View source for East Kalimantan

{{Short description|Province in Kalimantan, Indonesia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = East Kalimantan
| native_name        = {{lang|id|Kalimantan Timur}}
| official_name      = Province of East Kalimantan<br>{{lang|id|{{nobold|Provinsi Kalimantan Timur}}}}
| type               = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| image_shield       = {{#property:p94}}
| image_flag         = 
| shield_size        = 90
| flag_size          = 
| image_map          = East Kalimantan in Indonesia.svg
| map_caption        = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''East Kalimantan''' in {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''}}
| coordinates        = {{coord|1|3|N|116|19|E|region:ID_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Kalimantan]]
| seat_type          = Capital<br />{{nobold|and largest city}}
| seat               = [[Samarinda]]
| leader_title1      = [[Governor of East Kalimantan|Governor]]
| leader_name1       = [[Rudy Mas'ud]] ([[Golkar]])
| governing_body     = East Kalimantan Provincial Government
| leader_title2      = Vice Governor
| leader_name2       = [[:id:Seno Aji|Seno Aji]]
| leader_title3      = [[Regional House of Representatives|Legislature]]
| leader_name3       = [[:id:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Timur|East Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives]] (DPRD)
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 127346.92
| area_note          = 
| area_rank          = [[Provinces of Indonesia|3rd in Indonesia]]
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_ft   = 5367
| elevation_max_point = {{ill|Mount Cemaru|id|Gunung Cemaru}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.64)</ref>
| population_total   = 4092984
| population_as_of   = mid 2024 estimate
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=https://www.kaltim.bps.go.id |title=BPS - |publisher=Kaltim.bps.go.id |access-date=2012-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123021814/http://kaltim.bps.go.id/ |archive-date=2012-11-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 = 29.55% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]<br />18.26% [[Buginese people|Buginese]]<br /> 13.94% [[Banjar people|Banjarese]]<br /> 9.91% [[Dayak people|Dayak]]<br /> 9.21% [[Kutai]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Languages in Indonesia|Languages]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (official)<br /> [[Banjar language|Banjarese]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Dayak languages|Dayak]], [[Kutai Malay]] (regional)
| timezone1          = [[Time in Indonesia|WITA]] ([[UTC+8]])
| utc_offset1        = 
| established_title       = Established
| established_date        = 26 November 1956<ref name="UU 25/1956">{{cite web|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/51157/uu-no-25-tahun-1956|title=UU No. 25 Tahun 1956|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id|access-date=2024-11-11}}</ref>
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code_type     = Regional code
| area_code          = 64
| blank_name         = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal)
| blank_info         = 2022<ref name="bpsdata2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/52/286/1/-seri-2010-produk-domestik-regional-bruto-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank1_name        = &nbsp;- Total
| blank1_info        = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 921.3&nbsp;trillion ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GDP|7th]])<br>[[USD|US$]] 62.1&nbsp;billion<br>[[Int$]] 193.6&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank2_name        = &nbsp;- Per capita
| blank2_info        = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 238.7&nbsp;million ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita|2nd]])<br>[[USD|US$]]&nbsp;16,075<br>[[Int$]]  50,162&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank3_name        = &nbsp;- Growth
| blank3_info        = {{Increase}} 4.48%<ref name="bappenas2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |author-link=Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia) |year=2023 |title=Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan |url=https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |publisher=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank4_name        = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2024)
| blank4_info        = {{increase}} 0.788<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|4th]]) – <span style=color:#090>high</span>
| website            = {{URL|http://www.kaltimprov.go.id/|kaltimprov.go.id}}
| motto = {{force singular}} {{transliteration|bjn|Ruhui Rahayu}}<br />{{native phrase|bjn| روحوي رحايو}}<br />"Perfect harmony by the blessings of God"
| nickname           = {{native phrase|vkt|Benua Etam}}<br />"Our land"{{force singular}}
| image_map1         = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}}
}}

'''East Kalimantan''' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{audio|Kalimantan Timur (province).ogg|''Kalimantan Timur''|help=no}}) is a [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[Indonesia]]. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of [[Borneo]]/[[Kalimantan]]. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the present boundary),<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 3.766 million at the 2020 census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 4,092,984.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.64)</ref> Its capital is the city of [[Samarinda]], the most populous city in the entire island of Borneo.

East Kalimantan has a total area of {{convert|127346.92|km2|sqmi}}<ref>revised area following the removal of Tarakan city and four regencies to form the new [[North Kalimantan]] province in 2012, and subsequently amended by BPS.</ref> and is the third [[Provinces of Indonesia|least densely populated]] province in [[Kalimantan]] (after [[North Kalimantan]] and [[Central Kalimantan]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf |title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 Data Agregat Per Provinsi |work=Badan Pusat Statistik |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113144717/http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-13 }}</ref> The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with [[West Sulawesi]] and [[Central Sulawesi]]; its [[Cape Mangkalihat]] separates the [[Makassar Strait]] from the [[Celebes Sea]]. Its former northernmost region was split off on 25 October 2012 and is now the separate province of [[North Kalimantan]]; meanwhile it still shares land border to the west with [[West Kalimantan]] and [[Central Kalimantan]]; to its south, East Kalimantan borders [[South Kalimantan]]. The province bordered [[Sabah]], Malaysia before the creation of North Kalimantan, and still has a short border with [[Sarawak]], Malaysia through [[Mahakam Ulu Regency]].

Since 2013, East Kalimantan is now divided into [[List of regencies and cities in East Kalimantan|seven regencies and three cities]]. The proposed capital city of Indonesia, [[Nusantara (city)|Nusantara]], is currently constructed entirely within the province.

== History ==
=== Prehistory ===
[[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|left|214x214px|One of the oldest known [[Figurative art|figurative painting]]s, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the ''[[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]]'' cave dated as over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old.<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz" />]]
East Kalimantan was once mostly covered by tropical rainforest. In prehistoric times, there was limestone cave called ''[[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]]'' located in the [[Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst]] in the district of [[Bengalon]], [[East Kutai Regency|East Kutai]], believed to contain one of the oldest [[figurative art]] in the world.<ref name="Aubert Setiawan Oktaviana Brumm">{{cite journal | last1=Aubert | first1=M. | last2=Setiawan | first2=P. | last3=Oktaviana | first3=A. A. | last4=Brumm | first4=A. | last5=Sulistyarto | first5=P. H. | last6=Saptomo | first6=E. W. | last7=Istiawan | first7=B. | last8=Ma'rifat | first8=T. A. | last9=Wahyuono | first9=V. N. | last10=Atmoko | first10=F. T. | last11=Zhao | first11=J.-X. | last12=Huntley | first12=J. | last13=Taçon | first13=P. S. C. | last14=Howard | first14=D. L. | last15=Brand | first15=H. E. A. | title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo | journal=Nature | volume=564 | issue=7735 | pages=254–257 | publisher=Springer Nature America, Inc | date=7 November 2018 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 | pmid=30405242 | bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A | s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> The cave paintings were first spotted in 1994 by the French explorer [[:fr:Luc-Henri Fage|Luc-Henri Fage]] and the French archaeologist Jean-Michel Chazine, from Kalimanthrope.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Delbecq |first1=Denis |title=A Bornéo, des fresques parmi les plus anciennes du monde ont été découvertes |url=https://www.letemps.ch/sciences/borneo-fresques-parmi-plus-anciennes-monde-ont-decouvertes |access-date=8 November 2018 |work=Le Temps |date=7 November 2018 |language=fr}}</ref> In 2018, a team of scientists investigating the cave, led by Maxime Aubert from [[Griffith University]] and Pindi Setiawan from the [[Bandung Institute of Technology]], published a report in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' identifying the paintings as the world's oldest known figurative art.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maxime Aubert |display-authors=etal |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |journal=Nature |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |date=Nov 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242|bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gabbatiss |first1=Josh |title=Oldest ever figurative painting discovered in Borneo cave |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/oldest-figurative-painting-borneo-cave-art-cows-banteng-prehistoric-a8622256.html |access-date=9 November 2018 |work=The Independent |date=8 November 2018}}</ref> The team had previously investigated cave paintings in the neighbouring island of [[Sulawesi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weule |first1=Genelle |title=Scientists say this is the world's oldest known animal rock art |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-11-08/worlds-oldest-known-cave-painting-of-an-animal-in-borneo/10466076 |access-date=8 November 2018 |work=ABC News |date=8 November 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref> In order to date the paintings, the team used dating techniques on the calcium carbonate (limestone) deposits close to them.<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=etal|title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0679-9 |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |access-date=8 November 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735|pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A|s2cid=53208538|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== 4th to 17th centuries ===
[[Image:kutai Prasasti of Mulawarman.JPG|frame|right|The ancient [[Yūpa#Yūpa inscription in Indonesia|Yūpa inscription]] of [[Mulavarman]], king of [[Kutai|Kutai Martadipura]] dating back to the 4th century CE discovered in present [[Muara Kaman]] area, [[Kutai Kartanegara Regency]]]]
East Kalimantan has been home to several kingdoms, such as the first and oldest Hindu kingdom of Indonesia, the [[Kutai#History|Kingdom of Kutai Martadipura]] founded in the 4th century CE. It was succeeded by the [[Kutai#Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara|Sultanate of Kutai ing Martadipura]] in the 14th century. Other kingdoms were also located in East Kalimantan, such as the Sultanate of Pasir. East Kalimantan region includes Pasir, Kutai, Berau and also Karasikan (Buranun / pre-Sultanate of Sulu) claimed as conquered territory Suryanata Maharaja, the governor of Majapahit in the State Dipa, located in the Great Temple in Amuntai, until 1620 in the [[Sultanate of Banjar]]. However, in the Chinese History Annals, Ming shi 明史, at 1417, some parts of the eastern Kalimantan were recorded as a kingdom under the rule of the Philippine kingdom of then Hindu [[Sulu Sultanate|Sulu]], as Kalimantan was ruled by a Sulu monarch named Mahalatu Gelamading (Maharaja Klainbantangan) whose title, Klainbantangan, in Chinese rendering, was named after his territory [[Kalimantan]]. At this point in time, Sulu had rebelled against Majapahit rule and had invaded Northeast and East Borneo all the way to the territory of Kalimantan.<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines] By Wang Zhenping Page 258.</ref> Between the years 1620–1624, kingdoms in East Kalimantan fell under the influence of the Sultanate of Sultan Alauddin Makassar, before the Bungaya agreement. According to the Hikayat Banjar, the Sultan of Makassar never borrowed land for trade{{Fix|text=words missing?}} covers an area east and southeast of Borneo to the Sultan Mustain Billah of Banjar when Kiai Martasura sent to Makassar and entered into an agreement with the Sultan Tallo I Mangngadaccinna Daeng I Ba'le 'Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingalloang{{clarify|date=March 2025}}, who became Mangkubumi and principal advisor to the Sultan Muhammad Said, king of Gowa in 1638–1654 and also in-law of Sultan Hasanuddin, who established the East Kalimantan region as a place to trade for the Sultanate of Makassar (Gowa-Tallo); since then people began to arrive from South Sulawesi. However, based on the agreement between the Sultanate of Banjar and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1635, VOC helped Banjar restore lands in East Kalimantan to the sphere of influence of the Sultanate of Banjar. It was set out in the Bungaya agreement that the Sultanate of Makassar was not allowed to trade up to the east and the north Borneo.

=== 19th to 20th centuries ===
[[File:Kaltim regions blank map.svg|thumb|The map of East Kalimantan before 2012, featuring 14 regencies and cities. This map since then still oversees occasional usage, even though it has become outdated for more than a decade.]]

In accordance with treaties, on January 1, 1817, Sultan Sulaiman of Banjar handed East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, part of West and South Kalimantan (including Banjarmasin) over to the Dutch East Indies. On May 4, 1826, Sultan Adam al-wathiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the handover of these territories to the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. In 1846, the Dutch began to put a Resident Assistant in East Borneo at Samarinda (now the province of East Kalimantan and the eastern part of South Kalimantan) named H. Von Dewall. Like all other Indonesian provinces, East Kalimantan was then part of the [[Dutch East Indies]].

East Kalimantan with its then administrative area was established based on the Law No. 25 of 1956, originally only consisted of three regency-level special regions: Berau, Bulongan, and [[Special Region of Kutai|Kutai]];<ref name="UU 25/1956"/> and the first governor was APT Pranoto. Three years later in 1959, it oversaw the annexation of [[Pasir Regency]] from [[South Kalimantan]] into the province, removal of special statuses of other regencies, and creation of [[Balikpapan]] and [[Samarinda]] as separate municipal cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/51518/uu-no-27-tahun-1959|title=UU No. 27 Tahun 1959|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id|access-date=2024-12-30}}</ref> Since late 1990s, the number of regencies and cities in East Kalimantan had steadily increased into 14 (with the last creation prior the creation of North Kalimantan, was being [[Tana Tidung Regency]] in 2007).

=== Splitting off of North Kalimantan province ===
[[North Kalimantan]] was formally inaugurated as the 34th province of Indonesia on April 15, 2013. The new province was previously part of East Kalimantan Province.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koran-jakarta.com/index.php/detail/view01/115158 |title=Provinsi Kalimantan Utara Diresmikan 15 April |date=March 22, 2013 |access-date=22 March 2013 |archive-date=31 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331034659/http://koran-jakarta.com/index.php/detail/view01/115158 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== New national capital ===
{{See also|Nusantara (city)}}
The province will host the future [[capital city]] of Indonesia that will be built on parts of [[Penajam North Paser Regency|Penajam North Paser]] and [[Kutai Kartanegara Regency]]. The [[Capital of Indonesia|future capital]] is to be named Nusantara,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/indonesia-new-capital-name-nusantara-east-kalimantan-2440426|title=Indonesia minister announces name of new national capital in eastern Kalimantan|website=Channel News Asia}}</ref> with construction originally projected to start in 2020, and intended to conclude in 2024. However, at a hearing before Committee V of Indonesia's House of Representatives on 9 June 2020, a government representative asserted that the government had not allocated the 2022 budget for the project (for 2022, the ministry proposed a budget worth over 100.46 trillion rupiah - over 7 billion US$ - a steep reduction from the figure of 149.81 trillion rupiah in 2021). Earlier, the National Planning Development Authority had said that the total sum needed to move the capital from its current location in Jakarta to East Kalimantan province amounted to 486 trillion rupiah, of which 265.2 trillion will be mobilised through the public-private partnership (PPP), 127.3 trillion from private special funds, and 93.5 trillion from the state budget. But the Ministry of Finance said that the government switched its priorities to mitigating the effect of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The ministry announced that it had not allocated budget for the new capital project. Nevertheless, the new national capital was formally inaugurated in August 2024.

== Geography ==
East Kalimantan Province comprises a land area of 125,336.81 square kilometers and a comprehensive ocean management area of 25,656&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, located between 113°44'E and 119°00'E, and between 2°33'N and 2°25'S. The province is divided into seven regencies (''kabupaten'') and three cities (''kota''), together subdivided into 105 districts (''kecamatan'') and then into 1,026 villages (rural ''desa'' and urban ''kelurahan''). The regencies (with their administrative capitals) and cities are enumerated below. East Kalimantan is one of the main gates to the eastern part of Indonesia. The area is also known as a storehouse of timber and mining, has [[List of rivers of East Kalimantan|hundreds of rivers]] (scattered across almost all regencies and cities) which area the main means of transportation in addition to land transport, with the longest river being the [[Mahakam River|Mahakam]].

East Kalimantan borders [[North Kalimantan]] in the north, [[South Kalimantan]] in the south, [[Central Kalimantan]] in the southwest, and [[West Kalimantan]] and [[Sarawak]] in the west. It touches the [[Celebes Sea]] and the [[Makassar Strait]] in the east, with its large [[Mangkalihat Peninsula]] separating the two. There are hills in almost all districts, and there are numerous lakes. Most lakes are located in the Kutai Regency, with the most extensive lakes, Semayang and Melintang, having an area of 13,000&nbsp;ha and 11,000&nbsp;ha respectively.

=== Climate ===
Such as the climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan tropical climate and has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season usually occurs in May to October, while the rainy season in November to April. This situation continued every year interspersed with transitional season in certain months. Moreover, because of its location on the equator, the climate in East Kalimantan are also affected by wind monsoon, monsoon wind is November–April west and east monsoon winds from May to October. In recent years, the situation in East Kalimantan season is sometimes erratic. In the months that it is supposed to rain, there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the months that should be dry it rains for a much longer time.

==== Temperature and humidity ====
Temperatures somewhere high and low are determined by the area of the ocean surface and the distance from the beach. In general, East Kalimantan hot climates with temperatures in 2013 ranged from 21.6&nbsp;°C in Berau October to 35.6&nbsp;°C in Berau in September. Aside from being a tropical area with extensive forests, in 2013 the average humidity between 83 and 87 percent of East Kalimantan. The lowest air humidity observed by the meteorological station Samarinda happens in a few months with 82 percent humidity. While the highest occurred in Berau in February with 91 percent humidity.

==== Rainfall and wind conditions ====
Rainfall in East Kalimantan region varies by month and location of monitoring stations. Average highest rainfall recorded at the Meteorological Station Berau amounted to 245.1&nbsp;mm and the lowest for the year 2013 was recorded at the Meteorological Station Samarinda is 237.8&nbsp;mm. At some monitoring stations monitor wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013. Observations show that wind speeds between 3 and 4 knots. The highest wind speed was 4 knots in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest was 3 knots in Samarinda.

== Government and administrative divisions ==
[[File:Kantor Gubernur Kalimantan Timur.jpg|thumb|East Kalimantan Governor Office]]

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|List of regencies and cities in East Kalimantan|List of districts of East Kalimantan}}
[[File:Prov. Kalimantan Timur.jpg|thumb|Map of regencies and cities]]
East Kalimantan consists of 7 regencies and 3 cities, in turn divided into 105 districts.
{{:List of regencies and cities in East Kalimantan}}

== Ecology ==
[[File:Logging road East Kalimantan 2005.jpg|thumb|left|Logging road in East Kalimantan: logged forest on the left, [[Old-growth forest|primary forest]] on the right]]
[[File:Melintan.jpg|thumb|Melintan Lake in Kutai Kartanegara Regency]]
[[Illegal logging]] has removed much of the original forests of the province. Less than half the original forest remains in places such as the [[Kayan Mentarang National Park|Kayan Mentarang]] and the [[Kutai National Park|Kutai]] national parks.

The projects that supports tropical rainforest conservation includes a [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] project<ref>http://www.panda.org/heart-of-borneo/ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative – ''orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival''.</ref>  and [[Samboja Lestari]] lodge, one of [[Borneo Orangutan Survival]] Foundation's reforestation and orangutan rehabilitation projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sambojalodge.com/ |title=Home |website=sambojalodge.com}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Pie chart
| caption=East Kalimantan GDP share by sector (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kaltim.bps.go.id/publication/2023/02/28/7a58231d5aa2f5a7b4d5c36a/provinsi-kalimantan-timur-dalam-angka-2023.html|title=Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2023|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
| label1 = Agriculture
| value1 = 7.04
| color1 = Green
| label2 = Manufacturing
| value2 = 15.05
| color2 = DodgerBlue
| label3 = Other Industrial
| value3 = 7.79
| color3 = Yellow
| label4 = Mining and Quarrying
| value4 = 53.24
| color4 = Red
| label5 = Service
| value5 = 16.88
| color5 = #800080
}}
[[File:Coal Mining in East Kutai, East Kalimantan.jpg|thumb|Economy of East Kalimantan is very dependent on [[Petroleum]] and [[Mining]], especially in [[Coal]].]]
East Kalimantan's economy heavily depends on earth resources such as oilfield exploration, natural gas, coal and gold.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://geotimes.co.id/opini/post-era-of-natural-resources-development-in-east-kalimantan/|title=Post-Era of Natural Resources Development in East Kalimantan {{!}} GEOTIMES|date=2017-09-22|work=GEOTIMES|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/12/09/056913954/East-Kalimantans-Economy-Still-Heavily-Relies-on-Coal-Price|title=East Kalimantan's Economy Still Heavily Relies on Coal Price|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Balikpapan]] has an oil refinery plant that was built by Dutch governance before World War II, destroyed during World War II, and rebuilt after Indonesian independence.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Other developing economic sectors include agriculture and tourism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/agriculture-in-interior-borneo/|title=Expedition Magazine {{!}} Agriculture in Interior Borneo|website=www.penn.museum|language=en|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref>

Obstacles to economic development include a lack of transportation infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/solving-indonesias-infrastructure-gap/|title=Solving Indonesia's Infrastructure Gap|last1=Tarahita|first1=Dikanaya|last2=Rakhmat|first2=Muhammad Zulfikar|publisher=The Diplomat|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Transportation depends on traditional boats connecting coastal cities and areas along main river, [[Mahakam River]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indoneo.com/travel/the-mighty-mahakam-river/|title=The Mighty Mahakam River [with PHOTOS] – INDONEO|work=Indoneo|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref>

In 2012, Russia's state railway firm Joint Stock Company (JSC) signed a memorandum of understanding with the East Kalimantan governor over railway lines to transport coal and other freight. The first stage will connect an area near [[Balikpapan]] port to [[West Kutai Regency]] in a 183-kilometer line and is estimated to cost about $1.8 billion. It will commence in 2013 and by 2017 it is hoped that it carry 20 million tons of coal annually. The second phase will connect a line to [[Murung Raya Regency|Murung Raya]] in [[Central Kalimantan]] with a 60 kilometer line, which will cost an estimated $600 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/08/russian-firm-signs-mou-build-24-billion-railway.html |title=Russian firm signs MoU to build $2.4 billion railway |date=February 8, 2012}}</ref>

Several [[oil field]]s have been discovered in the [[Mahakam River]] [[River delta|Delta]] including Attaka, Badak (1971), Semberah, Nilam, Sanga Sanga, Bekapai (1972), Handil (1974), Samboja, Jakin and Sepinggan.<ref name=Verdier>Verdier, A.C., Oki, T., and Suardy, A., 1980, Geology of the Handil Field (East Kalimantan-Indonesia), in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0-89181-306-3}}, p. 401</ref><ref>Huffington, R.M., and Helmig, H.M., Discovery and Development of the Badak Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia,1980, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0-89181-306-3}}, p. 441</ref><ref>DeMatharel, M., Lehmann, P., Oki, T., Geology of the Bekapai Field, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0-89181-306-3}}, p. 459</ref> The Handil, Badak and Bekapai fields are [[anticline]] [[structural trap]]s with [[oil reservoir]] [[sandstones]] between 450 and 2900&nbsp;m.<ref name=Verdier />{{rp|399}}  The delta is in the Kutai [[Depression (geology)|basin]], bounded by the Mankalihat and Paternoster carbonate arch, containing [[Eocene]] [[shale]]s overlain by Oligocene [[fluvial]] deposits during [[marine regression]], culminating in the formation of the delta in the late [[Miocene]].<ref name=Verdier />{{rp|400}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
| type     = 
| footnote = Source: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] 2025 and previous.<br />These figures before 2015 include the population of the city and four northerly regencies split off in that year to form the new [[North Kalimantan]] Province; subsequent figures exclude them.
|1971 |733797
|1980 |1218016
|1990 |1876663
|1995 |2314183
|2000 |2451895
|2010 |3550586
|2015 |3422676
|2020 |3766039
|2024 |4092984}}
Within the current boundary, East Kalimantan was populated by 3,028,487 people as of 2010. In mid 2924 it was officially estimated to have 4,092,984 inhabitants.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.64)</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
{{clear}}
{{Bar box|bars={{Bar percent|[[Javanese people|Javanese]]|#89CFF0|29.55}}
{{Bar percent|[[Bugis]]|#FFA07A|18.26}}
{{Bar percent|[[Banjar people|Banjar]]|#FFCBA4|13.94}}
{{Bar percent|[[Dayak people|Dayak]]|DarkGray|9.91}}
{{Bar percent|[[Kutai people|Kutai]]|DarkBlue|9.21}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]|Black|1.59}}
{{Bar percent|[[Madurese people|Madurese]]|Magenta|1.24}}
{{Bar percent|[[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]]|DarkViolet|1.16}}
{{Bar percent|[[Toraja]]|DarkRed|1.16}}
{{Bar percent|Others|DarkGreen|13.18}}|float=left|left1=Ethnic group|right1=Percentage|title=Ethnicities of East Kalimantan – 2010 Census<ref name="autogenerated4" />}}
East Kalimantan is a major destination of migrants from Jawa, Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.With population of approximately 3.859 million, and area of 127,347&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, the province is considered sparsely populated.
{|class=wikitable
|+Ethnic groups in East Kalimantan in order of population at 2010 census
!No.!!Group!!%!!Notes
|-
|1||Javanese||29.55%||Spread in almost all regions, especially the transmigration areas to urban areas
|-
|2||Bugis||18.26%||Occupy many coastal areas and urban areas.
|-
|3||Banjar||13.94%||Quite dominant in the city of Samarinda and Balikpapan.
|-
|4||Dayak||9.91%||Occupy the interior part of the province.
|-
|5||Kutai||9.21%||Inhabit Kutai Kartanegara, East Kutai and West Kutai
|-
|6||Paser||1.89%||{{Fix|text=Doesn't appear in bar chart.}}
|-
|7||Sunda||1.59%||
|-
|8||Buton||1.25%||{{Fix|text=Doesn't appear in bar chart.}}
|-
|9||Madura||1.24%||
|-
|10||Toraja||1.16%||
|}
The rest are other groups from various regions in Indonesia.

=== Language ===
People in East Kalimantan generally use Indonesian for official purposes and [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]] for inter-ethnic communication. Due to the large number of Banjarese people in the province, their language became the main lingua franca, especially in cities like Samarinda and Balikpapan. Besides Banjarese, there is a significant presence of [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Buginese language|Buginese]] speakers as well, due to the large migration of Javanese and Buginese people into the region.

Other languages spoken in East Kalimantan are [[Kutai Malay]] (a distinct Malay variety closely related but distinct from Banjarese), Paser (a [[Northeast Barito languages|Northeast Barito language]]), [[Berau Malay]], Tunjung, [[Bahau language|Bahau]], [[Lun Bawang language|Modang Lundayeh]] and more others. However, Kutai, Paser, and [[Kenyah languages]] are considered under the threat of extinction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pusaranmedia.com/read/19401/tiga-dari-16-bahasa-daerah-di-kaltim-nyaris-punah-satu-diantaranya-bahasa-paser|title=Tiga dari 16 Bahasa Daerah di Kaltim Nyaris Punah, Satu Diantaranya Bahasa Paser|website=pusaranmedia.com|access-date=2023-09-22}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in East Kalimantan (2022)<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama|title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=31 August 2022|access-date=29 October 2023|language=id}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 87.44
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 7.49
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value3 = 4.44
|color3 = DarkOrchid
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.39
|color4 = Yellow
|label5 = [[Hinduism]]
|value5 = 0.22
|color5 = DarkOrange
|label6 = [[Confucianism]]
|value6 = 0.01
|color6 = Red
|label7 = [[Folk religion]]
|value7 = 0.01
|color7 = Black

}}
According to the 2021 estimates, 3,320,000 people are Muslims, 286,150 are Protestants, 168,140 are Roman Catholics, 15,630 are Buddhists, 8,500 are Hindus and 308 are Confucians or adhere to folk religions.<gallery>
File:Masjid Islamic Centre Samarinda.jpg|Islamic Centre Samarinda
File:Catholic Center Sangatta.JPG|Sangatta Catholic Church
File:Vihara Eka Dharma Manggala Samarinda.jpg|Eka Dharma Manggala Buddhist temple
</gallery>{{clear}}

== Art and culture ==
=== Traditional clothing ===
[[File:Kustim.jpg|thumb|''Kustim'' or ''kustin'', worn by president [[Joko Widodo]] in 2024]]
There are several types of traditional costume belonging to the ethnic groups of East Kalimantan. The traditional costumes of [[Kenyah people]] (Dayak) include ''sapei sapaq'' for males, which consists of a vest and tight pants known as ''abet kaboq'', and ''ta'a'' for females, which consists of a vest known as ''sapei inoq'' and a skirt. Other Dayak traditional garments include ''bulang kuurung'' (either short-sleeved or without) and its long-sleeved counterpart ''lengke'', and ''bulang burai king'', traditionally worn during ceremonies or tribal wars.

Meanwhile, the Kutai people have their own costumes, namely ''{{ill|kustim|id|Baju Kustim}}'' / ''kustin'' and ''takwo'', formal costume traditionally worn by upper-middle classes and the nobility, and ''sakai'', a garment made from skin or wood fiber, traditionally only worn by women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kabarkalimantan.id/berita-utama/kenali-beragam-pakaian-adat-dari-kalimantan-timur|title=Kenali Beragam Pakaian Adat dari Kalimantan Timur|website=kabarkalimantan.id|access-date=2025-03-30}}</ref>

=== Traditional dance ===
[[File:Tari Ronggeng Paser.JPG|thumb|Ronggeng dance from the Paser tribe.]]
[[File:Tari Anyam Tali Dayak Kenyah 180619.JPG|thumb|Weaving dance from Dayak Kenyah tribe]]
East Kalimantan also has a variety of traditional dance. ''Punan Letto'', ''Datun Ngentau'', ''Hudoq'', ''Ganjur'', ''Gong'' / ''Kancet Ledo'', ''Burung Enggang'', ''Gantar'', ''Papatai'', ''Datun Julud'', and ''Leleng'' came from the Dayak people, while ''[[Zapin|Jepen]]'' and ''Topeng Kemindu'' came from the Kutai people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/hot/read/5458833/12-tari-kalimantan-timur-dan-penjelasannya-warisan-budaya-indonesia?page=2|title=12 Tari Kalimantan Timur dan Penjelasannya, Warisan Budaya Indonesia|website=liputan6.com|access-date=2025-03-30}}</ref>

== Notable people==
{{main category|People from East Kalimantan}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Kalimantan}}
{{Provinces of Indonesia}}
{{Borneo}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:East Kalimantan| ]]
[[Category:Kalimantan|.]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mahakam basin]]
[[Category:Berau basin]]