View source for Economy of Norway

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox economy
| country = Norway
| image = Oslo_at_night.jpg
| image_size = 310px
| fixed exchange = 
| year = Calendar year
| organs = [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[European Economic Area|EEA]] and others
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Developed country|Advanced economy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/groups-and-aggregates |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org}}</ref>
*[[World Bank high-income economy|High-income economy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}}
| population = 5,367,580 (1 January 2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00001&plugin=1 |title=Population on 1 January |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>
| gdp = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} $506.470 billion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEONO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR |title=World Economic Outlook (October 2024)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>
* {{increase}} $606.590 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/>}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|31st (nominal; 2023)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|52nd (PPP; 2023)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist|   
*3.3%&nbsp;(2022)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/> 
*2.1%&nbsp;(2023)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/>
*1.5%&nbsp;(2024)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/>
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $90,320 (nominal; 2025)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/>
* {{increase}} $107,892 (PPP; 2025)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/>}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|4th (nominal; 2024)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|5th (PPP; 2025)]]}}
| cpi = {{steady}} 84 out of 100 points (2023)<ref name="ti_2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 |date=30 January 2024 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index |website=[[Transparency International]] |access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130062042/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[Corruption Perceptions Index#Ranking over Time|4th]])
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 1.6%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 34.7%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 63.5% 
*(2016 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>}}
| components = 
| inflation = 3.3% (2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
*NA<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
*15.8% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE, 2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=People at risk of poverty or social exclusion |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tepsr_lm410/default/table?lang=en |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>}}
| gini = 24.7 {{color|green|low}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref>
| hdi = {{plainlist|
*0.966 {{color|darkgreen|very high}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|2nd]])
*0.903 {{color|darkgreen|very high}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI (2nd)]] (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/NOR |title=Human Development Reports: Norway. IHDI–Inequality-adjusted HDI |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>}}
| labor = {{plainlist|
*2.8 million (Q2 2020)<ref name="SSBLFS">{{cite web |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/arbeid-og-lonn/statistikker/aku |title=Labor Force Survey |publisher=[[Statistics Norway]] |website=ssb.no |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>
*{{decrease}} 80.4% employment rate (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Employment_-_annual_statistics |title=Employment rate by sex, age group 20-64 |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>}}
| occupations = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 2.1%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 19.3%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 78.6% 
*(2016 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>}}
| unemployment = {{plainlist|
*3.9% (Jan. 2024) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ssb.no/arbeid-og-lonn/sysselsetting/artikler/arbeidsledighet-i-norge | title=Arbeidsledighet i Norge }}</ref>
*12.8% youth unemployment (15 to 24-year-olds; June 2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment rate by age group |url=https://data.oecd.org/chart/65bk |website=data.oecd.org |publisher=[[OECD]] |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324072140/https://data.oecd.org/chart/65bk |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*129,000 unemployed (Q2 2020)<ref name="SSBLFS"/>}}
| average gross salary = [[List of European countries by average wage|63,644 kr / €5,401 monthly]]<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/04/taxing-wages-2025_20d1a01d/b3a95829-en.pdf#page176 Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | READ online.]</ref><ref>[https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/taxing-wages-2025_b3a95829-en.html Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | OECD iLibrary.]</ref> (2024)
| average net salary = [[List of European countries by average wage|45,772 kr / €3,882 monthly]]<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/04/taxing-wages-2025_20d1a01d/b3a95829-en.pdf#page176 Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | READ online.]</ref><ref>[https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/taxing-wages-2025_b3a95829-en.html Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner | OECD iLibrary.]</ref> (2024)
| industries = {{hlist| [[Petroleum]]| [[natural gas]]| [[shipping]]| [[fishing]]| [[aquaculture]]| [[food processing]]| [[shipbuilding]]| [[Pulp and paper industry|pulp and paper]]| [[metals]]| [[chemicals]]| [[timber]]| [[mining]]| [[textile]]s }}
| exports = $102.8 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
| export-goods = petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|United Kingdom}} 19%
*{{flag|Germany}} 19%
*{{flag|Netherlands}} 8.3%
*{{flag|Sweden}} 7.7%
*{{flag|Poland}} 6.1%
*{{flag|France}} 5.9%
*(2023)<ref name="ssb.no">SSB, https://www.ssb.no/utenriksokonomi/utenrikshandel/statistikk/utenrikshandel-med-varer/artikler/norges-viktigste-handelspartnere, 2023</ref>}}
| imports = $95.06 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
| import-goods = machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|Germany}} 11.4%
*{{flag|China}} 11.2% 
*{{flag|Sweden}} 10.8%
*{{flag|United States}} 7.6%
*{{flag|Netherlands}} 4.8%
*{{flag|Denmark}} 4.7%
*(2023)<ref name="ssb.no">SSB, https://www.ssb.no/utenriksokonomi/utenrikshandel/statistikk/utenrikshandel-med-varer/artikler/norges-viktigste-handelspartnere, 2023</ref>}}
| current account = $73.13 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEONO"/>
| FDI = {{plainlist|
*$236.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
*Abroad: $196.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>}}
| gross external debt = {{plainlist|
*$642.3 billion (31 March 2016 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>}}
| debt = 36.5% of GDP (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>{{refn|group=note|data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions}}
| revenue = 217.1 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
| expenses = 199.5 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
| balance = +4.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
| aid = $4.0 billion (donor), 1.1% of GDP (2017) [https://www.norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/2016/norwegian-development-aid-in-2015/]
| credit = *[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928234500/http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref><br>AAA (Domestic)<br>AAA (Foreign)<br>AAA (T&C Assessment)<br>Outlook: Stable<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |title=How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating |date=15 April 2011 |first1=Simon |last1=Rogers |first2=Ami |last2=Sedghi |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/30/credit-ratings-country-fitch-moodys-standard |access-date=31 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801105234/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/30/credit-ratings-country-fitch-moodys-standard |archive-date=1 August 2013 }}</ref>
*[[Moody's]]:<ref name=guardian/><br>Aaa<br>Outlook: Stable
*[[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref name=guardian/><br>AAA<br>Outlook: Stable
*Scope:<ref name=Scope>{{Cite web|url=https://scoperatings.com/ratings-and-research/rating/EN/179138|title=Scope affirms the Kingdom of Norway’s AAA rating with Stable Outlook
|website=Scope Ratings|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref><br/>AAA<br/>Outlook: Stable
| reserves = $65.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFNO"/>
| spelling = 
}}
[[File:Norway bonds.webp|thumb|Norway bonds
{{legend-line|#00205B solid 3px|10 year}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|5 year}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|1 year}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|6 month}}
{{legend-line|#BA0C2F solid 3px|3 month}}
]]
[[File:GDP Norway 1979 2004.png|thumb|Norway's GDP, 1979 to 2004. Source: Statistics Norway.]]
The '''economy of Norway''' is a [[Developed country|highly developed]] [[mixed economy]] with state-ownership in strategic areas. Although sensitive to global [[business cycle]]s, the economy of [[Norway]] has shown robust growth since the start of the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial era]]. The country has a very high [[standard of living]] compared with other European countries. Norway's modern manufacturing and welfare system rely on a financial reserve produced by [[exploitation of natural resources]], particularly [[North Sea oil]].<ref>[http://home.bi.no/a0310125/Bjornland_SJPE_1998.pdf The economic effects of north sea oil on the manufacturing sector] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120734/http://home.bi.no/a0310125/Bjornland_SJPE_1998.pdf |date=2 February 2014 }} Hilde Christiane Bjørnland</ref><ref>[http://www.offshorecenter.dk/filer/files/Project/Internationalisering/OCD%20report%20(Norway).pdf Overview of the Norwegian oil and gas sector] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523015624/http://www.offshorecenter.dk/filer/files/Project/Internationalisering/OCD%20report%20(Norway).pdf |date=23 May 2013 }} Embassy of Denmark, Oslo</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sv.uio.no/tik/forskning/publikasjoner/tik-artikkelserie/Ryggvik.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620044025/http://www.sv.uio.no/tik/forskning/publikasjoner/tik-artikkelserie/Ryggvik.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jZIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA221 The Oil Industry and Government Strategy in the North Sea] Øystein Noreng</ref><ref name="the-economist">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich|title=The rich cousin|date=1 February 2013|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=1 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201053858/http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich|archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> Among [[OECD]] nations, Norway has a relatively efficient and strong [[Nordic model|social security system]]; social expenditure in 2022 was below the OECD average and stood at [[Welfare state#Effects|roughly 20.7% of GDP]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm | title=Social Expenditure – Aggregated data|work=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]}}</ref>

==History==
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Pre–industrial revolution ===
Norway was the poorest of the three Scandinavian kingdoms (the others being Denmark and Sweden) during the [[Viking Age]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagge|first=Sverre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCarBAAAQBAJ|title=From Viking Stronghold to Christian Kingdom: State Formation in Norway, c. 900-1350|date=2010|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|isbn=978-87-635-0791-2|pages=70|language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the industrial revolution, Norway's economy was largely based on agriculture, timber, and fishing. Norwegians typically lived under conditions of considerable scarcity, though famine was rare. Except for certain fertile areas in [[Hedemarken]] and [[Østfold]], crops were limited to hardy grains, such as oats, rye, and [[barley]]; and livestock to sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and some poultry; in places this was complemented with [[hunting]]. In areas of Central and [[Northern Norway]], the [[Sami people|Sami]] subsisted on the nomadic herding of [[reindeer]]. Fishing all around the coast was dangerous work, though fish such as [[herring]], cod, [[halibut]], and other cold-water species were found in abundance. The introduction of the potato to Norway, promoted by practical priests and the king in Copenhagen in the 18th century, provided considerable relief and became common food for Norwegians.

All around the coast, the harvesting of fish (including cod, herring, halibut, and other cold water species) was an important supplement to farming and was in many areas in the north and [[Vestlandet|west]] the primary household subsistence. Fishing was typically supplemented with crop-growing and the raising of livestock on small farms.

The economic conditions in Norway did not lend themselves to the formation of [[feudalism|feudal system]], though several kings did reward land to loyal subjects who became [[knight]]s.  Self-owning farmers were—and continue to be—the main unit of work in Norwegian agriculture, but leading up to the 19th century farmers ran out of land available for farming.  Many agricultural families were reduced to poverty as [[tenant farmer]]s, and served as the impetus for [[Norwegian-Americans|emigration to North America]]. Norway, after Ireland, became the country losing the most people to this emigration in percentage relative to its population.

===Industrial revolution===
[[File:Capital formation Norway 1865 2003.PNG|thumb|Capital formation 1865–2003
Source: Statistics Norway]]
Aside from mining in [[Kongsberg (town)|Kongsberg]], [[Røros (town)|Røros]], and [[Løkken Verk|Løkken]], industrialization came with the first textile mills that were built in Norway in the middle of the 19th century. But the first large industrial enterprises came into formation when entrepreneurs' politics led to the founding of banks to serve those needs.

Industries also offered employment for a large number of individuals who were displaced from the agricultural sector.  As wages from industry exceeded those from agriculture, the shift started a long-term trend of reduction in cultivated land and rural population patterns.  The working class became a distinct phenomenon in Norway, with its own neighborhoods, culture, and politics.

===Social democratic reforms===<!-- This section is linked from [[Social democracy]] -->
After World War II, the [[Norwegian Labour Party]], with [[Einar Gerhardsen]] as prime minister, embarked on a number of social democratic reforms aimed at flattening the income distribution, eliminating poverty, ensuring social services such as retirement, medical care, and disability benefits to all, and putting more of the nation's capital into public trust.

Highly progressive income taxes, the introduction of value-added tax, and a wide variety of special surcharges and taxes made Norway one of the most heavily taxed economies in the world.  Authorities particularly taxed discretionary spending, levying special taxes on automobiles, tobacco, alcohol, cosmetics, etc.

Norway's long-term social democratic policies, extensive governmental tracking of information, and the homogeneity of its population lent themselves particularly well for economic study, and academic research from Norway proved to make significant contributions to the field of macroeconomics during this era.  When Norway became a petroleum-exporting country, the economic effects came under further study.

===Petroleum and post-industrialism===

====Oil-exporting country====
{{main|Energy in Norway}}
[[File:Oil production Norwegian North Sea.PNG|thumb|Oil production, Norwegian sector; Source: Statistics Norway]]

In May 1963, Norway asserted sovereign rights over natural resources in its sector of the [[North Sea]].  Exploration started on 19 July 1966, when [[Ocean Traveler]] drilled its first well.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Norway's petroleum history |url=https://www.norskoljeoggass.no/en/about-us/oljehistorien/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.norskoljeoggass.no |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727091611/https://www.norskoljeoggass.no/en/about-us/oljehistorien/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oil was first encountered at the [[List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea#Northern North Sea 2|Balder oil field]] at flank of the [[Utsira High]], about 190&nbsp;km west of [[Stavanger]], in 1967.<ref name=Riberetal2015>{{cite journal |last1=Riber |first1=Lars |last2=Dypvik |first2=Henning|last3=Sørlie |first3=Ronald |date=2015 |title=Altered basement rocks on the Utsira High and its surroundings, Norwegian North Sea |url=http://njg.geologi.no/images/NJG_articles/NJG1_Vol95_1_Riber_Pr.pdf |journal=[[Norwegian Journal of Geology]] |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=57–89 |access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> Initial exploration was fruitless, until [[Ocean Viking]] found oil on 21 August 1969.<ref name=":1" />  By the end of 1969, it was clear that there were large oil and gas reserves in the North Sea.  The first oil field was [[Ekofisk]], produced {{convert|427442|oilbbl}} of crude in 1980.  Since then, large [[natural gas]] reserves have also been discovered.

Against the backdrop of the Norwegian referendum to not join the European Union, the [[Norwegian Ministry of Industry]], headed by [[Ola Skjåk Bræk]] moved quickly to establish a national energy policy.  Norway decided to stay out of [[OPEC]], keep its own energy prices in line with world markets, and spend the revenue – known as the "currency gift" – [[The Petroleum Fund of Norway|wisely]].  The Norwegian government established its own oil company, [[Statoil]] (now known as Equinor), and awarded drilling and production rights to [[Norsk Hydro]] and the newly formed [[Saga Petroleum]]. Petroleum exports are taxed at a [[Tax rate#Marginal|marginal rate]] of 78% (standard corporate tax of 24%, and a special petroleum tax of 54%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxsummaries.pwc.com/ID/Norway-Corporate-Taxes-on-corporate-income |title=Norway – Corporate – Taxes on corporate income |access-date=2018-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114140733/http://taxsummaries.pwc.com/ID/Norway-Corporate-Taxes-on-corporate-income |archive-date=14 January 2018 }}</ref>

The North Sea turned out to present many technological challenges for production and exploration, and Norwegian companies invested in building capabilities to meet these challenges.  A number of engineering and construction companies emerged from the remnants of the largely lost shipbuilding industry, creating centers of competence in [[Stavanger (city)|Stavanger]] and the western suburbs of [[Oslo]].  Stavanger also became the land-based staging area for the [[offshore drilling]] industry. Presently North Sea is past its [[peak oil]] production. New oil and gas fields have been found and developed in the large Norwegian areas of the [[Norwegian Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]], including [[Snøhvit]].

====Reservations about European Union====
[[File:Exports and imports as pc of GDP 1865 2003.PNG|thumb|Exports and imports in Norway]]
In September 1972, the [[Stortinget|Norwegian parliament]] put to a referendum the question whether Norway should join the [[European Economic Community]].  The proposal was turned down with a slim margin.  The Norwegian government proceeded to negotiate a trade agreement with the EU that would give Norwegian companies access to European markets.  Over time, Norway renegotiated and refined this agreement, ultimately joining the [[European Free Trade Association]] and the [[European Economic Area]].

Although Norway's trade policies have long aimed at harmonizing its industrial and trade policy with the EU's, a new referendum in 1994 gave the same result as in 1972, and Norway remains one of only two [[Nordic countries]] outside the EU, the other being [[Iceland]].

Although much of the highly divisive public debate about EU membership turned on political rather than economic issues, it formed economic policy in several important ways:
* Both politicians and the public came to terms with the fact that Norway's economic development was dependent on taking advantage of its [[comparative advantage]] by specializing in certain areas for export and relying on import for everything else.  This has had a significant effect on Norway's agricultural policy, which has been reshaped to address population patterns rather than self-sufficiency.
* The proceeds from oil revenue could not fuel private or public consumption if Norway were to sustain its prosperity when [[oil reserves]] run out.
* In order to participate in European markets, Norway has had to open its domestic markets to European imports.  Although some pricing and distribution issues (e.g., alcohol and automobiles) remain unresolved, Norway's consumer, capital, and employment markets are increasingly approaching those of Europe in general.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}{{clarify|post-text=Prices are very high in Norway!|date=August 2014}}

Norwegians have sought accommodations on a range of specific issues, such as products from fish farms, agricultural products, emission standards, etc., but these do not appear to differ substantially from those sought by bona fide EU members.  It is expected that the issue of membership will be brought to a referendum again at some point.

====Post-industrial economic developments====
[[File:GDP Norway 1865 to 2004.PNG|thumb|GDP growth 1865–2004]]
Several issues have dominated the debate on Norway's economy since the 1970s:
* '''Cost of living'''.  Norway is among [[Cost-of-living index|the most expensive]] countries in the world, as reflected in the [[Big Mac Index]] and other indices.  Historically, transportation costs and barriers to free trade had caused the disparity, but in recent years, Norwegian policy in labor relations, taxation, and other areas have contributed significantly.
* '''Competitiveness of "mainland" industries'''.  The high cost of labor and other structural features of the Norwegian environment have caused concern about Norway's ability to maintain its standard of living in a post-petroleum era. There is a clear trend toward ending the practice of "protecting" certain industries (''vernede industrier'') and making more of them "exposed to competition" (''konkurranseutsettelse'').  In addition to interest in information technology, a number of small- to medium-sized companies have been formed to develop and market highly specialized technology solutions.
* '''The role of the public sector'''.  The ideological divide between socialist and non-socialist views on public ownership has decreased over time.  The Norwegian government has sought to reduce its ownership over companies that require access to private capital markets, and there is an increasing emphasis on government facilitating entrepreneurship rather than controlling (or restricting) capital formation.  A residual distrust of the "[[profit motive]]" persists, and Norwegian companies are heavily regulated, especially with respect to labor relations.
* '''The future of the welfare state'''.  Since World War II, successive Norwegian governments have sought to broaden and extend public benefits to its citizens, in the form of sickness and disability benefits, minimum guaranteed pensions, heavily subsidized or free universal health care, unemployment insurance, and so on.  Public policy still favors the provision of such benefits, but there is increasing debate on making them more equitable and needs-based.
* '''Urbanization'''.  For several decades, agricultural policy in Norway was based on the premise of minimal self-sufficiency.  In later years, this has given way to a greater emphasis on maintaining population patterns outside of major urban areas.  The term "district policy" (''distriktspolitikk'') has come to mean the demand that old and largely rural Norway is allowed to persist, ideally by providing them with a sustainable economic basis.
* '''Taxation'''.  {{Main|Taxation in Norway}} The primary purpose of the Norwegian tax system has been to raise revenue for public expenditures; but it is also viewed as a means to achieve social objectives, such as redistribution of income, reduction in alcohol and tobacco consumption, and as a disincentive against certain behaviors.  Three elements of the tax system seem to attract the most debate:
**[[Progressive tax]]ation.  At one time one of the most aggressive in the world, the top marginal tax rate on income has been decreased over time.  In addition, Norwegians are taxed for their stated net worth, which some have argued discourages savings.
**[[Value-added tax]].  The largest source of government revenue.  The current standard rate is 25%, food and drink is 15%, and movie theater tickets and public transportation 12%.
**Special surcharges and taxes.  The government has established a number of taxes related to specific purchases, including cars, alcohol, tobacco, and various kinds of benefits.
**[[Svalbard]]. People living on Svalbard (Spitsbergen) pay reduced taxes due to the [[Svalbard Treaty]].
*'''Environmental concerns'''. A number of political issues have had their origins in ecological concerns, including the refineries at [[Mongstad]] and the [[Alta controversy|hydroelectric power plant]] at Alta.
[[File:2006Norwegian exports.PNG|thumb|right|Norwegian exports in 2006]]

==State ownership role==
[[File:Public vs private consumption Norway.PNG|thumb|Public vs. private consumption Source: Statistics Norway]]

The Norwegian state maintains large ownership positions in key industrial sectors concentrated in natural resources and strategic industries such as the strategic petroleum sector ([[Equinor]]), hydroelectric energy production ([[Statkraft]]), aluminum production ([[Norsk Hydro]]), the largest Norwegian bank ([[DNB ASA|DNB]]) and telecommunication provider ([[Telenor]]). The government controls around 35% of the total value of publicly listed companies on the Oslo stock exchange, with five of its largest seven listed firms partially owned by the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lie |first1=Einar |title=Context and Contingency: Explaining State Ownership in Norway |journal=Enterprise & Society |date=6 April 2016 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=904–930 |doi=10.1017/eso.2016.18 |s2cid=157325276 }}</ref> When non-listed companies are included the state has an even higher share in ownership (mainly from direct oil license ownership). Norway's state-owned enterprises comprise 9.6% of all non-agricultural employment, a number that rises to almost 13% when companies with minority state ownership stakes are included, the highest among OECD countries.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oecd.org/industry/ind/Item_6_3_OECD_Korin_Kane.pdf|title= The Size and Sectoral Distribution of State-Owned Enterprises|author= Korin Kane |date= 17 September 2018|website= oecd.org |access-date= 3 October 2019}}</ref> Both listed and non-listed firms with state ownership stakes are market-driven and operate in a highly liberalized [[market economy]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= https://www.oecd.org/regreform/sectors/15360734.pdf|title= Norway – Marketisation of Government Services State-Owned Enterprises|date= 2003|website= oecd.org |access-date= 3 October 2019}}</ref>

The oil and gas industries play a dominant role in the Norwegian economy, providing a source of finance for the Norwegian [[welfare state]] through direct ownership of oil fields, dividends from its shares in Equinor, and licensure fees and taxes. The oil and gas industry is Norway's largest in terms of government revenue and value-added. The organization of this sector is designed to ensure the exploration, development and extraction of petroleum resources result in public value creation for the entire society through a mixture of taxation, licensing and direct state ownership through a system called the State's Direct Financial Interest (SDFI). The SDFI was established in 1985 and represents state-owned holdings in a number of oil and gas fields, pipelines and onshore facilities as well as 67% of the shares in Equinor. Government revenues from the petroleum industry are transferred to the [[Government Pension Fund of Norway]] Global in a structure that forbids the government from accessing the fund for public spending; only income generated by the funds' capital can be used for government spending.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/economy/governments-revenues/|title= The Government's Revenues|date= 15 May 2019|website= Norwegian Petroleum |access-date= 3 October 2019}}</ref>

The high levels of state ownership have been motivated for a variety of reasons, but most importantly by a desire for national control of the utilization of natural resources. Direct state involvement began prior to the 20th century with the provision of public infrastructure, and expanded greatly into industry and commercial enterprises after the Second World War through the acquisition of German assets in several manufacturing companies. The largest expansion of state ownership occurred with the establishment of Statoil in 1972. Industries and commercial enterprises where the state owns stakes are and market-driven, with marketization extending to [[public service]] providers as well as industry.<ref name=":0" />

== Data ==
[[File:GDP per capita development in Northern Europa.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden and Finland]]
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation under 5% is in green.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=142,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP
<small>(in Bil. US$PPP)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ PPP)</small>
!GDP
<small>(in Bil. US$nominal)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ nominal)</small>
!GDP growth
<small>(real)</small>
!Inflation rate
<small>(in Percent)</small>
!Unemployment
<small>(in Percent)</small>
!Government debt
<small>(in % of GDP)</small>
|-
|1980
|60.6
|14,799.8
|64.4
|15,746.3
|{{Increase}}4.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.9%
|1.7%
|47.7%
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}67.4
|{{Increase}}16,399.9
|{{Decrease}}63.6
|{{Decrease}}15,484.7
|{{Increase}}1.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}43.4%
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}71.7
|{{Increase}}17,388.9
|{{Decrease}}62.6
|{{Decrease}}15,196.3
|{{Increase}}0.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}38.5%
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}77.5
|{{Increase}}18,733.9
|{{Decrease}}61.6
|{{Decrease}}14,906.2
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}35.4%
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}85.1
|{{Increase}}20,527.7
|{{Increase}}62.1
|{{Increase}}14,968.8
|{{Increase}}6.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}35.2%
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}92.7
|{{Increase}}22,281.1
|{{Increase}}65.4
|{{Increase}}15,728.2
|{{Increase}}5.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}36.9%
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}98.4
|{{Increase}}23,564.6
|{{Increase}}78.7
|{{Increase}}18,853.1
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}46.0%
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}102.6
|{{Increase}}24,428.7
|{{Increase}}94.2
|{{Increase}}22,445.0
|{{Increase}}1.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}38.5%
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}105.9
|{{Increase}}25,091.7
|{{Increase}}101.9
|{{Increase}}24,143.1
|{{Decrease}}-0.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}32.4%
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}111.2
|{{Increase}}26,269.0
|{{Increase}}102.6
|{{Increase}}24,245.4
|{{Increase}}1.0%
|{{Increase}}4.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}32.3%
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}117.6
|{{Increase}}27,669.5
|{{Increase}}119.8
|{{Increase}}28,187.2
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{Increase}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}28.9%
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}125.3
|{{Increase}}29,320.7
|{{Increase}}121.9
|{{Increase}}28,514.5
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}39.2%
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}132.8
|{{Increase}}30,878.7
|{{Increase}}130.8
|{{Increase}}30,432.9
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}45.0%
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}139.8
|{{Increase}}32,317.7
|{{Decrease}}120.6
|{{Decrease}}27,880.6
|{{Increase}}2.8%
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{Steady}}5.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}53.7%
|-
|1994
|{{Increase}}150.0
|{{Increase}}34,488.5
|{{Increase}}127.1
|{{Increase}}29,236.4
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}5.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}50.6%
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}159.5
|{{Increase}}36,494.1
|{{Increase}}152.0
|{{Increase}}34,790.0
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}32.7%
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}170.6
|{{Increase}}38,828.6
|{{Increase}}163.5
|{{Increase}}37,225.3
|{{Increase}}5.0%
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}28.4%
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}182.7
|{{Increase}}41,391.4
|{{Decrease}}161.4
|{{Decrease}}36,561.4
|{{Increase}}5.3%
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}25.8%
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}189.6
|{{Increase}}42,692.1
|{{Decrease}}154.2
|{{Decrease}}34,717.1
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}23.6%
|-
|1999
|{{Increase}}196.1
|{{Increase}}43,841.6
|{{Increase}}162.3
|{{Increase}}36,278.3
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}25.0%
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}207.0
|{{Increase}}45,989.4
|{{Increase}}171.2
|{{Increase}}38,047.9
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}28.7%
|-
|2001
|{{Increase}}216.0
|{{Increase}}47,803.6
|{{Increase}}174.0
|{{Increase}}38,494.7
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}27.3%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}222.6
|{{Increase}}48,948.7
|{{Increase}}195.5
|{{Increase}}42,998.0
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.0%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}229.0
|{{Increase}}50,086.8
|{{Increase}}228.9
|{{Increase}}50,046.3
|{{Increase}}0.9%
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}43.2%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}244.5
|{{Increase}}53,167.4
|{{Increase}}264.5
|{{Increase}}57,512.2
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{Increase}}0.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}44.0%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}258.8
|{{Increase}}55,878.3
|{{Increase}}308.9
|{{Increase}}66,687.8
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Increase}}1.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}42.5%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}273.2
|{{Increase}}58,478.9
|{{Increase}}345.6
|{{Increase}}73,970.2
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}52.8%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}289.0
|{{Increase}}61,205.9
|{{Increase}}400.9
|{{Increase}}84,915.6
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}49.7%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}295.9
|{{Increase}}61,820.4
|{{Increase}}462.3
|{{Increase}}96,563.2
|{{Increase}}0.5%
|{{Increase}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}47.8%
|-
|2009
|{{Decrease}}292.7
|{{Decrease}}60,439.5
|{{Decrease}}386.2
|{{Decrease}}79,746.9
|{{Decrease}}-1.7%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}42.7%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}298.3
|{{Increase}}60,773.6
|{{Increase}}428.8
|{{Increase}}87,356.2
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}43.2%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}307.5
|{{Increase}}61,827.8
|{{Increase}}498.3
|{{Increase}}100,197.2
|{{Increase}}1.0%
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}29.8%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}328.0
|{{Increase}}65,101.0
|{{Increase}}509.5
|{{Increase}}101,129.9
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}31.1%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}340.1
|{{Increase}}66,742.1
|{{Increase}}522.8
|{{Increase}}102,576.7
|{{Increase}}1.0%
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}31.6%
|-
|2014
|{{Decrease}}338.5
|{{Decrease}}65,647.1
|{{Decrease}}498.4
|{{Decrease}}96,657.6
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}29.9%
|-
|2015
|{{Decrease}}313.3
|{{Decrease}}60,189.9
|{{Decrease}}385.8
|{{Decrease}}74,115.2
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.5%
|-
|2016
|{{Decrease}}308.5
|{{Decrease}}58,735.9
|{{Decrease}}368.8
|{{Decrease}}70,223.8
|{{Increase}}1.1%
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}38.1%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}332.1
|{{Increase}}62,782.1
|{{Increase}}398.4
|{{Increase}}75,306.7
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}38.6%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}343.9
|{{Increase}}64,590.3
|{{Increase}}437.0
|{{Increase}}82,082.1
|{{Increase}}1.1%
|{{Increase}}2.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}39.7%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}352.6
|{{Increase}}65,829.9
|{{Decrease}}404.9
|{{Decrease}}75,594.0
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}40.9%
|-
|2020
|{{Increase}}354.3
|{{Decrease}}65,804.0
|{{Decrease}}362.2
|{{Decrease}}67,265.9
|{{Decrease}}-0.7%
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}46.8%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}383.4
|{{Increase}}70,796.1
|{{Increase}}482.2
|{{Increase}}89,041.6
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{Increase}}3.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}43.4%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}425.6
|{{Increase}}78,127.6
|{{Increase}}504.7
|{{Increase}}92,646.0
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{Increase}}4.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}40.3%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}452.1
|{{Increase}}82,496.2
|{{Decrease}}486.4
|{{Decrease}}88,748.8
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Increase}}3.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}39.5%
|-
|2024
|{{Increase}}471.9
|{{Increase}}85,599.5
|{{Increase}}495.1
|{{Increase}}89,809.9
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}39.2%
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}}488.4
|{{Increase}}88,050.6
|{{Increase}}502.8
|{{Increase}}90,663.8
|{{Increase}}1.6%
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{Steady}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}38.7%
|-
|2026
|{{Increase}}504.0
|{{Increase}}90,331.6
|{{Increase}}509.6
|{{Increase}}91,330.9
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Steady}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}38.2%
|-
|2027
|{{Increase}}520.4
|{{Increase}}92,711.2
|{{Increase}}522.6
|{{Increase}}93,107.3
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Steady}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}37.7%
|}

=== Companies ===
In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in Norway is Services with 296,849 companies followed by Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate with 118,411 companies respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hithorizons.com/eu/analyses/country-statistics/norway | title=Industry Breakdown of Companies in Norway | website=HitHorizons}}</ref>

==Economic structure and sustained growth==
The emergence of Norway as an oil-exporting country has raised a number of issues for Norwegian economic policy.  There has been concern that much of Norway's human capital investment has been concentrated in petroleum-related industries.  Critics have pointed out that Norway's economic structure is highly dependent on natural resources that do not require skilled labor, making economic growth highly vulnerable to fluctuations in the demand and pricing for these natural resources. [[The Government Pension Fund of Norway]] is part of several efforts to hedge against dependence on petroleum revenue.

Because of the oil boom since the 1970s, there has been little government incentive to help develop and encourage new industries in the private sector, in contrast to other Nordic countries like Sweden and particularly Finland. However the last decades have started to see some incentive on national and local government levels to encourage formation of new "mainland" industries that are competitive internationally. In addition to aspirations for a high-tech industry, there is growing interest in encouraging small business growth as a source of employment for the future.  In 2006, the Norwegian government formed nine "centers of expertise" to facilitate this business growth.<ref name=Aldridge2008>{{harvnb|Aldridge|2008}}</ref> Later in June 2007, the government contributed to the formation of the Oslo Cancer Cluster (OCC) as a center of expertise, capitalizing on the fact that 80% of cancer research in Norway takes place in proximity to Oslo and that most Norwegian biotechnology companies are focused on cancer.<ref name=Aldridge2008/>
{{Further|topic=the biotechnology company|Keep-it Technologies}}

==Agriculture of Norway==
===Pest control===
Pesticide usage information for the entire country is available from [[Statistics Norway]].<ref name="SSB-2016">{{cite web | title=Pesticide use | website=[[Statistics Norway]] | date=2016-09-27 | url=http://www.ssb.no/en/jord-skog-jakt-og-fiskeri/jordbruk/statistikk/plantevern | access-date=2021-07-22}}</ref>

===Antimicrobial resistance===
Overall the risk of [[antimicrobial resistance]] in the food [[supply chain]]s is "negligible". Specifically cattle, milk/dairy products, fish, seafood, drinking water, and pork are considered to be negligible risks. On the other hand, there is a more-than-negligible risk from contact with live pigs (farming and processing them), live poultry, and poultry meat.<ref name="Yazdankhah-et-al-2018">{{cite book | last1=Yazdankhah | first1=Siamak | last2=Grahek-Ogden | first2=Danica | last3=Hjeltnes | first3=Brit | last4=Langsrud | first4=Solveig | last5=Lassen | first5=Jørgen | last6=Norström | first6=Madelaine | last7=Sunde | first7=Marianne | last8=Eckner | first8=Karl | last9=Kapperud | first9=Georg | last10=Narvhus | first10=Judith | last11=Nesbakken | first11=Truls | last12=Robertson | first12=Lucy | last13=Rosnes | first13=Jan Thomas | last14=Skjerdal | first14=Olaug Taran | last15=Skjerve | first15=Eystein | last16=Vold | first16=Line | last17=Wasteson | first17=Yngvild | author18=Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety | author18-link=Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety | title=Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chains in Norway (Rep. No. 2015:29) | journal=VKM Report | date=3 November 2014 | publisher=Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment [Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø] | url=http://vkm.no/english/riskassessments/allpublications/assessmentofantimicrobialresistanceinthefoodchainsinnorway.4.7e19596115dabec0417b9923.html | isbn=978-82-8259-184-3}}</ref>

==Economic impacts of climate change==
{{excerpt|Climate change in Norway|Economic impacts|subsections=yes}}

==Regional variation==
{{see also|List of Norwegian counties by GDP}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | 
! rowspan=2 | Region
! colspan=2 | GDP per capita 2015
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:5em;" | <small>in euros</small>
! style="width:5em;" | <small>As % of EU-28 average</small>
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|{{flag|European Union}}
| '''29,000''' || 100%
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|{{flag|Norway}}
|  '''46,300''' || 160%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Richest'''
|[[Oslo]] and [[Akershus]]
|style="background:#ada"|''51,800'' || ''178%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Agder]] and [[Rogaland]]
|style="background:#ada"|''40,600'' || ''140%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Western Norway|Vestlandet]]
|style="background:#ada"|''39,400'' || ''136%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Trøndelag]]
|style="background:#ada"|''35,500'' || ''122%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Northern Norway|Nord-Norge]]
|style="background:#ada"|''33,500'' || ''115%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|Sør-Østlandet 
|style="background:#ada"|''30,000'' || ''103%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Poorest'''
|[[Hedmark]] and [[Oppland]]
|style="background:#ada"|''29,100'' || ''100%''
|}
Source: Eurostat<ref>[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-513634_QID_-7680EC27_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-513634INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-513634UNIT,PPS_HAB;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23 Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024170938/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-513634_QID_-7680EC27_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-513634INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-513634UNIT,PPS_HAB;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23 |date=24 October 2017 }} Eurostat</ref>

==See also==
*[[Economy of Europe]]
*[[Nordic model]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References and further reading==
* {{Citation
 |last         = Aldridge
 |first        = Susan
 |date         = 1 June 2008
 |title        = Norway's Oncology Efforts are Coalescing
 |periodical   = Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
 |series       = Clinical Research & Diagnostics
 |publisher    = [[Mary Ann Liebert]], Inc.
 |volume       = 28
 |issue        = 11
 |pages        = 58, 60
 |url          = http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=2498
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426175620/http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=2498
 |archive-date = 26 April 2012
 |access-date  = 3 January 2010
 |issn         = 1935-472X
 |oclc         = 77706455
 |url-status   = dead
}}
* Dackling, Martin. "Traditional or modern peasants? odelsrett and bördsrätt in parliamentary debates, 1810–1860" ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 46.1 (2021): 63-83. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03468755.2020.1778519 online]
* Eitrheim, Øyvind, Jan Tore Klovland, and Lars Fredrik Øksendal. ''A monetary history of Norway, 1816–2016'' (Cambridge University Press, 2016).
* Grytten, Ola.  "Revising growth history: new estimates of GDP for Norway, 1816–2019" ''Economic History Review'' (Feb 2022, 75#pp 181–20 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357717280_Revising_growth_history_new_estimates_of_GDP_for_Norway_1816-2019_Print excerpt]
** Grytten, Ola Honningdal. "Revising price history: consumer price index for Norway 1492–2018." ''Scandinavian Economic History Review'' 68.2 (2020): 129-144. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ola-Grytten/publication/338844720_Revising_price_history_consumer_price_index_for_Norway_1492-2018/links/5e30298892851c7f7f05dbc3/Revising-price-history-consumer-price-index-for-Norway-1492-2018.pdf online]
* Hutchison, Ragnhild. "Exploring an early cross-border trade system: Norwegian copper in the 18th century." ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 44.3 (2019): 261-286.
* Ikonomou, Haakon A., and Christos Tsakas. "Crisis, capitalism and common policies: Greek and Norwegian responses to common shipping policy efforts in the 1960s and 1970s." ''European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire'' 26.4 (2019): 636-657. [https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/63550/CrisisCapitalismandCommonPolicies.pdf?sequence=2 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806034333/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/63550/CrisisCapitalismandCommonPolicies.pdf?sequence=2 |date=6 August 2022 }}
* Loftsgarden, Kjetil. "Mass Production and Mountain Marketplaces in Norway in the Viking and Middle Ages." ''Medieval Archaeology'' 64.1 (2020): 94-115 [https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/80776/2/Loftsgarden%252C%2BMass%2Bproduction%2Band%2Bmountain%2Bmarketplaces%2B-%2BMedieval%2BArchaeology.pdf online].
* Nelsen, Brent F. "Explaining Petroleum Policy in Britain and Norway, 1962‐90." ''Scandinavian political studies'' 15.4 (1992): 307-328. [https://tidsskrift.dk/scandinavian_political_studies/article/download/32762/30974/74516 online]
* Stenersen, Øivind and Ivar Libæk. ''History of Norway from the Ice Age to the Oil Age'' (3rd ed.  Dinamo Forlag 2007), {{ISBN|9788250418523}}
* Vinje, Victor Condorcet. ''The Versatile Farmers of the North; The Struggle of Norwegian Yeomen for Economic Reforms and Political Power, 1750–1814'' (Nisus Publications, 2014) ).

==External links==
*[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/grytten.norway Economic history of Norway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028211518/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/grytten.norway |date=28 October 2013 }}, ''[[EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History]]'', 16 March 2008 article by business historian [[Ola Honningdal Grytten]], professor at [[Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration|NHH]]
*[https://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=%5EOSEAX&t=5y&l=off&z=m&q=l&c=%5EGSPC OSE ALL SHARE GI]
*A substantial part of this article has been copied from the [[Bureau of Public Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of State]], [https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3421.htm country overview for Norway].
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/ ''Norway''] in ''[[CIA World Factbook]]''
*[http://www.ssb.no/english/ Statistics Norway]
* [http://www.oecd.org/norway/ OECD's Norway country website]
* [http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/norway/ OECD Economic Survey of Norway]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NOR/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Norway]
* Tariffs applied by Norway as provided by [[International Trade Centre|ITC]]'s [http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=579&source=1|ITC Market Access Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201221354/https://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=579&source=1%7CITC |date=1 December 2024 }}, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements

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