fighting for the national liberation of the Basque people", ETA envisioned an independent Basque state ruled by a Marxist-Leninist regime. It stressed the need for change, arguing that continued status quo in the Basque Country will result in an "unsustainable economic crisis, unemployment, progressive margination of the Basque culture and language, savage military occupation of the whole Basque territory". It did not ideologically oppose any negotiated settlement, but emphasized that "a negotiated settlement to any conflict presupposes an attitude of mutual recognition of the negotiating parties".<ref name="khatami"/> 
==Political support==
[[File:EuskadiTaAskatasunaMural.JPG|thumb|A pro-ETA mural in [[Durango, Spain|Durango, Biscay]]]]

The former political party [[Batasuna]], disbanded in 2003, pursued the same political goals as ETA and did not condemn ETA's use of violence. Formerly known as [[Euskal Herritarrok]] and "[[Herri Batasuna]]", it was banned by the Spanish Supreme Court as an anti-democratic organisation following the Political Parties Law (''Ley de Partidos Políticos'').<ref name="Ley 6/2002"/> It generally received 10% to 20% of the vote in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Autonomous Community]].<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2005/03/espana/elecciones_pv/resultados.html Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005]. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.historiaelectoral.com/juntas.html Elecciones a las Juntas Generales del País Vasco 1979–2015] (in Spanish). Retrieved on 13 July 2017.</ref>

Batasuna's political status was controversial. It was considered to be the political wing of ETA.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/56763.stm|work=BBC News  |title=ETA's political wing elects new leaders|date=14 February 1998|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-1272166/Batasuna|title=Batasuna (Basque org.) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> Moreover, after the investigations on the nature of the relationship between Batasuna and ETA by Judge [[Baltasar Garzón]], who suspended the activities of the political organisation and ordered police to shut down its headquarters, the [[Supreme Court of Spain]] finally declared Batasuna illegal on 18 March 2003. The court considered proven that Batasuna had links with ETA and that it constituted in fact part of ETA's structure. In 2003, the Constitutional Tribunal upheld the legality of the law.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.12957/ballot.2015.17895|doi-access=free|title=The banning of political parties in Spain (the Batasuna case)|volume=1|number=1|journal=Ballot|last=Foruria|first=Eduardo Vírgula|location=Rio de Janeiro|language=en|date=June 2015|pages=1–20}}</ref>

However, the party itself denied being the political wing of ETA,{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} although double membership – simultaneous or alternative – between Batasuna and ETA was often recorded, such as with the cases of prominent Batasuna leaders like Josu Urrutikoetxea, [[Arnaldo Otegi]], Jon Salaberria and others.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4581987.stm|work=BBC News  |title=Basque nationalist leader jailed|date=26 May 2005|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref name = "jvjtfe">[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/direccion/Batasuna/ETA/elpepuesp/20080521elpepunac_4/Tes De la dirección de Batasuna a la de ETA · ELPAÍS.com]. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>

The Spanish [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] (the Spanish Parliament) began the process of declaring the party illegal in August 2002 by issuing a bill entitled the ''Ley de Partidos Políticos'' which bars political parties that use violence to achieve political goals, promote hatred against different groups or seek to destroy the democratic system. The bill passed the Cortes with a 304 to 16 vote.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/2002/06/05/espana/1153258.html El Congreso aprueba la Ley de Partidos con el 95% de Los votos], ''El Mundo'', 5 June 2002.</ref> Many within the Basque nationalistic movement strongly disputed the Law, which they considered too draconian or even unconstitutional; alleging that any party could be made illegal almost by choice, simply for not clearly stating their opposition to an attack.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

Defenders of the law argued that the ''Ley de Partidos'' did not necessarily require responses to individual acts of violence, but rather a declaration of principles explicitly rejecting violence as a means of achieving political goals.{{cn|date=April 2024}} Defenders also argued that the ban of a political party is subject to judicial process, with all the guarantees of the State of Law. Batasuna had failed to produce such a statement. {{As of|2008|alt=As of February 2008}} other political parties linked to organizations such as ''[[Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted)|Partido Comunista de España (reconstituted)]]'' have also been declared illegal, and [[Acción Nacionalista Vasca]] and [[Communist Party of the Basque Lands]] (EHAK/PCTV, ''Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista/Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas'') was declared illegal in September 2008.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

A new party called [[Aukera Guztiak]] ''(All the Options)'' was formed expressly for the elections to the [[Basque Parliament]] of April 2005.{{cn|date=April 2024}} Its supporters claimed no heritage from Batasuna, asserting that they aimed to allow Basque citizens to freely express their political ideas, even those of independence. On the matter of political violence, Aukera Guztiak stated their right not to condemn some kinds of violence more than others if they did not see fit (in this regard, the [[Basque National Liberation Movement]] (MLNV) regards present police actions as violence, torture and state terrorism). Nevertheless, most of their members and certainly most of their leadership were former Batasuna supporters or affiliates. The Spanish Supreme Court unanimously considered the party to be a successor to Batasuna and declared a ban on it.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

After Aukera Guztiak had been banned, and less than two weeks before the election, another political group appeared born from an earlier schism from Herri Batasuna, the [[Communist Party of the Basque Lands]] (EHAK/PCTV, ''Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista/Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas''), a formerly unknown political party which had no representation in the Autonomous Basque Parliament. EHAK announced that they would apply the votes they obtained to sustain the political programme of the now-banned Aukera Guztiak platform.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

This move left no time for the Spanish courts to investigate EHAK in compliance with the ''Ley de Partidos'' before the elections were held. The bulk of Batasuna supporters voted in this election for PCTV. It obtained 9 seats of 75 (12.44% of votes) in the Basque Parliament.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2005/03/espana/elecciones_pv/resultados/ Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005]. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>
The election of EHAK representatives eventually allowed the programme of the now-illegal Batasuna to continue being represented without having condemned violence as required by the ''Ley de Partidos''.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

In February 2011, Sortu, a party described as "the new Batasuna",<ref name="LV8F">{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.es/politica/20110208/54111615502/el-nuevo-partido-de-la-izquierda-abertzale-se-denomina-sortu.html|title="El nuevo partido de la izquierda abertzale se denomina 'Sortu'", La Vanguardia, 8 February 2011|work=LA VANGUARDIA|date=8 February 2011|access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> was launched. Unlike predecessor parties, Sortu explicitly rejects politically motivated violence, including that of ETA.<ref name="LV8F"/> However, on 23 March 2011, the Spanish Supreme Court banned Sortu from registering as a political party on the grounds that it was linked to ETA.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|858354060}} |title=Spanish supreme court bans Basque separatist party Sortu for links to ETA |work=BBC Monitoring European |date=24 March 2011 }}</ref>

===Social support===
[[File:ETA Pasajes 2003 06 28.jpg|thumb|Graffiti in [[Pasaia]] (2003). "ETA, the people with you" on the left, and Batasuna using several nationalist symbols asking for "Independence!"]]

The [[Spanish transition to democracy]] from 1975 on and ETA's progressive radicalisation had resulted in a steady loss of support, which became especially apparent at the time of their 1997 kidnapping and countdown assassination of [[Miguel Ángel Blanco]]. Their loss of sympathisers had been reflected in an erosion of support for the political parties identified with them. In the 1998 Basque parliament elections Euskal Herritarrok, formerly Batasuna, polled 17.7% of the votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electionresources.org/es/eus/parliament.php?election=1998 |title=October 25, 1998 Election Results – Euskadi Totals |work=Election Resources on the Internet |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> However, by 2001 the party's support had fallen to 10.0%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electionresources.org/es/eus/parliament.php?election=2001|title=May 13, 2001 Election Results – Euskadi Totals |work=Election Resources on the Internet |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> There were also concerns that Spain's "judicial offensive" against alleged ETA supporters (two Basque political parties and one NGO were banned in September 2008) constituted a threat to human rights.{{cn|date=November 2024}} Strong evidence was seen that a legal network had grown so wide as to lead to the arrest of numerous innocent people.{{cn|date=November 2024}} According to [[Amnesty International]], [[torture]] was still "persistent", though not "systematic".{{cn|date=November 2024}} Inroads could be undermined by judicial short-cuts and abuses of human rights.{{CN|date=November 2024}}

===Clerical support===
Despite its far-left orientation, ETA was founded by students of the Benedictine seminary in [[Lazkao]] and owed its ability to survive the Francoist years of harsh repression to the support of Basque clergy, with many Basque priests having strong nationalist and separatist tendencies. With the approval of the local ecclesiastical hierarchy, ETA was able to store its weapons in churches, chapels and monasteries. According to the US researcher Robert P. Clark, 73% of Basque priests were members of ETA in 1968.<ref name="llanos">{{cite book |title=Separatyzm baskijski: historia, współczesność, perspektywy |language=pl |first=Anna |last=Llanos-Antczak |publisher=Dom Wydawniczy ELISPA |year=2019 |isbn=978-83-8017-280-7 |page=157}}</ref> ETA was also able to survive because of profound sympathy it found in the [[French Basque Country]], and the support of local nationalists and clergy granted ETA safe haven in France, where it was beyond the reach of Francoist security forces.<ref>{{cite book |title=Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Teresa |last=Whitfield |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-938754-0 |page=43}}</ref>

Basque clergy was also important in terms of ideology of the organization, as it provided ETA with both new members as well as influences of the far-left [[liberation theology]]. Largely protected from Francoist persecution, Basque-speaking priests educated members of ETA in the nationalist faith and were considered the guardians of Basque language and culture, heavily influencing Basque nationalism. Basque nationalism acquired a religious character, as evidenced by the motto of [[Basque Nationalist Party]], ‘Jaun-Goikua eta Legi Zarra’ (God and Old Laws). [[Sabino Arana]], the father of Basque nationalism, argued that the Basque Country could not be truly Catholic as long as it was dependent on Spain, and portrayed his struggle for independent Euskadi not as a political project, but rather as something that was ‘about saving souls’.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism |first=Diego |last=Muro Ruiz |degree=Doctor of Philosophy |year=2004 |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519284.pdf |pages=161–162}}</ref>

ETA-supportive clergy accepted the violence of ETA, following the beliefs of liberation theology and seeing it as a part of the oppressed people's aspiration for freedom and independence. The Archbishop of [[San Sebastián]] [[José María Setién]] repeatedly justified the actions of ETA in his statements, causing consternation and even indignation in Spain. His statement that dialogue with ETA should have begun before it even stopped the attacks was condemned by the [[Philippines|Filipino]] [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] [[Jose Tomas Sanchez]].<ref name="llanos"/> Catholic clergy then played an important role in trying to mediate the conflict; in 1998 the Catholic organisation [[Community of Sant'Egidio]] offered to negotiate with the Spanish government on behalf of ETA, but it was turned down by the Minister of Interior [[Jaime Mayor Oreja]]. ETA still enjoyed support of the Basque clergy in the 2000s, with sympathetic priests such as [[:es:Joseba Segura Etxezarraga|Joseba Segura Etxezarraga]] consistently encouraging the Spanish government to enter dialogue.<ref>{{cite book |title=Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Teresa |last=Whitfield |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-938754-0 |page=130}}</ref>

===Opinion polls===
The [[Euskobarometro]], the survey carried out by the [[Universidad del País Vasco]] (University of the Basque Country), asking about the views of ETA within the Basque population, obtained these results in May 2009:<ref name="Euskobarometro">[http://alweb.ehu.es/euskobarometro/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=114 Euskobarómetro – EUSKOBAROMETRO MAYO 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811094823/http://alweb.ehu.es/euskobarometro/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=114 |date=11 August 2011 }}. Alweb.ehu.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> 64% rejected ETA totally, 13% identified themselves as former ETA sympathisers who no longer support the group. Another 10% agreed with ETA's ends, but not their means. Three percent said that their attitude towards ETA was mainly one of fear, 3% expressed indifference and 3% were undecided or did not answer.{{cn|date=April 2024}} About 3% gave ETA "justified, with criticism" support (supporting the group but criticising some of their actions) and only 1% gave ETA total support. Even within Batasuna voters, at least 48% rejected ETA's violence.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

A poll taken by the Basque Autonomous Government in December 2006 during ETA's [[ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration|"permanent" ceasefire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euskadi.net/estudios_sociologicos/estudiosfecha_c.apl?es_fecha=11/12/2006%208:45:40&anio=2006|title=Gabinete de Prospección Sociológica (Gobierno Vasco): list of sociological studies 2006|work=Euskadi.net|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214310/http://www1.euskadi.net/estudios_sociologicos/estudiosfecha_c.apl?es_fecha=11%2F12%2F2006%208%3A45%3A40&anio=2006}}</ref><ref>[http://gara.euskalherria.com/idatzia/20061211/art192774.php Más del 85% apuesta por el derecho a decidir y por el diálogo Sobre el Marco – GARA – euskalherria.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083737/http://gara.euskalherria.com/idatzia/20061211/art192774.php |date=25 April 2012 }}. Gara.euskalherria.com (11 December 2006). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> showed that 88% of the Basques thought that all political parties needed to launch a dialogue, including a debate on the political framework for the Basque Country (86%). Sixty-nine percent support the idea of ratifying the results of this hypothetical multiparty dialogue through a referendum. This poll also reveals that the hope of a peaceful resolution to the issue of the constitutional status of the Basque region has fallen to 78% (from 90% in April).

These polls did not cover [[Navarre]], where support for Basque nationalist electoral options is weaker (around 25% of the population); or the [[Northern Basque Country]], where support is even weaker (around 15% of the population).

==History==

===During Franco's dictatorship===
{{See also|Opposition to Francoism}}[[File:Federiko Krutwig euskaltzaina 1989an.jpg|thumb|[[Federico Krutwig]], the anarchist theorist of the ETA. He sought to move [[Basque nationalism]] away from its ethnic and religious origins.]]
ETA grew out of a student group called Ekin, founded in the early 1950s, which published a magazine and undertook direct action.<ref name=newandcourrier>{{cite news|title=Basques Stir Ferment in Spain|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fnZJAAAAIBAJ&pg=4795,3283737&dq=eta+bayonne+france+1962&hl=en|access-date=21 October 2011|newspaper=The News and Courier|date=1 October 1968}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ETA was founded on 31 July 1959 as {{Lang|eu|Euskadi Ta Askatasuna|italic=no}} ("Basque Homeland and Liberty"<ref name="ETA BASQUE ORGANIZATION"/> or "Basque Country and Freedom"<ref name=ideological/>) by students frustrated by the moderate stance of the [[Basque Nationalist Party]].<ref name=studentgroup>{{cite news|title=ETA: from student group to Basque bombers|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8839645/ETA-from-student-group-to-Basque-bombers.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8839645/ETA-from-student-group-to-Basque-bombers.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2011|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (Originally, the name for the organisation used the word ''Aberri'' instead of ''Euskadi'', creating the acronym ''ATA''. However, in some Basque dialects, ''ata'' means ''duck'', so the name was changed.)<ref name="Kurlansky-2004">{{cite book|title=1968|author-link=Mark Kurlansky|last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|page=254|year=2004|isbn=0-224-06251-4|publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] ([[Random House]])|location=London}}</ref>

ETA held their [[First Assembly of ETA|first assembly]] in [[Bayonne]], France, in 1962, during which a "declaration of principles" was formulated and following which a structure of activist cells was developed.<ref name="Conversi">{{cite book |last=Conversi |first=Daniele |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ByeoWdwz28C |title=The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain |publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-87417-362-8 |location=London |pages=92–97}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[third-worldist]] perspectives developed within ETA, becoming the basis for a political programme set out in [[Federico Krutwig]]'s (an anarchist of German origin) 1963 book ''Vasconia'', which is considered to be the defining text of the movement. In contrast to previous Basque nationalist platforms, Krutwig's vision was anti-religious and based upon language and culture rather than race.<ref name=Conversi/> ETA's third and fourth assemblies, held in 1964 and 1965, adopted an anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist position, seeing nationalism and the class struggle as intrinsically connected.<ref name=Conversi/>

Some sources attributed the 1960 bombing of the [[Amara station]] in [[Donostia-San Sebastian]] (which killed a 22-month-old child) to ETA,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/reportajes/primera/victima/ETA/elpepusocdmg/20100131elpdmgrep_1/Tes |title=La primera víctima de ETA |date=31 January 2010|last=Duva |first=Jesús |work=El País |access-date=25 June 2020 |trans-title=ETA's first victim |language=es}}</ref><ref name="EC">{{cite web|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/v/20100619/opinion/primera-victima-20100619.html |title=¿La primera víctima de ETA? |language=es |access-date=23 October 2011 |date=19 June 2010 |work=El Correo |trans-title=The first victim of ETA?}}</ref> but statistics published by the [[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Spanish Ministry of the Interior]] have always showed that ETA's first victim was killed in 1968.<ref name=SpainInteriorMinistryStatistics>{{cite web|title=Últimas víctimas mortales de ETA: Cuadros estadísticos |url=http://www.interior.gob.es/prentsa-3/balantzeak-21/ultimas-victimas-mortales-de-eta-cuadros-estadisticos-630?set_locale=es |publisher=Spanish Ministry of the Interior|access-date=23 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406224236/http://www.interior.gob.es/prentsa-3/balantzeak-21/ultimas-victimas-mortales-de-eta-cuadros-estadisticos-630?set_locale=es |archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref> The Amara station attack was claimed by the Portuguese and Galician left-wing group [[Directorio Revolucionario Ibérico de Liberación]] (DRIL), together with four other very similar bombings committed that same day across Spain – all attributed to DRIL.<ref name="deia-21feb2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.deia.com/2010/02/21/politica/verdad-eclipsada|title=Verdad eclipsada |trans-title=Eclipsed truth |last=Núñez |first=Javier |date=21 February 2010 |website=Deia |language=es |access-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102111007/http://www.deia.com/2010/02/21/politica/verdad-eclipsada|archive-date=2 January 2013}}</ref> Attribution of the 1960 attack to ETA has been considered to be unfounded by researchers.<ref name="EC"/><ref name="deia-21feb2010"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20100212/182505/es/como-construye-una-mentira|title= Cómo se construye una mentira |trans-title=How a lie is built |language=es |access-date=23 October 2011 |date= 9 February 2010 |work=Gara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024003828/http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20100212/182505/es/como-construye-una-mentira|archive-date= 24 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Begoña Urroz afera">{{cite web |title=Begoña Urroz afera |url=http://www.berria.info/dokumentuak/dokumentua730.pdf |language=eu |access-date=23 October 2011 |date=20 February 2011 |publisher=Berria |archive-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427021244/http://www.berria.info/dokumentuak/dokumentua730.pdf }}</ref> Police documents dating from 1961, released in 2013, show that the DRIL was indeed the author of the bombing.<ref>{{cite web|title=El DRIL mató a Begoña Urroz, y no ETA, según documentos de la Policía|trans-title=DRIL killed Begoña Urroz, not ETA, according to Police documents|url=http://www.eitb.com/es/noticias/politica/detalle/1331936/begona-urroz-eta--el-dril-mato-nina-no-eta-policia/|publisher=EITB|language=es|access-date=6 May 2013|date=5 May 2013|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507101906/http://www.eitb.com/es/noticias/politica/detalle/1331936/begona-urroz-eta--el-dril-mato-nina-no-eta-policia/}}</ref> A more recent study by the ''Memorial de Víctimas del Terrorismo'' based on the analysis of police diligences at the time reached the same conclusion, naming Guillermo Santoro, member of DRIL, as the author of the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aizpeolea |first=Luis R. |date=24 June 2020 |title=Fin de la polémica: el DRIL mató a niña Begoña Urroz |trans-title=The end of the controversy: DRIL murdered the child Begoña Urroz |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2020-06-23/fin-de-la-polemica-el-dril-mato-a-la-nina-begona-urroz.html |language=es |work=El País |location=[[San Sebastián]] |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>

[[File: Placa Carrero Blanco.jpg|thumb|Memorial plate at the place of the assassination of Admiral [[Luis Carrero Blanco]]]]
ETA's first killing occurred on 7 June 1968, when [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Guardia Civil]] member José Pardines Arcay was shot dead after he tried to halt ETA member [[Txabi Etxebarrieta]] during a routine road check. Etxebarrieta was chased down and killed as he tried to flee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2008/06/04/actualidad/1212567420_850215.html |title=El primer día en el que ETA asesinó |work=El País |date=4 June 2008 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=es |trans-title=The first day that ETA murdered |author=Staff}}</ref> This led to retaliation in the form of the first planned ETA assassination: that of [[Melitón Manzanas]], chief of the [[secret police]] in San Sebastián and associated with a long record of tortures inflicted on detainees in his custody.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/domingo/HABLAN/ViCTIMAS/MELITON/MANZANAS/elppor/20010128elpdmg_12/Tes |title=Hablan las Víctimas de Melitón Manzanas|access-date =19 June 2008 |work=El País |date=27 January 2001|language=es|last1=Iglesias|first1=María Antonia}}</ref> In December 1970, several members of ETA were condemned to death in the [[Burgos trials]] (''Proceso de Burgos''), but international pressure resulted in their sentences being [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] (a process which, however, had by that time already been applied to some other members of ETA).

In early December 1970, ETA kidnapped the German consul in San Sebastian, Eugen Beilh, to exchange him for the Burgos defendants. He was released unharmed on 24 December.<ref>{{cite news|title=40 Aniversario del Proceso de Burgos|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/12/02/paisvasco/1291298318.html|access-date=21 October 2011|newspaper=El Mundo|date=3 December 2010}}</ref>

Nationalists who refused to follow the tenets of Marxism–Leninism and who sought to create a [[united front]] appeared as ETA-V, but lacked the support to challenge ETA.<ref name=sullivan>{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=John|title=ETA and Basque nationalism: The Fight for Euskadi|year=1988|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=London|pages=128–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOMOAAAAQAAJ&q=ETA+V|isbn=978-0-415-00366-7}}</ref>

The most significant assassination performed by ETA during [[Francoist Spain|Franco's dictatorship]] was [[Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco|Operación Ogro]], the December 1973 bomb assassination in [[Madrid]] of Admiral [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], Franco's chosen successor and president of the government (a position roughly equivalent to being a prime minister). The assassination had been planned for months and was executed by placing a bomb in a tunnel dug below the street where Carrero Blanco's car passed every day. The bomb blew up beneath the politician's car and left a massive crater in the road.<ref name=studentgroup/>

For some in the Spanish opposition, Carrero Blanco's assassination, i.e., the elimination of Franco's chosen successor was an instrumental step for the subsequent re-establishment of democracy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michel Rosenfeld|title=The Identity of the Constitutional Subject: Selfhood, Citizenship, Culture, and Community|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGqNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT179|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-25327-1|page=179|chapter=Chapter 4.3}}</ref> The government responded with new anti-terrorism laws which gave police greater powers and empowered military tribunals to pass death sentences against those found guilty. However, the [[last use of capital punishment in Spain]] when two ETA members were executed in September 1975, eight weeks before Franco's death, sparked massive domestic and international protests against the Spanish government.

===During the transition===
During the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] (which began following Franco's death), ETA split into two separate groups: [[ETA political-military]] or ETA(pm), and ETA military or ETA(m).

Both ETA(m) and ETA(pm) refused offers of amnesty, and instead pursued and intensified their violent struggle. The years 1978–1980 were to prove ETA's most deadly, with 68, 76, and 98 fatalities, respectively.

During the [[Franco dictatorship]], ETA was able to take advantage of tolerance by the [[French government]], which allowed its members to move freely through French territory, believing that in this manner they were contributing to the end of Franco's regime. There is much controversy over the degree to which this policy of "[[sanctuary]]" continued even after the transition to democracy, but it is generally agreed that after 1983 the French authorities started to collaborate with the Spanish government against ETA.<ref name=Panisello>{{cite book |last1=Panisello Sabaté |first1=Susana |title=No es país para jóvenes actas del III Encuentro de jóvenes investigadores de la AHC |date=2012 |publisher=Universidad del País Vasco |location=Vitoria-Gasteiz |isbn=978-849860-636-2 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4721564.pdf |access-date=27 June 2021 |chapter=Primera colaboración francesa en la política antiterrorista española: la deportación a terceros países}}</ref>

The transition to democracy did not undermine core reasons for the existence of ETA, with a large part of its members remaining committed to armed struggle and local Basque community remaining supportive of it into the 1990s. This was caused by the character of Spanish transition, as it was based on the ‘pact of forgetting’ ({{langx|es|pacto de olvido}}). Francoist officials in the army, police and judiciary retained their posts, and no attempt was ever made to hold the representatives of the Francoist regime responsible for political violence and oppression. Left-wing Basque nationalist [[:es:Rafael Díez Usabiaga|Rafael Díez Usabiaga]] recalled: "We confront the flagrant contradiction that in the Spanish state they still have not addressed something so fundamental as the crimes of Francoism."<ref name="endgame_46">{{cite book |title=Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Teresa |last=Whitfield |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-938754-0 |page=46}}</ref>

ETA members were further radicalized by the shifting position of leading left-wing parties, the [[Communist Party of Spain]] and [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]], on the issue of self-determination. In 1974 self-determination for the Basque Country was a part of PSOE platform, and the party asserted that "all nationalities and regions had the right to break free from the Spanish state". However, the party moved towards centralist position after 1976, and Spanish parties "abandoned all pretensions to support self-determination within a constitutional drafting committee". Basque parties connected to ETA such as KAS and the MLVN created a new far-left [[Herri Batasuna]] coalition to push for a statute of autonomy for Euskadi.<ref name="endgame_46"/>

One of the parties within Herri Batasuna, ETA-affiliated KAS, listed five conditions from ETA that would need to be fulfilled for it to abandon armed struggle – amnesty for all Basque prisoners, legalisation of separatist Basque parties, withdrawal of Spanish police from Euskadi, improvement of the working class' living condition, and an autonomy statute that allowed for Basque self-determination. However, these demands were rejected by the Spanish government, and Madrid passed a new anti-terrorist law in 1978 that reintroduced Franco-esque policing methods; Robert Clark described the law and its consequences as "the long road back to Francoism without Franco".<ref>{{cite book |title=Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Teresa |last=Whitfield |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-938754-0 |page=48}}</ref>

The final issue that moved ETA towards continuing the armed struggle was the [[1978 Spanish constitutional referendum]]. The new Spanish constitution was opposed by Basque nationalists as it was considered insufficient in terms of Basque autonomy, protection of the Basque language and providing Euskadi with no legal way towards achieving independence from Spain. Basque politicians decried the new constitution as "the continuing occupation of the Basque Country" and called for abstention from the constitutional referendum. As the result, the abstention rate in Euskadi was over 55%, and although 75% of Basque voters voted in favour of the new constitution, they represented only 31% of the Basque population. Because of this, "Euskadi remained the one region in the country in which a majority of the electorate did not support the foundational document of Spain’s democracy."<ref>{{cite book |title=Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Teresa |last=Whitfield |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-938754-0 |page=49}}</ref>

In the 1980s, ETA(pm) accepted the Spanish government's offer of individual pardons to all ETA prisoners, even those who had committed violent crimes, who publicly abandoned the policy of violence. This caused a new division in ETA(pm) between the seventh and eighth assemblies. ETA VII accepted this partial amnesty granted by the now democratic Spanish government and integrated into the political party ''[[Euskadiko Ezkerra]]'' ("Left of the Basque Country").<ref>{{cite journal |first=Gaizka |last=Fernández Soldevill |title=Agur a las Armas. EIA, Euskadiko Ezkerra y la disolución de ETA político-military (1976–1985) |journal=Sancho el Sabio: Revista de Cultura e investigación Vasca |issn=1131-5350 |issue=33 |year=2010 |pages=55–96 |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3401994 |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref>

ETA VIII, after a brief period of independent activity, eventually integrated into ETA(m). With no factions existing anymore, ETA(m) reclaimed the original name of {{Lang|eu|Euskadi Ta Askatasuna|italic=no}}.

====GAL====
During the 1980s, a "dirty war" ensued using the [[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación]] (GAL, "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups"), a paramilitary group which billed themselves as [[Counterterrorism|counter-terrorist]], active between 1983 and 1987. The GAL's stated mission was to avenge every ETA killing with another killing of ETA exiles in the French department of [[Pyrénées Atlantiques]].<ref name=Panisello/> GAL committed 27 assassinations (all but one in France), plus several kidnappings and torture, not only of ETA members but of civilians supposedly related to those, some of whom turned out to have nothing to do with ETA.<ref name="santamaria437">{{cite book|author=Diego Carcedo|title=Sáenz de Santa María. El general que cambió de bando|page=437|isbn=84-8460-309-1|year=2004|publisher=Temas de Hoy|location=Madrid|author-link=Diego Carcedo}}</ref> GAL activities were a follow-up of similar dirty war actions by death squads, actively supported by members of Spanish security forces and secret services, using names such as {{Lang|es|italic=no|[[Batallón Vasco Español]]}} active from 1975 to 1981. They were responsible for the killing of about 48 people.<ref name="santamaria437"/>

One consequence of GAL's activities in France was the decision in 1984 by interior minister Pierre Joxe to permit the extradition of ETA suspects to Spain. Reaching this decision had taken 25 years and was critical in curbing ETA's capabilities by denial of previously safe territory in France.<ref>{{cite book|title=Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country |pages=197–202 |first1=John |last1=Bew |first2=Martyn |last2=Frampton |first3=Inigo |last3=Gurruchaga |publisher=Hurst & Co. |location=London}}</ref><ref name=Panisello/>

The airing of the state-sponsored "dirty war" scheme and the imprisonment of officials responsible for GAL in the early 1990s led to a political scandal in Spain. The group's connections with the state were unveiled by the Spanish journal {{Lang|es|italic=yes|[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]}}, with an [[investigative journalism|investigative]] series leading to the GAL plot being discovered and a national trial initiated. As a consequence, the group's attacks since the revelation have generally been dubbed [[state terrorism]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/168958.stm |title=Former Spanish ministers jailed for 'terrorism' |work=BBC News |date=12 September 1998 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>

In 1997, the Spanish {{Lang|es|italic=no|[[Audiencia Nacional]]}} court finished its trial, which resulted in convictions and imprisonment of several individuals related to the GAL, including civil servants and politicians up to the highest levels of the [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) government, such as former Homeland Minister [[José Barrionuevo]]. Premier [[Felipe González]] was quoted as saying that the [[Rechtsstaat|constitutional state]] has to defend itself "even in the sewers" ({{lang|es|El Estado de derecho también se defiende en las cloacas}}), something which, for some, indicated at least his knowledge of the scheme. However, his involvement with the GAL could never be proven.

These events marked the end of the armed "counter-terrorist" period in Spain and no major cases of foul play on the part of the Spanish government after 1987 (when GAL ceased to operate) have been proven in courts.

====Human rights====
According to the radical nationalist group, Euskal Memoria, between 1960 and 2010 there were 465 deaths in the Basque Country due to (primarily Spanish) state violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minutodigital.com/2011/02/28/los-etarras-escriben-su-historia-euskal-memoria/|title=Los etarras escriben su historia...Euskal Memoria|work=Minuto digital|access-date=29 November 2014|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703031839/http://www.minutodigital.com/2011/02/28/los-etarras-escriben-su-historia-euskal-memoria/ |archive-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> This figure is considerably higher than those given elsewhere, which are usually between 250 and 300.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gara.naiz.info/paperezkoa/20101107/230664/es/474-personas-han-muerto-represion-desde-1960|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412234747/http://gara.naiz.info/paperezkoa/20101107/230664/es/474-personas-han-muerto-represion-desde-1960|archive-date=12 April 2013|title=474 personas han muerto por la represión desde 1960 |work=GARA |access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Critics of ETA cite only 56 members of that organisation killed by state forces since 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-15-09-2003/abc/Nacional/cincuenta-y-seis-etarras-han-muerto-en-enfrentamientos-con-las-fuerzas-de-seguridad_207653.html|title=Cincuenta y seis etarras han muerto en enfrentamientos con las fuerzas de seguridad|work=ABC|date=15 September 2003|access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

ETA members and supporters routinely claim [[torture]] at the hands of Spanish police forces.<ref name="Publico"/> While these claims are hard to verify, some convictions were based on confessions while prisoners were held incommunicado<!-- ordinary English word in this spelling, no italics needed --> and without access to a lawyer of their choice, for a maximum of five days. These confessions were routinely repudiated by the defendants during trials as having been extracted under torture. There were some successful prosecutions of proven tortures during the "dirty war" period of the mid-1980s, although the penalties have been considered by [[Amnesty International]] as unjustifiably light and lenient with co-conspirators and enablers.<ref name="AIUN2002">{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGEUR410122002 |title=October 2002 AI Index: EUR 41/12/2002: SPAIN: A briefing for the United Nations Committee against Torture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021212345/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGEUR410122002 |archive-date=21 October 2006 |quote=Although convictions of torturers occur, these are rare.&nbsp;... examining judges and prosecutors may not always be displaying due diligence&nbsp;... trials involving torture complaints are often delayed for long periods. Where torture has been found to have occurred and torturers are convicted, awards of compensation by courts to torture victims are usually low and may take between seven and 19 years to be decided.}}</ref><ref name="AIUN2002Update">{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGEUR410142002 |title=AI Index: EUR 41/014/2002: 1 November 2002: Spain: A Briefing for the UN Committee against Torture: Update |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021212352/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGEUR410142002 |archive-date=21 October 2006 |quote=The Committee also expressed concern about: the length of judicial investigations into torture complaints, which could give rise to the granting of pardons to convicted torturers, or the failure to impose appropriate sentences, owing to the period of time that had elapsed since the crime was committed;&nbsp;...}}</ref>

In this regard, Amnesty International showed concern for the continuous disregard of the recommendations issued by the agency to prevent the alleged abuses from possibly taking place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/spain |title=Amnesty International Report 2008: Spain |access-date =19 June 2008 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611020111/http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/spain <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=11 June 2008}}</ref> Also in this regard, ETA's manuals were found instructing its members and supporters to claim routinely that they had been tortured while detained.<ref name="Publico">{{cite news|url=http://www.publico.es/espana/037038/eta/comando/t4/torturas |title=ETA aleccionó al 'Comando' de la T-4 Sobre cómo denunciar tortures |work=Público.es |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> Unai Romano's case was very controversial: pictures of him with a symmetrically swollen face of uncertain aetiology were published after his incommunicado period leading to claims of police abuse and torture. Martxelo Otamendi, the ex-director of the Basque newspaper {{lang|eu|italic=yes|Euskaldunon Egunkaria}}, decided to bring charges in September 2008 against the Spanish Government in the [[European Court of Human Rights]] for "not inspecting properly" cases tainted by torture.{{Update inline|date=May 2021}}

As a result of ETA's violence, threats and killings of journalists, [[Reporters Without Borders]] included Spain in all six editions of its annual watchlist on [[Freedom of the press|press freedom]] up to 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17496&Valider=OK/ |title=Spain – 2006 annual report |publisher=Reporters sans frontières |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201427/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17496&Valider=OK%2F |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> Thus, the NGO included ETA in its watchlist "Predators of Press Freedom".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=13624 |title=Spain: ETA (terrorist organization) |publisher=Reporters sans frontières |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209081828/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=13624 |archive-date=9 February 2008 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>

===Under democracy===
ETA performed their first [[car bomb]] assassination in [[Madrid]] in September 1985, resulting in one death (American citizen Eugene Kent Brown, employee of Johnson & Johnson) and sixteen injuries; the [[Plaza República Dominicana bombing]] in July 1986 killed 12 members of the Guardia Civil and injured 50; on 19 June 1987, the [[Hipercor bombing]] was an attack in a shopping centre in [[Barcelona]], killing 21 and injuring 45; in the last case, entire families were killed. The horror caused then was so striking that ETA felt compelled to issue a communiqué stating that they had given warning of the Hipercor bomb, but that the police had declined to evacuate the area. The police said that the warning came only a few minutes before the bomb exploded.<ref name="Eager">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5tXm1V8lTIC&q=hipercor+bomb+1987&pg=PA147|title=From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists|author=Paige Whaley Eager|page=147|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7546-7225-8|access-date=5 August 2009}}</ref>

In 1986, {{lang|es|italic=no|[[Gesto por la Paz]]}} (known in English as Association for Peace in the Basque Country) was founded; they began to convene silent demonstrations in communities throughout the Basque Country the day after any violent killing, whether by ETA or by GAL. These were the first systematic demonstrations in the Basque Country against political violence. Also in 1986, in [[Ordizia]], ETA gunned down [[María Dolores Katarain]], known as "Yoyes", while she was walking with her infant son. Yoyes was a former member of ETA who had abandoned the armed struggle and rejoined civil society: they accused her of "desertion" because of her taking advantage of the Spanish reinsertion policy which granted amnesty to those prisoners who publicly renounced political violence (see below).

On 12 January 1988, all Basque political parties except ETA-affiliated [[Batasuna|Herri Batasuna]] signed the [[Ajuria-Enea pact]] with the intent of ending ETA's violence. Weeks later on 28 January, ETA announced a 60-day "ceasefire", later prolonged several times. Negotiations known as the {{lang|es|italic=no|[[Mesa de Argel]]}} ("[[Algiers]] Table") took place between the ETA representative [[Eugenio Etxebeste]] ("Antxon") and the then PSOE government of Spain, but no successful conclusion was reached, and ETA eventually resumed the use of violence.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

During this period, the Spanish government had a policy referred to as "[[reinsertion]]", under which imprisoned ETA members whom the government believed had genuinely abandoned violence could be freed and allowed to rejoin society.{{cn|date=April 2024}} Claiming a need to prevent ETA from coercively impeding this reinsertion, the PSOE government decided that imprisoned ETA members, who previously had all been imprisoned within the Basque Country, would instead be dispersed to prisons throughout Spain, some as far from their families as in the Salto del Negro prison in the [[Canary Islands]]. France has taken a similar approach.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

In the event, the only clear effect of this policy was to incite social protest, especially from nationalists and families of the prisoners, claiming cruelty of separating family members from the insurgents. Much of the protest against this policy runs under the slogan {{lang|eu|"Euskal Presoak – Euskal Herrira"}} ("Basque prisoners to the Basque Country"; by "Basque prisoners" only ETA members are meant). In almost any Spanish jail there is a group of ETA prisoners, as the number of ETA prisoners makes it difficult to disperse them.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

[[File: EPPK 2008.jpg|thumb|Banner in support of imprisoned ETA members, by [[Gestoras pro-Amnistía|{{lang|es|cat=no|Gestoras pro-Amnistía}}/{{lang|eu|cat=no|Amnistiaren Aldeko Batzordeak}}]] ("Pro-Amnesty Managing Assemblies", currently illegal)]]

''[[Gestoras pro Amnistía|{{lang|es|cat=no|Gestoras pro Amnistía}}/{{lang|eu|cat=no|Amnistiaren Aldeko Batzordeak}}]]'' ("Pro-Amnesty Managing Assemblies", currently illegal), later {{lang|eu|italic=yes|[[Askatasuna]]}} ("Freedom") and {{lang|eu|italic=yes|[[Senideak]]}} ("The Family Members"), provided support for prisoners and families. The [[Basque Government]] and several Nationalist town halls granted money on humanitarian reasons for relatives to visit prisoners. The long road trips have caused accidental deaths that are protested against by Nationalist Prisoner's Family supporters.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

During the ETA ceasefire of the late 1990s, the PSOE government brought the prisoners on the islands and in Africa back to the mainland.<!-- Is this Ceuta and Melilla? --><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=ETA ten years on: The rise and fall of the Basque terror group |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/10/20/eta-ten-years-on-the-key-moments-that-led-to-the-end-of-the-spanish-terror-group |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> Since the end of the ceasefire, ETA prisoners have not been sent back to overseas prisons. Some Basque authorities have established grants for the expenses of visiting families.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

Another Spanish "counter-terrorist" law puts suspected terrorist cases under the central tribunal {{lang|es|[[Audiencia Nacional]]}} in [[Madrid]], due to the threats by the group over the Basque courts. Under Article 509 suspected terrorists are subject to being held incommunicado for up to thirteen days, during which they have no contact with the outside world other than through the court-appointed lawyer, including informing their family of their arrest, consultation with private lawyers or examination by a physician other than the [[coroner]]s. In comparison, the [[habeas corpus]] term for other suspects is three days.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005-01-26 |title=Setting an Example? |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/01/26/setting-example/counter-terrorism-measures-spain |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>

In 1992, ETA's three top leaders—"military" leader [[Francisco Mujika Garmendia]] ("Pakito"), political leader [[José Luis Alvarez Santacristina]] ("Txelis") and logistical leader [[José María Arregi Erostarbe]] ("Fiti"), often referred to collectively as the "cúpula" of ETA or as the Artapalo collective<ref>[http://www.informativos.telecinco.es/dn_16360.htm Informativos Telecinco.com – Internacional – Trece muertos y más de cincuenta heridos en dos atentados suicidas en Bangladesh]. Informativos.telecinco.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>—were arrested in the northern Basque town of [[Bidart]], which led to changes in ETA's leadership and direction.

After a two-month truce, ETA adopted even more radical positions. The principal consequence of the change appears to have been the creation of the "[[Y Groups]]", formed by young militants of ETA parallel groups (generally [[minor (law)|minors]]), dedicated to so-called {{lang|eu|"kale borroka"}}—street struggle—and whose activities included burning buses, street lamps, benches, [[Automatic teller machine|ATMs]], and garbage containers, and throwing [[Molotov cocktail]]s.{{cn|date=April 2024}} The appearance of these groups was attributed by many to the supposed weakness of ETA, which obliged them to resort to minors to maintain or augment their impact on society after arrests of leading militants, including the "cupola". ETA also began to menace leaders of other parties besides rival Basque nationalist parties.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

In 1995, the armed group again launched a peace proposal. The so-called "Democratic Alternative" replaced the earlier [[Koordinadora Abertzale Sozialista|KAS]] Alternative as a minimum proposal for the establishment of Euskal Herria.{{cn|date=April 2024}} The Democratic Alternative offered the cessation of all armed ETA activity if the Spanish government would recognize the Basque people as having sovereignty over Basque territory, the right to [[self-determination]], and that it freed all ETA members in prison. The Spanish government ultimately rejected this peace offer as it would go against the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]]. Changing the constitution was not considered.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

Also in 1995 was a failed ETA car bombing attempt directed against [[José María Aznar]], a conservative politician who was the leader of the then-opposition [[People's Party (Spain)|{{lang|es|italic=no|cat=no|Partido Popular}}]] (PP) and was shortly after elected to the presidency of the government; there was also an abortive attempt in [[Mallorca]] on the life of King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos&nbsp;I]]. Still, the act with the largest social impact came the following year. On 10 July 1997, PP council member [[Miguel Ángel Blanco]] was kidnapped in the Basque town of [[Ermua]], with the separatist group threatening to assassinate him unless the Spanish government met ETA's demand of starting to bring all ETA's inmates to prisons of the Basque Country within two days after the kidnapping.

This demand was not met by the Spanish government and after three days Miguel Ángel Blanco was found shot dead when the deadline expired. More than six million people took out to the streets to demand his liberation, with massive demonstrations occurring as much in the Basque regions as elsewhere in Spain, chanting cries of "Assassins" and "Basques yes, ETA no". This response came to be known as the "Spirit of Ermua".

Later acts of violence included the 6 November 2001 car bomb in Madrid which injured 65 people, and attacks on [[Association football|football]] stadiums and tourist destinations throughout Spain.

The [[11 September 2001 attacks]] in the US appeared to have dealt a hard blow to ETA, owing to the worldwide toughening of "anti-terrorist" measures (such as the freezing of bank accounts), the increase in international policy coordination, and the end of the toleration some countries had, up until then, extended to ETA. Additionally, in 2002 the Basque nationalist youth movement, ''Jarrai'', was outlawed and the law of parties was changed outlawing Herri Batasuna, the "political arm" of ETA (although even before the change in law, Batasuna had been largely paralysed and under judicial investigation by judge [[Baltasar Garzón]]).{{cn|date=April 2024}}

With ever-increasing frequency, attempted ETA actions were frustrated by Spanish security forces.

On 24 December 2003, in San Sebastián and in [[Hernani, Spain|Hernani]], National Police arrested two ETA members who had left dynamite in a railroad car prepared to explode in [[Chamartín Station]] in Madrid. On 1 March 2004, in a place between [[Alcalá de Henares]] and [[Madrid]], a light truck with 536&nbsp;kg of explosives was discovered by the Guardia Civil.

ETA was initially blamed for the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|2004 Madrid bombings]] by the outgoing government<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL16484708|title=ANALYSIS-Spain's PM down but not out after ETA bomb|first=Jason|last=Webb|date=16 January 2007|work=Reuters  }}</ref> and large sections of the press.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/3505422.stm |title=Spain papers point finger at Eta |work=BBC News |date=12 March 2004 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> However, the group denied responsibility and [[Islamic fundamentalists]] from Morocco were eventually convicted. The judicial investigation currently states that there is no relationship between ETA and the Madrid bombings.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Abend |first1=Lisa |title=Madrid Verdicts: Was Justice Done? |url=https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1678415,00.html |access-date=29 April 2023 |magazine=Time |date=31 October 2007}}</ref>

====2006 ceasefire declaration and subsequent discontinuation====
{{Main|ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration|2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing}}
[[File:Atentado de ETA en el aeropuerto de Madrid Barajas4.jpg|thumb|Barajas Airport parking lot after the bomb]]

In the context of negotiation with the Spanish government, ETA declared what it described as a "truce" several times since its creation.

On 22 March 2006, ETA sent a DVD message to the Basque Network [[Euskal Irrati-Telebista]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eitb24.com/portal/eitb24/noticia/en/politics/effective-on-march-24-eta-cease-fire?itemId=D20829&cl=%2Feitb24%2Fpolitica&idioma=en |title=ETA cease-fire |work=eitb24 |date=23 March 2006}}</ref> and the journals ''[[Gara (newspaper)|Gara]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gara.net/idatzia/20060323/art156940.php |title=ETA declara un alto el fuego permanente para impulsar un proceso democrático |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525203939/http://www.gara.net/idatzia/20060323/art156940.php |archive-date=25 May 2006 |trans-title=ETA declares a permanent ceasefire to give impetus to a democratic process |work=Gara |date=3 March 2006}} (article in Spanish, text of announcement in Basque, Spanish and French.</ref> and ''[[Berria]]'' with a communiqué from the group announcing what it called a "permanent ceasefire" that was broadcast over Spanish TV.

Talks with the group were then officially opened by Spanish ''Presidente del Gobierno'' [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]].

These took place all over 2006, not free from incidents such as an ETA cell stealing some 300 handguns, ammunition and spare parts in France in October 2006.<ref>{{cite news |language=es |url=http://www.gara.net/idatzia/20061025/art186010.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211023635/http://www.gara.net/idatzia/20061025/art186010.php |archive-date=11 February 2007 |title=La Policía sospecha que fue ETA Quien robó interlayer 350 pistols en Nimes |trans-title=Police suspect that it was ETA who stole 350 guns yesterday in Nîmes |work=Gara |date=25 October 2006 }}</ref> or a series of warnings made by ETA such as the one of 23 September, when masked ETA militants declared that the group would "keep taking up arms" until achieving "independence and socialism in the Basque country",<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/24/espana/1159091695.html |title=Mensaje de ETA en el día del Guerrero Vasco |website=El Mundo |date=24 September 2006}}</ref> which were regarded by some as a way to increase pressure on the talks, by others as a tactic to reinforce ETA's position in the negotiations.

Finally, on [[2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing|30 December 2006 ETA detonated a van bomb]] after three confusing warning calls, in a parking building at the [[Madrid]] Barajas international airport. The explosion caused the collapse of the building and killed two Ecuadorian immigrants who were napping inside their cars in the parking building.<ref>{{cite news |language=es
|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/cargo/bomba/Barajas/200/kilos/explosivo/elpepuesp/20061230elpepunac_1/Tes |title=ETA cargó la bomba de Barajas con al menos 200 kilos de explosivo |work=El País |date=30 December 2006}}</ref> At 6:00&nbsp;pm, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero released a statement stating that the "peace process" had been discontinued.<ref>{{cite news |language=es |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Zapatero/He/ordenado/suspender/todas/iniciativas/desarrollar/dialogo/ETA/elpepuesp/20061230elpepunac_4/Tes |title=Zapatero: 'He ordenado suspender Todas las iniciativas para desarrollar el diálogo con ETA' |work=El País |date=30 December 2006}}</ref>

===2008 to present===
{{See also|List of ETA attacks}}
<!-- For length reasons, please do not add text covering whatever latest attack here, that has its own specific article [[List of ETA attacks]] -->

In January 2008, ETA stated that its call for independence is similar to that of the [[Kosovo status process|Kosovo status]] and [[Scottish independence|Scotland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/world-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=01&dd=05&nav_id=46703 |title=ETA to follow Kosovo example |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501175528/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/world-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=01&dd=05&nav_id=46703 | archive-date=1 May 2009 |work=B92 |date=5 January 2008 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> In the week of 8 September 2008, two Basque political parties were banned by a Spanish court for their secretive links to ETA. In another case in the same week, 21 people were convicted whose work on behalf of ETA prisoners actually belied secretive links to the armed separatists themselves.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} ETA reacted to these actions by placing three major car bombs in less than 24 hours in northern Spain.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

In April 2009 [[Jurdan Martitegi]] was arrested, making him the fourth consecutive ETA military chief to be captured within a single year, an unprecedented police record, further weakening the group.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Violence surged in the middle of 2009, with several ETA attacks leaving three people dead and dozens injured around Spain. [[Amnesty International]] condemned these attacks as well as ETA's "grave human rights abuses".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amnistía Internacional España |title=Amnistía Internacional condena los graves abusos de derechos humanos cometidos por ETA |url=https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/amnistia-internacional-condena-los-graves-abusos-de-derechos-humanos-cometidos-por-eta/ |access-date=27 June 2021 |work=www.es.amnesty.org |date=31 July 2009 |language=es-ES}}</ref>

The Basque newspaper ''[[Gara (newspaper)|Gara]]'' published an article that suggested that ETA member Jon Anza could have been killed and buried by Spanish police in April 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Altuna|first=Iñaki|title=El refugiado donostiarra Jon Anza está desaparecido Desde el pasado 18 de abril|language=es|url=http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20090516/137467/es/El-refugiado-donostiarra-Jon-Anza-esta-desaparecido-desde-pasado-18-abril|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=Gara|date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117120342/http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20090516/137467/es/El-refugiado-donostiarra-Jon-Anza-esta-desaparecido-desde-pasado-18-abril|archive-date=17 November 2011}}</ref> The central prosecutor in the French town of Bayonne, Anne Kayanakis, announced, as the official version, that the autopsy carried out on the body of Jon Anza – a suspected member of the armed Basque group ETA, missing since April 2009 – revealed no signs of having been beaten, wounded or shot, which should rule out any suspicions that he died from unnatural causes.<ref name="eitb.com">{{cite web |title=CP reports verdict of death by natural causes in case of Anza |url=http://www.eitb.com/news/politics/detail/377714/cp-reports-verdict-death-natural-causes-case-anza/ |access-date=5 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728103543/http://www.eitb.com/news/politics/detail/377714/cp-reports-verdict-death-natural-causes-case-anza/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref> Nevertheless, that very magistrate denied the demand of the family asking for the presence of a family doctor during the autopsy. After this, Jon Anza's family members asked for a second autopsy to be carried out.<ref name="gara.net">{{cite web |title=Autopsy carried out without family doctor |url=http://www.gara.net/azkenak/03/188405/es/Concluye-autopsia-Jon-Anza-sin-presencia-forense-confianza |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322200722/http://www.gara.net/azkenak/03/188405/es/Concluye-autopsia-Jon-Anza-sin-presencia-forense-confianza |archive-date=22 March 2010 }}</ref>

In December 2009, Spain raised its terror alert after warning that ETA could be planning major attacks or high-profile kidnappings during Spain's European Union presidency. The next day, after being asked by the opposition, [[Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba]] said that warning was part of a strategy.

====2010 ceasefire====

On 5 September 2010, ETA declared a new ceasefire, its third after two previous ceasefires were ended by the group. A spokesperson speaking on a video announcing the ceasefire said the group wished to use "peaceful, democratic means" to achieve its aims, though it was not specified whether the ceasefire was considered permanent by the group. ETA claimed that it had decided to initiate a ceasefire several months before the announcement. In the part of the video, the spokesperson said that the group was "prepared today as yesterday to agree to the minimum democratic conditions necessary to put in motion a democratic process if the Spanish government is willing".<ref name="bbc 5 sep"/>

The announcement was met with a mixed reaction; Basque nationalist politicians responded positively and said that the Spanish and international governments should do the same, while the Spanish interior counsellor of Basque, Rodolfo Ares, said that the committee did not go far enough. He said that he considered ETA's statement "absolutely insufficient" because it did not commit to a complete termination of what Ares considered "terrorist activity" by the group.<ref name="bbc 5 sep"/>

====2011 permanent ceasefire and cessation of armed activity====

[[File: Konferentzia.ogv|thumb|The final declaration of the [[Donostia-San Sebastián International Peace Conference]] (17 October 2011) led to an announcement of the cessation of armed activity by ETA.]]

On 10 January 2011, ETA declared that their September 2010 ceasefire would be permanent and verifiable by international observers.<ref name="grauniad">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/10/eta-declares-permanent-ceasefire |title=ETA declares permanent ceasefire |work=The Guardian |date=10 January 2011}}</ref> Observers urged caution, pointing out that ETA had broken permanent ceasefires in the past,<ref name="grauniad"/> whereas Prime Minister [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] (who left office in December 2011) demanded that ETA declare that it had given up violence once and for all.<ref name="grauniad"/> After the declaration, Spanish press started speculating of a possible [[Real IRA]]-type split within ETA, with hardliners forming a new more violent offshoot led by "Dienteputo".<ref>{{cite web|title=ETA hardliners warns of IRA-type split within ETA|url=http://www.barcelonareporter.com/index.php?/news/comments/eta_hardliners_warns_of_ira-type_split_within_eta/|work=Barcelona Reporter|access-date=23 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924132921/http://www.barcelonareporter.com/index.php?%2Fnews%2Fcomments%2Feta_hardliners_warns_of_ira-type_split_within_eta%2F|archive-date=24 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Doce pistoleros en estado de alerta|language=es|url=http://www.interviu.es/reportajes/articulos/doce-pistoleros-en-estado-de-alerta|work=Interviu|access-date=23 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120120410/http://www.interviu.es/reportajes/articulos/doce-pistoleros-en-estado-de-alerta|archive-date=20 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Un 'histórico' dirige la posible escisión en ETA|language=es|url=http://www.diariocritico.com/2011/Febrero/exclusivo/256300/escision-eta.html|work=Diario Crítico|access-date=23 March 2011}}</ref>

On 21 October 2011, ETA announced a cessation of armed activity via video clip sent to media outlets following the [[Donostia-San Sebastián International Peace Conference]], which was attended by former UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], former [[Taoiseach]] of Ireland [[Bertie Ahern]], former prime minister of Norway [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] (an international leader in sustainable development and public health), former Interior Minister of France [[Pierre Joxe]], president of Sinn Féin [[Gerry Adams]] (a [[Teachta Dála]] in [[Dáil Éireann]]), and British diplomat [[Jonathan Powell (aide)|Jonathan Powell]], who served as the first Downing Street Chief of Staff.

They all signed a final declaration that was supported also by former UK Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]],<ref name=EITB20111017>{{cite news|title=Annan and Adams top list of experts at Donostia Peace Conference|url=http://www.eitb.com/en/news/politics/detail/757117/annan-adams-top-list-experts-donostia-peace-conference/|access-date=18 October 2011|work=EITB|date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021003611/http://www.eitb.com/en/news/politics/detail/757117/annan-adams-top-list-experts-donostia-peace-conference/|archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> the former US president and 2002 Nobel Peace Prize winner [[Jimmy Carter]], and the former US senator and former US Special Envoy for Middle East Peace [[George J. Mitchell]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Europa Press |title=Tony Blair y Jimmy Carter suman sus apoyos a la declaración de la Conferencia |language=es |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/10/19/espana/1319043378.html|access-date=19 October 2011 |newspaper=El Mundo |date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The meeting did not include Spanish or French government representatives.<ref name="20Oct2011_CNN_Al_Goodman">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/20/world/europe/spain-eta/ |work=CNN |date=20 October 2011 |title=Basque group ETA announces end to campaign of violence |first=Al |last=Goodman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930171859/http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/20/world/europe/spain-eta/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
The day after the ceasefire, in a contribution piece to ''The New York Times'', Tony Blair indicated that lessons in dealing with paramilitary separatist groups can be learned from how the Spanish administration handled ETA. Blair wrote, "governments must firmly defend themselves, their principles and their people against terrorists. This requires good police and intelligence work as well as political determination. [However], firm security pressure on terrorists must be coupled with offering them a way out when they realize that they cannot win by violence. Terrorist groups are rarely defeated by military means alone".<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/opinion/22iht-edblair221.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/opinion/22iht-edblair221.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=Opinion: A Basque Peace|last=Blair|first=Tony|date=21 October 2011|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Blair also suggested that Spain would need to discuss weapon decommissioning, peace strategies, reparations for victims, and security with ETA, as Britain [[Northern Ireland peace process|discussed with the Provisional IRA]].<ref name="nytimes1"/>

ETA had declared ceasefires many times before, most significantly in 1999 and 2006, but the Spanish government and media outlets expressed particularly hopeful opinions regarding the permanence of this proclamation. Spanish premier [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason".<ref name=BBC20111020/> Additionally, the effort of security and intelligence forces in Spain and France are cited by politicians as the primary instruments responsible for the weakening of ETA.<ref>{{cite AV media |work=Euronews |title=ETA Ceasefire: Politicians and Public React |via=YouTube |date=21 October 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OCkyZ7dlq8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1OCkyZ7dlq8| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The optimism may come as a surprise considering ETA's failure to renounce the independence movement, which has been one of the Spanish government's requirements.<ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/world/europe/eta-basque-separatists-declare-halt-to-violence-in-spain-and-france.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/world/europe/eta-basque-separatists-declare-halt-to-violence-in-spain-and-france.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=Basque Separatists Halt Campaign of Violence|last=Burns|first=John F.|date=20 October 2011|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Less optimistically, Spanish Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] of the centre-right [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] expressed the need to push for the full dissolution of ETA.<ref name="nytimes2"/> The People's Party has emphasized the obligation of the state to refuse negotiations with separatist movements since former Prime Minister [[José María Aznar]] was in office. Aznar was responsible for banning media outlets seen as subversive to the state and Batasuna, the political party of ETA.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blum |first=Andrew |url=https://www.usip.org/index.php/publications/2011/02/ending-eta-elusive-peace-basque-country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511173842/https://www.usip.org/index.php/publications/2011/02/ending-eta-elusive-peace-basque-country |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2017 |title=Ending with ETA?: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Institute for Peace |date=23 February 2011}}</ref> Additionally, in preparation for his party's manifesto, on 30 October 2011, Rajoy declared that the People's Party would not negotiate with ETA under threats of violence nor announcements of the group's termination, but would instead focus party efforts on remembering and honouring victims of separatist violence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_32500.shtml |title=Mariano Rajoy Says the PP Will Not Talk to ETA |date=30 October 2011 |work=Typically Spanish |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202080644/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_32500.shtml |archive-date=2 December 2011}}</ref>

This event may not alter the goals of the Basque separatist movement but will change the method of the fight for a more autonomous state.{{According to whom|date=April 2017}} Negotiations with the newly elected administration may prove difficult with the return to the centre-right People's Party, which is replacing Socialist control, due to pressure from within the party to refuse all ETA negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/29/world/europe/peace-deal-with-basque-separatists-still-tentative.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/29/world/europe/peace-deal-with-basque-separatists-still-tentative.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=Peace Deal With Basque Separatists Still Tentative|first=Raphael|last=Minder|date=28 October 2011|work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In September 2016, French police stated that they did not believe ETA had made progress in giving up arms.<ref>{{cite news |title=La Policía francesa alerta de que ETA no avanza hacia la disolución |language=es |work=La Gaceta |date=23 September 2016 |url=http://gaceta.es/noticias/policia-francesa-alerta-eta-avanza-disolucion-23092016-1652 |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423033356/https://gaceta.es/noticias/policia-francesa-alerta-eta-avanza-disolucion-23092016-1652 }}</ref> In March 2017, well-known French-Basque activist {{ill|Jean-Noël Etxeverry|fr|Txetx Etcheverry}} was quoted as having told ''[[Le Monde]]'', "ETA has made us responsible for the disarmament of its arsenal, and by the afternoon of 8 April, ETA will be completely unarmed."<ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Badcock|title=Basque terror group announces unilateral disarmament|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=18 March 2017|page=18}}</ref> On 7 April, the [[BBC News|BBC]] reported that ETA would disarm "tomorrow", including a photo of a stamped ETA letter attesting to this.<ref name="BBC070417"/> The French police found 3.5 tonnes of weapons on 8 April, the following day, at the caches handed over by ETA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39540081 |title=Eta disarms: French police find 3.5 tonnes of weapons |work=BBC News |date=8 April 2017 |access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref>

ETA, for its part, issued a statement endorsing the [[2017 Catalan independence referendum]].<ref>The communiqué published in ''[[Gara (newspaper)|Gara]]'' read that "the Spanish state is a prison for the people, and this is shown by denying the national identity of the Catalan countries. The Spanish state has also become a prison for democracy since it has trampled on the rights of the Catalans"; see {{cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20170927/basque-terrorist-group-eta-slams-madrids-opposition-to-catalan-independence-vote |title=Basque terrorist group ETA slams Madrid's opposition to Catalan independence vote |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

==== End of political activity ====
In a letter to online newspaper ''[[ElDiario.es|El Diario]]'', published on 2 May 2018, ETA formally announced that it had "completely dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative" on 16 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=SL|first=El Diario Norte|date=2018-05-02|title=La carta en la que ETA anuncia su disolución|url=http://www.eldiario.es/euskadi|access-date=2020-07-11|website=El Diario|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=2018-05-02 |title=Basque separatist group Eta announces dissolution |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/02/basque-separatist-group-eta-announces-dissolution |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>

A leading left-wing Basque nationalist politician and former ETA member, [[Arnaldo Otegi]], the general coordinator of the Basque coalition party [[EH Bildu]], has said the violence ETA used in its quest for independence "should never have happened" and it ought to have laid down its arms far earlier than it did.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=18 October 2021 |title=Basque leader says ETA terror deaths 'should never have happened' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/18/basque-leader-arnaldo-otegi-eta-terror-deaths-should-never-have-happened? |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

==Victims, tactics and attacks==
===Victims===
[[File: Txema Agirre Plaza placa.jpg|thumb|Flowers and a plate remember [[Ertzaina]] officer José "Txema" Agirre, shot dead by ETA gunmen in 1997 while protecting the [[Guggenheim Bilbao Museum]] (visible in the background)]]
[[File:Balmasedako auzitegia 2006.jpg|thumb|Repairs to the [[Balmaseda]] law courts after a bombing in 2006]]

ETA's targets expanded from military or police-related personnel and their families to a wider array, which included the following:{{Clarify|date=April 2009}}

* Fascist leaders, such as Prime Minister Admiral [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], Franco's successor was killed in a bombing on 20 December 1973.
* Spanish military and police personnel, active duty or retired.<ref>{{cite book|title=Terrorist Group Profiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55BZmIJ9xd8C&pg=PA37|access-date=30 January 2011|date=1 August 1989|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-56806-864-0|pages=37–}}</ref> The barracks of the [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Guardia Civil]] also provide housing for their families, thus, attacks on the barracks have also resulted in deaths of relatives, including children. As the regional police ([[Ertzaintza]] in the Basque Country and [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] in Catalonia) took a greater role in combating ETA, they were added to their list of targets.
* Businessmen (such as [[Javier Ybarra Bergé|Javier Ybarra]] and Ignacio Uria Mendizabal):<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/asesina/empresario/nacionalista/elpepiesp/20081204elpepinac_2/Tes ETA asesina a un empresario Nacionalista · ELPAÍS.com]. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> these are mainly targeted in order to [[extortion|extort]] them for the so-called "[[revolutionary tax]]". Refusal to pay has been punished with assassinations, kidnappings for ransom or bombings of their business.
* Prison officers such as [[José Antonio Ortega Lara]].
* Elected parliamentarians, city councillors and ex-councillors, politicians in general: most prominently [[Luis Carrero Blanco]] (killed in 1973). Dozens of politicians belonging to the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] (PP) and [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) were assassinated or maimed. Some Basque nationalist politicians from the PNV party, such as [[Juan Mari Atutxa]], also received threats. Hundreds of politicians in Spain required a constant bodyguard service. Bodyguards are contingent victims as well. In 2005 ETA announced that it would no longer "target" elected politicians.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/20/spain.dalefuchs|work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Anger and doubts greet promise by Eta not to target Spanish politicians|first=Dale|last=Fuchs|date=20 June 2005|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Nonetheless, ETA killed ex-council member [[Isaías Carrasco]] in [[Mondragón|Mondragon/Arrasate]] on 7 March 2008.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/08/spain?gusrc=rss&feed=worldnews|work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Spain cancels election rallies after murder|first=Paul|last=Hamilos|date=8 March 2008|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>
* Judges and prosecutors.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/963869.stm|work=BBC News  |title=Spanish prosecutor shot dead|date=9 October 2000|access-date=27 March 2010}}</ref> Particularly threatened were the members of the Spanish anti-terrorist court: the ''[[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]]''.
* University professors who publicly expressed ideas that countered armed Basque separatism: such as [[Manuel Broseta]] or [[Francisco Tomás y Valiente]]. In the latter case, the shooting resulted in more than half a million people protesting against ETA.<ref>{{cite news |last=Simons |first=Marlise |date=18 July 1997 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E6DA1E38F93BA25754C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Spain Turns on Rebels With Outrage |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
* Journalists: some of these professionals began to be labelled by ETA as targets starting with the killing of journalist [[José Luis López de la Calle]], assassinated in May 2000.
* Economic targets: a wide array of private or public property considered valuable assets of Spain, especially railroads, tourist sites, industries, or malls.
* Exceptionally, ETA also assassinated former ETA members such as [[María Dolores Katarain]] as a reprisal for having left the group.<ref name = "hizrqw">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/701371.stm |work=BBC News |title=Spanish cinema breaks ETA taboo |date=4 April 2000 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>
* A number of ETA attacks by car bomb caused random civilian casualties, like ETA's bloodiest attack, [[Hipercor bombing|the bombing in 1987]] of the subterranean parking lot of the Hipercor supermarket in Barcelona<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tkb.org/MorePatterns.jsp?countryCd=SP&year=1987|title=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805175550/http://www.tkb.org/MorePatterns.jsp?countryCd=SP&year=1987|archive-date=5 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ana María |last=Ortiz |url=http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2002/347/1023693099.html |title=Jessica, la ultima victima de Hipercor |work=Crónica El Mundo |issue=347 |date=9 June 2002}}</ref> which killed 21 civilians and left 45 seriously wounded, of whom 20 were left disabled; also the attack of Plaza de Callao in Madrid.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/829838.stm |title=Madrid bomb injures eight |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2000}}</ref>

===Tactics===
ETA's tactics included:
* Direct attacks: killing by shooting the victim in the [[nape]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1350358.stm|work=BBC News  |title=European press review|date=25 May 2001|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/10/09/spain.eta/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207071217/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/10/09/spain.eta/index.html |work=CNN |title=Prosecutor dies after 'ETA-style' shooting |date=October 9, 2000 |archive-date=7 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/19/spain.nikkiknewstub|work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Eta to end attacks on elected politicians|first=Nikki|last=Knewstub|date=19 June 2005|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>
* Bombings (often with [[car bomb]]s). When the bombs targeted individuals for assassination they were often surreptitiously rigged in the victim's car. The detonating systems varied. They were rarely manually ignited but instead, for example, wired so the bomb would explode on the ignition or when the car went over a set speed limit. Sometimes the bomb was placed inside a stolen car with false plates, parked along the route of the objective, and the explosive remotely activated when the target passed by (e.g. V.I.P. cars, police patrols or military vehicles).

These bombs sometimes killed family members of ETA's target victim and bystanders. When the bombs were large car-bombs seeking to produce large damage and terror, they were generally announced by one or more telephone calls made to newspapers speaking in the name of ETA. Charities (usually [[Detente Y Ayuda]]—DYA) were also used to announce the threat if the bomb was in a populated area. The type of explosives used in these attacks was initially [[Goma-2]] or self-produced [[ammonal]]. After several successful robberies in France, ETA began using [[Titadyne]].

* [[shell (projectile)|Shells]]: hand-made [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]] (the ''Jo ta ke'' model)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.larazon.es/9918/noticia/Espa%F1a/ETA_retoma_el_uso_de_las_granadas_%ABJotake%BB_para_atentar_contra_cuarteles |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080319095519/http://www.larazon.es/9918/noticia/Espa%F1a/ETA_retoma_el_uso_de_las_granadas_%ABJotake%BB_para_atentar_contra_cuarteles |archive-date=19 March 2008 |work=La Razón |title=ETA retoma el uso de las granadas 'Jotake' para atentar contra cuarteles |first=J. M. |last=Zuloaga |access-date=31 December 2007 }}</ref> were occasionally used to attack military or police bases. Their lack of precision was probably the reason their use was discontinued.
* Anonymous threats: often delivered in the Basque Country by placards or graffiti. Such threats forced many people into hiding or exile from the Basque Country and were used to prevent people from freely expressing political ideas other than Basque nationalist ones.
* [[Extortion]] or blackmail: called by ETA a "revolutionary tax", demanding money from a business owner in the Basque Country or elsewhere in Spain, under threats to him and his family, up to and including death threats. Occasionally, some French Basques were threatened in this manner, such as footballer [[Bixente Lizarazu]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/eta-tries-to-justify-tax-on-lizarazu-688316.html|work=The Independent |location=London |title=ETA tries to justify 'tax' on Lizarazu|date=21 March 2001|access-date=2 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ETA moved the extorted funds to accounts in Liechtenstein and other fiscal havens.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/bank-accounts-linked-to-eta-are-frozen-in-liechtenstein-802730.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401172333/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/bank-accounts-linked-to-eta-are-frozen-in-liechtenstein-802730.html| archive-date=1 April 2008|work=The Independent |location=London |title=Bank accounts linked to Eta are frozen in Liechtenstein|first=Elizabeth|last=Nash|date=31 March 2008|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> According to French judiciary sources, as of 2008 ETA exacted an estimated €900,000 a year in this manner.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elconfidencial.com/cache/2008/02/19/28_recauda_anualmente_900000_segun_policia_francesa.html |title=ETA recauda anualmente 900.000 €, según la Policía francesa |work=El Confidencial |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
* Kidnapping: often as a punishment for failing to pay the blackmail known as "revolutionary tax", but was also used to try to force the government to free ETA prisoners under the threat of killing the kidnapped, as in the kidnapping and execution of [[Miguel Angel Blanco]]. ETA often hid the kidnapped in underground chambers without windows, called ''[[zulos]]'', of very reduced dimensions for extended periods.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/fotogaleria//9-1/ |title=El Culo de Aldaya y Delclaux – Los secuestros de ETA |work=El País |date=30 October 2002 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E2DC1430F931A35754C0A961958260|work=The New York Times|title=Spanish Police Free 2 Kidnapped by the Basques|date=2 July 1997|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Also, people robbed of their vehicles would usually be tied up and abandoned in an isolated place to allow those who carjacked them to escape.
* Robbery: ETA members also stole weapons, explosives, machines for registration plates and vehicles.

===Attacks===
{{Main|List of ETA attacks}}

==Activity==
With its attacks against what they considered "enemies of the Basque people", ETA killed over 820 people since 1968, including more than 340 civilians.<ref name="economist.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14191335 |title=Basque terrorism: Dying spasms |newspaper=The Economist |date=6 August 2009 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> It maimed hundreds more<ref name="smithsonianmag.com"/> and kidnapped dozens. ETA was opposed to [[Lemóniz Nuclear Power Plant]].

Its ability to inflict violence had declined steadily since the group was at its strongest during the late 1970s and 1980 (when it killed 92 people in a single year).<ref name="economist.com"/> After decreasing peaks in the fatal casualties in 1987 and 1991, 2000 was the last year when ETA killed more than 20 in a single year. After 2002, the yearly number of ETA's fatal casualties was reduced to single digits.<ref name="economist.com"/>

Similarly, over the 1990s and, especially, during the 2000s, fluid cooperation between the French and Spanish police, state-of-the-art tracking devices and techniques and, apparently, police [[mole (espionage)|infiltration]]<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/world/europe/20eta.html|work=The New York Times|title=Spain Hails Arrest of Man Seen as ETA Leader|first=Victoria|last=Burnett|date=20 April 2009|access-date=27 March 2010}}</ref> allowed increasingly repeating blows to ETA's leadership and structure (between May 2008 and April 2009 no less than four consecutive "military chiefs" were arrested<ref name="nytimes.com"/>).

ETA operated mainly in Spain, particularly in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], Navarre, and (to a lesser degree) Madrid, Barcelona, and the tourist areas of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. To date, about 65% of ETA's killings were committed in the Basque Country, followed by [[Madrid (autonomous community)|Madrid]] with roughly 15%. Navarre and [[Catalonia]] also registered significant numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm |title=Víctimas de ETA |publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915224606/http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> ETA cooperated with the Catalan nationalist movement, which had its own far-left separatist organization that based itself off ETA – [[Terra Lliure]]; Terra Lliure was ultimately less successful and also avoided violent actions – excluding deaths amongst its members, Terra Lliure only had a single, accidental victim.<ref name="terra"/>

Actions in France usually consisted of assaults on arsenals or military industries to steal weapons or explosives; these were usually stored in large quantities in hide-outs located in the French Basque Country rather than Spain. The French judge {{ill|Laurence Le Vert|fr}} was threatened by ETA and a plot arguably aiming to assassinate her was unveiled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/037/article_15042.asp |work=RFI |title=Paris, cible du terrorisme basque ? |language=fr |date=28 August 2002 |access-date=30 January 2011 |archive-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208075939/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/037/article_15042.asp }}</ref> Only very rarely have ETA members engaged in shootings with the French [[Gendarmerie]]. This often occurred mainly when members of the group were confronted at checkpoints.

Despite this, on 1 December 2007 ETA killed two Spanish [[Guardia Civil|Civil Guards]] on counter-terrorist surveillance duties in [[Capbreton]], Landes, France.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7129002.stm |title='Eta attack' kills second officer |work=BBC News |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> This was its first killing after it ended its 2006 declaration of "permanent ceasefire" and the first killing committed by ETA in France of a Spanish police agent since 1976, when they kidnapped and assassinated two Spanish inspectors in [[Hendaye]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/rompe/baraja/suelo/frances/elpepunac/20071202elpepinac_7/Tes |title=ETA romper la baraja en Suelo francés |work=El País |date=2 December 2007 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>

===Financing===
In 2007, police reports pointed out that, after the serious blows suffered by ETA and its political counterparts during the 2000s, its budget would have been adjusted to €2,000,000 annually.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elimparcial.es/contenido/1589.html |work=El Imparcial |title=ETA maneja un presupuesto de dos millones de euros al ańo |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>

Although ETA used robbery as a means of financing its activities in its early days, it was accused both of arms trafficking and of benefiting economically from its political counterpart Batasuna.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} [[Extortion]] was ETA's main source of funds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buesa |first1=Mikel |last2=Baumert |first2=Thomas |title=Untangling Eta's Finance: An In-Depth Analysis of the Basque Terrorist's Economic Network and the Money It Handles |journal=Defence and Peace Economics |date=August 2013 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=317–338 |doi=10.1080/10242694.2012.710812|s2cid=153856551 }}</ref>

==Basque nationalist context==
ETA was considered to form part of what is informally known as the [[Basque National Liberation Movement]], a movement born much after ETA's creation. This loose term refers to a range of political organizations that are ideologically similar, comprising several distinct organizations that promote a type of [[left-wing politics|leftist]] Basque nationalism that is often referred to by the Basque-language term ''Ezker [[Abertzale]]a'' (Nationalist Left). Other groups typically considered to belong to this independentist movement are the political party [[Batasuna]], the nationalist youth organization [[Segi (organization)|Segi]], the labour union [[Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak]] (LAB), and [[Askatasuna]] among others. There are often strong interconnections between these groups, double or even triple membership are not infrequent.<ref name = "jvjtfe"/>

There are Basque nationalist parties with similar goals as those of ETA (namely, independence) but who reject their violent means. They are: [[EH Bildu]], [[EAJ-PNV]], [[Eusko Alkartasuna]], [[Aralar Party|Aralar]] and, in the [[French Basque country]], [[Abertzaleen Batasuna]]. Also, many left-wing parties, such as [[United Left (Spain)|Ezker Batua]], [[Batzarre]] and some sectors of the [[EAJ-PNV]] party, also support self-determination but are not in favour of independence.

==French role==
Historically, members of ETA took refuge in France, particularly the [[French Basque Country]]. The leadership typically chose to live in France for security reasons, where police pressure was much less than in Spain.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1386545/Payback-for-Eta-in-the-Pays-Basque.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1386545/Payback-for-Eta-in-the-Pays-Basque.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Payback for Eta in the Pays Basque|first=Isambard|last=Wilkinson|date=2 March 2002|access-date=27 March 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Accordingly, ETA's tactical approach had been to downplay the issue of independence of the French Basque country so as to get French acquiescence for their activities. The [[French government]] quietly tolerated the group, especially during [[Francoist Spain|Franco's regime]], when ETA members could face the death penalty in Spain. In the 1980s, the advent of the [[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación|GAL]] still hindered [[counter-terrorist]] cooperation between France and Spain, with the French government considering ETA a Spanish domestic problem. At the time, ETA members often travelled between the two countries using the French sanctuary as a base of operations.<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20080926-spain-basque-separatism-batasuna-eta Spain looks to France for help against Basque separatists]. France24 (26 September 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>

With the disbanding of the GAL, the French government changed its position on the matter and in the 1990s initiated the ongoing period of active cooperation with the Spanish government against ETA,{{cn|date=April 2024}} including fast-track transfers of detainees to Spanish tribunals that are regarded as fully compliant with [[European Union]] legislation on human rights and the legal representation of detainees. Virtually all of the highest ranks within ETA –including their successive "military", "political" or finances chiefs – have been captured in French territory, from where they had been plotting their activities after having crossed the border from Spain.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

In response to the new situation, ETA carried out attacks against French policemen and made threats to some French judges and prosecutors. This implied a change from the group's previous low-profile in the French Basque Country, which successive ETA leaders had used to discreetly manage their activities in Spain.<ref name="telegraph"/>

==Government response==
ETA considered its prisoners [[political prisoner]]s. Until 2003,<ref>''ETA pide el tercer grado para sus presos'' [[Libertad Digital]], 5 October 2003, quoted in {{cite web |url= http://www.bastaya.org/actualidad/Violencia/InformeTorturas/Ladispersiondelospresosdeeta.pdf |title= La dispersión de los presos de ETA |work= BASTAYA |access-date= 17 December 2005 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060104172542/http://www.bastaya.org/actualidad/Violencia/InformeTorturas/Ladispersiondelospresosdeeta.pdf |archive-date= 4 January 2006 }}&nbsp;{{small|(47.2&nbsp;KB)}} (p. 9), a [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] in the [[¡Basta Ya!]] site.</ref> ETA consequently forbade them to ask penal authorities for progression to ''tercer grado'' (a form of [[open prison]] that allows single-day or weekend [[furlough]]s) or parole. Before that date, those who did so were menaced and expelled from the group. Some were assassinated by ETA for leaving the group and going through reinsertion programs.<ref name = "hizrqw"/>

The Spanish Government passed the ''Ley de Partidos Políticos''. This is a law barring political parties that support violence and do not condemn terrorist actions or are involved with terrorist groups.<ref name="Ley 6/2002">[http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo6-2002.html Ley Orgánica 6/2002, de 27 de Junio, de Partidos Políticos]. Noticias.juridicas.com (21 January 2011). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> The law resulted in the banning of [[Herri Batasuna]] and its successor parties unless they explicitly condemned terrorist actions and, at times, imprisoning or trying some of its leaders who have been indicted for cooperation with ETA.

Judge [[Baltasar Garzón]] initiated a judicial procedure (coded as ''18/98''), aimed towards the support structure of ETA. This procedure started in 1998 with the preventive closure of the newspaper ''[[Egin (newspaper)|Egin]]'' (and its associated radio-station ''Egin Irratia''), accused of being linked to ETA, and temporary imprisoning the editor of its "investigative unit", [[Pepe Rei]], under similar accusations. In August 1999 Judge [[Baltasar Garzón]] authorized the reopening of the newspaper and the radio, but they could not reopen due to economic difficulties.

Judicial procedure 18/98 has many ramifications, including the following:

* A trial against a little-known organization called ''[[Xaki]]'', acquitted in 2001 as the "international network" of ETA.
* A trial against the youths' movement ''[[Jarrai]]''-'' Haika''-''Segi'', accused of contributing to street violence in an organized form and connivance with ETA.
* Another trial against [[Pepe Rei]] and his new investigation magazine ''Ardi Beltza'' (''Black Sheep''). The magazine was also closed down.
* A trial against the political organization ''Ekin'' (''Action''), accused of promoting [[civil disobedience]].
* A trial against the organization ''[[Joxemi Zumalabe Fundazioa]]'', which was once again accused of promoting civil disobedience.
* A trial against the prisoner support movement ''[[Amnistiaren Aldeko Komiteak]]''.<!-- Isn't it Batzordeak? -->
* A trial against [[Batasuna]] and the ''[[Herriko Tabernak]]'' (''people's taverns''), accused of acting as a network of meeting centres for members and supporters of ETA. Batasuna was outlawed in all forms. Most taverns continue working normally as their ownership is not directly linked to Batasuna.
* A trial against the league of Basque-language academies [[Alfabetatze Euskalduntze Koordinakundea|AEK]]. The case was dropped in 2001.
* Another trial against ''Ekin'', accusing [[Iker Casnova]] of managing the finances of ETA.
* A trial against the association of Basque municipalities [[Udalbiltza]].
* The closing of the newspaper [[Euskaldunon Egunkaria]] in 2003 and the imprisonment and trial of its editor, [[Martxelo Otamendi]], due to links with ETA accounting and fundraising, and other journalists (some of whom reported torture).<ref name="Otamendi">[http://www.englishpen.org/writersintranslation/magazineofliteratureintranslat/basquecountry/martxelootamendi/ Testimony by Martxelo Otamendi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218152327/http://www.englishpen.org/writersintranslation/magazineofliteratureintranslat/basquecountry/martxelootamendi/ |date=18 February 2012 }} at the [[Universal Forum of Cultures]], Barcelona (May 2004).</ref>

In 2007, indicted members of the youth movements Haika, Segi and Jarrai were found guilty of a crime of [[connivance]] with terrorism.

In May 2008, leading ETA figures were arrested in [[Bordeaux]], France. [[Francisco Javier López Peña]], also known as 'Thierry,' had been on the run for twenty years before his arrest.<ref name="NZHerald2008">[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10511726 ETA terror leader's arrest hailed as 'heavy blow'], NZ Herald, 22 May 2008</ref> A final total of arrests brought in six people, including ETA members and supporters, including the ex-Mayor of [[Andoain]], [[José Antonio Barandiarán]], who is rumoured to have led police to 'Thierry'.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1809271,00.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527005706/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1809271,00.html| archive-date=27 May 2008|magazine=Time|title=The Fall of Spain's Most Wanted|date=24 May 2008|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> The Spanish Interior Ministry claimed the relevance of the arrests would come in time with the investigation. Furthermore, the Interior Minister said that those members of ETA now arrested had ordered the latest attacks and that senior ETA member Francisco Javier López Peña was "not just another arrest because he is, in all probability, the man who has most political and military weight in the terrorist group."<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_16604.shtml Spanish government speaks of the significance of latest ETA arrests in France] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705135907/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_16604.shtml |date=5 July 2008 }}. Typicallyspanish.com (22 May 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>

After Lopez Pena's arrest, along with the [[2008 Basque referendum|Basque referendum]] being put on hold, police work has been on the rise. On 22 July 2008, Spanish police dismantled the most active cell of ETA by detaining nine suspected members of the group. [[Interior Minister]] [[Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba]] said about the arrests: "We can't say this is the only ETA unit but it was the most active, most dynamic and of course the most wanted one."<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5imMCVAth4FzitUIFYwyNXdvxPeYw AFP: Spanish police dismantle ETA's 'most active' cell] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707132912/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5imMCVAth4FzitUIFYwyNXdvxPeYw |date=7 July 2009 }}. Afp.google.com (22 July 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> Four days later French police also arrested two suspects believed to be tied to the same active cell. The two suspects were: Asier Eceiza, considered a top aide to a senior ETA operative still sought by police, and Olga Comes, whom authorities have linked to the ETA suspects.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/25/france.eta/ France arrests Basque ETA suspects – CNN.com]. Edition.cnn.com (26 July 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>

===International response===
The [[European Union]]<ref name="eu-list"/> and the [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|United States]] listed ETA as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] in their relevant watch lists. ETA has been a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the [[Terrorism Act 2000]] since 29 March 2001.<ref name="legislation2000"/> The Canadian Parliament listed ETA as a terrorist group in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-21|title=About the listing process|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx#21|access-date=2020-06-09|website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref>

France and Spain have often shown co-operation in the fight against ETA, after France's lack of co-operation during the Franco era. In late 2007, two Spanish guards were shot to death in France when on a joint operation with their French counterparts. Furthermore, in May 2008, the arrests of four people in Bordeaux led to a breakthrough against ETA, according to the Spanish Interior Ministry.<ref name="NZHerald2008"/>

In 2008, as ETA activity increased, France increased its pressure on ETA by arresting more ETA suspects, including [[Unai Fano]], [[María Lizarraga]], and [[Esteban Murillo Zubiri]] in [[Bidarrain]].<ref>{{cite web|title=France arrests third alleged ETA terrorist in two weeks|url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18290.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004221323/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18290.shtml|archive-date=4 October 2008|date=4 October 2008}}. Typicallyspanish.com (3 October 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> He had been wanted by the Spanish authorities since 2007 when a [[Europol]] arrest warrant was issued against him. French judicial authorities had already ordered that he be held in prison on remand.

Spain has also sought cooperation from the United Kingdom in dealing with ETA-IRA ties. In 2008, this came to light after [[Iñaki de Juana Chaos]], whose release from prison was cancelled on appeal, had moved to [[Belfast]]. He was thought to be staying at an [[Provisional IRA|IRA]] safe house while being sought by the Spanish authorities. Interpol notified the judge, Eloy Velasco, that he was in either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2008 |title=Eta terrorist Inaki de Juana Chaos to give himself up at Belfast court |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/ireland-world/article/eta-terrorist-inaki-de-juana-chaos-to-give-himself-up-at-belfast-court-3mb9lvfn6k6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251104022653/https://www.thetimes.com/world/ireland-world/article/eta-terrorist-inaki-de-juana-chaos-to-give-himself-up-at-belfast-court-3mb9lvfn6k6 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=The Times |location=London}}</ref>

==Other related armed groups==

===Disbanded violent groups===
* Anti-ETA groups:
** ''[[Acción Nacional Española]]''
** ''ATE ([[Anti-Terrorismo ETA]])''
** ''[[Batallón Vasco Español]]''
** ''[[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación]]'' (GAL)
** ''[[Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey]]''
* Minor Basque nationalist and radical left-wing groups:
** ''[[Iparretarrak]]''
** ''[[Iraultza]]''
** ''[[Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas]]''
** ''[[Euskal Zuzentasuna]]''
** ''[[Hordago]]''<ref>[http://www.euskonews.com/0360zbk/gaia36002eu.html A history of Iparretarrak, by Eneko Bidegain], ''Euskonews & Media'', 2006.</ref>
** ''[[Irrintzi]]''

===International links===
* ETA was known to have had 'fraternal' contacts with the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]; the two groups have both, at times, characterized their struggles as parallel. Links between the two groups go back to at least March 1974.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tim Pat Coogan|title=The IRA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UF1l4dBRWMC&pg=PA436|access-date=30 January 2011|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29416-8|pages=436–}}</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/176082.stm Europe | Adams urges ETA towards peace]. BBC News (20 September 1998). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> ETA purchased [[Strela 2]] surface-to-air missiles from the IRA and in 2001 unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down a jet carrying the Spanish Prime Minister, [[José María Aznar]].<ref>Govan, Fiona. (18 January 2010) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7018862/Spanish-PM-saved-by-faulty-IRA-missile.html Spanish PM 'saved' by faulty IRA missile]. Telegraph. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> IRA member [[Maria McGuire]] stated the IRA received fifty [[revolver]]s from ETA in exchange for explosives training.<ref>{{cite book | last = Geraghty | first = Tony | author-link = Tony Geraghty | title = The Irish War: The Military History of a Domestic Conflict | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-00-638674-2|pages=177–178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Mallie | first1 = Eamonn | last2 = Bishop | first2 = Patrick | title = The Provisional IRA | publisher = [[Corgi Books]] | year = 1988 | isbn = 0-7475-3818-2|page=308}}</ref>
* In the late 1960s, the Portuguese group {{Ill|Liga de Unidade e Ação Revolucionária|pt}} (LUAR), which was fighting the dictatorship, brokered the contacts that allowed ETA to purchase weapons in the then [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krutwigh|first=Frederico|title=Ayer y hoy|journal=Muga|publication-date=September 1979}}</ref> The partnership continued as LUAR would later assign part of the  stolen passports on Portugal consulted in [[Rotterdam]] and Luxembourg, in 1971. These were used by ETA in the Ogro operation that resulted in the  assassination of Prime Minister, [[Admiral]] [[Luis Carrero Blanco|Carrero Blanco]].<ref name=":0" /> Later, in 1981, when Portugal and Spain were living already in full democracy, ETA exchanged weapons, explosives and provided logistical support to the [[Forças Populares 25 de Abril|Forças Populares 25 de Abril (FP-25)]], a Portuguese far-left terrorist group. In 1981, [[FP-25]] received Gama 2 explosives and two dozen FireBird pistols in exchange for G3 machine guns.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rituerto|first=Ricardo Martínez de|date=1985-11-06|title=ETA entregó armas a las FP-25 de Portugal, según un 'arrepentido'|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1985/11/07/internacional/500166017_850215.html|access-date=2022-02-13|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> Additionally, ETA came to harbor, in the Basque Country, two FP-25 terrorists who needed to retreat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Noivo|first=Diogo|title=Uma história da ETA: Nação e violência em Espanha e Portugal|publisher=BookBuilders|year=2020|isbn=978-989-8973-15-3|location=Lisbon|pages=265–282|language=Pt|chapter=Ibéria|oclc=1247684111}}</ref>
* ETA acquired weapons from [[Carlos the Jackal]] (Ilich Ramírez Sánchez) in the early 1980s.<ref>Follain, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3t5jtM2faD8C&q=eta&pg=PA285 Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal] Arcade Publishing, 1998. Pages 129–130</ref>
* In 1999 ETA militants teamed up with the (now self-dissolved) [[Breton Revolutionary Army]] to steal [[Titadyne|explosives]] from magazines in [[Brittany]].
* ETA had extensive ties with the [[Breton Liberation Front]] – both organizations shared intelligence, and Breton revolutionaries received training from ETA in the Basque movement's clandestine camps in the [[Pyrenees]].<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960–1980 |date=28 April 2017 |first=Kyle Thomas |last=McCreanor |url=https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/history/assets/docs/Honours%20Thesis%20-%20Kyle%20McCreanor1.pdf |publisher=University of Victoria |degree=Bachelor of Arts in History |page=14}}</ref> Both organizations also published a joint declaration opposing the expansion of the [[European Economic Community]] and condemning the European Union as exploitative and bourgeois; the declaration also stated: "The fight against imperialism and colonialism in the Western European subcontinent calls for determined and fundamental opposition to the Common Market. The national oppression and economic exploitation suffered by the Irish, Basque, and Breton people can do nothing in effect but worsen by the development of this vast and dangerous capitalist enterprise."<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960–1980 |date=28 April 2017 |first=Kyle Thomas |last=McCreanor |url=https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/history/assets/docs/Honours%20Thesis%20-%20Kyle%20McCreanor1.pdf |publisher=University of Victoria |degree=Bachelor of Arts in History |page=13}}</ref>
* ETA received funding and weapons from associates of Radovan Karadzic within the [[Republika Srpska]], in the aftermath of the [[Yugoslav Wars]].{{r|safer}}
* A Catalan revolutionary organization that based itself off ETA, [[Terra Lliure]], was an ally of ETA, and both organizations coordinated their actions and supported each other.<ref name="terra"/>
* The Colombian government stated that there are contacts between ETA and the Colombian guerrillas [[FARC]]. The recent capture of FARC's leaders' computers, and leaked email exchanges between both groups, show that ETA members received training from FARC. Apparently, FARC asked for help from ETA to conduct future attacks in Spain,<ref name="tehrantimes1">[http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=170006 Colombia VP says FARC sought ETA ties for an attack in Spain]. Tehran Times (1 June 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref name="France 24">[http://www.france24.com/en/20080530-colombia-farc-sought-launch-attack-with-eta-colombia-spain-terrorism&navi=MONDE Colombia: FARC sought to launch attack with ETA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604123110/http://www.france24.com/en/20080530-colombia-farc-sought-launch-attack-with-eta-colombia-spain-terrorism%26navi%3DMONDE |date=4 June 2008 }} France24. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref name="PeopleDaily">[http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/spanish/200108/17/sp20010817_48609.html Colombia: Sospechan relación de ETA con las FARC] General Commander [[Fernando Tapias]] in August 2001.</ref> but the Anncol news agency later denied it, clarifying that the Spanish capital Madrid had been confused with a city in northern Colombia also named Madrid.<ref name="France 24" /> Following a judicial investigation, it was reported that FARC and ETA had held meetings in Colombia, exchanging information about combat tactics and methods of activating explosives through mobile phones. The two organizations were said to have met at least three times. One of the meetings involved two ETA representatives and two FARC leaders, at a FARC camp, and lasted for a week in 2003. FARC also offered to hide ETA fugitives while requesting anti-air missiles, as well as asking ETA to supply medical experts who could work at FARC prison camps for more than a year. Besides, and more controversially, FARC also asked ETA to stage attacks and kidnappings on its behalf in Europe.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/241544,farc-and-eta-exchanged-information-about-military-tactics--report.html FARC and ETA exchanged information about military tactics – report | Earth Times News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403115604/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/241544,farc-and-eta-exchanged-information-about-military-tactics--report.html |date=3 April 2015 }}. ''Earthtimes.org'' (13 November 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>
** Italian author and mafia specialist [[Roberto Saviano]] pointed to a relationship of the group with [[Italian Mafia|the Mafia]]. According to this view, ETA trafficked [[cocaine]] which it got via its FARC contacts, then traded it with the Mafia for guns.<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Saviano/dice/ETA/paramafiosa/trafica/cocaina/elpepucul/20090831elpepucul_5/Tes Saviano dice que ETA "es paramafiosa y trafica con cocaína" · ELPAÍS.com]. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>
* Several ex-militants were sent from France through Panama to reside in Cuba after an agreement of the Spanish government (under [[Felipe González]]) with Cuba.<ref name="Cuban">''[http://www3.itu.int/MISSIONS/Cuba/Atlapa.htm Conferencia de Prensa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184148/http://www3.itu.int/MISSIONS/Cuba/Atlapa.htm |date=30 September 2007 }} ofrecida for [[Felipe Pérez Roque]], Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. Centro de Convenciones "[[Atlapa Convention Centre|Atlapa]]" de la Ciudad de Panamá''. 7 November 2000.</ref> The [[United States Department of State]] has no information on their activities on Cuban territory.<ref name="DoS">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64337.htm Country Reports on Terrorism: Released by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism] (28 April 2006): ''The Government of Cuba maintains close relationships with other state sponsors of terrorism such as Iran and North Korea, and has provided a haven to members of'' ETA'', FARC, and the [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|ELN]].'' There is no information concerning activities of these or other organizations on Cuban territory. Press reports indicate that fugitives from US justice and ETA members are living legally in Cuba, just like fugitives from Cuban justice live legally in the US. The United States says it is not aware of specific terrorist enclaves in the country.</ref>
* [[Mapuche]] groups in the Argentine province of [[Neuquén]] have been accused of being trained by both ETA and [[FARC]]. Local Mapuches have classified the rumours as part of a plot by businessmen and other Argentines.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2009 |title=Acusan a la comunidad mapuche de relacionarse con ETA y con las FARC |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/09/05/internacional/1252122031.html |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es |access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref> The [[United States diplomatic cables leak]] showed the government of [[Michelle Bachelet]] had asked the United States aid in investigating a possible FARC-ETA-Mapuche link.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2010 |title=Le preocupaba vínculo de mapuches, FARC y ETA |url=http://www.rionegro.com.ar/diario/le-preocupaba-vinculo-de-mapuches-farc-y-eta-518864-9533-nota.aspx |newspaper=RioNegro |language=es |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120062331/http://www.rionegro.com.ar/diario/le-preocupaba-vinculo-de-mapuches-farc-y-eta-518864-9533-nota.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==In the media==

===Films===

====Documentary films====
* ''Asesinato en febrero'', about the families of Basque politician [[Fernando Buesa]] and his bodyguard, both killed by ETA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assassination in February (2001) - Plex |url=https://watch.plex.tv/movie/asesinato-en-febrero |website=watch.plex.tv |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[The Basque Ball|The Basque Ball: The Skin Against the Stone]]'', (''La Pelota Vasca'', 2003) about the Basque conflict by filmmaker [[Julio Medem]]: interviews about Basque nationalism and politics. Includes testimonials of ETA victims and relatives of ETA prisoners.
* ''Perseguidos'', where Eterio Ortega and [[Elías Querejeta]] interview local councilors threatened by ETA.<ref>{{cite web |title='Perseguidos' retrata el calvario cotidiano de los amenazados |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/09/23/espectaculos/1095890405_850215.html |website=elpais.com |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Trece entre mil|es}}'', the testimony of some of ETA's victims in the last 30 years by filmmaker Iñaki Arteta.
* ''48 horas'', about the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Blanco and his murder.<ref>{{cite web |title=48 Horas |url=https://cine.atresmedia.com/catalogo/horas_2010072958583a240cf20341e40aa23c.html |website=cine.atresmedia.com |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
*''ETA. Une histoire basque'', about the history of ETA.<ref>{{cite web |title=ETA, Une histoire basque (Documentaire), un film de... |url=https://www.premiere.fr/film/ETA-Une-histoire-basque-Documentaire |website=www.premiere.fr |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* ''Chronique Basque'', about a Basque politician who is the target of an ETA death threat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronique basque - filmfriend |url=https://www.filmfriend.co.uk/en/movies/752c2a4c-5fc6-4b84-ae83-67ae9746eca9 |website=www.filmfriend.co.uk |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* ''Asier ETA biok'' (''Asier and/ETA I'', 2013), where filmmaker Aitor Merino explores his relation with his childhood friend Asier Aranguren, who had become an ETA member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asier ETA biok |url=http://asieretabiok.com/home-english/ |website=asieretabiok.com |access-date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018012529/http://asieretabiok.com/home-english/ |archive-date=18 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|El fin de ETA|es}}'', a documentary about the history of ETA.

====Other fact-based films about ETA====
* ''Commando Txikia'' (José Luis Madrid, 1977)<ref>{{cite web |title=Comando Txikia: Muerte de un presidente - Película 1977 - Cine |url=https://www.cine.com/pelicula/comando-txikia-muerte-de-un-presidente |website=www.cine.com |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* {{lang|es-ES|[[Operacion Ogro (film)|Operación Ogro]]}} (Operation [[Ogre]], 1979), [[Gillo Pontecorvo]]'s film about the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco.
* {{lang|es-ES|El proceso de Burgos}} ("The Burgos Trial", Imanol Uribe, 1979)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Burgos Trial (1979) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film435816.html |website=www.filmaffinity.com |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Escape from Segovia]]'' (1981), about the [[Segovia prison break]] when ETA prisoners escaped from [[Segovia]] prison.
* {{lang|es-ES|Proceso a ETA}} ("The Trial of ETA", Manuel Macià, 1988){{cn|date=October 2025}}
* {{lang|es-ES|[[Yoyes]]}}, María Dolores Katarain, also known as "Yoyes", tries to leave ETA and is killed by her former comrades.
* {{lang|es-ES|[[The Wolf (2004 film)|El lobo]]}}, based on the life of [[Mikel Lejarza]], who, prompted by the Spanish police, entered ETA to be a [[double agent]].
* ''[[Munich (2005 film)|Munich]]'' (2005), where the squad of Israeli operatives pretend to be members of ETA to avoid conflict with a squad of PLO operatives whilst sharing a neutral safe house.
* [[GAL (film)|GAL]], about the journalistic research leading to the uncovering of the state-supported GAL.
* {{lang|es-ES|Tiro en la Cabeza}} (2008) ("A bullet in the head"), about the life of an ETA member the day he will kill two Spanish Policemen in Capbreton, France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bullet in the Head (Tiro en la cabeza) |url=https://cineuropa.org/film/86725/ |website=Cineuropa |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Jaime Rosales |title=BULLET IN THE HEAD |url=https://www.palomitacas.com/serie/ficha/p75843 |website=www.palomitacas.com |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* {{lang|es-ES|Una Bala Para el Rey}} ("A Bullet for the King", March 2009) about ETA's failed plot to murder [[Juan Carlos&nbsp;I]] during his holidays in [[Mallorca]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Una bala para el Rey (2009) (Serie TV) |url=https://www.palomitacas.com/serie/ficha/p75843 |website=www.palomitacas.com |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* {{lang|eu-ES|[[Maixabel]]}} (2021) about the meetings between Maixabel Lasa, widow of an assassinated politician, and the repenting assassins.

====Fictional films featuring ETA members and actions====

* ''[[El caso Almería]]'' ("The Almería Case", [[Pedro Costa Musté]], 1983)
* ''[[La Muerte de Mikel]]'' ("The Death of Mikel", [[Imanol Uribe]], 1983)
* ''[[:it:Macchina per uccidere 2|it:Goma 2]]'' ([[José Antonio de la Loma]], 1984)
* ''Ander y Yul'' ("Ander and Yul", [[Ana Díez]], 1988)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reader |first1=Chicago |title=Ander and Yul |url=https://chicagoreader.com/film-tv/ander-and-yul/ |website=Chicago Reader |access-date=13 October 2025 |date=26 October 1985}}</ref>
* ''Días de humo'' ("Days of Smoke", [[Antton Eceiza]], 1989)<ref>{{cite web |title=San Sebastian Film Festival |url=https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2022/news/1/20010/in |website=sansebastianfestival |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Shadows in a Conflict|Sombras en una batalla]]'' ("Shadows in a Battle", [[Mario Camus]], 1993)
* ''[[Días contados]]'' ("Counted Days", Imanol Uribe, 1994)
*  "[[Blinded (1997 film)|''A ciegas'' (Blinded)]]", [[Daniel Calparsoro]], 1997)
* ''[[The Jackal (1997 film)|The Jackal]]'' ([[Michael Caton-Jones]], 1997)
* ''[[Arian's Journey|El viaje de Arián]]'' ("Arián's Voyage", [[Eduard Bosch]], 2001)
* ''[[His Master's Voice|La voz de su amo]]'' ("His Master's Voice", Emilio Martínez Lázaro, 2001)
* ''Esos cielos'' ("Those skies", [[Aitzpea Goenaga]], 2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=ESOS CIELOS - Ibercultura |url=https://www.ibercultura.ch/de/bucherkatalog/esos-cielos.html |website=www.ibercultura.ch |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=de}}</ref>
* ''Todos estamos invitados'' ("We are all invited", [[Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón]], 2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=film screening ::We are all invited ::Instituto Cervantes de Dublín |url=https://dublin.cervantes.es/FichasCultura/Ficha72941_16_2.htm |website=dublin.cervantes.es |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Casa de mi padre]]'' ("My Father's House", [[Gorka Merchán]], 2008)
* ''[[Celda 211]]'' ("Cell 211", [[Daniel Monzón]], 2009)
* ''[[Carlos (miniseries)|Carlos]]'' ([[Olivier Assayas]], 2010)
* ''[[Bomb Scared]]'' ([[Borja Cobeaga|Borga Cabeaga]], 2017)
* ''[[Patria (TV series)|Patria]]'' (''"Fatherland"'', [[Aitor Gabilondo]], 2020). Based on the novel ''[[Patria (novel)|Patria]]'' ([[Fernando Aramburu]], 2016) fictional, but based on the social conflict between families of ETA members and families of the victims.
* ''[[La infiltrada|La Infiltrada]]'' (''"Undercover"'', [[Arantxa Echevarría]], 2025)

===Novels===
* ''[[The Sands of Time (Sheldon novel)|The Sands of Time]]'' ([[Sidney Sheldon]], 1988) {{ISBN|978-0-446-35683-1}}
* ''The Fish of Bitterness'' ''(Los peces de la amargura)'' in Spanish ([[Fernando Aramburu]], 2006) {{ISBN|978-8483835463}}
* ''The Spanish Game'' ([[Charles Cumming]], 2006) {{ISBN|9780718147266}}
* ''A Basque Story'' ([[M. Bryce Ternet]], 2009) {{ISBN|9781448955886}}
* [[Patria (novel)|''Fatherland'' (''Patria'')]] in Spanish ([[Fernando Aramburu]], 2016) {{ISBN|9788490663196}}
* ''The Absent (Los Ausentes)'' in Spanish (Juana Cortés Amunarriz, 2021) {{ISBN|9788467061277}} 
<!--
===Video games===
* In  ''[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]]'', the group was represented by the in-game faction ''The Separatists '' and as playable characters on the in-game map ''de_Inferno ''(defusal group) and ''cs_italy'' (hostage group).

===TV Series===
*In [[The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon|The Walking Dead Daryl Dixon]] Season 3 the group was mentioned briefly as the killer of Antonio's wife in a bombing during the sixth episode of the season.
-->

==See also==
* [[Etxerat]]
* [[José Larrañaga Arenas]]
* [[Felix Likiniano]]
* [[Julen Madariaga]]
* [[Kasilda Hernáez]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="safer">{{cite report |title=Small arms and light weapons in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: The nature of the problem |first=Ian |last=Davis |publisher=[[Saferworld]] |date=May 2002 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/124881/SALW%20Yugo.pdf |page=55 |quote=The family and coterie of Bosnian Serb war criminal Radovan Karadzic are believed to be behind a trade that has turned Republika Srpska into an international arms depot supplying groups that include the Real IRA and the Basque separatist group, ETA.}}
*Citing: {{cite news |last1=Tremlett |first1=Giles |title=Karadzic family 'arming Real IRA' |work=The Guardian |date=5 April 2001 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/05/northernireland.eu |ref=none}}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*This article makes use of material translated from the [[:es: ETA|corresponding article]] in the Spanish-language Wikipedia.
*Enric Martinez-Herrera, {{cite web|url= http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n1martinez.pdf |title=National Extremism and Outcomes of State Policies in the Basque Country, 1979–2001 |date=12 March 2020 }}&nbsp;{{small|(119&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]], )}} originally published in the ''International Journal on Multicultural Studies'', Vol. 4, No. 1, 2002.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|ETA}}
* [http://fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique1454 ETA terrorism and art. Exhibition ''1989 After the Conversations of Algiers. Delirium and Truce'' at Fundació Antoni Tàpies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045449/http://fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique1454 |date=25 November 2016 }}

{{Basque Conflict|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eta}}
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[[Category:Basque conflict]]
[[Category:Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Europe]]
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[[Category:Military wings of nationalist parties]]
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