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{{short description|1916 armed insurrection in Ireland}}
{{about|the armed insurrection in Ireland|the musical|Easter Rising (musical){{!}}''Easter Rising'' (musical)}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Easter Revolution|Aster Revolution}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Easter Rising<br>{{lang|ga|Éirí Amach na Cásca}}
| partof            = the [[Irish revolutionary period]]
| image             = The shell of the G.P.O. on Sackville Street after the Easter Rising (6937669789).jpg
| caption           = [[O'Connell Street, Dublin]], after the Rising. The [[General Post Office, Dublin|GPO]] is at left, and [[Nelson's Pillar]] at right.
| date              = 24–29 April 1916
| place             = Mostly [[Dublin]]; skirmishes in counties [[County Meath|Meath]], [[County Galway|Galway]], [[County Louth|Louth]], [[County Wexford|Wexford]], [[County Cork|Cork]]
| territory         = 
| result            = Uprising suppressed
*Unconditional surrender of rebel forces
*Execution of most rebel leaders
| combatant1        = {{flag|Irish Republic|1916}}
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}
| units1            = [[Irish Volunteers]]<br>[[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]<br>[[Irish Citizen Army]]<br>[[Fianna Éireann]]<br>[[Cumann na mBan]]<br>[[Hibernian Rifles]]
| units2            = [[British Army]]<br>[[Royal Irish Constabulary]]
| commander1        = {{ubl|[[Patrick Pearse]] |[[James Connolly]] |[[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]] |[[Seán Mac Diarmada]] |[[Joseph Plunkett]] |[[Éamonn Ceannt]] |[[Thomas MacDonagh]]}}
| commander2        = Political leaders:<br/>
{{ubl|[[H. H. Asquith]]|[[Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne|Lord Wimborne]]|[[Augustine Birrell]]|[[Matthew Nathan]]}}<br/>
Military leaders:<br/>
{{ubl||[[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Lord French]]|[[Lovick Friend]]|[[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|John Maxwell]]|[[William Lowe (British Army officer)|William Lowe]]}}
| strength1         = {{ubl|1,250 in Dublin|{{circa}} 2,000–3,000 Volunteers elsewhere but they took little part in the fighting}}
| strength2         = 16,000 British troops and 1,000 armed RIC in Dublin by the end of the week
| casualties1       = {{ubl|82 killed|16 executed|Unknown wounded}}
| casualties2       = {{ubl|143 killed|397 wounded}}
| casualties3       = {{ubl|260 civilians killed|2,200+ civilians wounded (including unknown number of rebels)|'''Total killed: 485<ref name=necrology/>'''}}
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Irish independence}}
}}

The '''Easter Rising''' ({{langx|ga|Éirí Amach na Cásca}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/irish/index.asp?docID=2532 |title=Department of the Taoiseach&nbsp;– Easter Rising |publisher=[[Taoiseach]] |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011454/https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/?docID=2532+ |url-status=live}}</ref> also known as the '''Easter Rebellion''', was an armed [[insurrection]] in [[Ireland]] during [[Easter Week]] in April 1916. The Rising was launched by [[Irish republicans]] against [[British rule in Ireland]] with the aim of establishing an independent [[Irish Republic]] while the United Kingdom was fighting the [[First World War]]. It was the most significant [[List of Irish uprisings|uprising in Ireland]] since the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|rebellion of 1798]] and the first armed conflict of the [[Irish revolutionary period]]. Sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed starting in May 1916. The nature of the executions, and subsequent political developments, ultimately contributed to an increase in popular support for Irish independence.

Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], the Rising began on [[Easter Monday]], 24 April 1916 and lasted for six days.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RhCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22military+council%22+ |title=Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221153211/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RhCAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22military+council%22+irb&q=%22military+council%22+&pgis=1 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |first=Francis X. |last=Martin |date=1967 |page=105 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801402906 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Members of the [[Irish Volunteers]], led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist [[Patrick Pearse]], joined by the smaller [[Irish Citizen Army]] of [[James Connolly]] and 200 women of [[Cumann na mBan]] seized strategically important buildings in [[Dublin]] and [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|proclaimed the Irish Republic]]. The [[British Army]] brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a [[gunboat]]. There was street fighting on the routes into the city centre, where the rebels slowed the British advance and inflicted many casualties. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery. There were isolated actions in other parts of Ireland; Volunteer leader [[Eoin MacNeill]] had issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the extent of the rebel actions.

With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising. Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued briefly. After the surrender, the country remained under [[martial law]]. About 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British and 1,800 of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following [[courts-martial|courts martial]]. The Rising brought [[Physical force Irish republicanism|physical force republicanism]] back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly fifty years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. Opposition to the British reaction to the Rising contributed to changes in public opinion and the move toward independence, as shown in the [[1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland|1918 general election]], in which [[Sinn Féin]] won 73 of the 105 Irish seats. Sinn Féin convened the [[First Dáil]] and [[Irish Declaration of Independence|declared independence]].

Of the 485 people killed,<ref name=necrology/> 260 were civilians, 143 were British military and police personnel, and 82 were Irish rebels, including 16 rebels executed for their roles in the Rising. More than 2,600 people were wounded. Many of the civilians were killed or wounded by British artillery fire or were mistaken for rebels. Others were caught in the crossfire during firefights between the British and the rebels. The shelling and resulting fires left parts of central Dublin in ruins.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Background ==
[[File:Irish Citizen Army Group Liberty Hall Dublin 1914.jpg|thumb|Members of the Irish Citizen Army outside [[Liberty Hall]], under the slogan "We serve neither [[George V|King]] nor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser]], but Ireland"]]

The [[Acts of Union 1800]] united the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] as the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], abolishing the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] and giving Ireland representation in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. From early on, many [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalists]] opposed the union and the continued lack of adequate political representation, along with the British government's handling of Ireland and Irish people, particularly the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].{{sfn|MacDonagh|1977|pp=14–17}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behrendt |first1=Stephen C. |title=British Women Poets and the Romantic Writing Community |date=2010 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0801895081 |pages=244–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zxrkbg2hQAC&pg=PA244 |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221143420/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zxrkbg2hQAC&pg=PA244 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The union was closely preceded by and formed partly in response to an [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish uprising]] – whose centenary would prove an influence on the Easter Rising.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-62904-9 |editor-last=Outram |editor-first=Quentin |pages=165–194 |editor-last2=Laybourn |editor-first2=Keith}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Peter |date=1999 |title=The Contest of Memory: The Continuing Impact of 1798 Commemoration |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/666936 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=28–50 |doi=10.1353/eir.1999.0002 |s2cid=149277904 |issn=1550-5162|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Three more rebellions ensued: one in [[Irish rebellion of 1803|1803]], another in [[Young Ireland rebellion|1848]] and one in [[Fenian Rising|1867]].  All were failures.<ref name=":5" />

Opposition took other forms: constitutional (the [[Repeal Association]]; the [[Home Rule League]]) and social ([[Irish Church Act 1869|disestablishment of the Church of Ireland]]; the [[Irish National Land League|Land League]]).<ref>[[Mansergh, Nicholas]], ''The Irish Question 1840–1921'', George Allen & Unwin, 1978, {{ISBN|0-04-901022-0}} p. 244</ref> The [[Irish Home Rule movement]] sought to achieve self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. In 1886, the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] under [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] succeeded in having the [[Irish Government Bill 1886|First Home Rule Bill]] introduced in the British parliament, but it was defeated. The [[Irish Government Bill 1893|Second Home Rule Bill]] of 1893 was passed by the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] but rejected by the [[House of Lords]].

After the death of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics and turned toward more extreme forms of separatism. The [[Gaelic Athletic Association]], the [[Conradh na Gaeilge|Gaelic League]], and the [[Gaelic revival|cultural revival]] under [[W. B. Yeats]] and [[Augusta, Lady Gregory]], together with the new political thinking of [[Arthur Griffith]] expressed in his newspaper ''[[Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company|Sinn Féin]]'' and organisations such as the National Council and the Sinn Féin League, led many Irish people to identify with the idea of an independent [[Gaels|Gaelic]] Ireland.{{sfn|MacDonagh|1977|pp=72–74}}{{sfn|Feeney|2002|p=22}}{{efn|This was sometimes referred to by the generic term ''Sinn Féin'',{{sfn|Feeney|2002|p=37}} with the British authorities using it as a [[collective noun]] for republicans and advanced nationalists.{{Sfn|O'Leary|2019|p=320}}}}

The [[Government of Ireland Act 1914|Third Home Rule Bill]] was introduced by British Liberal Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]] in 1912. [[Unionism in Ireland|Irish Unionists]], who were overwhelmingly Protestants, opposed it, as they did not want to be ruled by a Catholic-dominated Irish government. Led by [[Edward Carson|Sir Edward Carson]] and [[James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon|James Craig]], they formed the [[Ulster Volunteers]] (UVF) in January 1913.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nli.ie/1916/exhibition/en/content/stagesetters/index.pdf |title=Those who set the stage |work=The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives |publisher=[[National Library of Ireland]] |access-date=7 December 2009 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729042513/http://www.nli.ie/1916/exhibition/en/content/stagesetters/index.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The UVF's opposition included arming themselves, in the event that they had to resist by force.<ref name=":5" />

Seeking to defend Home Rule, the [[Irish Volunteers]] was formed in November 1913. Although sporting broadly open membership and without avowed support for separatism, the executive branch of the Irish Volunteers – excluding [[Eoin MacNeill|leadership]] –  was dominated by the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB) who rose to prominence via the organisation, having restarted recruitment in 1909.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Macardle (1951), pp. 90–92</ref><ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 7–8</ref><ref name=":0" /> These members feared that Home Rule's enactment would result in a broad, seemingly perpetual, contentment with the British Empire.{{Sfn|Grayson|2018|p=115}} Another militant group, the [[Irish Citizen Army]], was formed by trade unionists as a result of the [[Dublin Lock-out]] of that year.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=49}} The issue of Home Rule appeared to some, as the basis of an "imminent civil war".<ref name=":5" />

On the outbreak of the [[First World War]], the Third Home Rule Bill was enacted, but its implementation was postponed for the war's duration.{{sfn|Hennessey|1998|p=76}} It was widely believed at the time that the war would not last more than a few months.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=164}} The Irish Volunteers split: the great majority of its 160,000 members – thereafter known as the [[National Volunteers]] – followed [[John Redmond]] and supported the British war effort, some 35,000 to 40,000 of them enlisting in the British Army,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Augusteijn |first1=Joost |editor1-last=Connolly |editor1-first=Sean J. |title=The Oxford companion to Irish history |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=384–385 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00conn/page/384/mode/2up |access-date=7 August 2025 |chapter=National Volunteers}}</ref> while the smaller faction of 2,000 to 3,000 – who retained the name – opposed any involvement in the war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Augusteijn |first1=Joost |editor1-last=Connolly |editor1-first=Sean J. |title=The Oxford companion to Irish history |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=270 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00conn/page/270/mode/2up |access-date=7 August 2025 |chapter=Irish (National) Volunteers}}</ref> The official policy thus became "the abolition of the system of governing Ireland through [[Dublin Castle]] and the British military power and the establishment of a National Government in its place"; the Volunteers believed that "England's difficulty" was "Ireland's opportunity".<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Maguire|2013|p=31}}

== Planning the Rising ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 220
| image1 = Seán Mac Diarmada.png
| image2 = Joseph Plunkett.jpg
| image3 = Éamonn Ceannt portrait.jpg
| image4 = Thomas MacDonagh.png
| image5 = Patrick Pearse (cropped).jpg
| image6 = James Connolly2.jpg
| image7 = Thomas Clarke (cropped).jpg
| footer = The signatories of the Proclamation: [[Seán Mac Diarmada]], [[Joseph Plunkett]], [[Éamonn Ceannt]], [[Thomas MacDonagh]], [[Patrick Pearse]], [[James Connolly]], [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]]
}}
The Supreme Council of the IRB met on 5 September 1914, just over a month after the British government had [[United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)|declared war]] on [[German Empire|Germany]]. At this meeting, they elected to stage an uprising before the war ended and to secure help from Germany.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=18}} Responsibility for the planning of the rising was given to [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]] and [[Seán Mac Diarmada]].<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 16</ref> [[Patrick Pearse]], [[The O'Rahilly|Michael Joseph O'Rahilly]], [[Joseph Plunkett]] and [[Bulmer Hobson]] would assume general control of the Volunteers by March 1915.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=49}}

In May 1915, Clarke and Mac Diarmada established a Military Council within the IRB, consisting of Pearse, Plunkett and Éamonn Ceannt – and soon themselves – to devise plans for a rising.<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 16, 19</ref> The Military Council functioned independently and in opposition to those who considered a possible uprising inopportune.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=116}} Volunteer Chief-of-Staff Eoin MacNeill supported a rising only if the British government attempted to suppress the Volunteers or introduce [[conscription in Ireland]], and if such a rising had some chance of success. Hobson and IRB President [[Denis McCullough]] held similar views as did much of the executive branches of both organisations.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=94}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fanning |first=Ronan |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674970564/html |title=Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power |date=2016-04-25 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97056-4 |pages=34 |doi=10.4159/9780674970564}}</ref>

The Military Council kept its plans secret, so as to prevent the British authorities from learning of the plans, and to thwart those within the organisation who might try to stop the rising. The secrecy of the plans was such that the Military Council largely superseded the IRB's Supreme Council with even McCullough being unaware of some of the plans, whereas the likes of MacNeill were only informed as the Rising rapidly approached.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Himmelberg |first=Andrew |date=2019 |title=Unearthing Easter in Laois: Provincializing the 1916 Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/81/article/736909 |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=114–133 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2019.0021 |s2cid=210460840 |issn=1534-5815|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although most Volunteers were oblivious to any plans their training increased in the preceding year. The public nature of their training heightened tensions with authorities, which, come the next year, manifested in rumours of the Rising.{{Sfn|Grayson|2018|p=|pp=115–117}}{{efn|Increased training was present within the Glasgow-based contingency of Volunteers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tormey |first=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Scotland's Easter Rising Veterans and the Irish Revolution |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-25517 |journal=Studi irlandesi: A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=271–302|doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-25517 }}</ref> Other metropolitan mainland branches existed in Manchester, Cardiff, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Newcastle. Eighty-seven of the Volunteers involved in the Rising came from Britain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gannon |first=Darragh |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009158299/type/book |title=Conflict, Diaspora, and Empire: Irish Nationalism in Britain, 1912–1922 |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-15829-9 |edition= |pages=71–72, 101 |doi=}}</ref>}} Public displays likewise existed in the espousal of anti-recruitment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Augusteijn |first=Joost |date=2007 |title=Accounting for the emergence of violent activism among Irish revolutionaries, 1916–21 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400006672 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |volume=35 |issue=139 |pages=327–344 |doi=10.1017/s0021121400006672 |s2cid=155436800 |issn=0021-1214|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The number of Volunteers also increased: between December 1914 and February 1916 the rank and file rose from 9,700 to 12,215.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Fergus |title=Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891-1921 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-927324-9 |pages=197 |doi=}}</ref> Although the likes of the civil servants were discouraged from joining the Volunteers, the organisation was permitted by law.{{Sfn|Maguire|2013|p=32}}

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, [[Roger Casement]] and [[John Devoy]] went to Germany and began negotiations with the German government and military. Casement – later accompanied by Plunkett – persuaded the Germans to announce their support for Irish independence in November 1914.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 25</ref> Casement envisioned the recruitment of Irish prisoners of war, to be known as the [[Irish Brigade (World War I)|Irish Brigade]], aided by a German [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary force]] who would secure the line of the [[River Shannon]], before advancing on the capital.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 105</ref><ref>McNally and Dennis, p. 30</ref>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=104}} Neither intention came to fruition, but the German military did agree to ship arms and ammunition to the Volunteers,<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 25–28</ref> gunrunning having become difficult and dangerous on account of the war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kautt |first=W. H. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv21wj5fc |title=Arming the Irish Revolution |date=2021 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-3228-2 |pages=28|doi=10.2307/j.ctv21wj5fc |s2cid=240159664 }}</ref>

In late 1915 and early 1916 Devoy had trusted couriers deliver approximately $100,000 from the American-based Irish Republican organization [[Clan na Gael]] to the IRB. In January 1916 the Supreme Council of the IRB decided that the rising would begin on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macardle |first=Dorothy |author-link= |date=1965 |title=The Irish Republic |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |page=146 }}</ref> On 5 February 1916 Devoy received a coded message from the Supreme Council of the IRB informing him of their decision to start a rebellion at Easter 1916: "We have decided to begin action on Easter Sunday. We must have your arms and munitions in Limerick between Good Friday and Easter Sunday. We expect German help immediately after beginning action. We might have to begin earlier."<ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |author-link= |date=1998 |title=Irish Rebel: John Devoy and Americas Fight for Ireland's Freedom |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |page=212 |isbn=0312199031}}</ref>

Head of the Irish Citizen Army, James Connolly, was unaware of the IRB's plans, and threatened to start a rebellion on his own if other parties failed to act. The IRB leaders met with Connolly in [[Dolphin's Barn]] in January 1916 and convinced him to join forces with them. They agreed that they would launch a rising together at Easter and made Connolly the sixth member of the Military Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dublinpeople.com/news/features/articles/2015/01/23/remembering-the-kidnapping-of-republican-james-connolly/   |title=Remembering the kidnapping of James Connelly|date=23 January 2015| newspaper=Dublin People| access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8zToAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169   |title=James Connolly A Political Biography |first= Austen |last=Morgan|year= 1989|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0719029585|page=169}}</ref> Thomas MacDonagh would later become the seventh and final member.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliamentandireland/collections/easter-rising-1916/last-and-inspiring-address-of-thomas-macdonagh-after-he-was-sentanced-to-death-by-court-martial/ |title=Speech by Thomas MacDonagh|publisher=UK Parliament|access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>

The death of the old [[Fenian]] leader [[Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa]] in New York City in August 1915 was an opportunity to mount a spectacular demonstration. His body was sent to Ireland for burial in [[Glasnevin Cemetery]], with the Volunteers in charge of arrangements. Huge crowds lined the route and gathered at the graveside. Pearse (wearing the uniform of the Irish Volunteers) made a dramatic funeral oration, a rallying call to republicans, which ended with the words "[[Ireland unfree shall never be at peace]]".{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|pp=199–200}}

== Build-up to Easter Week ==
[[File:Easter Proclamation of 1916.png|thumb|[[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|Proclamation of the Republic]], Easter 1916]]
In early April, Pearse issued orders to the Irish Volunteers for three days of "parades and manoeuvres" beginning on Easter Sunday. He had the authority to do this, as the Volunteers' Director of Organisation. The idea was that IRB members within the organisation would know these were orders to begin the rising, while men such as MacNeill and the British authorities would take it at face value.

On 9 April, the [[Imperial German Navy|German Navy]] dispatched the [[SS Libau|SS ''Libau'']] for [[County Kerry]], disguised as the Norwegian ship ''[[SS Aud|Aud]]''.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=29}} It was loaded with 20,000 rifles, one million rounds of ammunition, and explosives. Casement also left for Ireland aboard the German submarine ''[[SM U-19 (Germany)|U-19]]''. He was disappointed with the level of support offered by the Germans and he intended to stop or at least postpone the rising.<ref>Foy and Barton, p.56</ref> During this time, the Volunteers amassed ammunition from various sources, including the adolescent Michael McCabe.{{Sfn|Grayson|2018|p=|pp=117}}

On Wednesday 19 April, Alderman [[Thomas Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)|Tom Kelly]], a Sinn Féin member of [[Dublin Corporation]], read out at a meeting of the corporation a document purportedly leaked from [[Dublin Castle]], detailing plans by the British authorities to shortly arrest leaders of the Irish Volunteers, Sinn Féin and the Gaelic League, and occupy their premises.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=131–132}} Although the British authorities said the "Castle Document" was fake, MacNeill ordered the Volunteers to prepare to resist.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 47</ref> Unbeknownst to MacNeill, the document had been [[Forgery|forged]] by the Military Council to persuade moderates of the need for their planned uprising. It was an edited version of a real document outlining British plans in the event of conscription.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=117}} That same day, the Military Council informed senior Volunteer officers that the rising would begin on Easter Sunday. However, it chose not to inform the [[wikt:rank and file|rank-and-file]], or moderates such as MacNeill, until the last minute.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 48</ref>

The following day, MacNeill got wind that a rising was about to be launched and threatened to do everything he could to prevent it, short of informing the British.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 52</ref> He and Hobson confronted Pearse, but refrained from decisive action as to avoiding instigating a rebellion of any kind; Hobson would be detained by Volunteers until the Rising occurred.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=133}}{{efn|MacNeill was briefly persuaded to go along with some sort of action when Mac Diarmada revealed to him that a German arms shipment was about to land in County Kerry. MacNeill believed that when the British learned of the shipment they would immediately suppress the Volunteers, thus the Volunteers would be justified in taking defensive action, including the planned manoeuvres.<ref>Michael Tierney, ''Eoin MacNeill'', pp. 199, 214</ref>}}

The ''SS Libau'' (disguised as the ''Aud'') and the ''U-19'' reached the coast of Kerry on Good Friday, 21 April. This was earlier than the Volunteers expected and so none were there to meet the vessels. The [[Royal Navy]] had known about the arms shipment and intercepted the ''SS Libau'', prompting the captain to [[Scuttling|scuttle]] the ship. Furthermore, Casement was captured shortly after he landed at [[Banna Strand]].<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 57–58</ref>

When MacNeill learned that the arms shipment had been lost, he reverted to his original position. With the support of other leaders of like mind, notably Bulmer Hobson and [[The O'Rahilly]], he issued a countermand to all Volunteers, cancelling all actions for Sunday. This countermanding order was relayed to Volunteer officers and printed in the Sunday morning newspapers. The order resulted in a delay to the rising by a day,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/order-cancelling-1916-rising-to-be-auctioned-in-dublin-1.1710205 | publisher = Irish Times | website = irishtimes.com | title = Order cancelling 1916 Rising to be auctioned in Dublin | first = Michael | last = Parsons | date = 3 March 2014 | accessdate = 26 December 2023 }}</ref> and some confusion over strategy for those who took part.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt196315k |title=Breaking Down the State: Protestors Engaged |date=2015 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-759-7 |editor-last=Willem Duyvendak |editor-first=Jan |pages=133–156 |jstor=j.ctt196315k |editor-last2=M. Jasper |editor-first2=James}}</ref>

[[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|British Naval Intelligence]] had been aware of the arms shipment, Casement's return, and the Easter date for the rising through radio messages between Germany and its embassy in the United States that were intercepted by the Royal Navy and deciphered in [[Room 40]] of the Admiralty.<ref>Ó Broin, p. 138</ref> It is unclear how extensive Room 40's decryptions preceding the Rising were.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2018 |title=British signals intelligence and the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2017.1323475 |journal=Intelligence and National Security |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=48–66 |doi=10.1080/02684527.2017.1323475 |issn=0268-4527}}</ref> On the eve of the Rising, [[John Dillon]] wrote to Redmond of Dublin being "full of most extraordinary rumours. And I have no doubt in my mind that the Clan men – are planning some devilish business – what it is I cannot make out. It may not come off – But you must not be surprised if something very unpleasant and mischievous happens this week".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mulvagh |first=Conor |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/51398 |title=The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900–18 |date=2016 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-0016-0 |pages=132}}</ref>

The information was passed to the [[Under-Secretary for Ireland]], Sir [[Matthew Nathan]], on 17 April, but without revealing its source; Nathan was doubtful about its accuracy.<ref>Ó Broin, p. 79</ref> When news reached Dublin of the capture of the ''SS Libau'' and the arrest of Casement, Nathan conferred with the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland|Lord Lieutenant]], [[Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne|Lord Wimborne]]. Nathan proposed to raid [[Liberty Hall]], headquarters of the Citizen Army, and Volunteer properties at Father Matthew Park and at [[Kimmage]], but Wimborne insisted on wholesale arrests of the leaders. It was decided to postpone action until after Easter Monday, and in the meantime, Nathan telegraphed the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland|Chief Secretary]], [[Augustine Birrell]], in London seeking his approval.<ref>Ó Broin, pp. 81–87</ref> By the time Birrell cabled his reply authorising the action, at noon on Monday 24 April 1916, the Rising had already begun.<ref>Ó Broin, p. 88</ref>

On the morning of Easter Sunday, 23 April, the Military Council met at Liberty Hall to discuss what to do in light of MacNeill's countermanding order. They decided that the Rising would go ahead the following day, Easter Monday, and that the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army would go into action as the 'Army of the Irish Republic'. They elected Pearse as president of the Irish Republic, and also as Commander-in-Chief of the army; Connolly became Commandant of the Dublin Brigade.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 66</ref> That weekend was largely spent preparing rations and manufacturing ammunition and bombs.{{Sfn|Arrington|2015|p=125}} Messengers were then sent to all units informing them of the new orders.<ref name="rte-timeline">{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/chronology-of-the-easter-rising |title=Chronology of the Easter Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050418/http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/chronology-of-the-easter-rising |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=Century Ireland – [[RTÉ]]}}</ref>

== The Rising in Dublin ==

=== Easter Monday ===
[[File:General Post Office Dublin 20060803.jpg|thumb|right|The [[General Post Office, Dublin|General Post Office]] in Dublin – the rebel headquarters]]
[[File:Irish Republic Flag.svg|thumb|right|One of two flags flown over the GPO during the Rising]]
[[File:Easter rising 1916.jpg|thumb|right|Positions of rebel and British forces in central Dublin]]
{{main|First Day of the Easter Rising}}

On the morning of Monday 24 April, about 1,200 members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army mustered at several locations in central Dublin. Among them were members of the all-female [[Cumann na mBan]]. Some wore Irish Volunteer and Citizen Army uniforms, while others wore civilian clothes with a yellow Irish Volunteer armband, military hats, and [[bandolier]]s.<ref>Ward, Alan. ''The Easter Rising: Revolution and Irish Nationalism''. Wiley, 2003. p. 5</ref><ref>Cottrel, Peter. ''The War for Ireland: 1913–1923''. Osprey, 2009. p. 41</ref> They were armed mostly with rifles (especially [[Mauser Model 1871|1871 Mausers]]), but also with shotguns, revolvers, a few [[Mauser C96]] semi-automatic pistols, and grenades.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dorney |first=John |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-rising-explained/the-weapons-of-1916-34505344.html |title=The Weapons of 1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064043/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-rising-explained/the-weapons-of-1916-34505344.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The number of Volunteers who mobilised was much smaller than expected. This was due to MacNeill's countermanding order, and the fact that the new orders had been sent so soon beforehand. However, several hundred Volunteers joined the Rising after it began.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=129}}

Shortly before midday, the rebels began to seize important sites in central Dublin. The rebels' plan was to hold Dublin city centre. This was a large, oval-shaped area bounded by two canals: the [[Grand Canal (Ireland)|Grand]] to the south and the [[Royal Canal|Royal]] to the north, with the [[River Liffey]] running through the middle. On the southern and western edges of this district were five British Army barracks. Most of the rebels' positions had been chosen to defend against counter-attacks from these barracks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dorney |first=John |title=The Story of the Easter Rising, 1916 |publisher=Green Lamp |date=2010 |page=33}}</ref> The rebels took the positions with ease. Civilians were evacuated and policemen were ejected or taken prisoner.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=133}} Windows and doors were barricaded, food and supplies were secured, and first aid posts were set up. Barricades were erected on the streets to hinder British Army movement.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=135}}

A joint force of about 400 Volunteers and the Citizen Army gathered at Liberty Hall under the command of Commandant James Connolly. This was the headquarters battalion, and it also included Commander-in-Chief Patrick Pearse, as well as Tom Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada and [[Joseph Mary Plunkett|Joseph Plunkett]].<ref>McNally and Dennis, p. 41</ref> They marched to the [[General Post Office, Dublin|General Post Office]] (GPO) on [[O'Connell Street]], Dublin's main thoroughfare, occupied the building and hoisted two republican flags. Pearse stood outside and read the [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic]].<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 192, 195</ref> Copies of the Proclamation were also pasted on walls and handed out to bystanders by Volunteers and newsboys.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=34}} The GPO would be the rebels' headquarters for most of the Rising. Volunteers from the GPO also occupied other buildings on the street, including buildings overlooking [[O'Connell Bridge]]. They took over a [[Wireless telegraphy|wireless telegraph]] station and sent out a radio broadcast in [[Morse code]], announcing that an Irish Republic had been declared. This was the first radio broadcast in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news|last=McGee |first=John |url=http://www.independent.ie/business/time-to-celebrate-a-centenary-of-irish-broadcast-heroes-34514674.html |title=Time to celebrate a centenary of Irish broadcast heroes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412035334/http://www.independent.ie/business/time-to-celebrate-a-centenary-of-irish-broadcast-heroes-34514674.html |archive-date=12 April 2016 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

Elsewhere, some of the headquarters battalion under [[Michael Mallin]] occupied [[St Stephen's Green]], where they dug trenches and barricaded the surrounding roads. The 1st battalion, under [[Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)|Edward 'Ned' Daly]], occupied the [[Four Courts]] and surrounding buildings, while a company under [[Seán Heuston]] occupied the [[Mendicity Institution]], across the River Liffey from the Four Courts. The 2nd battalion, under Thomas MacDonagh, occupied [[Jacob's]] biscuit factory. The 3rd battalion, under [[Éamon de Valera]], occupied [[Boland's Mill]] and surrounding buildings (uniquely, without the presence of Cumann na mBan women whom de Valera expressly excluded).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Margaret |date=17 October 2012 |title=A role in Home Rule |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/century-women-and-the-vote/a-role-in-home-rule-1.553496 |access-date=2024-04-03 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> The 4th battalion, under Éamonn Ceannt, occupied the [[House of Industry (Dublin)|South Dublin Union]] and the distillery on [[Marrowbone Lane]]. From each of these garrisons, small units of rebels established [[Outpost (military)|outposts]] in the surrounding area.<ref>McNally and Dennis, pp. 39–40</ref>

The rebels also attempted to cut transport and communication links. As well as erecting roadblocks, they took control of various bridges and cut telephone and telegraph wires. [[Dublin Pearse railway station|Westland Row]] and [[Harcourt Street railway station|Harcourt Street]] railway stations were occupied, though the latter only briefly. The railway line was cut at [[Fairview, Dublin|Fairview]] and the line was damaged by bombs at [[Dublin Connolly railway station|Amiens Street]], [[Dublin Broadstone railway station|Broadstone]], [[Dublin Heuston railway station|Kingsbridge]] and [[Lansdowne Road railway station|Lansdowne Road]].<ref>McKenna, Joseph. ''Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence''. McFarland, 2011. p. 19</ref>

Around midday, a small team of Volunteers and [[Fianna Éireann]] members swiftly captured the [[Magazine Fort]] in the [[Phoenix Park]] and disarmed the guards. The goal was to seize weapons and blow up the ammunition store to signal that the Rising had begun. They seized weapons and planted explosives, but the blast was not loud enough to be heard across the city.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=48–50}} The 23-year-old son of the fort's commander was fatally shot when he ran to raise the alarm.<ref>[http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/children-of-the-revolution/ "Children of the Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331080024/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/children-of-the-revolution/ |date=31 March 2016 }}. [[History Ireland]]. Volume 1, issue 23 (May/June 2013).</ref>

[[File:Osteraufstand - Dublin - Barrikade.jpg|thumb|right|A street barricade erected by the rebels outside the [[Westmoreland Lock Hospital]] in Dublin during the Rising]]

A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied [[Dublin City Hall]] and adjacent buildings.<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 87–90</ref> They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone and unarmed police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them and was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease.<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 84–85</ref> The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty.<ref name="rte-timeline"/> By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.<ref name="rte-timeline"/>

The rebels did not attempt to take some other key locations, notably [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]], in the heart of the city centre and defended by only a handful of armed unionist students.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=163–164}} Failure to capture the telephone exchange in Crown Alley left communications in the hands of the Government with GPO staff quickly repairing telephone wires that had been cut by the rebels.<ref>{{cite book|title=Business as Usual – GPO Staff in 1916 |last=Ferguson |first=Stephen |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=9781856359948 |pages=60}}</ref> The failure to occupy strategic locations was attributed to lack of manpower.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=129}} In at least two incidents, at Jacob's{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=142}} and Stephen's Green,{{sfn|Stephens|1992|p=18}} the Volunteers and Citizen Army shot dead civilians trying to attack them or dismantle their barricades. Elsewhere, they hit civilians with their rifle butts to drive them off.<ref>{{harvp|McGarry|2010|pp=142–143}}; {{harvp|Townshend|2006|p=174}}</ref>

The British military were caught totally unprepared by the Rising and their response of the first day was generally un-coordinated. Two squadrons<ref>Townsend, Easter 1916, p.170</ref> of British cavalry were sent to investigate what was happening. They took fire and casualties from rebel forces at the GPO and at the Four Courts.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=54–55}}<ref name="Coffey, Thomas M. pp. 38, 44">Coffey, Thomas M. ''Agony at Easter: The 1916 Irish Uprising'', pp. 38, 44, 155</ref> As one troop passed [[Nelson's Pillar]], the rebels opened fire from the GPO, killing three cavalrymen and two horses<ref name="Coffey, Thomas M. pp. 38, 44"/> and fatally wounding a fourth man. The cavalrymen retreated and were withdrawn to barracks. On Mount Street, a group of [[Volunteer Training Corps (World War I)|Volunteer Training Corps]] men stumbled upon the rebel position and four were killed before they reached [[Beggars Bush Barracks]].<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Brien |title=Blood on the Streets, the Battle for Mount Street |pages=22–23}}</ref> Although ransacked, the barracks were never seized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=William |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/51437 |title=The Irish Amateur Military Tradition in the British Army, 1854-1992 |date=2016 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-0846-3 |pages=151}}</ref>

The only substantial combat of the first day of the Rising took place at the South Dublin Union where a [[picket (military)|piquet]] from the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] encountered an outpost of Éamonn Ceannt's force at the northwestern corner of the South Dublin Union. The British troops, after taking some casualties, managed to regroup and launch several assaults on the position before they forced their way inside and the small rebel force in the tin huts at the eastern end of the Union surrendered.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=76–80}} However, the Union complex as a whole remained in rebel hands. A nurse in uniform, Margaret Keogh, was shot dead by British soldiers at the Union. She is believed to have been the first civilian killed in the Rising.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-victims/nurse-margaret-keogh-the-first-civilian-fatality-of-the-rising-34510459.html |title=Nurse Margaret Keogh, the first civilian fatality of the Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330162528/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-victims/nurse-margaret-keogh-the-first-civilian-fatality-of-the-rising-34510459.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Three unarmed [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] were shot dead on the first day of the Rising and their Commissioner pulled them off the streets. Partly as a result of the police withdrawal, a wave of looting broke out in the city centre, especially in the area of O'Connell Street (still officially called "Sackville Street" at the time).{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=263–264}}

=== Tuesday and Wednesday ===
Lord Wimborne, the Lord Lieutenant, declared [[martial law]] on Tuesday evening and handed over civil power to Brigadier-General [[William Lowe (British Army officer)|William Lowe]]. British forces initially put their efforts into securing the approaches to Dublin Castle and isolating the rebel headquarters, which they believed was in Liberty Hall. The British commander, Lowe, worked slowly, unsure of the size of the force he was up against, and with only 1,269 troops in the city when he arrived from the [[Curragh Camp]] in the early hours of Tuesday 25 April. City Hall was taken from the rebel unit that had attacked Dublin Castle on Tuesday morning.<ref>Coogan 2001, p. 107</ref>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=191}}

In the early hours of Tuesday, 120 British soldiers, with machine guns, occupied two buildings overlooking St Stephen's Green: the [[Shelbourne Hotel]] and United Services Club.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=122}} At dawn they opened fire on the Citizen Army occupying the green. The rebels returned fire but were forced to retreat to the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|Royal College of Surgeons]] building. They remained there for the rest of the week, exchanging fire with British forces.<ref name="rte-timeline"/>

Fighting erupted along the northern edge of the city centre on Tuesday afternoon. In the northeast, British troops left Amiens Street railway station in an armoured train, to secure and repair a section of damaged tracks. They were attacked by rebels who had taken up position at [[Annesley Bridge]]. After a two-hour battle, the British were forced to retreat and several soldiers were captured.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=145–146}} At [[Phibsborough]], in the northwest, rebels had occupied buildings and erected barricades at junctions on the [[North Circular Road, Dublin|North Circular Road]]. The British summoned [[Ordnance QF 18-pounder|18-pounder field artillery]] from [[Athlone]] and shelled the rebel positions, destroying the barricades. After a fierce firefight, the rebels withdrew.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=145–146}}

That afternoon Pearse walked out into O'Connell Street with a small escort and stood in front of Nelson's Pillar. As a large crowd gathered, he read out a '[[s:Manifesto to the Citizens of Dublin, 25 April, 1916|manifesto to the citizens of Dublin]],' calling on them to support the Rising.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 180</ref>

The rebels had failed to take either of Dublin's two main railway stations or either of its ports, at [[Dublin Port]] and [[Dún Laoghaire|Kingstown]]. As a result, during the following week, the British were able to bring in thousands of reinforcements from Britain and from their garrisons at [[the Curragh]] and [[Belfast]]. By the end of the week, British strength stood at over 16,000 men.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=191}}{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=167–169}} Their firepower was provided by field artillery which they positioned on the [[Northside, Dublin|Northside]] of the city at Phibsborough and at Trinity College, and by the patrol vessel ''[[Irish patrol vessel Muirchú|Helga]]'', which sailed up the Liffey, having been summoned from the port at Kingstown. On Wednesday, 26 April, the guns at Trinity College and ''Helga'' shelled Liberty Hall, and the Trinity College guns then began firing at rebel positions, first at Boland's Mill and then in O'Connell Street.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=191}} Some rebel commanders, particularly James Connolly, did not believe that the British would shell the '[[Second city of the United Kingdom|second city]]' of the British Empire.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=192}}<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 181</ref>

[[File:Osteraufstand - Dublin - britisches Militär.jpg|thumb|British soldiers in position behind a stack of barrels during the Rising in Dublin]]

The principal rebel positions at the GPO, the Four Courts, Jacob's Factory and Boland's Mill saw little action. The British surrounded and bombarded them rather than assault them directly. One Volunteer in the GPO recalled, "we did practically no shooting as there was no target".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=175}} Entertainment ensued within the factory, "everybody merry & cheerful", bar the "occasional sniping", noted one Volunteer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cammack |first=Zan |title=Ireland's Gramophones |date=2021 |publisher=Clemson University Press |isbn=978-1-949979-77-0 |pages=93}}</ref> However, where the rebels dominated the routes by which the British tried to funnel reinforcements into the city, there was fierce fighting.

At 5:25 PM a dozen Volunteers, including [[Eamon Martin (Irish Republican)|Eamon Martin]], Garry Holohan, Robert Beggs, Sean Cody, Dinny O'Callaghan, Charles Shelley, and Peadar Breslin, attempted to occupy Broadstone railway station on Church Street. The attack was unsuccessful and Martin was injured.<ref name="rte-timeline"/><ref>Witness Statement by Eamon Martin to Bureau of Military History, 1951</ref><ref>Witness Statement of Sean Cody to Bureau of Military History, 1954</ref><ref>Witness Statement of Nicholas Kaftan to Bureau of Military History</ref><ref>Witness Statement of Charles Shelley to Bureau of Military History, 1953</ref>

On Wednesday morning, hundreds of British troops encircled the Mendicity Institution, which was occupied by 26 Volunteers under Seán Heuston. British troops advanced on the building, supported by snipers and machine-gun fire, but the Volunteers put up stiff resistance. Eventually, the troops got close enough to hurl grenades into the building, some of which the rebels threw back. Exhausted and almost out of ammunition, Heuston's men became the first rebel position to surrender. Heuston had been ordered to hold his position for a few hours, to delay the British, but had held on for three days.<ref>O'Brien, Paul. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/08/15/heustons-fort-the-battle-for-the-mendicity-institute-1916/ Heuston's Fort – The Battle for the Mendicity Institute, 1916] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204843/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/08/15/heustons-fort-the-battle-for-the-mendicity-institute-1916/ |date=14 April 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 15 August 2012.</ref>

Reinforcements were sent to Dublin from Britain and disembarked at Kingstown on the morning of Wednesday 26 April. [[Battle of Mount Street Bridge|Heavy fighting occurred]] at the rebel-held positions around the [[Grand Canal of Ireland|Grand Canal]] as these troops advanced towards Dublin. More than 1,000 [[Sherwood Foresters]] were repeatedly caught in a crossfire trying to cross the canal at Mount Street Bridge. Seventeen Volunteers were able to severely disrupt the British advance, killing or wounding 240 men.<ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}}, p. 122</ref> Despite there being alternative routes across the canal nearby, General Lowe ordered repeated frontal assaults on the Mount Street position.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=196}} The British eventually took the position, which had not been reinforced by the nearby rebel garrison at Boland's Mills, on Thursday,<ref>O'Brien, p. 69</ref> but the fighting there inflicted up to two-thirds of their casualties for the entire week for a cost of just four dead Volunteers.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=173}} It had taken nearly nine hours for the British to advance {{convert|300|yd|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rte-timeline"/>

On Wednesday [[Linenhall Barracks]] on [[Constitution Hill, Dublin|Constitution Hill]] was burnt down under the orders of Commandant Edward Daly to prevent its reoccupation by the British.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/places/a-z/linenhall-barracks/ |title=Easter 1916 |access-date=2 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220083428/http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/places/a-z/linenhall-barracks |archive-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Thursday to Saturday ===
The rebel position at the South Dublin Union (site of the present-day [[St. James's Hospital]]) and Marrowbone Lane, further west along the canal, also inflicted heavy losses on British troops. The South Dublin Union was a large complex of buildings and there was vicious fighting around and inside the buildings. [[Cathal Brugha]], a rebel officer, distinguished himself in this action and was badly wounded. By the end of the week, the British had taken some of the buildings in the Union, but others remained in rebel hands.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=225–228}} British troops also took casualties in unsuccessful frontal assaults on the Marrowbone Lane Distillery.{{sfn|Ryan|2009|pp=128–133}}

[[File:Birth of the Irish Republic.jpg|thumb|''Birth of the Irish Republic'' by [[Walter Paget (illustrator)|Walter Paget]], depicting the GPO during the shelling]]

The third major scene of fighting during the week was in the area of North King Street, north of the Four Courts. The rebels had established strong outposts in the area, occupying numerous small buildings and barricading the streets. From Thursday to Saturday, the British made repeated attempts to capture the area, in what was some of the fiercest fighting of the Rising. As the troops moved in, the rebels continually opened fire from windows and behind chimneys and barricades. At one point, a platoon led by Major Sheppard made a [[Charge (warfare)|bayonet charge]] on one of the barricades but was cut down by rebel fire. The British employed machine guns and attempted to avoid direct fire by using [[improvised fighting vehicle|makeshift armoured trucks]], and by [[mouse-holing]] through the inside walls of terraced houses to get near the rebel positions.<ref>Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/ "The North King Street Massacre, Dublin 1916"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328202956/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/ |date=28 March 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 13 April 2012.</ref> By the time of the rebel headquarters' surrender on Saturday, the [[South Staffordshire Regiment]] under Colonel Taylor had advanced only {{convert|150|yd|m|abbr=on}} down the street at a cost of 11 dead and 28 wounded.<ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}} pp. 152–155</ref> The enraged troops broke into the houses along the street and shot or bayoneted fifteen unarmed male civilians whom they accused of being rebel fighters.<ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}}, p. 155, {{harvp|McGarry|2010|p=187}}</ref>

Elsewhere, at [[Cathal Brugha Barracks|Portobello Barracks]], an officer named Bowen Colthurst [[summary execution|summarily executed]] six civilians, including the pacifist nationalist activist, [[Francis Sheehy-Skeffington]].{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=154, 166–167, 186–187}} These instances of British troops killing Irish civilians would later be highly controversial in Ireland.

=== Surrender ===
[[File:Osteraufstand - Dublin - gefangene Iren.jpg|thumb|British soldiers marching rebel prisoners away after the surrender]]

The headquarters garrison at the GPO was forced to evacuate after days of shelling when a fire caused by the shells spread to the GPO. Connolly had been incapacitated by a bullet wound to the ankle and had passed command on to Pearse. The O'Rahilly was killed in a sortie from the GPO. They tunnelled through the walls of the neighbouring buildings in order to evacuate the Post Office without coming under fire and took up a new position in 16 [[Moore Street]]. The young [[Seán McLoughlin (communist)|Seán McLoughlin]] was given military command and planned a breakout, but Pearse realised this plan would lead to further loss of civilian life.<ref name="commandant">{{cite journal |first=Charlie |last=McGuire |url=http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/sean-mcloughlin-the-boy-commandant-of-1916/ |title=Seán McLoughlin – the boy commandant of 1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213134536/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/sean-mcloughlin-the-boy-commandant-of-1916/ |archive-date=13 December 2016 |journal=[[History Ireland]] |date=19 February 2013 |volume=14 |number=2}}</ref>

On the eve of the surrender, there had been about 35 Cumann na mBan women remaining in the GPO. In the final group that left with Pearse and Connolly, there were three: Connolly's aide de camp, [[Winifred Carney]], who had entered with the original ICA contingent, and the dispatchers and nurses  [[Elizabeth O'Farrell]], and [[Julia Grenan]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=Matthews |first=Ann |title=Renegades, Irish Republican Women 1900–1922 |publisher=Mercier History |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-85635-684-8 |location=Dublin |pages=124–158}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/16/opinion/eight-women-of-irelands-1916-easter-rising.html Eight Women of the Easter Rising] ''The New York Times'', 16 March 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=O' Leary |first=Méabh |date=13 April 2020 |title=Twelve forgotten Irish women who risked their lives to save others in 1916 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/twelve-forgotten-irish-women-who-risked-their-lives-to-save-others-in-1916-1.4226224 |access-date=2024-04-03 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>

On Saturday 29 April, from this new headquarters, Pearse issued an order for all companies to surrender.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=243–246}} Pearse [[Unconditional surrender|surrendered unconditionally]] to Brigadier-General Lowe. The surrender document read:

{{blockquote|In order to prevent the further slaughter of Dublin citizens, and in the hope of saving the lives of our followers now surrounded and hopelessly outnumbered, the members of the Provisional Government present at headquarters have agreed to an unconditional surrender, and the commandants of the various districts in the City and County will order their commands to lay down arms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4594388.stm |title=Dublin may seek surrender letter |work=BBC News |date=9 January 2006 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804192304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4594388.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The other posts surrendered only after Pearse's surrender order, carried by O'Farrell, reached them.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=246–247}} Sporadic fighting, therefore, continued until Sunday, when word of the surrender was got to the other rebel garrisons.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=246–250}} Command of British forces had passed from Lowe to General John Maxwell, who arrived in Dublin just in time to take the surrender. Maxwell was made temporary military governor of Ireland.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=203–204}}

== The Rising outside Dublin ==
[[File:Front Page Irish War News.JPG|thumb|''Irish War News'', produced by the rebels during the Rising]]
The Rising was planned to occur across the nation, but MacNeill's countermanding order coupled with the failure to secure German arms hindered this objective significantly.<ref name=":5" /> [[Charles Townshend (historian)|Charles Townshend]] contended that serious intentions for a national Rising were meagre, being diminished by a focus upon Dublin – although this is an increasingly contentious notion.<ref name=":7" />

In the south, around 1,200 Volunteers commanded by [[Tomás Mac Curtain]] mustered on the Sunday in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], but they dispersed on Wednesday after receiving nine contradictory orders by dispatch from the Volunteer leadership in Dublin. At their Sheares Street headquarters, some of the Volunteers engaged in a standoff with British forces. Much to the anger of many Volunteers, MacCurtain, under pressure from Catholic clergy, agreed to surrender his men's arms to the British.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=235}} The only violence in County Cork occurred when the RIC attempted to raid the home of the [[Kent family of Bawnard|Kent family]]. The Kent brothers, who were Volunteers, engaged in a three-hour firefight with the RIC. An RIC officer and one of the brothers were killed, while another brother was later executed.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=238}} Virtually all rebel family homes were raided, either during or after the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dháibhéid |first=Caoimhe Nic |date=2023 |title=National Orphans and a Nation's Trauma: Experience, Emotions, and the Children of the 1916 Easter Rising Martyrs |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=62 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=687–712 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2023.46 |issn=0021-9371|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the north, Volunteer companies were mobilised in [[County Tyrone]] at [[Coalisland]] (including 132 men from Belfast led by IRB President [[Denis McCullough]]) and [[Carrickmore]], under the leadership of [[Patrick McCartan]]. They also mobilised at [[Creeslough]], County Donegal under Daniel Kelly and [[James McNulty (Irish activist)|James McNulty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Donegal Awakening |last=O'Duibhir |first=Liam |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] |date=2009 |pages=39, 45, 76, 104, 255, 289, 292}}</ref> However, in part because of the confusion caused by the countermanding order, the Volunteers in these locations dispersed without fighting.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=226}} McCartan claimed that the decision by the leadership of the rebellion not to share plans led to poor communication and uncertainty. McCartan wrote that Tyrone Volunteers could have {{blockquote|"...captured Omagh and burned the barracks...we could have had all the men of Tyrone and Derry...in five districts on Sunday, cleared the police barracks on Sunday night...destroyed wires and railways and got into position on Monday night...We could have marched out of Tyrone probably 1,000 strong, but at worst 500, and all well-armed. Is it any wonder I feel like cursing the Dublin men?" <ref>{{cite book |last=McCluskey |first=Fergal |date=2014 |title= The Irish Revolution, 1912-23 Tyrone|url= |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |page=59 |isbn=978-1-84682-300-8 |access-date=}}</ref>}}

=== Ashbourne ===
In north County Dublin, about 60 Volunteers mobilised near [[Swords, County Dublin|Swords]]. They belonged to the 5th Battalion of the Dublin Brigade (also known as the Fingal Battalion), and were led by [[Thomas Ashe]] and his second in command, [[Richard Mulcahy]]. Unlike the rebels elsewhere, the Fingal Battalion successfully employed [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]]. They set up camp and Ashe split the battalion into four sections: three would undertake operations while the fourth was kept in reserve, guarding camp and foraging for food.<ref name="maguire-fingal">Maguire, Paul. [http://www.militaryheritage.ie/wepher/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The_Fingal_Battalion.pdf The Fingal Battalion: A Blueprint for the Future?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506142830/http://www.militaryheritage.ie/wepher/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The_Fingal_Battalion.pdf |date=6 May 2016 }}. ''[[The Irish Sword]]''. [[Military History Society of Ireland]], 2011. pp. 9–13</ref> The Volunteers moved against the RIC barracks in Swords, [[Donabate]] and [[Garristown]], forcing the RIC to surrender and seizing all the weapons.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> They also damaged railway lines and cut telegraph wires. The railway line at [[Blanchardstown]] was bombed to prevent a troop train from reaching Dublin.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> This derailed a cattle train, which had been sent ahead of the troop train.<ref>''The 1916 Rebellion Handbook'' p. 27</ref>

The only large-scale engagement of the Rising, outside Dublin city, was at [[Ashbourne, County Meath]].<ref name="Boyle"/>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=215–216}} On Friday, about 35 Fingal Volunteers surrounded the Ashbourne RIC barracks and called on it to surrender, but the RIC responded with a volley of gunfire.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> A firefight followed, and the RIC surrendered after the Volunteers attacked the building with a homemade grenade.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> Before the surrender could be taken, up to sixty RIC men arrived in a convoy, sparking a five-hour gun battle, in which eight RIC men were killed and 18 wounded.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> Two Volunteers were also killed and five wounded,{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=218–221}} and a civilian was fatally shot.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=235–237}} The RIC surrendered and were disarmed. Ashe let them go after warning them not to fight against the Irish Republic again.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> Ashe's men camped at Kilsalaghan near Dublin until they received orders to surrender on Saturday.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=221}} The Fingal Battalion's tactics during the Rising foreshadowed those of the IRA during the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]] that followed.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/>

Volunteer contingents also mobilised nearby in counties Meath and Louth but proved unable to link up with the North Dublin unit until after it had surrendered. In [[County Louth]], Volunteers shot dead an RIC man near the village of [[Castlebellingham]] on 24 April, in an incident in which 15 RIC men were also taken prisoner.<ref name="Boyle"/>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=224}}

=== Enniscorthy ===
[[File:Market Square, Enniscorthy (10866693235).jpg|thumb|[[Enniscorthy]] in the 1890s]]
In [[County Wexford]], 100–200 Volunteers—led by [[Robert Brennan (journalist)|Robert Brennan]], [[Séamus Doyle]] and [[Seán Etchingham]]—took over the town of [[Enniscorthy]] on Thursday 27 April until Sunday.<ref name="Boyle">Boyle, John F. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_oONRR5kvtkC&dq=The+Irish+Rebellion+of+1916+a+Brief+History+of+the+Revolt+and+Its+Suppression&pg=PP1 The Irish Rebellion of 1916: a brief history of the revolt and its suppression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319080459/http://books.google.com/books?id=_oONRR5kvtkC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Irish+Rebellion+of+1916+a+Brief+History+of+the+Revolt+and+Its+Suppression&cd=1 |date=19 March 2015 }}'' (Chapter IV: Outbreaks in the Country). BiblioBazaar, 2009. pp. 127–152</ref> Volunteer officer Paul Galligan had cycled 200&nbsp;km from rebel headquarters in Dublin with orders to mobilise.<ref name="dorney-wexford">Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/10/the-easter-rising-in-county-wexford/ The Easter Rising in County Wexford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508034623/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/10/the-easter-rising-in-county-wexford/ |date=8 May 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 10 April 2012.</ref> They blocked all roads into the town and made a brief attack on the RIC barracks, but chose to blockade it rather than attempt to capture it. They flew the tricolour over the Athenaeum building, which they had made their headquarters, and paraded uniformed in the streets.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=241}} They also occupied Vinegar Hill, where the [[Society of United Irishmen|United Irishmen]] had [[Battle of Vinegar Hill|made a last stand]] in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|1798 rebellion]].<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> The public largely supported the rebels and many local men offered to join them.<ref name="dorney-wexford"/>

By Saturday, up to 1,000 rebels had been mobilised, and a detachment was sent to occupy the nearby village of [[Ferns, County Wexford|Ferns]].<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> In [[Wexford]], the British assembled a column of 1,000 soldiers (including the [[Connaught Rangers]]<ref name="Boyle"/>), two [[field gun]]s and a [[QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV|4.7 inch naval gun]] on a makeshift armoured train.<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> On Sunday, the British sent messengers to Enniscorthy, informing the rebels of Pearse's surrender order. However, the Volunteer officers were sceptical.<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> Two of them were escorted by the British to [[Arbour Hill Prison]], where Pearse confirmed the surrender order.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=241–242}}

=== Galway ===
In [[County Galway]], 600–700 Volunteers mobilised on Tuesday under [[Liam Mellows]]. His plan was to "bottle up the British garrison and divert the British from concentrating on Dublin".<ref name="dorney-galway">Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2016/03/04/the-easter-rising-in-galway-1916/ The Easter Rising in Galway, 1916] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410203313/http://www.theirishstory.com/2016/03/04/the-easter-rising-in-galway-1916/ |date=10 April 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 4 March 2016.</ref> However, his men were poorly armed, with only 25 rifles, 60 revolvers, 300 shotguns and some homemade grenades – many of them only had [[pike (weapon)|pikes]].<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn">Mark McCarthy & Shirley Wrynn. [http://www.galway.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FCounty%2520Galways%25201916%2520Rising%2520website.pdf ''County Galway's 1916 Rising: A Short History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220175602/http://acn.com.ve/ |date=20 February 2017 }}. Galway County Council.</ref> Most of the action took place in a rural area to the east of [[Galway]] city. They made unsuccessful attacks on the RIC barracks at [[Clarinbridge]] and [[Oranmore]], captured several officers, and bombed a bridge and railway line, before taking up position near [[Athenry]].<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn"/> There was also a skirmish between rebels and an RIC mobile patrol at [[Carnmore]] crossroads. A constable, Patrick Whelan, was shot dead after he had called to the rebels: "Surrender, boys, I know ye all".<ref name="dorney-galway"/>

On Wednesday, {{HMS|Laburnum}} arrived in [[Galway Bay]] and shelled the countryside on the northeastern edge of Galway.<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn"/> The rebels retreated southeast to Moyode, an abandoned country house and estate. From here they set up lookout posts and sent out scouting parties.<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn"/> On Friday, {{HMS|Gloucester|1909|6}} landed 200 [[Royal Marines]] and began shelling the countryside near the rebel position.<ref name="dorney-galway"/>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=227–230}} The rebels retreated further south to Limepark, another abandoned country house. Deeming the situation to be hopeless, they dispersed on Saturday morning. Many went home and were arrested following the Rising, while others, including Mellows, went "on the run". By the time British reinforcements arrived in the west, the Rising there had already disintegrated.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=233}}

=== Limerick and Clare ===
In [[County Limerick]], 300 Irish Volunteers assembled at [[Glenquin Castle]] near [[Killeedy]], but they did not take any military action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206823/1916-legacy-remembered-and-renewed-at.html |title=1916 legacy remembered and renewed at Glenquin Castle |date=May 2016 |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145048/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206823/1916-legacy-remembered-and-renewed-at.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rVGydVNXrkC&pg=PA249 |title=Limerick's Fighting Story 1916–21: Told by the Men Who Made It |first=Ruan |last=O'Donnell |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] Ltd |isbn=978-1-85635-642-8 |page=249 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317233819/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rVGydVNXrkC&pg=PA249 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206425/History-to-be-relived-at-Limerick.html |title=History to be relived at Limerick castle |date=23 April 2016 |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144425/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206425/History-to-be-relived-at-Limerick.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[County Clare]], [[Michael Brennan (Lieutenant-General)|Micheal Brennan]] marched with 100 Volunteers (from Meelick, Oatfield, and Cratloe) to the River Shannon on Easter Monday to await orders from the Rising leaders in Dublin, and weapons from the expected Casement shipment. However, neither arrived and no actions were taken.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTMKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |page=135 |title=Clare and the Great War |first=Joe |last=Power |date=2015 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=9780750965569 |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065757/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTMKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
[[File:Easter Rising memorial Deansgrange.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[Deans Grange Cemetery|Deansgrange Cemetery]], where various civilians and members of the Irish Volunteer Army, Irish Citizen Army and British Army are buried]]
The Easter Rising resulted in at least 485 deaths, according to the Glasnevin Trust.<ref name=necrology>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf | work = Glasnevin Trust |title=1916 Necrology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214221924/http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=Glasnevin>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/visit-glasnevin/news/1916-list/ |title=1916 list |website=Glasnevin Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405042053/http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/visit-glasnevin/news/1916-list/ |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=sh>{{cite book|title=Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916 |date=1916 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/52 52] |publisher=Irish Times |url=https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl}}</ref>
Of those killed:
* 260 (about 54%) were civilians
* 126 (about 26%) were U.K. forces (120 U.K. military personnel, 5 [[Volunteer Training Corps (World War I)|Volunteer Training Corps]] members, and one Canadian soldier)
** 35 – Irish Regiments:-
*** 11 – Royal Dublin Fusiliers
*** 10 – Royal Irish Rifles
*** 9 – Royal Irish Regiment
*** 2 – Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
*** 2 – Royal Irish Fusiliers
*** 1 – Leinster Regiment
** 74 – British Regiments:-
*** 29 – Sherwood Foresters
*** 15 – South Staffordshire
*** 2 – North Staffordshire
*** 1 – Royal Field Artillery
*** 4 – Royal Engineers
*** 5 – Army Service Corps
*** 10 – Lancers
*** 7 – 8th Hussars
*** 2 – 2nd King Edwards Horse
*** 3 – Yeomanry
** 1 – Royal Navy
* 82 (about 16%) were Irish rebel forces (64 Irish Volunteers, 15 Irish Citizen Army and 3 [[Fianna Éireann]])
* 17 (about 4%) were police<ref name=necrology/>
** 14 – Royal Irish Constabulary
** 3 – Dublin Metropolitan Police

More than 2,600 were wounded; including at least 2,200 civilians and rebels, at least 370 British soldiers and 29 policemen.<ref>Foy and Barton, page 325</ref> All 16 police fatalities and 22 of the British soldiers killed were Irishmen.<ref>''1916 Rebellion Handbook'', pp. 50–55</ref> About 40 of those killed were children (under 17 years old),<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thejournal.ie/joe-duffy-1916-children-2465591-Nov2015/ |newspaper= TheJournal.ie |title= 40 children were killed in the 1916 Rising but they are barely mentioned in our history |date= 29 November 2015 |access-date= 7 April 2016 |archive-date= 18 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160418053325/http://www.thejournal.ie/joe-duffy-1916-children-2465591-Nov2015/ |url-status= live }}</ref> four of whom were members of the rebel forces.<!--Charles Darcy, James Fox, John Healy, James Kelly--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/joe-duffys-list-of-children-killed-in-1916-rising.pdf |title=Joe Duffy's list of Children Killed in 1916 Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422022859/http://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/joe-duffys-list-of-children-killed-in-1916-rising.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

The number of casualties each day steadily rose, with 55 killed on Monday and 78 killed on Saturday.<ref name=necrology/> The British Army suffered their biggest losses in the [[Battle of Mount Street Bridge]] on Wednesday when at least 30 soldiers were killed. The rebels also suffered their biggest losses on that day. The RIC suffered most of their casualties in the [[Battle of Ashbourne]] on Friday.<ref name=necrology/>

The majority of the casualties, both killed and wounded, were civilians. Most of the civilian casualties and most of the casualties overall were caused by the British Army.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} This was due to the British using artillery, [[Incendiary ammunition|incendiary shells]] and [[heavy machine gun]]s in built-up areas, as well as their "inability to discern rebels from civilians".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} One Royal Irish Regiment officer recalled, "they regarded, not unreasonably, every one they saw as an enemy, and fired at anything that moved".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} Many other civilians were killed when caught in the crossfire. Both sides, British and rebel, also shot civilians deliberately on occasion; for not obeying orders (such as to stop at checkpoints), for assaulting or attempting to hinder them, and for looting.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} There were also instances of British troops killing unarmed civilians out of revenge or frustration: notably in the North King Street Massacre, where fifteen were killed, and at Portobello Barracks, where six were shot.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=186–187}} Furthermore, there were incidents of [[friendly fire]]. On 29 April, the [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]] under Company Quartermaster Sergeant [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers#Guinness brewery killings|Robert Flood]] shot dead two British officers and two Irish civilian employees of the [[Guinness Brewery]] after he decided they were rebels. Flood was court-martialled for murder but acquitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublin-fusiliers.com/battaliions/5-batt/5th-easter-rising.html |title=Royal Dublin Fusiliers website – 5th Battalion RDF during the Easter Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106173438/http://www.dublin-fusiliers.com/battaliions/5-batt/5th-easter-rising.html |archive-date=6 November 2016 |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

According to the historian [[Fearghal McGarry]], the rebels attempted to avoid needless bloodshed. [[Desmond Ryan]] stated that Volunteers were told "no firing was to take place except under orders or to repel attack".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=176–177}} Aside from the engagement at Ashbourne, policemen and unarmed soldiers were not systematically targeted, and a large group of policemen was allowed to stand at Nelson's Pillar throughout Monday.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=176–177}} McGarry writes that the Irish Citizen Army "were more ruthless than Volunteers when it came to shooting policemen" and attributes this to the "acrimonious legacy" of the Dublin Lock-out.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=176–177}}

The vast majority of the Irish casualties were buried in Glasnevin Cemetery in the aftermath of the fighting.<ref name=necrology/><ref name=Glasnevin/> British families came to Dublin Castle in May 1916 to reclaim the bodies of British soldiers, and funerals were arranged. Soldiers whose bodies were not claimed were given military funerals in [[Grangegorman Military Cemetery]].

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Skeleton of the Metropole Hotel (5987127804).jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Metropole Hotel on Sackville Street, next to the GPO]]
[[File:Cárcel de Kilmainham03.jpg|thumb|The spot at Kilmainham Gaol where most of the leaders were executed]]
[[File:1916 plot and memorial.jpg|thumb|The burial spot of the leaders of the Rising, in the old prison yard of [[Arbour Hill Prison]]. The Proclamation of 1916 is inscribed on the wall in both Irish and English]]
[[File:Searching the River Tolka in Dublin for arms.jpg|thumb|British soldiers searching the [[River Tolka]] in Dublin for arms and ammunition after the Easter Rising. May 1916]]
[[File:View of O'Connell Bridge, Dublin, 1916.jpg|alt=View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916|thumb|View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916, on a German postcard. The caption reads: ''Rising of the Sinn Feiners in Ireland. O'Connell bridge with Dublin city, where the fiercest clashes took place.'']]

=== Arrests and executions{{anchor|Executions}}<!-- [[Easter Rising executions]] redirects here--> ===
In the immediate aftermath, the Rising was commonly described as the "Sinn Féin Rebellion",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Sinn Féin Rebellion Handbook |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |date=1917}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1916/may/11/the-sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Fein Rebellion |work=Hansard - HL Deb 11 May 1916 vol 21 cc1002-36 |publisher=UK Parliament |date=11 May 1916 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |publisher=UCD |work=UCD Digital Library |title=1916 Rising Postcards |date=1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330105329/https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ucdlib:38376 |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2023 |quote=these postcards were published in 1916 in the immediate aftermath of the Insurrection [..] one showing a "before and after" photograph of Sackville (O'Connell) Street [..] O'Connell Bridge and quays Dublin : before and after "Sinn Fein Rebellion" |last1=Curran |first1=Constantine Peter }}</ref> reflecting a popular belief that [[Sinn Féin]], a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincity.ie/library/blog/sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Féin rebellion? |date=21 January 2016 |publisher=Dublin City Library & Archive |first=Brian |last=Hanley |work=Citizens in Conflict: Dublin 1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606085615/https://www.dublincity.ie/library/blog/sinn-fein-rebellion |archive-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Thus [[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|General Maxwell]] signalled his intention "to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners", including "those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion".{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=273}}

A total of 3,430 men and 79 women were arrested, including 425 people for looting – roughly, 1,500 of these arrests accounted for the rebels.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=263–264}}<ref name=foy294>Foy and Barton, pp. 294–295</ref>{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=56}} Detainees were overwhelmingly young, Catholic and religious.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=144}}{{Efn|Roughly 70% of the GPO garrison was under the age of 30, with 29% of that total being under the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526144997/9781526144997.xml |title=The Cato Street Conspiracy |chapter=The Cato Street Conspiracy: Plotting, counter-intelligence and the revolutionary tradition in Britain and Ireland |date=2019-12-17 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-4499-7 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Jason |pages=9 |doi= |editor-last2=Conboy |editor-first2=Martin}}</ref>}} 1,424 men and 73 women were released after a few weeks of imprisonment; those interned without trial in England and Wales (see [[#Frongoch prison camp|below]]) were released on Christmas Eve, 1916;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferriter |first1=Diarmuid |title=The 1916 prisoners released on Christmas Eve |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/diarmaid-ferriter-the-1916-prisoners-released-on-christmas-eve-1.2915580 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=24 December 2016}}</ref> the remaining majority of convicts were held until June 1917.{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=55, 57}}

A series of [[Court-martial|courts martial]] began on 2 May, in which 187 people were tried. Controversially, Maxwell decided that the courts martial would be held in secret and without a defence, which Crown law officers later ruled to have been illegal.<ref name="foy294" /> Some of those who conducted the trials had commanded British troops involved in suppressing the Rising, a conflict of interest that the Military Manual prohibited.<ref name="foy294" /> Only one of those tried by courts martial was a woman, [[Constance Markievicz]], who was also the only woman to be kept in solitary confinement.<ref name="foy294" />{{efn|Following Markievicz's arrest, an apocryphal story spread, stating that she kissed her revolver before surrendering. This story circulated amidst similar reports of rebel women and their "ferocity". Scholar in Irish Studies, Lisa Weihman wrote that these tales "surely helped justify the swift and brutal repression of the Easter Rising", for even "Ireland's women were out of control."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weihman |first=Lisa |date=2004 |title=Doing My Bit for Ireland: Trangressing Gender in the Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/176059 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=228–249 |doi=10.1353/eir.2004.0025 |s2cid=161386541 |issn=1550-5162|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Historian Fionnuala Walsh noted that "[m]any of those
women imprisoned could have avoided arrest by leaving the garrisons before the surrender as they were encouraged to do by the rebel leaders. It appears that women wished to endure the same treatment and danger as men."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Fionnuala |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/irish-women-and-the-great-war/7DE6F16983A6A38512D8D3B088327702 |title=Irish Women and the Great War |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-49120-4 |series= |location= |pages=176 |doi=10.1017/9781108867924|s2cid=225531440 }}</ref>}} Ninety were sentenced to death. Fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the Proclamation) had their sentences confirmed by Maxwell and fourteen were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] at [[Kilmainham Gaol]] between 3 and 12 May.

Maxwell stated that only the "ringleaders" and those proven to have committed "cold-blooded murder" would be executed. However, some of those executed were not leaders and did not kill anyone, such as [[Willie Pearse]] and [[John MacBride]]; [[Thomas Kent]] did not come out at all—he was executed for the killing of a police officer during the raid on his house the week after the Rising. The most prominent leader to escape execution was Éamon de Valera, Commandant of the 3rd Battalion, who did so partly because of his American birth.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=Oxford Companion to Irish History |author=S. J. Connolly |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=607 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-923483-7}}</ref> Hobson went into hiding, re-emerging after the June amnesty, largely to scorn.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hay |first=Marnie |title=Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution, 1909–23: Scouting for rebels |date=2019-05-17 |work= |pages=71 |access-date= |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |doi= |isbn=978-1-5261-2775-4}}</ref>

Most of the executions took place over a ten-day period:
* 3 May: [[Patrick Pearse]], [[Thomas MacDonagh]] and [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]]
* 4 May: [[Joseph Plunkett]], [[Willie Pearse|William Pearse]], [[Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)|Edward Daly]] and [[Michael O'Hanrahan]]
* 5 May: [[John MacBride]]
* 8 May: [[Éamonn Ceannt]], [[Michael Mallin]], [[Seán Heuston]] and [[Con Colbert]]
* 12 May: [[James Connolly]] and [[Seán Mac Diarmada]]

The arrests greatly affected hundreds of families and communities; anti-English sentiment developed among the public, as separatists declared the arrests as indicative of a draconian approach.<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=57}} The public, at large, feared that the response was "an assault on the entirety of the Irish national cause".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levene |first=Mark |date=2018 |title=From Armenian Red Sunday to Irish Easter Rising: Incorporating Insurrectionary Politics into the History of the Great War's Genocidal Turn, 1915-16 |url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7315 |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=8 |language=en |issue=8 |pages=109–134 |doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-23316}}</ref> This radical transformation was recognised in the moment and had become a point of concern among British authorities; after Connolly's execution, the remaining death sentences were commuted to penal servitude.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |title=House of Commons debate, 11 May 1916: Continuance of martial law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501161054/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |archive-date=1 May 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 May 1916 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |title=Easter Rising 1916 – the aftermath: arrests and executions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505142041/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=24 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Foy and Barton, p. 325</ref> Growing support for republicanism can be found as early as June 1916; imprisonment largely failed to deter militants – interned rebels would proceed to fight at higher rates than those who weren't – who thereafter quickly reorganised the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGuire |first=Charlie |date=2018 |title='They'll never understand why I'm here': British Marxism and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |journal=Contemporary British History |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=147–168 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |s2cid=148784963 |issn=1361-9462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Noonan |first=Gerard |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 |title=The IRA in Britain, 1919-1923 |date=2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78138-026-0 |pages=33|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huff |first=Connor |date=2023 |title=Counterinsurgency Tactics, Rebel Grievances, and Who Keeps Fighting |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/counterinsurgency-tactics-rebel-grievances-and-who-keeps-fighting/33AE2D679AFED94755E0D6CE5AAAB483 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=118 |language=en |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000059 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Frongoch prison camp ====
{{Main|Frongoch internment camp}}
Under Regulation 14B of the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914]] 1,836 men were [[Internment|interned]] at internment camps and prisons in England and [[Wales]].<ref name="foy294" /> As urban areas were becoming the nexus for republicanism, Internees were largely from such areas.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|Electoral support for republicanism was, however, more prominent in rural areas.<ref name=":0" />}} Many Internees had not taken part in the Rising; many thereafter became sympathetic to the nationalist cause.<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=69}}

Internees occupied themselves with the likes of lectures, craftwork, music and sports. These activities – which included games of [[Gaelic football]], crafting of Gaelic symbols, and lessons in [[Irish language|Irish]] – regularly had a nationalist character and the cause itself developed a sense of cohesion within the camps.<ref name=":10" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=60}} The military studies included discussion of the Rising.<ref name="wales">{{Cite journal |last=Helmers |first=Marguerite |date=2018 |title=Handwritten Rebellion: Autograph Albums of Irish Republican Prisoners in Frognach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=20–38 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |s2cid=151075988 |issn=1534-5815|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Internment lasted until December of that year with releases having started in July.<ref name="wales" /> Martial law had ceased by the end of November.<ref name="press" />

Casement was tried in London for [[high treason]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] at [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville Prison]] on 3 August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Execution of Roger Casement |work=Midland Daily Telegraph |date=3 August 1916 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/19160803/023/0003 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== British atrocities ===
[[File:Grave of man killed in 1916 rising.jpg|thumb|Grave in [[Donaghcumper]], [[Celbridge]], of Peter Connolly, one of 15 civilians murdered in the North King Street Massacre.]]On Tuesday 25 April, Dubliner [[Francis Sheehy Skeffington]], a pacifist nationalist activist, was arrested and then taken as hostage and [[human shield]] by Captain John Bowen-Colthurst; that night Bowen-Colthurst shot dead a teenage boy.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2018 |title=Reverse Currents: Irish Feminist and Nationalist Hanna Sheehy Skeffington and U.S. Anti-imperialism, 1916–24 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/711974 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=148–185 |doi=10.1353/eir.2018.0016 |s2cid=166010855 |issn=1550-5162|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Skeffington was executed the next day – alongside two journalists.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kildea |first=Jeff |date=2003 |title=Called to arms: Australian soldiers in the Easter Rising 1916 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/journal/j39/kildea |journal=Journal of the Australian War Memorial |issue=39}}</ref> Two hours later,  Bowen-Colthurst captured the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] councillor and IRB lieutenant, [[Richard O'Carroll]] and had him shot in the street.<ref>Gerald Keatinge.  Some experiences of a Cadet during the Irish Rebellion of Easter Week, 1916. Unpublished. Quoted in Neil Richardson's ''According to their lights''. Collins Press, 2015. p.178.</ref> Major Sir [[Francis Vane]] raised concerns  over Bowen-Colthurst's actions and saw to him being court martialled. Bowen-Colthurst was found guilty but insane and was sentenced to an insane asylum. Owing to political pressure, an inquiry soon transpired, revealing the murders and their cover-up.<ref name=":11" /> The killing of Skeffington and others provoked outrage among citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2022 |title=Mim Walsh and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/325/article/883456 |journal=Journal of Arizona History |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=445–454 |issn=2689-3908}}</ref>

The other incident was the "North King Street Massacre". On the night of 28–29 April, British soldiers of the South Staffordshire Regiment, under Colonel Henry Taylor, had burst into houses on North King Street and killed fifteen male civilians whom they accused of being rebels. The soldiers shot or bayoneted the victims, and then secretly buried some of them in cellars or backyards after robbing them. The area saw some of the fiercest fighting of the Rising and the British had taken heavy casualties for little gain. Maxwell attempted to excuse the killings and argued that the rebels were ultimately responsible. He claimed that "the rebels wore no uniform" and that the people of North King Street were rebel sympathisers. Maxwell concluded that such incidents "are absolutely unavoidable in such a business as this" and that "under the circumstance the troops [...] behaved with the greatest restraint". A private brief, prepared for the Prime Minister, said the soldiers "had orders not to take any prisoners" but took it to mean they were to shoot any suspected rebel. The City Coroner's inquest found that soldiers had killed "unarmed and unoffending" residents. The military court of inquiry ruled that no specific soldiers could be held responsible, and no action was taken.<ref>{{harvp|McGarry|2010|p=187}}; {{harvp|Caulfield|1995|pp=338–340}}; {{harvp|Townshend|2006|pp=293–294}}</ref><ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}}, pp. 152–155</ref><ref>Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/#.Vvvn1jFMdZA "The North King Street Massacre, Dublin 1916"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328202956/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/#.Vvvn1jFMdZA |date=28 March 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 13 April 2012.</ref>

=== Inquiry ===
A [[Royal Commission]] was set up to enquire into the causes of the Rising. It began hearings on 18 May under the chairmanship of [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]]. The Commission heard evidence from Sir Matthew Nathan, Augustine Birrell, Lord Wimborne, Sir [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]] (Inspector-General of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]]), General [[Lovick Friend]], Major Ivor Price of Military Intelligence and others.<ref>Ó Broin, Leon, ''Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising'' pp. 153–159</ref> The report, published on 26 June, was critical of the Dublin administration, saying that "Ireland for several years had been administered on the principle that it was safer and more expedient to leave the law in abeyance if collision with any faction of the Irish people could thereby be avoided."{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=297}} Birrell and Nathan had resigned immediately after the Rising. Wimborne resisted the pressure to resign, but was recalled to London by Asquith.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kendle |first1=John |title=Walter Long, Ireland, and the Union, 1905-1920 |date=1992 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773563407 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOZS2L4UEyYC&pg=PA93 |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> He was re-appointed in July 1916.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=297}} Chamberlain also resigned.

=== Reaction of the Dublin public ===
At first, many Dubliners were bewildered by the outbreak of the Rising.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=265}} [[James Stephens (author)|James Stephens]], who was in Dublin during the week, thought, "None of these people were prepared for Insurrection. The thing had been sprung on them so suddenly they were unable to take sides."{{sfn|Stephens|1992|p=57}}{{efn|''[[The Irish Times]]'', for example, "scrambled" to report the Rising while maintaining their intended coverage of the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth, thus imploring readers to revise his work, along with other errands, during the "enforced domesticity" of martial law.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shakespeare-at-war/2AB00C797DC3E85816015040D654B117 |title=Shakespeare at War: A Material History |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-51748-2 |editor-last=Lidster |editor-first=Amy |location= |pages=124 |doi=10.1017/9781009042383 |editor-last2=Massai |editor-first2=Sonia}}</ref>}} Eyewitnesses compared the ruin of Dublin with the destruction of towns in Europe in the war: the physical damage, which included over ninety fires, was largely confined to Sackville Street.{{Sfn|Flanagan|2015|p=32}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Corráin |first=Daithí Ó |date=2014 |title='They blew up the best portion of our city and ... it is their duty to replace it': compensation andreconstruction in the aftermathof the 1916 Rising |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/they-blew-up-the-best-portion-of-our-city-and-it-is-their-duty-to-replace-it-compensation-andreconstruction-in-the-aftermathof-the-1916-rising1/532A63B459DAA79C98E4FCDFFE7850F8 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=272–295 |doi=10.1017/S002112140001909X |s2cid=159572446 |issn=0021-1214|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the immediate aftermath, the Irish government was in disarray.{{Sfn|Maguire|2013|p=38}}

There was great hostility towards the Volunteers in some parts of the city which escalated to physical violence in some instances.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=143}} Historian [[Keith Jeffery]] noted that most of the opposition came from the dependents of British Army personnel.{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=286}} The death and destruction, which resulted in disrupted trade, considerable looting and unemployment, contributed to the antagonism of the Volunteers, who were denounced as "murderers" and "starvers of the people" – the monetary consequences of the Rising were estimated to be at £2,500,000.{{sfnm|1a1=McGarry|1y=2010|1p=252|2a1=Morrissey|2y=2019|2p=132}}{{Efn|Soldiers' wives were reported to be starving during the Easter Week; The Dublin
Metropolitan Police sought to provide bread and milk.{{sfn|Walsh|2020|p=180}}}} International aid was supplied to residents – nationalists aided the dependents of Volunteers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dháibhéid |first=Caoimhe Nic |date=2012 |title=The Irish National Aid Association and the Radicalization of Public Opinion in Ireland, 1916—1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23263270 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=705–729 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X12000234 |jstor=23263270 |s2cid=159490772 |issn=0018-246X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The British Government compensated the consequences to the sum of £2,500,000.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Banner on Liberty Hall 12 May 1917.jpg|thumb|Commemoration of Connolly's execution, 12 May 1917]]

[[File:Waiting on Westland Row (8505718647).jpg|thumb|Crowds in Dublin waiting to welcome republican prisoners released in 1917]]

Support for the rebels did exist among Dubliners, expressed through both crowds cheering at prisoners and reverent silence.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=252–256}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=288}} With martial law seeing this expression prosecuted, many would-be supporters elected to remain silent although "a strong undercurrent of disloyalty" was still felt.{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=288}} Drawing upon this support, and amidst the deluge of nationalist ephemera, the significantly popular ''Catholic Bulletin'' eulogised Volunteers killed in action and implored readers to donate; entertainment was offered as an extension of those intentions, targeting local sectors to great success.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Making 1916: Material and Visual Culture of the Easter Rising |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2015 |editor-last=Godson |editor-first=Lisa |pages=92 |editor-last2=Brück |editor-first2=Joanna}}</ref>{{Efn|Historian Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid wrote that "the widespread popularity of these special events was perhaps the most tangible of the shift in the politics."<ref name=":3" /> [[Peter Hart (historian)|Peter Hart]] posited that the souvenirs which quickly circulated after the Rising were ultimately "more influential than revolutionary ideology and writing".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baylis |first=Gail |date=2019 |title=What to Wear for a Revolution? Countess Constance Markievicz in Military Dress |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/744750 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=94–122 |doi=10.1353/eir.2019.0015 |s2cid=214122157 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>}} The ''Bulletin''{{'}}s Catholic character allowed it to evade the widespread censorship of press and seizure of republican propaganda; it therefore exposed many unaware readers to such propaganda.<ref name="press"/>

=== Rise of Sinn Féin ===
A meeting called by [[George Noble Plunkett]] on 19 April 1917 led to the formation of a broad political movement under the banner of [[Sinn Féin]]{{sfn|Bell|1998|p=27}} which was formalised at the Sinn Féin [[Ard Fheis]] of 25 October 1917. The [[Conscription Crisis of 1918]] further intensified public support for Sinn Féin before the [[1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland|general election]] to the [[British Parliament]] on 14 December 1918, which resulted in a landslide victory for Sinn Féin, winning 73 seats out of 105, whose [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) gathered in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form [[First Dáil|Dáil Éireann]] and adopt the [[Declaration of Independence (Ireland)|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfn|Kee|2000}}

During that election, they drew directly upon the Rising and their popularity was significantly accreditable to that association, one that accrued political prestige until the end of the century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=Robert |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139017619/type/book |title=The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925 |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-01761-9 |edition= |pages=29 |doi=}}</ref> Many participants of the Rising would soon assume electoral positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carroll |first=Francis M. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479805693.001.0001/html |title=America and the Making of an Independent Ireland: A History |date=2021-01-05 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0569-3 |pages=1 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479805693.001.0001|s2cid=250107246 }}</ref> Sinn Féin served as an alternative to the Irish Parliamentary Party whose support for British establishments alienated voters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2019 |title=The Irish Sinn Féin Movement and Radical Labor and Feminist Dissent in America, 1916–1921 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-7569776 |journal=Labor |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=11–37 |doi=10.1215/15476715-7569776 |s2cid=204435832 |issn=1547-6715|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Sinn Féin would become closely aligned with the [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]], who sought to continue the IRB's ideals and waged armed conflict against British forces.<ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Dublin - Kukulín.jpg|thumb|In 1935, Éamon de Valera unveiled a statue by [[Oliver Sheppard]] of the mythical Irish hero [[Cú Chulainn]] at the General Post Office to commemorate the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leerssen |first=Joep |date=2016 |title=Cuchulain in the General Post Office: Gaelic revival, Irish rising |url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/publications/cuchulain-general-post-office-gaelic-revival-irish-rising |journal=Journal of the British Academy |volume=4 |doi=10.5871/jba/004.137|doi-access=free |hdl=11245.1/f4cbeffb-f268-4584-a1a8-0859af3011b3 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Similar remembrance is present throughout Dublin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=Garth |date=2004 |title=The Politics of Remembrance in Irish and Quebec Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165734 |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=903–925 |doi=10.1017/S0008423904003518 |jstor=25165734 |s2cid=153519273 |issn=0008-4239|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]
1916 – containing both the Rising and the [[Battle of the Somme]], events paramount to the memory of Irish Republicans and [[Ulster Unionist Party|Ulster Unionists]], respectively – had a profound effect on Ireland and is remembered accordingly.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Beiner |first=Guy |date=2007 |title=Between Trauma and Triumphalism: The Easter Rising, the Somme, and the Crux of Deep Memory in Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/between-trauma-and-triumphalism-the-easter-rising-the-somme-and-the-crux-of-deep-memory-in-modern-ireland/13ACA06ABF8AB70456298FDD85CC704E |journal=Journal of British Studies |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=366–389 |doi=10.1086/510892 |s2cid=154539760 |issn=1545-6986|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Efn|Following the Rising, political identity in Ireland "became much more exclusivist".<ref name=":3" /> The Home Rule movement's Protestant contingency was uniquely impaired by the Rising, which was lambasted as "southern Catholic treachery" by Ulster Unionists; the Home Rule Crisis unified unionists, defining protestant allegiances thereafter.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-28174-6 |editor-last=Delap |editor-first=Lucy |location= |pages=225 |editor-last2=Morgan |editor-first2=Sue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrissey |first=Conor |date=2017-07-24 |title='Rotten Protestants': Protestant home rulers and the Ulster Liberal Association, 1906-1918 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1700005x |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=743–765 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x1700005x |s2cid=148801140 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref>
These events have often been invoked as the "origin stories for the respective states of Ireland and Northern Ireland."<ref name="Beukian">{{Cite journal |last1=Beukian |first1=Sevan |last2=Graff-McRae |first2=Rebecca |date=2018 |title=Trauma Stories as Resilience: Armenian and Irish National Identity in a Century of Remembering |url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7318 |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=8 |language=en |issue=8 |pages=157–188 |doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-23374}}</ref> Although remembrance rarely intersects, the established binary of these events became "much less oppressive" following the [[Northern Ireland peace process]].<ref name="Beukian"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Alvin |date=2018 |title=Mrs Foster and the rebels: Irish unionist approaches to the Easter Rising, 1916–2016 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/mrs-foster-and-the-rebels-irish-unionist-approaches-to-the-easter-rising-19162016/BA27D049FA2410066FD981A7DF628517 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=42 |issue=161 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.1017/ihs.2018.10 |s2cid=165420600 |issn=0021-1214}}</ref>}} The Rising was among the events that ended colonial rule in Ireland, succeeded by the [[Irish War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scanlon |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Satish Kumar |first2=M. |date=2019 |title=Ireland and Irishness: The Contextuality of Postcolonial Identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 |journal=Annals of the American Association of Geographers |language=en |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=202–222 |doi=10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 |bibcode=2019AAAG..109..202S |s2cid=166137125 |issn=2469-4452}}</ref> The legacy of the Rising possess many dimensions although the declaration of the Republic and the ensuing executions remain focal points.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=A. |date=2013 |title=The Richmond District Asylum and the 1916 Easter Rising |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0790966713000517/type/journal_article |journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=279–283 |doi=10.1017/ipm.2013.51 |s2cid=73063153 |issn=0790-9667|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Annual parades in celebration of the Rising occurred for many years, however, ceased after [[The Troubles|The Troubles in Northern Ireland]] began, being seen as supportive of republican paramilitary violence – the Rising is a common feature of republican [[murals in Northern Ireland]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="murals">{{Cite journal |last1=Forker |first1=Martin |last2=McCormick |first2=Jonathan |date=2009 |title=Walls of history: the use of mythomoteurs in Northern Ireland murals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670880903315898 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=423–465 |doi=10.1080/09670880903315898 |s2cid=143454753 |issn=0967-0882|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{efn|The republican movement found the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising provided an "opportunity to stake its claim to be the true inheritor of the mantle of the revolutionaries."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Treacy |first=Matt |title=The IRA 1956-69: Rethinking the Republic |date=2011 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-8472-0 |pages=96 |doi=}}</ref> [[Ian McBride]] wrote that "the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising spawned a new generation of republicans in Belfast."<ref name="Hancock">{{Cite journal |last=Hancock |first=Landon E. |date=2019 |title=Narratives of Commemoration: Identity, Memory, and Conflict in Northern Ireland 1916–2016 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pech.12339 |journal=Peace & Change |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=244–265 |doi=10.1111/pech.12339 |s2cid=151048791 |issn=0149-0508|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}} These commemorations celebrated the Rising as the origin of the Irish state, a stance reiterated through extensive analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=John M. |date=2007 |title=Southern Irish Nationalism as a Historical Problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140171 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=197–223 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005978 |jstor=4140171 |s2cid=153748417 |issn=0018-246X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479808908.001.0001 |title=The Irish Revolution |date=2022 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0890-8 |editor-last=Mannion |editor-first=Patrick |pages=10 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479808908.001.0001 |editor-last2=McGarry |editor-first2=Fearghal}}</ref> Unionists contend that the Rising was an illegal attack on the British State that should not be celebrated.<ref name="Hancock" /> Revivalism of the parades has inspired significant public debate, although the centenary of the Rising, which featured the likes of ceremonies and memorials, was largely successful and praised for its sensitivity.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGarry |first=Fearghal |date=2022 |title=The Politics of Pluralism: Historians and Easter 2016 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/866534 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=25–62 |doi=10.1353/eir.2022.0001 |s2cid=252763619 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>{{efn|Unionist parties did, however, boycott the event.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Michael |title=The Bastille Effect: Transforming Sites of Political Imprisonment |date=2022 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-38603-7 |pages=35}}</ref>}}

The leaders of the Rising were "instantly [[Apotheosis|apotheosized]]" and remembrance was situated within a larger republican tradition of claimed martyrdom – the Catholic Church would contend this narrative as the [[Foundational Myth|foundational myth]] of the [[Irish Free State]], assuming a place within the remembrance as an association between republicanism and Catholicism grew.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baylis |first=Gail |date=2015 |title=Boy Culture and Ireland 1916 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2015.1053508 |journal=Early Popular Visual Culture |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=192–208 |doi=10.1080/17460654.2015.1053508 |s2cid=162162094 |issn=1746-0654|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Brück |first=Joanna |date=2015 |title='A good Irishman should blush every time he sees a penny': Gender, nationalism and memory in Irish internment camp craftwork, 1916–1923 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183515577010 |journal=Journal of Material Culture |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=149–172 |doi=10.1177/1359183515577010 |issn=1359-1835|hdl=1983/760bc9ba-f151-4378-bbb1-8dd06a8b5758 |s2cid=220072159 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{Efn|There were few Protestant rebels present and thus the Rising became strongly associated with Catholicism.{{sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=136}} The likes of [[Grace Gifford]], Markievicz and Casement converted from Protestantism to Catholicism just before, during and after the Rising, respectively.{{sfn|Arrington|2015|p=133-134}} The Catholic character of the rebels was stressed by priests influential in the Church's acceptance of the insurgency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cefaloni |first=Simon Pietro. |date=2019 |title=The Island of the Saints and the Homeland of the Martyrs: Monsignor O'Riordan, Father Hagan and the Boundaries of the Irish Nation (1906-1916) |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA598425437&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22393978&p=AONE&sw=w |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |issue=9 |pages=417–442}}</ref>}} The "Pearsean combination of Catholicism, Gaelicism, and spiritual nationalism" would become dominant within republicanism, the ideas gaining a quasi-religiosity, whilst helping unify later strands thereof.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transnational Perspectives on Modern Irish History |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317963219 |editor-last=Whelehan |editor-first=Neil |pages=177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Augusteijn |first1=Joost |title=Political Religion Beyond Totalitarianism: The Sacralization of Politics in the Age of Democracy |last2=Dassen |first2=Patrick |last3=Janse |first3=Maartje Johanna |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-29171-4 |location= |pages=148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoey |first=Paddy |date=2019 |title=Dissident and dissenting republicanism: From the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement to Brexit |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816818818088 |journal=Capital & Class |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1177/0309816818818088 |issn=0309-8168}}</ref> Within the Free State, the Rising was sanctified by officials, positioned as a "highly disciplined military operation".{{Sfn|Flanagan|2015|p=11, 13}} Historians largely agree that the Rising succeeded by offering a symbolic display of sacrifice, while the military action was a considerable failure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McQuaid |first=Sara Dybris |date=2022 |title=Remembering the Rising and the End of Empire |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/866538 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=110–127 |doi=10.1353/eir.2022.0005 |s2cid=252763408 |issn=1550-5162|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{efn|This [[historiography]] largely manifested around the fiftieth anniversary in defiance of a "[[hagiographical]]" perception.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arrington |first=Lauren |date=2014 |title=Socialist Republican Discourse and the 1916 Easter Rising: The Occupation of Jacob's Biscuit Factory and the South Dublin Union Explained |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021937114001166/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of British Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=992–1010 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2014.116 |s2cid=162645927 |issn=0021-9371|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On the symbolic power, [[Sarah Cole (writer)|Sarah Cole]] wrote that the Easter Rising was "understood and presented, at every level, in a metaphoric language, which stressed apotheosis, resurrection, transformation." These tropes - central to the morale of the Volunteers - are evidenced in Pearse's [[Ireland unfree shall never be at peace|oration at the funeral of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa]].<ref name=":6" /> The occupation of areas laden with iconography but of negligible military value support the understanding of the Rising as primarily a symbolic act.{{Sfn|Arrington|2015|p=125}}}} As [[Monk Gibbon]] remarked, the "shots from khaki-uniformed firing parties did more to create the Republic of Ireland than any shot fired by a Volunteer in the course of Easter week".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dawe |first=Gerald |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/202/monograph/book/43905 |title=Of War and Wars Alarms: Reflections on Modern Irish Writing |date=2015 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=978-1-78205-179-4 |location= |pages=52 |doi=10.1353/book43905|s2cid=164290964 }}</ref>

Literature surrounding the Rising was significant: MacDonagh, Plunkett, and Pearse were themselves poets, whose ideals were granted a spiritual dimension in their work; [[Arnold Bax]], [[Francis Ledwidge]], [[George William Russell]] and [[W. B. Yeats]] responded through verse that ranged from endorsement to elegies.<ref name="oxford">{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34448 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Poetry |date=2012-10-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956124-7 |editor-last=Brearton |editor-first=Fran |edition=1 |pages=80–94 |language=en |doi= |editor-last2=Gillis |editor-first2=Alan}}</ref>{{Efn|The executed poets possessed similar motifs: pastoral imagery, [[Celtic mythology]], notions of saintliness, sacrifice, and martyrdom, and inspiration from English poets.<ref name="oxford"/> Pearse equated his eminent execution, and that of [[Robert Emmet]], with the death of Jesus Christ; patriotism with religious faith.<ref name="murals"/>

Although there existed little anti-Anglo sentiment in their work, their radicalism was, in part, begotten from resentment at the "anglicisation" of Ireland and the resulting marginalisation of Gaelic identity.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="oxford"/> [[D. G. Boyce]] stressed the importance of the Gaelic revival upon the philosophy of the Rising which, via Pearse, aggregated and created a continuity of prior nationalist thinking.{{Sfn|Boyce|1996|p=168-170}}}} Although [[James Joyce]] was ambivalent to the insurgence, metaphors of and imagery consistent with the Rising appear in his later work.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Winston |first=Greg |date=2019 |title=Queensberry Rules and Jacob's Biscuits: James Joyce's Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/80/article/736678 |journal=James Joyce Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=81–97 |doi=10.1353/jjq.2019.0051 |s2cid=208688845 |issn=1938-6036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Hugh Leonard]], [[Denis Johnston]], [[Tom Murphy (playwright)|Tom Murphy]], [[Roddy Doyle]] and [[Sorley MacLean]] are among writers would later invoke the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=James |last2=Cullen |first2=Fintan |date=2018 |title=The Sherwood Foresters of 1916: memories and memorials |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2018.1514659 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=436–454 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2018.1514659 |s2cid=150325899 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Gallagher |first=Niall |date=2016 |title=Ireland's eternal Easter: Sorley MacLean and 1916 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=441–454 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678 |s2cid=152084743 |issn=0967-0882|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Now extensively dramatised, its theatricality was identified in the moment and has been stressed in its remembrance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maley |first=Willy |date=2016 |title=Shakespeare, Easter 1916, and the Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sena.12185 |journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1111/sena.12185 |issn=1473-8481|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Literary and political evocation position the Rising as a "watershed moment" central to Irish history.<ref>{{cite book |last=English |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C |title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-517753-4 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Black nationalism|Black]], [[Basque nationalism|Basque]], [[Breton nationalism|Breton]], [[Catalan nationalism|Catalan]] and [[Indian nationalism|Indian]] nationalists have drawn upon the Rising and its consequences.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cullen |first1=Niall |last2=McCreanor |first2=Kyle |date=2022 |title='Dangerous Friends': Irish Republican Relations with Basque and Catalan Nationalists, 1916–26 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2022.2045339 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1193–1210 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2022.2045339 |s2cid=247340368 |issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leach |first=Daniel |date=2008 |title="Repaying a Debt of Gratitude": Foreign Minority Nationalists and the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Easter Rising in 1966 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/255666 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=267–289 |doi=10.1353/eir.0.0013 |s2cid=159799028 |issn=1550-5162|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Sfn|Grayson|McGarry|2016|pp=140–144}} For the latter, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] noted, the symbolic display was the appeal, that of the transcendent, "invincible spirit of a nation"; such was broadly appealing in America, where [[Irish Americans|diasporic]], occasionally socialist, nationalism occurred.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=O'Malley |first=Kate |date=2016 |title='Thrilled by the Irish Rising ... and the Irish Story Ever Since': Indian Nationalist Reactions to the Easter Rising |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45283319 |journal=Saothar |volume=41 |pages=77–82 |jstor=45283319 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref>{{Sfn|Grayson|McGarry|2016|pp=145}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Damien |date=2009 |title="Go Forth as a Missionary to Fight It": Catholic Antisocialism and Irish American Nationalism in Post-World War I Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40543469 |journal=Journal of American Ethnic History |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=43–65 |doi=10.2307/40543469 |jstor=40543469 |s2cid=254482716 |issn=0278-5927|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{efn|The broadcast declaration was intercepted and relayed to the United States thus considerable coverage in the press ensued: "The use of modern technology to declare an Irish Republic indicates an attempt to place the Rising at the heart of world affairs, which in turn reflected the rebel leader's experience as propagandists."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Brian |date=2017 |title=Reception of the Easter Rising in British and American little magazines |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2016.1270716 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=88–100 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2016.1270716 |s2cid=152058354 |issn=0967-0882|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When enacting a censorship control on the Rising, British officials sought for America, in particular, to be ignorant.<ref name="press">{{Cite journal |last=Drisceoil |first=Donal Ó |date=2012 |title=Keeping disloyalty within bounds? British media control in Ireland, 1914–19 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/keeping-disloyalty-within-bounds-british-media-control-in-ireland-191419/34A4877A9D4F6E0054151CB7D1EEDC64 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=149 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1017/S0021121400000626 |issn=0021-1214|hdl=10468/3057 |s2cid=232251175 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Irish-American support proved remunerative for the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Brian |date=2019 |title=Sots, Songs, and Stereotypes: 1916, the Fighting Irish, and Irish-American Nationalism in Finnegans Wake |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/80/article/736662 |journal=James Joyce Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=45–61 |doi=10.1353/jjq.2019.0035 |s2cid=208689531 |issn=1938-6036|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] was effusive, ascribing its anti-imperialism a singular significance within [[geopolitics]] – his only misgiving was its estrangement from the [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|broader wave of revolution occurring]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=aan de Wiel |first=Jérôme |date=2020 |title=The Shots that Reverberated for a Long Time, 1916–1932: The Irish Revolution, the Bolsheviks and the European Left |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2018.1527779 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=195–213 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2018.1527779 |s2cid=219644551 |issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{efn|Although participants largely didn't espouse socialist beliefs – Connolly being a notable exception – a varied amount of left-wing organisations commented upon and thereafter disparaged the Rising.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Backus |first1=Margot Gayle |last2=Thompson |first2=Spurgeon |date=2018 |title='If you shoulder a rifle [...] let it be for Ireland': James Connolly's War on War |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2018.0217 |journal=Modernist Cultures |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=364–381 |doi=10.3366/mod.2018.0217 |s2cid=159661029 |issn=2041-1022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The "Connolly tradition" would later be invoked positively by socialist and labor activists in relation to their own aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/parnell-and-his-times/EEC4A1E397189F76E657DA9AB02E7652 |title=Parnell and his Times |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49526-4 |editor-last=Leerssen |editor-first=Joep |location= |pages=284 |doi=10.1017/9781108861786|hdl=10468/10784 |s2cid=243750426 }}</ref>}}

During the Troubles, significant [[Revisionism (Ireland)|revisionism]] of the Rising occurred. Revisionists contended that it was not a "heroic drama" as thought but rather informed the violence transpiring, by having legitimised a "cult of 'blood sacrifice'".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Shaun |date=2015 |title=The Work of a 'Young Nationalist'?: Tom Murphy's ''The Patriot Game'' and the Commemoration of Easter 1916 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2015.0149 |journal=Irish University Review |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=39–53 |doi=10.3366/iur.2015.0149 |issn=0021-1427|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Leary|2019|p=322}} With the advent of a [[Provisional IRA]] ceasefire and the beginning of what became known as the [[Northern Ireland peace process|Peace Process]] during the 1990s, the government's view of the Rising grew more positive and in 1996 an 80th anniversary commemoration at the [[Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)|Garden of Remembrance]] in Dublin was attended by the [[Taoiseach]] and leader of [[Fine Gael]], [[John Bruton]].<ref>[http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/ Reconstructing the Easter Rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317011549/http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/ |date=17 March 2008 }}, Colin Murphy, ''The Village'', 16 February 2006</ref>

<gallery widths="140" heights="200">
File:GPO Easter Rising Plaque.jpg|Plaque commemorating the Easter Rising at the [[General Post Office (Dublin)|General Post Office, Dublin]], with the Irish text in [[Gaelic type|Gaelic script]], and the English text in regular [[Latin script]]
File:Cobh Volunteers 1916 memorial.jpg|Memorial in [[Cobh]], County Cork, to the Volunteers from that town
File:Offaly 1916 memorial.jpg|Memorial in [[Clonmacnoise]] commemorating men of [[County Offaly]] (then King's County) who fought in 1916: James Kenny, Kieran Kenny and Paddy McDonnell are named
File:Clonegal flag.jpg|Flag and copy of the Proclamation in [[Clonegal]]
</gallery>

== In popular culture ==
<!-- This section is for major works that deal primarily with the Rising. Please do not add minor or self-published works, works where the Rising briefly features, works where it is mentioned, or wrestling moves named after it. In particular, PLEASE DO NOT add the Cranberries' "Zombie", which has been added countless times and removed each time because it only has a passing, oblique, two-word reference not even using the words "Easter" or "Rising". -->
* "[[Easter, 1916]]", a poem by the poet and playwright [[W. B. Yeats]], published in 1921.
* "[[Foggy Dew (Irish ballad)|The Foggy Dew]]" is a song by Canon Charles O'Neill, composed during the [[Irish War of Independence]], that eulogises the rebels of the Easter Rising.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Pauline |title=Celebrating 100 years of the beloved song "Foggy Dew" and its history |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/100-anniversary-song-foggy-dew-history-charles-oneill |access-date=17 April 2020 |work=Irish Central |date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730211440/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/100-anniversary-song-foggy-dew-history-charles-oneill |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Plough and the Stars]]'' is a 1926 play by [[Seán O'Casey]] that takes place during the Easter Rising.
* ''[[Insurrection (O'Flaherty novel)|Insurrection]]'' is a 1950 novel by [[Liam O'Flaherty]] that takes place during the Rising.
* ''[[The Red and the Green]]'' is a 1965 novel by [[Iris Murdoch]] that covers the events leading up to and during the Easter Rising.
* ''[[Insurrection (TV series)|Insurrection]]'' is an eight-part 1966 [[docudrama]] made by [[RTÉ Television|Telefís Éireann]] for the 50th anniversary of the Rising. It was rebroadcast during the centenary celebrations in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/insurrection-rte-broadcast-2648833-Mar2016/ |title=RTÉ's acclaimed Easter Rising drama from 1966 is coming back to TV screens |newspaper=[[TheJournal.ie]] |publisher=The Journal |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180353/http://www.thejournal.ie/insurrection-rte-broadcast-2648833-Mar2016/ |url-status=live |last1=Duffy |first1=Rónán}}</ref>
* "Grace" is a 1985 song about the marriage of Joseph Plunkett to [[Grace Gifford]] in Kilmainham Gaol before his execution.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kehoe |first1=Michael |title=Emotional Rod Stewart meets the brothers who wrote the song 'Grace' – the song about widow of executed Easter Rising leader Joseph Plunkett |url=https://ireland-calling.com/lifestyle/rod-stewart-meets-brothers-who-wrote-grace/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |work=Ireland Calling |date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316045527/https://ireland-calling.com/lifestyle/rod-stewart-meets-brothers-who-wrote-grace/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''1916, A Novel of the Irish Rebellion'' is a 1998 historical novel by [[Morgan Llywelyn]].
* ''[[A Star Called Henry]]'' is a 1999 novel by [[Roddy Doyle]] that partly recounts the Easter Rising through the involvement of the novel's protagonist Henry Smart.
* ''[[At Swim, Two Boys]]'' is a 2001 novel by Irish writer [[Jamie O'Neill]], set in [[Dublin]] before and during the 1916 Easter Rising.
* ''[[Rebel Heart (TV series)|Rebel Heart]]'', is a 2001 BBC miniseries on the life of a (fictional) nationalist from the Rising through the Irish Civil War.
* ''[[Blood Upon the Rose]]'' is a 2009 [[graphic novel]] by [[Gerry Hunt]] depicting the events of the Easter Rising.<ref name=puesocc>Edward Madigan, [http://puesoccurrences.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/review-of-gerry-hunts-blood-upon-the-rose-part-one/ "Review of Gerry Hunt's 'Blood Upon the Rose', part one"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003005824/http://puesoccurrences.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/review-of-gerry-hunts-blood-upon-the-rose-part-one/ |date=3 October 2013 }}, Pue's Occurrences, 2 November 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Towards 2016: 1916 and Irish Literature, Culture & Society |editor1-last=Crosson |editor1-first=Seán |editor2-first=Werner |editor2-last=Huber |publisher=Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier|year=2015|isbn=978-3-86821-622-6 |location=Trier |pages=113–132 |chapter=(Valérie Morisson) Rewriting Irish History (1916–1921) in popular Culture: Blood Upon the Rose and at War with the Empire by Gerry Hunt}}</ref>
* ''1916 Seachtar na Cásca'' is a 2010 Irish TV documentary series based on the Easter Rising, telling about seven signatories of the rebellion.
* ''[[The Dream of the Celt]]'' is a 2012 novel by the [[Nobel Prize]] winner in Literature [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], based on the life and death of Roger Casement including his involvement with the Rising.
* ''[[Rebellion (miniseries)|Rebellion]]'' is a 2016 [[mini-series]] about the Easter Rising.
* ''1916'' is a 2016 three-part documentary miniseries about the Easter Rising narrated by [[Liam Neeson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1916.rte.ie/featuredhome/1916-2/ |title=1916 |website=1916.rte.ie |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315021506/https://1916.rte.ie/featuredhome/1916-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Penance (2018 film)|Penance]]'' is a 2018 Irish film set primarily in Donegal in 1916 and in Derry in 1969, in which the Rising is also featured.
<!-- Please read the note at the top before adding anything at the bottom. -->

== See also ==
* [[List of Irish uprisings]]
* [[Property Losses (Ireland) Committee]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Joost Augusteijn|Augusteijn, Joost]] (ed.)''The Memoirs of John M. Regan, a Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC, 1909–48'', ''Witnessed Rising'', {{ISBN|978-1-84682-069-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Arrington |first=Lauren |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc776nf |title=Revolutionary Lives |date=2015 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-7418-7 |pages=125|doi=10.2307/j.ctvc776nf }}
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=J. Bowyer |author-link=J. Bowyer Bell |title=The Secret Army: The IRA |year=1998 |publisher=Poolbeg |isbn=1-85371-813-0 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-12171-2 |editor-last=Boyce |editor-first=David George |edition= |location=}}
* {{cite book |last=Caulfield |first=Max |date=1995 |title=The Easter Rebellion, Dublin 1916 |publisher=Roberts Rinehart Publishers |isbn=1-57098-042-X}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=Xander |title=Aud |location=Plymouth |year=2007 |isbn=9780955562204 |publisher=GAC}}
* [[Tim Pat Coogan|Coogan, Tim Pat]], ''1916: The Easter Rising'' (2001) {{ISBN|0-304-35902-5}}
* [[Tim Pat Coogan|Coogan, Tim Pat]], ''The IRA'' (2nd ed. 2000), {{ISBN|0-00-653155-5}}
* De Rosa, Peter. ''Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916.'' Fawcett Columbine, New York. 1990. {{ISBN|0-449-90682-5}}
* Eberspächer, Cord/Wiechmann, Gerhard: "Erfolg Revolution kann Krieg entscheiden". Der Einsatz von S.M.H. LIBAU im irischen Osteraufstand 1916 ("Successful revolution may decide war". The use of S.M.H. LIBAU in the Irish Easter rising 1916), in: Schiff & Zeit, Nr. 67, Frühjahr 2008, S. 2–16.
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Peter Berresford |author-link=Peter Berresford Ellis |chapter=1916: Insurrection or Rebellion? Making Judgements |editor-last=O'Donnell |editor-first=Ruán |title=The Impact of the 1916 Rising: Among the Nations |publisher=[[Irish Academic Press]] |location=Dublin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7165-2965-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Feeney |first=Brian |title=Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years |publisher=O'Brien Press |date=2002 |isbn=0-86278-695-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Flanagan |first=Frances |title=Remembering the Revolution: Dissent, Culture, and Nationalism in the Irish Free State |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0198739159 }}
* Foster, R. F. ''Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393082792/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714191238/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393082792/ |date=14 July 2020 }}
* Foy, Michael and Barton, Brian, ''The Easter Rising'' {{ISBN|0-7509-2616-3}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316550403/type/book |title=Remembering 1916: The Easter Rising, the Somme and the Politics of Memory in Ireland |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-14590-0 |editor-last=Grayson |editor-first=Richard S. |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781316550403 |editor-last2=McGarry |editor-first2=Fearghal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grayson |first=Richard S. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139248877/type/book |title=Dublin's Great Wars: The First World War, the Easter Rising and the Irish Revolution |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-24887-7 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781139248877}}
* [[C. Desmond Greaves|Greaves, C. Desmond]], ''The Life and Times of James Connolly''
* {{cite book |last=Hennessey |first=Thomas |title=Dividing Ireland, World War I and Partition: The passing of the Home Rule Bill |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=1998 |isbn=0-415-17420-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Alvin |title=Home Rule, an Irish History 1800–2000 |publisher=Phoenix Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-7538-1767-5}}
* {{cite book |others=Introduction by [[Declan Kiberd]] |title=1916 Rebellion Handbook |orig-year=1917 |author=[[The Irish Times]] |year=1998 |edition=reprint |publisher=Mourne River Press |isbn=9781902090054}}
* {{cite book |last=Kee |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Kee |title=The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism |date=2000 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-029165-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Christopher M. |title=Genesis of the Rising, 1912–1916: A Transformation of Nationalist Opinion |date=2010 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1433105005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xeSuTqlkhQC |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226203810/https://books.google.com/books?id=_xeSuTqlkhQC |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* [[Conor Kostick|Kostick, Conor]] & Collins, Lorcan, ''The Easter Rising, A Guide to Dublin in 1916'' {{ISBN|0-86278-638-X}}
* [[F.S.L. Lyons|Lyons, F.S.L.]], ''Ireland Since the Famine'' {{ISBN|0-00-633200-5}}
* [[Dorothy Macardle|Macardle, Dorothy]], ''The Irish Republic'' (Dublin 1951)
* {{cite book |last=MacDonagh |first=Oliver |title=Ireland: The Union and its aftermath |publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]] |date=1977 |isbn=0-04-941004-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Maguire |first=Martin |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/67693 |title=The Civil Service and the Revolution in Ireland 1912–1938: 'Shaking the Blood-Stained Hand of Mr Collins' |date=2013 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-84779-378-2 |pages=31}}
* {{cite book |last=McGarry |first=Fearghal |author-link=Fearghal McGarry |date=2010 |title=The Rising: Ireland Easter 1916 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192801869}}
* {{cite book |last1=McNally |first1=Michael |last2=Peter |first2=Dennis |title=Easter Rising 1916: Birth of the Irish Republic |location=London |date=2007 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84603-067-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Moran |first1=Seán Farrell |year=1994 |title=Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |isbn=978-0-81320-912-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=Seán Farrell |year=1989 |title=Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=625–643 |doi=10.2307/2709801 |jstor=2709801}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morrissey |first=Conor |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108596251/type/book |title=Protestant Nationalists in Ireland, 1900–1923 |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-59625-1 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781108596251|s2cid=211456832 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=William |title=Political Imprisonment and the Irish, 1912-1921 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-956907-6  |doi=}}
* "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology," in Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, eds, ''The Irish Terrorism Experience'', (Aldershot: Dartmouth) 1991
* Ó Broin, Leon, ''Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising'', Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970
* {{cite book |last=O'Leary |first=Brendan |author-link=Brendan O'Leary |title=A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I: Colonialism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2019 |page=320 |isbn=978-0199243341}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/22372/eppi_pages/630298 |access-date=11 September 2016 |author=Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland |title=Report |date=1916 |series=[[Command paper]]s |volume=Cd.8279 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026173915/http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/22372/eppi_pages/630298 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/op1256530-1001 |access-date=11 September 2016 |author=Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland |title=Minutes of Evidence and Appendix of Documents |date=1916 |series=Command papers |volume=Cd.8311 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Annie |date=2009 |title=Witnesses: Inside the Easter Rising |publisher=Liberties Press |isbn=978-1905483709}}
* {{cite book |last=Stephens |first=James |author-link=James Stephens (author) |date=1992 |title=The Insurrection in Dublin |publisher=Colin Smythe Ltd |isbn=978-0861403585}}
* {{cite book |last=Townshend |first=Charles |date=2006 |title=Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion |location=London |publisher=Ivan R. Dee Inc. |isbn=978-1566637046}}
* {{cite book | last = Neeson | first = Eoin | author-link = Eoin Neeson | title = Myths from Easter 1916 | publisher = Aubane Historical Society | place = Cork | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-903497-34-0}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Bunbury, Turtle. ''Easter Dawn – The 1916 Rising'' (Mercier Press, 2015) {{ISBN|978-1781-172582}}
* McCarthy, Mark. ''Ireland's 1916 Rising: Explorations of History-Making, Commemoration & Heritage in Modern Times'' (2013), historiography [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00AQJ48EO/ excerpt]
* McKeown, Eitne, 'A Family in the Rising' ''Dublin Electricity Supply Board Journal'' 1966.
* Murphy, John A., ''Ireland in the Twentieth Century''
* {{cite news |last=O'Farrell |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth O'Farrell |title=Events of Easter Week |work=The Catholic Bulletin |location=Dublin |date=1917}}
* Purdon, Edward, ''The 1916 Rising''
* Shaw, Francis, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History: A Challenge", in ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'', LXI, 242, 1972, pp.&nbsp;113–52

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222404/http://easter1916.ie/ Easter 1916 – Digital Heritage Website]
* [http://www.nli.ie/1916 The 1916 Rising&nbsp;– an Online Exhibition.] [[National Library of Ireland]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131229222110/http://dh.tcd.ie/letters1916/ The Letters of 1916 – Crowdsourcing Project] [http://www.tcd.ie/ Trinity College Dublin]
* {{cite book |doi=10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |title=1916 Rising Postcards |last1=Curran |first1=Constantine Peter |year=1916 |publisher=UCD Library, University College Dublin |chapter=History|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.7925/drs1.ivrla_30530 |title=Towards 2016 |year=1928 |publisher=UCD Library, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland |author1=UCD Library. UCD Library Special Collections |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}
* [http://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?folder_id=1620&pidtopage=MS11507_01&entry_point=1 Lillian Stokes (1878–1955): account of the 1916 Easter Rising]
* [http://sources.nli.ie/Search/Results?lookfor=easter+1916 Primary and secondary sources relating to the Easter Rising] (Sources database, [[National Library of Ireland]])
* [http://www.1916rising.com/ Easter Rising site and walking tour of 1916 Dublin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060823035019/http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=817 News articles and letters to the editor in ''The Age'', 27 April 1916]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/ The Easter Rising] – ''[[BBC History]]''
* [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/08/the-irish-story-archive-on-the-easter-rising-2010-2011/#.W6OoKvlRfIU The Irish Story archive on the Rising]
* [http://www.easter1916.net/ Easter Rising website]
* [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/jul/x01.htm The Discussion On Self-Determination Summed Up] Lenin's discussion of the importance of the rebellion appears in Section 10: The Irish Rebellion of 1916
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150219022436/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/ Bureau of Military History – Witness Statements Online (PDF files)]

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