View source for Eastern Air Lines

{{Short description|Defunct airline of the United States (1926–1991)}}
{{About||the 2015 start-up airline that has since ceased operations|Eastern Air Lines (2015)|the airline that assumed that start-up's intellectual property|Eastern Airlines (2018)|other airlines with similar names|Eastern (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|China Eastern Airlines|Eastern Airways}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline          = Eastern Air Lines
| logo             = Eastern Airlines logo.svg
| logo_size        = 250
| image = Eastern Airlines A300 (6146169982).jpg
| caption          = An [[Airbus A300]] of Eastern Air Lines
| alt              = 
| IATA             = EA
| ICAO             = EAL
| callsign         = EASTERN
| founded          = {{start date|1926|04|19}}<br />{{small|(as ''Pitcairn Aviation'')}}
| commenced        = 
| ceased           = {{end date|1991|01|18}}
| aoc              = 
| hubs             = {{nowrap|[[Miami International Airport|Miami]]}}
| secondary_hubs   = {{ubl|class=nowrap
  | [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]]
  | [[Charlotte Douglas International Airport|Charlotte]]
  | [[Kansas City International Airport|Kansas City]]
  | [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]]
  | [[LaGuardia Airport|New York–LaGuardia]]
  | [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]]
  | [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport|San Juan]]
  | [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington–National]]}}
| focus_cities     = {{ubl|class=nowrap
  | [[Chicago O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]]
  | [[Orlando International Airport|Orlando]]
  | [[Tampa International Airport|Tampa]]}}
| frequent_flyer   = [[OnePass]]
| alliance         = 
| subsidiaries     = {{nowrap|[[Eastern Air Lines Shuttle]] {{small|(1961–1989)}}}}
| fleet_size       = 
| destinations     = 
| parent           = {{nowrap|[[Texas Air Corporation]] {{small|(1986–1990)}}}}
| headquarters     = [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]], [[Florida]], United States
| founder          = {{nowrap|[[Eddie Rickenbacker]] (First [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| key_people       = {{ubl|class=nowrap
  | [[Frank Borman]] ([[President (corporate title)|President]])
  | [[Frank Lorenzo]] (Texas Air owner)}}
| website          = 
}}

'''Eastern Air Lines''' (also colloquially known as '''Eastern''') was a [[trunk carrier]], a scheduled airline in the United States that operated from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution, it was headquartered at [[Miami International Airport]] in an [[unincorporated area]] of [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]].<ref>"World Airline Directory". ''Flight International''. March 30, 1985. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200932.html 72] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090622003009/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200932.html Archive]). Retrieved on June 17, 2009.</ref>

Eastern was one of the "[[Legacy carrier#Defunct legacy carriers|Big Four]]" domestic airlines created by the [[Air Mail scandal|Spoils Conferences]] of 1930, and was headed in its early years by World War I flying ace [[Eddie Rickenbacker]]. It had a near monopoly in air travel between [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Florida]] from the 1930s until the 1950s and dominated this market for decades afterward.

During [[airline deregulation]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s, labor disputes and high debt loads strained the company under the leadership of former astronaut [[Frank Borman]].<ref name=mmbgeog>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cvZLAAAAIBAJ&pg=6762%2C2852911 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|agency=Washington Post |title='Moonman' Borman gets Eastern off the ground |date=May 7, 1978 |page=B16}}</ref> [[Frank Lorenzo]] acquired Eastern in 1985 and moved many of its assets to his other airlines, including [[Continental Airlines]] and [[Texas Air Corporation]]. After continued labor disputes and a crippling strike in 1989, Eastern ran out of money and was liquidated in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Airlines|url=http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Commercial_Aviation/EasternAirlines/Tran13.htm|publisher=US Centennial of Flight Commission|access-date=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

[[American Airlines]] obtained many of Eastern's routes from [[Miami International Airport]] to [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]].  [[Delta Air Lines]], Eastern's main competitor at [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]], acquired many of Eastern's [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=1991 - January 1 - Eastern Airlines Timetables, Route Maps, and History|url=http://airchive.com/html/timetable-and-route-maps/eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/1991-january-1-eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/6879|publisher=Airchive|access-date=April 29, 2014|archive-date=April 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429235422/http://airchive.com/html/timetable-and-route-maps/eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/1991-january-1-eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/6879|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[USAir]] acquired 11 of Eastern's 25 [[Boeing 757-200|Boeing 757-225]] aircraft.

Eastern pioneered hourly [[air shuttle]] services between [[New York City]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Boston]] in 1961 as the [[Eastern Air Lines Shuttle]]. It took over [[Braniff International]]'s [[South America]]n routes following Braniff's closure in 1982<ref>{{cite web|title=1982 - August 1 - Eastern Airlines Timetables, Route Maps, and History.|url=http://airchive.com/html/timetable-and-route-maps/eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/1982-august-1-eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/6854|publisher=Airchive|access-date=April 29, 2014|archive-date=April 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430001019/http://airchive.com/html/timetable-and-route-maps/eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/1982-august-1-eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/6854|url-status=dead}}</ref> and served [[London Gatwick]] in 1985 via its [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30]] "Golden Wings" service. Although Eastern announced on its March 2, 1986, timetable that it intended to initiate service to [[Madrid]], effective May 1, 1986, it never commenced. The only scheduled transatlantic service Eastern provided was Miami to London Gatwick, commencing on July 15, 1985, and discontinuing the following year, in 1986, replaced with codeshare flights from [[Atlanta]] on [[British Caledonian Airways]].

==History==
===Origins===
[[File:PA7-S mailwing.jpg|thumb|Pitcairn Aviation's PA-7S CAM-19 Route Airmail aircraft]]
[[File:Eastern Air Lines Ticket 1935.jpg|thumb|An Eastern Air Lines passenger coupon in 1935]]
Eastern Air Lines was a composite of assorted air travel corporations, including [[Florida Airways]] and [[Pitcairn Aircraft Company|Pitcairn Aviation]]. In the late 1920s, Pitcairn Aviation won a contract to fly mail between [[New York City]] and [[Atlanta, Georgia]] on [[Mailwing]] single-engine aircraft. In 1929, [[Clement Melville Keys|Clement Keys]], the owner of [[North American Aviation]], purchased Pitcairn. In 1930, Keys changed the company's name to ''Eastern Air Transport''. After being purchased by [[General Motors]] and experiencing a change in leadership after the Airmail Act of 1934, the airline became known as Eastern Air Lines.<ref>Smith, F. (1982). Legacy of Wings: The Story of Harold F. Pitcairn. Jason Aronson / T.D. Associates. (June 1982)</ref>

===Growth under Rickenbacker===
[[File:The Great Silver Fleet 1939.jpg|thumb|The Great Silver Fleet in 1939]]
By 1937, Eastern's route system stretched from New York to Washington, Atlanta, and New Orleans, and from Chicago to Miami.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Airlines timetable, May 17, 1937 (p. 2) |url=https://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/ea37/ea3705-2.jpg |website=Airline Timetable Images |access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref> In the same year, it operated 20 daily flights and returns, every hour on the hour, between New York and Washington; the flight time was one hour, twenty minutes, one-way.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Air Lines timetable, May 17, 1937 (p. 6) |url=https://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/ea37/ea3705-6.jpg |website=Airline Timetable Images |access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref>

In 1938, [[World War I]] flying ace [[Eddie Rickenbacker]] bought Eastern from General Motors. The complex deal was concluded when Rickenbacker together with Sidney Shannon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fredericksburg.com/news/local/vintage-airliner-added-to-shannon-air-museum-collection/article_26700020-767b-52df-b6cc-10c75b4971df.html|title = Vintage airliner added to Shannon Air Museum collection| date=January 8, 2021 }}</ref> presented [[Alfred P. Sloan]] with a certified check for {{US$|3500000|1938|round=-4}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daly Bednarek|first1=Janet Rose| last2=Launius|first2=Roger D.|date=2003 |title=Reconsidering a Century of Flight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuqG9SgstIoC&pg=PA127 |publisher= [[UNC Press Books]] |page=127 |isbn=9780807854884 |access-date=August 1, 2014 }}</ref>

Rickenbacker pushed Eastern into a period of growth and innovation; for a time Eastern was the most profitable airline in the post-war era, never needing state subsidy. In the late 1950s Eastern's position was eroded by subsidies to rival airlines and the arrival of the jet age. On October 1, 1959, Rickenbacker's position as CEO was taken over by [[Malcolm A. MacIntyre]], a brilliant lawyer but a man inexperienced in airline operations.'<ref name="Rickenbacker, 1967">Rickenbacker, 1967</ref> Rickenbacker's ouster was largely due to his reluctance to acquire expensive jets as he underestimated their appeal to the public. A new management team headed by [[Floyd D. Hall]] took over on December 16, 1963, and Rickenbacker left his position as director and chairman of the board on December 31, 1963, aged 73.<ref name="Rickenbacker, 1967"/>

In 1956, Eastern bought [[Colonial Airlines]], giving the airline its first routes to Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Commercial_Aviation/EasternAirlines/Tran13.htm |title=Eastern Air Lines History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207020805/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Commercial_Aviation/EasternAirlines/Tran13.htm |archive-date=December 7, 2006 }}</ref>

===The Jet Age===
[[File:Eastern Airlines DC-3.JPG|right|thumb|An Eastern Air Lines [[Douglas DC-3|DC-3]] on display at the [[National Air and Space Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
[[File:Eastern Air Lines L-188 Electra N5512.jpg|thumb|An Eastern Air Lines [[Lockheed L-188 Electra|Electra]], at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington National Airport]] in 1975]]
[[File:Boeing 747-121 N735PA EAL lsd MIA 07.02.71 edited-2.jpg|thumb|A Boeing 747 showing Eastern Airlines' longtime [[Aircraft livery|livery]] of a cheatline extended up the tail in 1971]]
In November 1959, Eastern Air Lines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 at New York City's [[Idlewild International Airport]], later renamed [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]. In 1960, Eastern's first [[jet aircraft|jets]], Douglas [[Douglas DC-8|DC-8-21]]s, started to take over the longer flights, like the non-stops from [[Chicago]] and [[New York City]] to [[Miami]]. The DC-8s were joined in 1962 by the [[Boeing 720]] and in 1964 by the [[Boeing 727-100]], which Eastern (along with [[American Airlines]] and [[United Airlines]]) had helped Boeing to develop. On February 1, 1964, Eastern was the first airline to fly the 727. Shortly after that,  a new image was adopted, the famous ''hockey stick'' design, officially Caribbean Blue over Ionosphere Blue. Eastern was also the first US carrier to fly the [[Airbus A300]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern to study Airbus buy|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19770511&id=yIAqAAAAIBAJ&pg=3287,4831250|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=May 11, 1977}}</ref> and the launch customer for the [[Boeing 757]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Boeing Company|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/757family/pf/pf_200back.html|title=Commercial Airplanes|access-date=June 26, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030022/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/757family/pf/pf_200back.html|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref>

On April 30, 1961, Eastern inaugurated [[Eastern Air Lines Shuttle]]. Initially 95-seat [[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation|Lockheed Constellation 1049s and 1049Cs]] left [[LaGuardia Airport|New York-LaGuardia]] every two hours, 8&nbsp;am to 10&nbsp;pm, to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington National]] and to [[Logan International Airport|Boston]].<ref>Thomas Petzinger, ''Hard landing: The Epic Contest for Power and Profits that Plunged the Airlines into Chaos'' (Random House, 1996)</ref> Flights soon became hourly, 7&nbsp;am to 10&nbsp;pm out of each city. No reservations or tickets were required; passengers could pay their fare in cash on board the flight.  If a plane filled up at departure time, another plane was rolled out to carry any extra passengers.

Internationalization began as Eastern opened routes to markets such as [[Santo Domingo]] and [[Nassau, Bahamas]]. Services from [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]'s [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] were expanded. In 1967, Eastern purchased [[Mackey Airlines]], a small air carrier primarily operating in Florida and the Bahamas as part of this expansion.  In 1973, Eastern purchased [[Caribair (Puerto Rico)]], a small airline based in Puerto Rico which operated [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30]] jets in the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2016/03/31/tbt-throwback-thursday-in-aviation-history-caribair/|title=TBT (Throwback Thursday) in Aviation History: Caribair &#124; AirlineGeeks.com|first1=AirlineGeeks com StaffAirlineGeeks com was founded in February 2013 as a one-person blog in Washington D. C. Since|last1=then|first2=we’ve grown to have 25+ active team members scattered across the globe We are all here for the same reason: we love deep-diving into the fascinating realm of the airline|last2=industry|date=March 31, 2016|website=AirlineGeeks.com }}</ref>

Eastern bought the [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] and [[Airbus A300]] widebody jets; the former would become known in the [[Caribbean]] as ''El Grandote'' (the huge one). Although Eastern had purchased four 747s, the delivery slots were sold to [[Trans World Airlines]] ([[TWA]]) when Eastern decided to purchase the L-1011.

Due to massive delays in the L-1011 program, mainly due to problems with the [[Rolls-Royce RB211]] engines, Eastern leased two [[Boeing 747-100]]s from [[Pan Am]] between 1970 and 1972 and operated the aircraft between Chicago and San Juan as well as from New York to Miami and San Juan.

{{Blockquote|The RB211 programme might easily have foundered in 1971 if it had not been for the steadfast support of Eastern Airlines, one of the major launch customers for the Lockheed TriStars. The President of Eastern was [[Samuel L. Higginbottom|Sam Higginbottom]], who never wavered and thereby acquired some criticism.|[[Stanley Hooker]]<ref>"Not much of an Engineer" by Stanley Hooker,</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZ18AwAAQBAJ&q=rb211+nimonic&pg=PT228 | title=Not Much of an Engineer| isbn=9781847973252| last1=Hooker| first1=Sir Stanley| last2=Gunston| first2=Bill| date=2011-09-20| publisher=Crowood}}</ref>}}

Just before [[Walt Disney World Resort|Walt Disney World]] opened in 1971, Eastern became its "official airline". It remained the official airline of Walt Disney World and sponsored a ride at the [[Magic Kingdom]] park ([[If You Had Wings]] in [[Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)|Tomorrowland]] where [[Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin]] is currently located) until its contracting route network forced Disney to switch to Delta shortly before Eastern's 1989 bankruptcy filing.

The famous "Wings of Man" campaign in the late 1960s was created by advertising agency [[Young & Rubicam]], and restored Eastern's tarnished image until the late 1970s, when former [[astronaut]] [[Frank Borman]] became president and it was replaced by a new campaign, "We Have To Earn Our Wings Every Day". The new campaign, which featured Borman as a spokesperson, was used until the mid-to-late 1980s.

===Turmoil===
[[File:Boeing 727-25 N8125N EAL JFK 17.09.70 edited-3.jpg|thumb|An Eastern [[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-25]] outside the terminal at [[John F Kennedy Airport]] in 1970]]
[[File:Douglas DC-8-21 N8608 EAL MIA 19.10.70 edited-3.jpg|thumb|An Eastern [[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-21]] at [[Miami International Airport]] in 1970]]
[[File:Lockheed L-1011-1 N328EA EAL MIA 18.07.76 edited-3.jpg|thumb|Eastern's [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar|Lockheed TriStar]] ''Whisperliner'' landing at [[Miami International Airport|Miami]] in 1976]]
[[File:Douglas DC-9-51 N406EA EAL DCA 26.06.82 edited-2.jpg|thumb|A 1982 photo of a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]], a stretched DC-9-51 model, which served Eastern from 1965 until the airline's closure]]
[[File:Eastern Air Lines Airbus A300 at St Maarten December 1986.jpg|thumb|A Eastern [[Airbus A300]] at [[Princess Juliana International Airport|Saint Maarten]] in 1986]]
In 1975, Eastern was headquartered at [[Rockefeller Plaza|10 Rockefeller Plaza]] in [[Manhattan]].<ref>''World Airline Directory''. Flight International. March 20, 1975. "[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200548.html 484]. Retrieved on October 3, 2009.</ref> After Frank Borman became president of Eastern Air Lines in late 1975, he moved Eastern's headquarters from [[Rockefeller Center]] to [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]].<ref name=mmbgeog/><ref>Bernstein, Aaron. ''Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines''. Beard Books, 1999. p. 22. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k4Y94lYVuqkC&dq=Eastern+Airlines+headquarters+%22Rockefeller+Center%22&pg=PA22 22]. Retrieved on August 28, 2009.</ref>

Eastern's massive [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]] hub was in direct competition with [[Delta Air Lines]], where the two carriers competed heavily to neither's benefit. Delta's less-unionized work force and slowly expanding international route network helped lead it through the turbulent period following [[Airline Deregulation Act|deregulation]] in 1978.

In 1980, a Caribbean hub was started at [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] (known at the time as "Isla Verde International Airport") near [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. In 1982, Eastern acquired [[Braniff International Airways|Braniff]]'s South American route network. By 1985, Eastern was the largest ATA airline in terms of passengers<ref>[https://airlines.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1986.pdf ''1986 Annual Report of the U.S. Scheduled Airline Industry'' (PDF)]. Air Transport Association. June 1986. p.&nbsp;11.</ref> and operated in 26 countries on three continents.

During this era, Eastern's fleet was split between their "silver-colored hockey stick" livery (the lack of paint reduced weight by 100 pounds) and their "white-colored hockey stick" livery (on its [[Airbus]]-manufactured planes, which required paint to cover the aircraft's composite skin panels).

In 1983, Eastern became the launch customer of [[Boeing]]'s [[Boeing 757|757]], which was ordered in 1978. Borman felt that its low cost of operation would make it an invaluable asset to the airline in the years to come. Lower oil prices failed to materialize and the debt created by this purchase coupled with the Airbus A300 purchases in 1977 contributed to the February 1986 sale to [[Frank Lorenzo]]'s [[Texas Air]]. At that time, Eastern was paying over $700,000 in interest each day before they sold a ticket, fueled, or boarded a single aircraft.

Starting about 1985, Eastern offered "Moonlight Specials", with passenger seats on overnight flights scheduled for cargo from thirty freight companies. The flights, which operated between midnight and 7 am, served 18 cities in the United States connecting mainly to Houston (IAH). Eric Schmitt of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that the services were "a hybrid of late-night, red-eye flights and the barebones [[People Express Airlines (1980s)|People Express]] approach to service". The holds of the aircraft were reserved for cargo such as express mail, machine tool parts, and textiles. Because of this, the airline allowed each passenger to take up to two carry-on bags. The airline charged $10 for each checked bag, which was shipped standby. The airline charged between 50 cents and $3 for beverages and snacks. An Eastern flight attendant quoted in ''The New York Times'' said that the passengers on the special flights were "a cross section of families, college kids, illegal aliens and weirdos from L.A."<ref>Schmitt, Eric. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/09/nyregion/overnight-flight-bargain-for-spontaneous-travelers.html?pagewanted=1 Overnight Flight – Bargain for Spontaneous Flyers]". ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 9, 1987. Retrieved on April 30, 2010.</ref>

Eastern began losing money as it faced competition from [[low cost airline|no-frills]] airlines, such as [[People Express Airlines (1980s)|People Express]], which offered lower fares. In an attempt to differentiate itself from its bargain competitors, Eastern began a marketing campaign stressing its quality of service and its rank of highly experienced pilots.

==== Sale to Texas Air ====
Unable to keep up, Borman agreed to the sale of the airline in 1986 to [[Texas Air]], led by [[Frank Lorenzo]], which had already purchased [[Continental Airlines]] and lost a bidding war for TWA to [[Carl Icahn]].

In February 1987, the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] imposed a $9.5 million fine against Eastern Air Lines for safety violations,<ref>"[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7998449.html EASTERN WILL PAY $9.5M FINE]". ''[[Associated Press]]'', Washington D.C., February 11, 1987. Retrieved on March 16, 2010</ref> which was the largest fine assessed against an airline until [[American Airlines]] was fined $24.2 million in 2010.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3TU20100826 Record $24.2 million fine proposed for American Airlines]". ''[[Reuters]]'', Washington D.C., August 26, 2010. Retrieved on August 26, 2010</ref> Eastern's FAA violations all occurred prior to the acquisition by Texas Air.

In 1988, Phil Bakes, the president of Eastern Air Lines, announced plans to lay off 4,000 employees and eliminate and reduce service to airports in the [[Western United States]]; he said that the airline was going "back to our roots" in the East. At the time, Eastern was the largest corporate employer in the Miami area and remained so after the cuts. John Nordheimer wrote in ''The New York Times'' that Eastern's prominence in the Miami area decreased as the city became a finance and trade center with a diversified local economy, instead of one based largely on [[tourism]].<ref>Nordheimer, John. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/24/us/cuts-by-eastern-shaking-miami-in-many-ways.html Cuts by Eastern Shaking Miami In Many Ways]". ''[[The New York Times]]''. Sunday July 24, 1988. New York Edition Section 1, Page 14. Retrieved on August 28, 2009.</ref>

====Liquidation====
During Lorenzo's tenure, Eastern was crippled by severe labor unrest that began long before the acquisition. Asked to accept deep cuts in pay and benefits, on March 4, 1989, Lorenzo [[Lockout (industry)|locked out]] Eastern's mechanics and ramp service employees, represented by the [[International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers]] (IAM). Concerned that Lorenzo's successful breaking of the IAM would do the same to the pilots' and flight attendants' unions, the pilots represented by [[Air Line Pilots Association, International|Air Line Pilots Association]] (ALPA) and [[flight attendant]]s represented by the [[Transport Workers Union of America|Transport Workers Union]] (TWU) called a sympathy strike, which effectively shut down the airline's domestic operations. Non-contract employees, including airport gate and ticket counter agents and reservation sales agents, could not honor the strike. Due to the lockout and sympathy strike, cancelled flights resulted in the loss of millions of dollars in revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Turbulence - Page 4 |url=https://airlinesalary.com/eastern-airlines-files?start=3 |access-date=November 4, 2024 |website=airlinesalary.com}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

As a result of the strike, a weakened airline structure, high fuel prices, an inability to compete after deregulation and other financial problems, Eastern filed for [[bankruptcy]] protection on March 9,<ref>{{cite book| last=Bernstein| first=Aaron| title=Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines| publisher=Simon and Schuster| year=1990| location=New York| page=166| isbn=0-671-69538-X}}</ref> which allowed Eastern to continue operating on a smaller scale. Lorenzo initially sought a sale of the entire airline, and on April 6, Eastern agreed to be acquired by former Major League Baseball commissioner [[Peter Uberroth]] for $464 million. However, the transaction was terminated on April 12 after Lorenzo refused to give temporary control to a trustee. The sale process was then terminated on April 18, and Lorenzo proposed a sale of $1.8 million in assets that would allow the airline to continue operating independently.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Lawrence A. |last2=Wruck |first2=Karen H. |date=September 23, 1996 |title=Information Problems, Conflicts of Interest and Asset Stripping: Chapter 11's Failure in the Case of Eastern Airlines |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=60064 |journal=Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 97-013, And/Or INSEAD Working Paper 96/48/AC|ssrn=60064 }}</ref>

In May 1989, Eastern sold its East Coast shuttle service to real estate mogul [[Donald Trump]] for $365 million. Trump continued operating the service as the [[Trump Shuttle]]. In August, Eastern signed a deal to sell sixteen DC-9 aircraft and gates in Philadelphia, Washington, and New York to [[Midway Airlines (1976–1991)|Midway Airlines]] for $210 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 3, 1989 |title=Eastern, Midway Deal Signed: Eastern Airlines signed... |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-03-fi-1012-story.html |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In May 1990, [[American Airlines]] acquired Eastern's Latin American routes and related assets for $471 million.<ref name=":0" />

After several failed attempts at obtaining creditor approval for restructuring plans, Lorenzo lost control of Eastern in April 1990, when former Continental president Martin Shugrue was appointed as trustee to manage Eastern's reorganization. A report prepared by David Shapiro, an examiner appointed by the bankruptcy court overseeing Eastern's bankruptcy filing, concluded that Eastern was shortchanged by Texas Air in numerous transactions between the two. For example, Texas Air bought assets like System One, a computer reservation operation, from Eastern at a price far below market value.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salpukas |first1=Agis |title=Continental Takes Offer By Investor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/business/company-news-continental-takes-offer-by-investor.html |access-date=March 19, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=July 10, 1992}}</ref> Eastern tried to remain in business in an attempt to correct its cash flow, but to no avail.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eastern looks better with Lorenzo gone |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19900420&id=eRdUAAAAIBAJ&pg=5814,1592666 |access-date=September 3, 2012|newspaper=Boca Raton News |date=April 20, 1990}}</ref>

Under bankruptcy, Eastern launched a "100 Days" advertising campaign, in which it promised to "become a little bit better every day". The ads were conceived by advertising agency [[Ogilvy (agency)|Ogilvy & Mather]] in New York, and started being broadcast on June 17, 1990, during the prime-time hours in 33 markets around the United States. The ads featured Martin Shugrue, the airline's court-appointed trustee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern's unusual ads are getting noticed |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/07/15/eastern-s-unusual-ads-are-getting-noticed/ |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> While the campaign helped the company increase by 73% the number of bookings, it did not stop the company from going bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foltz |first=Kim |date=October 8, 1990 |title=New Eastern Commercials Drop Executive's Star Role |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/08/business/media-business-advertising-new-eastern-commercials-drop-executive-s-star-role.html |access-date=October 23, 2024 |work=[[The New York times]] |page=D8}}</ref>

Ultimately, Eastern Airlines stopped flying at midnight on Saturday, January 19, 1991. The previous evening, company agents, unaware of the decision, continued to take reservations and told callers that the airline was not closing. Following the announcement, 5,000 of the 18,000 employees immediately lost their jobs. Of the remaining employees, reservation agents were told to report to work at their regular times, while other employees were told not to report to work unless asked to do so.<ref name=nyt-shutting>{{cite news |last1=Salpukas |first1=Agis |title=Eastern Airlines Is Shutting Down And Plans to Liquidate Its Assets |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 19, 1991 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/19/business/eastern-airlines-is-shutting-down-and-plans-to-liquidate-its-assets.html |access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref> The Eastern shutdown eliminated many airline industry jobs in the [[Miami]] and [[New York City]] areas.<ref name="PanAmdead">{{cite news |last1=Salpukas |first1=Agis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/05/business/its-cash-depleted-pan-am-shuts.html |title=Its Cash Depleted, Pan Am Shuts |work=The New York Times |date=December 5, 1991 |access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref>

Later that month, [[Delta Air Lines]] acquired Eastern's gates at Atlanta, and [[Northwest Airlines]] acquired Eastern's gates at Washington National.<ref name=":0" />

==Company slogans==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Eastern Air Lines pin.jpg|thumb|A lapel pin of Eastern Air Lines.]]
* First in on-time dependability (1963)
* See How Much Better An Airline Can Be (1963-late 1960s) 
* We want everyone to fly (1967-late 1960s)
* Number one to the sun (late 1960s)
* We earn our wings every day (early 1970s-mid-1980s)
* The wings of man (1970s-mid-1980s)
* Official Airline of [[Walt Disney World]] (1971–1987)<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2018 |title=Eastern, The Official Airline of Walt Disney World (+VIDEOS) - Vintage Airliners |url=https://vintageairliners.com/eastern-the-official-airline-of-walt-disney-world/ |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=vintageairliners.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2018 |title="The Wings of Man" at Walt Disney World |url=https://www.nycaviation.com/2018/05/the-wings-of-man-at-walt-disney-world/43546 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=NYCAviation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* We Have To Earn Our Wings Every Day (1980-mid-1980s)
* We've got your sunshine (mid-1980s)
* America's Favorite way to Fly (Spanish variant: "Su forma favorita de volar") <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HC_qZ385Dt4 Commercial Eastern Air Lines 1983]. YouTube (November 11, 2010). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref> (late 1980s)
* Official Airline of the [[Tampa Bay Bucs]] (late 1980s)
* 100 Days (Early 1990–1991)
* The second largest airline in the free world
* Las Alas de America (Spanish 1980–1991)

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Revenue Passenger-Miles (Millions)<ref>1951-75 from CAB's Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1981-89 from IATA's World Air Transport Statistics</ref>
|+(Scheduled Service Only)
|-
! !! Eastern !! [[Caribair (Puerto Rico)|Caribair]] !! [[Mackey Airlines|Mackey]] !! Midet !! [[Colonial Airlines|Colonial]]
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1951
| 1630 || 8 || - || - || 94
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1955
| 3583 || 11 || 8 || 1 || 129
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1960
| 4764 || 27 || 22 || (merged Mackey) || (merged EA)
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1965
| 7956 || 74 || 41
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1970
| 14671 || 107 || (merged EA)
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1975
| 18169 || (merged)
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1981
| 26501
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1985
| 33086
|- style="text-align:right;"
! scope="row" | 1989
| 11592
|}

==Fleet==
[[File:Eastern Air Lines L-1011-1 N319EA MIA 1989-7-4.png|thumb|An Eastern Air Lines [[Lockheed L-1011#L-1011-1|Lockheed L-1011-1]] at Miami International Airport in 1989]]
[[File:Eastern Air Lines A300B4-100 N201EA MIA 1990-5-31.png|thumb|An Eastern Air Lines [[Airbus A300#A300B4|Airbus A300B4-100]] at [[Miami International Airport]] in 1990]]
[[File:Eastern Air Lines Boeing 727-200 Adv N812EA MIA 1990-5-12.png|thumb|An Eastern Air Lines [[Boeing 727-200 Advanced#727-200|Boeing 727-200 Advanced]] at Miami International Airport in 1990]]

Eastern Air Lines flew many different types of aircraft throughout its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aerobernie.bplaced.net/Eastern%20Airlines.html|title=Eastern Air Lines fleet|website=aerobernie.bplaced.net|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center"
|+ Eastern Air Lines Historical Fleet
|- 
!Aircraft
!Total
!Introduced
!Retired
!Notes
|-
|[[Airbus A300B2]]
|2
|1980
|1988
|
|- 
|[[Airbus A300B4]]
|32
|1977
|1991
|First U.S. airline operator of this type
|- 
|[[Aero Commander 500B]]
|2
|1965
|1975
|
|-
|[[Boeing 720]]
|15
|1961
|1970
|All returned to [[Boeing]]
|-
|[[Boeing 727-100]]
|75
|1964
|1991
|Launch customer
|-
|[[Boeing 727-200|Boeing 727-200/Adv]]
|99
|1968
|1991
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-100]]
|3
|1971
|1972
|Leased from [[Pan Am]] before the L-1011 arrived
|- 
|[[Boeing 747-200B]]
|{{Unknown}}
|colspan=2|Cancelled
|For planned services to Europe, bought from [[Qantas]] <br /> One aircraft painted but never delivered
|- 
|[[Boeing 757-200]]
|25
|1983
|1991
|Launch customer along with [[British Airways]]
|-
|[[Breguet 941]]
|1
|1968
|1968
|Demonstration use only
|-
|[[Convair 340]]
|2
|1973
|1974
|
|-
|[[Convair 440]]
|20
|1957
|1970
|
|-
|[[Convair 640]]
|6
|1973
|1974
|
|-
|[[Curtiss C-46 Commando]]
|2
|1942
|1943
|
|-
|[[Curtiss T-32 Condor II|Curtiss Condor]]
|6
|1930
|1936
|
|-
|[[Curtiss Kingbird]]
|14
|1930
|1934
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-2]]
|14
|1934
|1941
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-3]]
|76
|1936
|1957
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-4]]
|38
|1946
|1960
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-6]]
|6
|1967
|1967
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-6B]]
|10
|1955
|1962
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-7B]]
|54
|1953
|1966
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-21]]
|16
|1960
|1979
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-51]]
|3
|1964
|1972
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-54CF]]
|2
|1965
|1968
|Leased from [[Capitol Air]]
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-61]]
|17
|1967
|1976
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-63PF]]
|6
|1969
|1974
|
|-
|[[Fokker F-10]]
|2
|1931
|1931
|Leased from [[General Air Lines]]
|-
|[[Ford Tri-Motor]]
|4
|1929
|1933
|
|-
|[[Kellett KD-1]]
|1
|1939
|1940
|
|-
|[[Lockheed Model 10 Electra]]
|6
|1935
|1937
|
|-
|[[Lockheed L-049 Constellation]]
|10
|1956
|1958
|
|-
|[[Lockheed L-749 Constellation]]
|21
|1947
|1961
|
|-
|[[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]]
|76
|1951
|1968
|
|-
|[[Lockheed L-188 Electra]]
|40
|1959
|1978
|First and only turboprop aircraft flown by Eastern in mainline operation
|-
|[[Lockheed L-1011|Lockheed L-1011-1 TriStar]]
|66
|1972
|1991
|Launch customer along with [[Trans World Airlines]]. One written off as [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]]
|-
|[[Lockheed JetStar]]
|2
|1970
|1973
|For corporate use only
|-
|[[Martin 4-0-4]]
|60
|1951
|1962
|Largest operator of the type in operation
|-
|[[Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14]]
|15
|1965
|1980
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31]]
|75
|1967
|1991
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32]]
|7
|1987
|1991
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-51]]
|26
|1978
|1991
|
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30]]
|3
|1985
|1990
|Formerly from [[Alitalia]]. Used for long range services to Europe and South America
|-
|[[Pitcairn Mailwing]]
|54
|1927
|1937
|First aircraft to begin operations as Eastern Air Transport Inc.
|-
|[[Rockwell Sabreliner]]
|1
|1969
|1970
|
|-
|[[Travel Air 2000]]
|1
|{{Unknown}}
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|}

==Eastern Express, Eastern Metro Express, Eastern Partner and Caribair==
Several regional and commuter airlines provided passenger feed for Eastern via [[code sharing]] agreements with their aircraft liveries reflecting the Eastern mainline paint scheme.  There were a number of brandings including: Eastern Express, Eastern Atlantis Express, and Eastern Metro Express.  [[LIAT]], a Caribbean-based airline, also operated Eastern Partner service.

'''Eastern Express''' air carriers and their aircraft included:<ref>http://www.departedflights.com, July 2, 1983, Eastern Air Lines route map</ref><ref>http://www.airliners.net, photos of Eastern Express aircraft</ref>

*[[Air Midwest]] operating [[Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner]] (Metro II model) turboprops
*[[Atlantis Airlines (United States)|Atlantis Airlines]] operating [[British Aerospace]] [[BAe Jetstream 31]], [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]], and [[Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner]] turboprops
*[[Bar Harbor Airlines]] operating [[ATR-42]], [[Beechcraft 1900C]], [[Beechcraft 99]], and [[Saab 340A]] turboprops 
*[[Metro Airlines]] operating [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]] turboprops
*Precision Airlines operating [[Dornier 228]] turboprops
*[[Provincetown-Boston Airlines]] (PBA) operating [[Douglas DC-3]] prop aircraft
*Sunaire (Aviation Associates), a division of [[Metro Airlines]] operating [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]] turboprops

'''Eastern Atlantis Express''' was operated by [[Atlantis Airlines (United States)|Atlantis Airlines]] with [[BAe Jetstream 31]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airteamimages.com/british-aerospace-jetstream-31_N992AX_eastern-atlanis-express_115761_large.html|title=British Aerospace Jetstream 31 - Large Preview - AirTeamImages.com|website=www.airteamimages.com}}</ref>

'''Eastern Metro Express''' was operated by [[Metro Airlines]] and was based at Eastern's Atlanta (ATL) hub operating [[British Aerospace]] [[BAe Jetstream 31]] and [[Bombardier Dash 8|de Havilland Canada DHC-8-100 Dash 8]] turboprops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunshineskies.com/eametro.html|title=Eastern Metro Express|website=Sunshine Skies}}</ref>

'''Eastern Partner''' was operated by a Caribbean-based airline, [[LIAT|Leeward Islands Air Transport]], with turboprop service between Eastern's [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport|San Juan hub]] and [[Antigua]], [[St. Kitts]] and [[St. Maarten]].<ref>http://www.airtimes.com/cgat/ag/liat/2a/easternpartner January 31, 1968, Eastern Partner route map</ref>

Eastern also worked closely with another Caribbean-based airline, '''[[Caribair (Puerto Rico)]]'''. The June 13, 1967, Eastern system timetable lists connecting flights operated by Caribair [[Convair 640]] turboprops with service between Eastern's San Juan hub and St. Croix and St. Thomas.<ref>http://www.timetableimages.com, June 13, 1967, Eastern Airlines system timetable</ref> By 1970, San Juan-based Caribair had become an all-jet airline operating [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30]] aircraft serving fourteen Caribbean islands as well as Miami with the air carrier subsequently being acquired by Eastern in 1973.<ref>http://www.airwaysnews.com/html/timetables-and-route-maps/caribbean-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  April 1, 1970, Caribair system timetable</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==

===Fatal accidents===
* August 10, 1937, Trip 7, a [[Douglas DC-2]] (NC13739), crashed on takeoff at [[Daytona Beach International Airport|Daytona Beach Municipal Airport]] after it struck a utility pylon during a nighttime take off, killing four of nine on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC13739|id=19370810-0|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* February 26, 1941, [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 21|Flight 21]], a [[Douglas DC-3|Douglas DST]], crashed near Atlanta in fog due to a misread altimeter, almost killing [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], who was traveling on airline business. His recovery in the hospital received broad press coverage; during his initial recovery, several incorrect news reports claimed that he had died. Of 16 on board, 8 died, including Congressman [[William D. Byron]]. [[Clara Littledale|Clara Savage Littledale]], editor of [[Parents (magazine)|''Parents'']] magazine, survived.<ref name="NAW">Littledale, Clara Savage. Edited by Barbara Sicherman, 1934- and Carol Hurd Green, 1935-; in Notable American Women: The Modern Period (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 458-459</ref> Littledale recounted her experience of the crash for ''Parents''.<ref name="NICELY">Hecht, G. J., & Clara, S. L. (1941, 05). Mrs. Littledale is doing nicely, thanks! Parents' Magazine, 16, 40.</ref>  Her husband, [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Harold A. Littledale]], was paralyzed as a result of the crash.<ref name=news>{{cite news |title=H. A. Littledale, Writer Who Started NJ Prison Reforms |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/530565852/ |work=The News (Paterson, New Jersey, page 31) |agency=Newspapers.com |date=August 12, 1957 |language=en}}</ref>
* July 12, 1945: [[Eastern Airlines Flight 45|Flight 45]], a [[Douglas DC-3|Douglas DC-3-201C]] (NC25647) flying from Washington, DC to [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia, SC]], collided in mid-air with [[USAAF]] [[A-26 Invader|A-26C Invader]] near Florence, South Carolina. The A-26 lost control and crashed; two crew parachuted but only one survived. The DC-3 executed a [[forced landing]] in a cornfield, killing one passenger, a two-year-old boy.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19450712-0 ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-201C NC25647 Florence, SC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022002426/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19450712-0 |date=October 22, 2012 }}. Aviation-safety.net (July 12, 1945). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref>
* September 7, 1945: Flight 42, a Douglas DC-3-201G (NC33631), crashed near Florence, South Carolina following an unexplained fire in the rear of the aircraft. Control was lost after the right elevator also caught fire and the aircraft crashed in a swampy, wooded area, killing all 22 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC33631|id=19450907-0|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* December 30, 1945: Flight 14, a Douglas DC-3-201 (NC18123), overran the runway while landing at LaGuardia Airport after approaching too high and too fast, killing one of 14 of board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC18123|id=19451230-0|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* January 18, 1946: Flight 105, a Douglas DC-3-201E (NC19970), crashed at Cheshire, Connecticut after a loss of control caused by wing separation, killing all 17 on board. A fire, caused by a fuel leak, started in the left engine and spread to the wing, causing it to collapse and fail.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC19970|id=19460118-0|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* January 12, 1947: Flight 665, a [[Douglas C-49]] (NC88872), crashed at Galax, Virginia after the pilot deviated from the flight route, killing 18 of 19 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC88872|id=19470112-0|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* May 30, 1947: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 605|Flight 605]], a [[Douglas DC-4]] en route from Newark to Miami, crashed near Bainbridge, Maryland, killing all 53 aboard. At the time, Flight 605 was the deadliest crash in United States aviation history. "Loss of control" was cited as the reason for the crash.
* January 13, 1948: Flight 572, a Douglas DC-3-201F (NC28384), crashed at Oxon Hill, Maryland after striking trees while on approach to Washington National Airport, killing five of nine on board; the aircraft was flying too low.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC28384|id=19480113-2|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* February 7, 1948: Flight 611, a [[Lockheed L-649 Constellation]] (NC112A), suffered a propeller blade separation over the Atlantic Ocean 156&nbsp;mi off Brunswick, Georgia. Three hours after takeoff, the number three propeller failed and a portion of a blade penetrated the fuselage, cutting control cables, electrical wires and engine controls and killing a crew member before exiting the fuselage on the opposite side. After this the front portion of the number three engine broke free and fell off. A rapid descent was initiated. At 12,000 feet the descent was stopped. Due to instrument failure the aircraft descended visually to 1,000 feet. On landing the number four engine was shut down and the brakes applied hard, which blew out a tire. Fires started in the landing gear and number four engine but were quickly extinguished. Despite the damage, the aircraft was repaired and returned to service.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC112A|id=19480207-0|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* November 1, 1949: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 537|Flight 537]], a [[Douglas DC-4]] (N88727) on approach to [[Reagan National Airport|Washington National Airport]], collided in mid-air with a [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]] being test-flown for acceptance by the Government of Bolivia, killing all 55 aboard the DC-4 and seriously injuring the pilot of the P-38. At the time it was the deadliest airliner crash in United States history.
* October 19, 1953: A [[Lockheed L-749A Constellation]] (N119A) from [[Idlewild International Airport]] to [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]], crashed shortly after takeoff, killing two of 27 on board.<ref name=ASN191053>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19531019-0|title=Accident description|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|access-date=March 11, 2010}}</ref>
* December 21, 1955: A Lockheed L-749A Constellation (N112A) crashed on approach to Jacksonville's Imeson Airport arriving from Miami, with further scheduled stops at Washington, DC, New York and Boston. Twelve passengers and a crew of five were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/122105/met_20621930.shtml|title=The crash of Eastern Flight 642: 50 years later - Jacksonville.com|first=JESSIE-LYNNE|last=KERR}}</ref>
* October 4, 1960: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 375|Flight 375]] (a [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]]) departing Boston's [[Logan International Airport]] for [[Philadelphia]] crashed on takeoff after [[bird strike|striking]] a flock of birds. Sixty-two of the 72 passengers and crew were killed.
* November 30, 1962: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 512|Flight 512]] (a [[Douglas DC-7]]) crashed during a [[go around]] after failing to land due to fog at [[Idlewild Airport]] (now JFK) in [[New York City]]. Of the 51 passengers and crew on board, 25 were killed.
* February 25, 1964: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 304|Flight 304]] (a [[Douglas DC-8]]) flying from New Orleans International Airport to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington-National Airport]] crashed into [[Lake Pontchartrain]] en route due to "degradation of aircraft stability characteristics in [[Clear-air turbulence|turbulence]], because of abnormal longitudinal trim component positions". All 51 passengers and seven crew aboard were killed.
* February 8, 1965: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 663|Flight 663]], a Douglas DC-7 departing from [[New York City]] to [[Richmond, Virginia]], crashed at [[Jones Beach State Park]] after takeoff from [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK]] when it was forced to evade inbound [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] Flight 212. All 84 on board died. The evasive action was blamed for causing the plane to lose control.
* December 4, 1965: Flight 853, a Lockheed L-1049C Super Constellation, [[1965 Carmel mid-air collision|collided]] with TWA Flight 42, a [[Boeing 707]], over Carmel, New York. The Constellation crashed on Hunt Mountain in North Salem, New York, killing four of 53 on board while the 707 landed safely with no casualties.
* December 29, 1972: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401|Flight 401]] (a brand new [[Lockheed L-1011]]) was preparing to land in [[Miami]], when the flight crew became distracted by a non-functioning gear light. The flight crashed in the [[Everglades]], killing 101 of 176 on board. This was the first major crash of a widebody jet aircraft.
* September 11, 1974: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 212|Flight 212]], a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9-31]] carrying 78 passengers and four crew, crashed while conducting an [[instrument approach]] in dense ground fog at [[Charlotte/Douglas International Airport|Douglas Municipal Airport]]. The aircraft crashed just short of the runway, killing 72; three survivors subsequently died from their injuries. Killed on this flight were [[James William Colbert Jr.|James]], Peter, and Paul Colbert, the father and older brothers (respectively) of comedian [[Stephen Colbert]].<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stephen-colbert-on-insincerity/ "Stephen Colbert On Insincerity"], ''[[60 Minutes]]'', April 27, 2006</ref>
* June 24, 1975: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 66|Flight 66]], a [[Boeing 727]], crashed into runway approach lights as it penetrated a thunderstorm near the ILS localizer course line at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK]] in New York City, killing 113 passengers and crew. The official cause of the accident was a sudden high rate of descent, caused by severe downdrafts from the thunderstorm, and the continued use of the runway despite the hazardous weather. [[American Basketball Association|ABA]] basketball star [[Wendell Ladner]] was one of the passengers killed in the crash.
* January 1, 1985: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 980|Flight 980]], a [[Boeing 727]] struck Mount [[Illimani]] on a flight from [[Silvio Pettirossi International Airport]] in [[Asunción, Paraguay]], to [[El Alto International Airport]] in [[La Paz, Bolivia]]. All 19 passengers and 10 crew were killed on impact.

===Non-fatal accidents and incidents===
[[File:Eastern Air Lines Lockheed L-749A crash Curles Neck Farm.jpg|thumb|Flight 601, the subject of a July 19, 1951, incident]]
* December 19, 1936: A Douglas DC-2-112 (NC13732) struck trees and crashed near Milford, Connecticut due to pilot error and radio problems; all 11 on board survived. The aircraft was leased from North American Aviation.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC13732|id=19361219-0|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* October 18, 1938: A Douglas DC-2-112 (NC13735) had engine failure while taking off from Montgomery, Alabama.  The engine caught fire and fell from the plane.  The plane struck a tree upon landing in a field just a few miles from the airport.  All 13 on board, including the crew of 3, survived with only the Captain, [[John David Hissong]], sustaining minor burns.
* April 3, 1941: A Douglas DC-3-201B (NC21727) crashed into water off Vero Beach, Florida during a storm; although all 16 on board were injured, none were killed. The aircraft was written off.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC21727|id=19410403-0|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* November 19, 1943: Trip 12, a Douglas DC-3-201E (NC19968), made an emergency landing at New Orleans en route from Houston after the pilot allowed the aircraft to descend too low during the second attempt to land. The number one propeller hit the water, causing portions of the engine and cowling to break off. All 15 on board survived. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC19968|id=19431119-0|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* October 11, 1946: Flight 546, a [[Douglas C-54B]] (NC88729), struck a ridge near Alexandria, Virginia while on approach to Washington National Airport; all 26 on board survived. During the approach, the aircraft had descended too low.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC88729|id=19461011-0|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* December 19, 1946: Flight 605, a Douglas C-54B (NC88813) collided in mid-air with Universal Air Lines Flight 7, a Douglas C-47 (NC54374), near Aberdeen, Maryland. The C-47 departed Newark for Raleigh, while the C-54 departed Newark 15 minutes later for a non-stop flight to Miami. Near Aberdeen the C-54 flew past the C-47. The C-54 co-pilot saw the lights of an aircraft close and to the left of the C-54, which turned out to be the C-47. The C-54 pilot rolled into a right bank and forcefully pulled up the nose, causing the rear of the C-54 to strike the forward top portion of the C-47. The C-47 landed safely at Philips Army Air Field while the C-54 diverted to Washington. There were no casualties on either aircraft and both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC54374|id=19461219-1|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC88813|id=19461219-2|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* January 21, 1948: Flight 604, a Lockheed L-649 Constellation (NC111A), crashed into a snow bank while landing at Logan International Airport following a loss of control due to a snow-covered runway; all 25 on board survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=NC111A|id=19480121-0|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* July 19, 1951: Flight 601, a Lockheed L-749A Constellation (N119A), suffered severe buffeting after an access door opened in flight. A flapless wheels-up landing was made at [[Curles Neck Farm]], Virginia. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.<ref name=ASN190751>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19510719-0|title=Accident description|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|access-date=March 11, 2010}}</ref>
* November 27, 1951: Flight 167, a Douglas DC-3-201C (N25646) collided in mid-air with [[Civil Air Patrol]] [[Piper L-4|Piper L-4J]] ''45-5151'' near Ocala, Florida. The Piper was climbing after a left turn when it struck the DC-3. The DC-3's number one propeller made several cuts in the Piper's left wing, causing a loss of control and the Piper crashed, killing the pilot. The DC-3 circled the airport for a few minutes before landing safely with no casualties.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N25646|id=19511127-1|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* September 6, 1953: An L-1049 Super Constellation (N6214C) crashed on landing at McChord Air Force Base due to a hydraulic failure caused by engine problems; all 32 on board survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N6214C|id=19530906-1|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref>
* May 8, 1954: Eastern Air Lines Flight 2634W made an emergency landing at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton (now [[Northeastern Regional Airport]])in [[Edenton, NC]]. All crew and passengers survived. This is according to a letter written by chairman of the board, Eddie Rickenbacker to Marine Air Base Squadron 14.
* February 17, 1956: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 156]] crashed near [[Owensboro, Kentucky]], due to pilot error; all 23 on board survived. The aircraft stalled and crashed following an improperly executed final approach.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N445A|id=19560217-1|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref>
* March 10, 1957: A Martin 4-0-4 (N453A) crashed on landing at [[Standiford Field]] due to pilot error; all 34 on board survived. A portion of the left wing separated inboard of the number one engine due to excessive sink rate caused by the pilot's landing approach technique.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N453A|id=19570310-1|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref>
* June 28, 1957: A [[Douglas DC-7B]] (N808D) had just returned from a training flight and was taxiing to the maintenance hangar at [[Miami International Airport]] when it collided with a parked Eastern Air Lines L-1049 Super Constellation (N6212C) near the hangar. Fuel leaked and both aircraft caught fire and burned out.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N6212C|id=19570628-0|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{ASN accident|title=N808D|id=19570628-1|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* March 17, 1958: A [[Martin 4-0-4]] (N496A) (Flight # unknown) on final approach to [[Melbourne Orlando International Airport|Melbourne Municipal Airport]] in [[Melbourne, Florida]], struck an unmarked pile of gravel at the approach end of the runway. During the landing roll the landing gear collapsed, and the aircraft caught fire and burned. All 10 occupants (3 crew, 7 passengers) evacuated safely.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19580317-0|access-date=May 4, 2021|title=N496A}}</ref>
* October 18, 1966: A Lockheed L-1049C Super Constellation (N6219C) caught fire during refueling at Miami after a fuel line ruptured, causing substantial damage to the wing.    The aircraft was written off, and broken up in June 1967.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N6219C|id=19661018-1|access-date=May 31, 2016}}</ref>
* May 18, 1972: Flight 346, a Douglas DC-9-31 (N8961E) landed hard at Fort Lauderdale International Airport, collapsing the landing gear and breaking off the tail; all ten on board survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N8961E|id=19720518-1|access-date=August 30, 2018}}</ref>
* November 27, 1973: Flight 300, a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]-31 inbound from [[Pittsburgh International Airport]] to [[Akron-Canton Airport]] landed too far down the runway, hydroplaned and went off the end of the runway and over an embankment in fog, low ceilings, light rain and 1.5 mile visibility. The aircraft was severely damaged and written off. All 26 on board (5 crew, 21 passengers) survived with various injuries.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19731127-2|access-date=October 28, 2020|title=N8967E}}</ref>
* July 2, 1976: A Lockheed L-188 Electra (N5531) was blown up on the ground by a bomb at Logan International Airport.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=N5531|id=19760702-0|type=Criminal|access-date=May 31, 2016}}</ref>
* September 26, 1978: Eastern Air Lines Flight 75, an L-1011, overtook [[Air Caribbean Flight 309]], a Beech 18, on approach to [[Luis Munoz Marin International Airport|Isla Verde International Airport]] in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. There were no injuries on the Eastern airplane, but all six occupants on the Air Caribbean plane were killed when it plummeted and crashed on to a local bar. Eastern Airlines and the FAA later settled with family members of the six dead people as well as injured bar clients, paying them almost $5,700,000 for damages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/19811342517fsupp82511228|title=IN RE N-500L CASES &#124; 517 F.Supp. 825 (1981) &#124; upp82511228 &#124; Leagle.com|website=Leagle}}</ref>
* May 5, 1983: [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 855|Flight 855]], a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, had all three engines shut down in flight. The pilot restarted one of the engines before returning to [[Miami International Airport]]. All 172 on board survived.
* April 21, 1984: Eastern Air Lines Flight 494, a DC-9, suffered an uncommanded deployment of [[Thrust reversal|reverse thrust]] during a flight from [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL)]] to [[Piedmont Triad International Airport|Piedmont Triad International Airport (GSO)]] in Greensboro, North Carolina, causing the aircraft to roll quickly to the right.  The flight crew disabled the affected engine and returned safely to Atlanta.  The pilots received the Air Line Pilots Association's Superior Airmanship Award for their handling of the incident.<ref name="alpa1984">{{cite web | url = https://www.alpa.org/news-and-events/air-line-pilot-magazine/the-landing-superior-airmanship | title = ALPA's Superior Airmanship Award | work = Air Line Pilots Association, Int'l | accessdate = September 19, 2023 | date = August 2019}}</ref>
* September 15, 1987: Flight 216, a Boeing 727 (N8857E), was seriously damaged in a [[hard landing]] in severe winds at [[Tulsa International Airport]]; the 55 passengers and 7 crew were not injured. The aircraft was inspected by mechanics at the [[American Airlines]] Tulsa maintenance base and cleared to fly; it was then flown to Kansas City and Chicago with passengers, only to be removed from service after skin wrinkles in the [[fuselage]] were noticed. A senior American Airlines official later conceded that the Tulsa mechanics "erred" in their inspection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001213X32134&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA |title=NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report MIA87FA248 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date= November 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Broyles |first=Gil |title=WRINKLES IN JET'S SKIN OVERLOOKED |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=AMNEWS&req_dat=1000BC63AFF86032&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0ED3CF5D4AAD9FDF |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |location=Dallas, Texas |date=September 19, 1987 |access-date=November 7, 2019 |quote="Our current thinking is that we erred,' said David Kruse, vice president of American's Maintenance and Engineering Center at Tulsa International Airport. }}</ref>
* December 27, 1987: Flight 573, a Douglas DC-9-31 (N8948E), landed hard at [[Pensacola Regional Airport]]. The nose gear touched down first, and the aircraft bounced and touched down again, breaking the passenger cabin aft of the wings. The plane stopped with its tail resting on the runway but all 103 passengers and 4 crew survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19871227-1|access-date=October 6, 2018|title=N8948E}}</ref>
* January 18, 1990: Eastern Air Lines Flight 111, a Boeing 727 (N8867E), collided with an Epps Air Service [[Beechcraft King Air]] upon landing at Atlanta-William B. Hartsfield International Airport, Georgia. The plane received substantial damage, but all 149 passengers and 8 crew members survived unharmed. The plane was later repaired. The King Air was destroyed, with the pilot killed and the first officer seriously injured.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19900118-2|access-date=August 19, 2020|title=N88867E}}</ref>

===Hijackings===
* July 24, 1961: Flight 202, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, was hijacked to Cuba. A fighter plane from Homestead AFB followed the airliner until it reached Cuban airspace.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=|id=19610724-0|type=Hijacking|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>
* September 20, 1968: Flight 950, a [[Boeing 720]], was hijacked to [[Cuba]].<ref>{{ASN accident|title=|id=19680920-2|type=Hijacking|access-date=May 31, 2016}}</ref>
* February 3, 1969: Flight 7 was hijacked to Cuba. The presence of [[Candid Camera]] host [[Allen Funt]] on the flight led many of the passengers to conclude that the hijacking was actually a prank.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smile My Ass|url=http://www.radiolab.org/story/smile-my-ass/|website=RadioLab|publisher=[[WNYC]]|access-date=October 8, 2015|ref=RadioLab}}</ref> Funt and others were later released after 11 hours of captivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/youre_not_on_candid_camera_allen_funt_was_on_hijacked_flight|title=You're NOT on 'Candid Camera': Allen Funt was on hijacked flight, passengers took it for a prank|date=October 1, 2013|website=DangerousMinds}}</ref>
* March 17, 1970: Both pilots of [[Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320]], a DC-9-31 carrying 68 passengers and 5 crew, were shot by a deranged hijacker. The first officer was able to take the hijacker's gun and shoot him three times before succumbing to his own wounds. Despite gunshot wounds in both arms, the captain was able to fight off the wounded hijacker and land the aircraft safely.

==New Eastern Air Lines==
{{Main|Eastern Air Lines (2015)|Eastern Airlines, LLC}}
In 2011, a group purchased the intellectual property, including trademarks, of Eastern Air Lines and formed the Eastern Air Lines Group. The group announced in early 2014 that it had filed an application with the United States Department of Transportation for a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity, which will be followed by certification with the Federal Aviation Administration. The new airline began service through charter and wet-lease flights out of Miami International in late 2014 with [[Boeing 737-800]] jetliners painted in the classic Eastern "hockey stick" livery. The IATA and ICAO codes of the original airline, as well as its callsign, were used by the new iteration of Eastern Air Lines.<ref name="HeraldRelaunch">{{cite news | url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/01/29/3899717/group-plans-to-bring-eastern-air.html | title=Group plans to bring Eastern Air Lines back to Miami | work=[[Miami Herald]] | date=January 29, 2014 | access-date=January 29, 2014 | author=Sampson, Hannah}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=http://easternairlines.aero/news/eastern-air-lines-group-inc-files-with-the-us-dept-of-transportation-as-the-first-step-in-launching-the-new-eastern-air-lines-1390992281787.html#sthash.Hh9kxicK.dpbs | title=Eastern Air Lines Group, Inc. files with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation as the first step in launching the new Eastern Air Lines | publisher=Eastern Air Lines Group, Inc. | date=January 28, 2014 | access-date=January 29, 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015143548/http://easternairlines.aero/news/eastern-air-lines-group-inc-files-with-the-us-dept-of-transportation-as-the-first-step-in-launching-the-new-eastern-air-lines-1390992281787.html#sthash.Hh9kxicK.dpbs | archive-date=October 15, 2014 }}</ref> After a sale to [[Swift Air]], the trademarks were passed on to [[Eastern Airlines, LLC]] in 2018. On January 12, 2020, after nearly two decades of being officially defunct, the first flight of the renewed Eastern Airlines landed at JFK airport, heralding a new era for the brand name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lastoe |first=Stacey |date=January 21, 2020 |title=The return of the legendary US airline you've probably never heard of |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/eastern-airlines-returns/index.html |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Charles Townsend Ludington]], base source of airlines
* [[List of defunct airlines of the United States]]
* [[John McGraw (brigadier general)|John McGraw]], medical director<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amda.aero/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AMDA-PAST-PRESIDENTS-.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191519/http://amda.aero/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AMDA-PAST-PRESIDENTS-.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2016 |url-status=live |publisher=Airlines Medical Directors Association |title=AMDA PRESIDENTS |access-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}

* Rickenbacker, Edward V. ''Rickenbacker: An Autobiography.'' New York: Prentice Hall, 1967.
* Robinson, Jack E. ''Freefall: The Needless Destruction Of Eastern Air Lines.'' New York: HarperBusiness, 1992. {{ISBN|0-88730-556-3}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Eastern Air Lines}}

* [http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/ea.htm Airline Timetable Images] provides many Eastern timetables from 1928 to 1988, including route maps, schedules, and fares.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150509041732/http://routemapsonline.com/ Route Maps Online] has timetables from the 1960s to 1990s, showing actual route maps, schedules, and pricing information.
* [http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?sorteer=datekey_desc&kind=%&cat=%&page=1&field=Operatorkey&var=6299 Aviation Safety Network list of Eastern Air Lines accidents from 1943 to 1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031111258/https://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?sorteer=datekey_desc&kind=%25&cat=%25&page=1&field=Operatorkey&var=6299 |date=October 31, 2020 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/26/business/eastern-airlines-indicted-in-scheme-over-maintenance.html Eastern Airlines Indicted in Scheme Over Maintenance] - ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB342FB4462ECB8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM SHUGRUE RECOUNTS EASTERN'S FINAL DAYS SAYS FINAL NAIL WAS DECEMBER'S DISMAL SHOWING] - ''[[Miami Herald]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903131405/http://www.airlinecolors.com/gateway/ws-eastern.html Airlinecolors.com] Images, historical overview, and promotional materials
* [http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/eastern Eastern Air Lines Collections] from [[Georgia State University]]
* [https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/nodes/view/27573?type=all Eastern Air Lines | Museum of Flight Digital Collections]

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{{Eastern Airlines}}
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[[Category:Eastern Air Lines| ]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1926]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:Companies based in Miami-Dade County, Florida]]
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[[Category:Airlines based in Florida]]
[[Category:Companies that have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1989]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in Florida]]
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[[Category:American companies established in 1926]]
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