View source for Economy of Rwanda

{{Short description|None}}
{{update|reason=The data within paragraphs are outdated and don't match the infobox|date=August 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox economy
| image = A few buildings in Kigali, Rwanda.jpg
| caption = [[Kigali]], the [[financial centre]] of [[Rwanda]]
| currency = [[Rwandan franc]] (RWF, FRw)
| year = Calendar year
| organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Agreement|AfCFTA]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[ECCAS]], [[East African Community|EAC]], [[COMESA]]
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Least developed countries|Least developed country]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019 |ref={{SfnRef|IMF|2019}} |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010203013/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2F+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Low-income country|Low-income economy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| population = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 13,798,561 (2024 proj.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/size-resident-population |title=Size of the resident population |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] |website=statistics.gov.rw |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143046/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/size-resident-population |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gdp = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}}  $14.77 billion (nominal; 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304">{{Cite web |series=World Economic Outlook, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RWA |title=IMF DataMapper: Rwanda |website= [[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> 
*{{increase}} $58.12 billion (PPP; 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304" /> 
}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|140th (nominal, 2024)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|132nd (PPP, 2024)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist|
*8.2%&nbsp;(2022) 8.2%&nbsp;(2023)
*8.9%&nbsp;(2024) 6.5%&nbsp;(2025e)
*6.8%&nbsp;(2026e)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304"/>}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $1,040 (nominal, 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304"/>
*{{increase}} $4,100 (PPP, 2025.)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304"/>}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|173rd (nominal, 2024)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|163rd (PPP, 2024)]]}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 27.1%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 21.5%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 44.3% (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=2 February 2019 |ref={{SfnRef|CIA|2019}} |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| inflation = 4.9% (2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304"/>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
*38.2% (2016 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
*52% on less than $1.90/day (2016 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=RW |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Rwanda |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211210137/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY%3Flocations%3DRW |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| gini = 43.7 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RW |title=GINI Index (World Bank Estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512101547/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DRW |url-status=live }}</ref>
| hdi = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 0.578 {{color|red|low}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215174637/http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|165th]])
*{{increase}} 0.399 {{color|red|low}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212055527/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| labor = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 5,258,826 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=RW&most_recent_value_desc=true |title=Labor force, total - Rwanda |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731135148/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=RW&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{increase}} 64.1% employment rate (Q3, 2024)<ref name="LFSRW"/>}}
| occupations = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 75.3%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 6.7%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 18% (2012 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>}}
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}} 15.3% (Q3, 2024)<ref name="LFSRW">{{cite web |url=https://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/key-findings-labour-force-survey-%E2%80%93-quarter-3-2024 |title=Key findings: Labour Force Survey – Quarter 3, 2024
 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] |website=statistics.gov.rw |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>
| industries = Cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
| exports = {{increase}} $3.509 billion (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
| export-goods = Gold, tin ores, coffee, malt extract, rare earth ores
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|UAE}} 32%
*{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} 25%
*{{flag|Thailand}} 5%
*{{flag|US}} 3%
*{{flag|Ethiopia}} 3% 
*(2022)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>}}
| imports = {{increase}} $5.783 billion (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
| import-goods = Refined petroleum, gold, palm oil, rice, raw sugar
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|China}} 19%
*{{flag|Tanzania}} 11%
*{{flag|Kenya}} 10%
*{{flag|UAE}} 10%
*{{flag|India}} 7%
*(2022)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>}}
| FDI = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $2.378 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
*{{increase}} Abroad: $113.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>}}
| gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $4.254 billion (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
| current account = {{decrease}} −$1.654 billion (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
| debt = {{increaseNegative}} 71.4% of GDP (2017 est.)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304"/>
| revenue = 2.676 billion (2020 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
| expenses = 2.191 billion (2020 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
| balance = −7.3% (of GDP) (2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEO-202304"/>
| aid = ''Recipient'': $285 Million (2015)
| reserves = {{increase}} $1.834 billion (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFRW"/>
| country = Rwanda
}}
The '''economy of Rwanda''' is a [[Frontier market|frontier]] [[developmental state]] (low income) based on services, agriculture and industry. It has been described as undergoing early industrialisation due newer government policies. It has a mixed economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Introduction |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/rwanda |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704122925/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/rwanda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the early-2000s, [[Rwanda]] has witnessed an economic boom, which improved the living standards of many Rwandans. The President of Rwanda, [[Paul Kagame]], has noted his ambition to make Rwanda the "[[Singapore]] of [[Africa]]".<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-lee-africa/singapores-visionary-draws-followers-in-africa-idUKKBN0MK1OG20150324| title = Singapore's visionary draws followers in Africa| newspaper = Reuters| date = 24 March 2015| access-date = 4 January 2018| archive-date = 4 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192504/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-lee-africa/singapores-visionary-draws-followers-in-africa-idUKKBN0MK1OG20150324| url-status = live}}</ref> The industrial sector is growing, contributing 16% of GDP in 2012.<ref name="MINAGRI Annual Report 2018-2019" />

==History==
{{see also|History of Rwanda}}
[[File:GDP per capita development of Rwanda.png|thumb|Estimated development of real GDP per capita in Rwanda, since 1950]]

===Before the civil war and genocide===
In the 1960s and 1970s, Rwanda's prudent financial policies, coupled with generous external aid and relatively favorable terms of trade, resulted in sustained growth in per capita income and low inflation rates. However, when world coffee prices fell sharply in the 1980s, growth became erratic.

Compared to an annual GDP growth rate of 6.5% from 1973 to 1980, growth slowed to an average of 2.9% a year from 1980 through 1985 and was stagnant from 1986 to 1990. The crisis peaked in 1990 when the first measures of an IMF [[structural adjustment]] programme were carried out. While the programme was not fully implemented before the war, key measures such as two large devaluations and the removal of official prices were enacted. The consequences on salaries and purchasing power were rapid and dramatic. This crisis particularly affected the educated elite, most of whom were employed in civil service or state-owned enterprises.

During the 5 years of [[Rwandan Civil War|civil war]] that culminated in the 1994 genocide, GDP declined in 3 out of 5 years, posting a rapid decline at more than 40% in 1994, the year of the genocide. The 9% increase in real GDP for 1995, the first postwar year, signalled the resurgence of economic activity.

===After the genocide (1994&ndash;2005) ===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
The [[Rwandan genocide|1994 genocide]] destroyed Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made significant progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy. In June 1998, Rwanda signed an [[Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility]] with the [[International Monetary Fund]]. Rwanda has also embarked upon an ambitious privatization programme with the [[World Bank]].

In the immediate postwar period—mid-1994 through 1995—emergency humanitarian assistance of more than $307.4 million was largely directed to relief efforts in Rwanda and in the refugee camps in neighbouring countries where Rwandans fled during the war. In 1996, humanitarian relief aid began to shift to reconstruction and [[development aid|development assistance]].

The [[United States]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], [[France]], the [[People's Republic of China]], the World Bank, the [[UN Development Programme]] and the [[European Development Fund]] will continue to account for the substantial aid. Rehabilitation of government infrastructure, in particular the justice system, was an international priority, as well as the continued repair and expansion of infrastructure, health facilities, and schools.

After the Rwandan Genocide, the Tutsi-led government began a major programme to improve the country's economy and reduce its dependence on subsistence farming. The failing economy had been a major factor behind the genocide, as was overpopulation and the resulting competition for scarce farmland and other resources. The government focused primarily on building up its manufacturing and service industries and eliminating barriers to trade and development.

[[File:Voa murdock rwanda farming musangwa 300 oct2011.jpg|thumb|A coffee farmer in Rwanda.]]
The Government of Rwanda posted a 13% GDP growth rate in 1996 through improved collection of tax revenues, accelerated privatization of state enterprises to stop the drain on government resources, and continued improvement in export crop and food production. Tea plantations and factories continue to be rehabilitated, and coffee, always a smallholder's crop, is being more seriously rehabilitated and tended as the farmers' sense of security returns.

[[Coffee production in Rwanda|Coffee production]] of 14,578,560 tonnes in 2000 compares to a pre-civil war variation between 35,000 and 40,000 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Lobga Derick |date=2016-08-16 |title=CoffeeBI - Rwanda to Increase Coffee Production for Economic Growth |url=https://coffeebi.com/2016/08/16/rwanda-to-increase-coffee-production-for-economic-growth/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=CoffeeBI {{!}} Coffee Business Intelligence |language=en-US}}</ref> By 2002 tea became Rwanda's largest export, with export earnings from tea reaching US$18 million equating to 15,000 tonnes of dried tea. Rwanda's natural resources are limited. A small mineral industry provides about 5% of foreign exchange earnings. Concentrates exist of the heavy minerals [[cassiterite]] (a primary source of [[tin]]), and [[coltan]] (used to manufacture electronic capacitors, used in consumer electronics products such as [[Mobile phone|cell phone]]s, [[DVD player]]s, [[video game systems]] and [[Personal computer|computers]]).

By mid-1997, up to 75% of the factories functioning before the war had returned to production, at an average of 75% of their capacity. Investments in the industrial sector continue to mostly be limited to the repair of existing industrial plants. Retail trade, devastated by the war, has revived quickly, with many new small businesses established by Rwandan returnees from [[Uganda]], [[Burundi]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

Industry received little external assistance from the end of the war through 1995. Beginning in 1996–97, the government became increasingly active in helping the industrial sector to restore production through technical and financial assistance, including loan guarantees, economic liberalization, and the privatization of state-owned enterprises. In early 1998, the government set up a one-stop investment promotion centre and implemented a new investment code that created an enabling environment for foreign and local investors. An autonomous revenue authority also has begun operation, improving collections and accountability.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Cassiterite production peaked at 1,000 tonnes in 1990, but was under 700 tonnes in 2000. Recorded coltan production has soared from 147 tonnes in 1999 to 1,300 tonnes in 2001, and coltan was the country's biggest single export earner in 2001. At least part of the increase in production is because of new mines opening up in Rwanda. However it is true, as has frequently been observed, that the increase is also because of the fraudulent re-export of Congolese coltan. In addition to the well-publicised involvement in this trade of the Rwandan Defence Force (RDF), another important factor in the coltan re-export is that international dealers are under pressure not to buy from the DRC, thus increasing the incentive for DRC coltan to be re-exported as Rwanda's. Rwanda is also alleged to be trading in fraudulently exported gold and diamonds from the DRC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Rwanda/Economy.html |title=Rwanda - Economy |access-date=2011-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920145035/http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Rwanda/Economy.html |archive-date=2011-09-20 }}</ref>

===2006&ndash;present===

The country entered a high period of [[economic growth]] in 2006, and the following year managed to register 8% economic growth, a record it has sustained since, turning it into one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. This sustained economic growth has succeeded in reducing [[poverty]] and also reducing [[fertility rates]], with growth between 2006 and 2011 reducing the percentage of the country's population living in poverty from 57% to 45%.The country's infrastructure has also grown rapidly, with connections to electricity going from 91,000 in 2006 to 215,000 in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-01/economic-growth-pulls-rwandans-out-poverty| title = Economic growth pulls Rwandans out of poverty| date = 31 July 2016| access-date = 2021-07-21| archive-date = 2021-07-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210721100736/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-01/economic-growth-pulls-rwandans-out-poverty| url-status = live}}</ref> Rwanda wants to achieve [[Middle-income country|Middle Income Country]] status by 2035 and [[High-income country|High-Income Country]] status by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2022 |title=The World Bank in Rwanda |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview |access-date=August 26, 2022 |website=Worldbank |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828234831/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview |url-status=live }}</ref>

Existing foreign investment is concentrated in commercial establishments, mining, tea, coffee, and tourism. Minimum wage and social security regulations are in force, and the four prewar independent trade unions are back in operation. The largest union, [[CESTRAR]], was created as an organ of the government but became fully independent with the political reforms introduced by the 1991 constitution.

In 2016, Rwanda was ranked 42nd and second best country in Africa to do business in the Mara Foundation-The Ashish J Thakkar Global Entrepreneurship Index report.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-12-02/205881/|title=Supportive policies prop up Rwanda in inaugural global entrepreneurship index|access-date=2016-12-02|archive-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202130413/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-12-02/205881/|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, a recent research in the UK-based political science journal, ''[[Review of African Political Economy]]'', indicates that economic growth may be slower than what official figures suggest. Researchers stated that average consumption per household closely followed growth in GDP per capita from 2000 to 2005, but diverged afterwards when average consumption per household stagnated despite huge improvements in GDP per capita from 2005 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://qz.com/africa/1050158/rwandas-economic-growth-miracle-may-be-a-mirage/| title = Rwanda's growth miracle may be a mirage| date = 10 August 2017| access-date = 29 September 2018| archive-date = 18 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210118215703/https://qz.com/africa/1050158/rwandas-economic-growth-miracle-may-be-a-mirage/| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Agriculture and primary resources==
{{see also|Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources}}

[[File:MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg|thumb|Coffee beans drying in [[Maraba coffee|Maraba]]. Coffee is one of Rwanda's major cash crops.|alt=Photograph of four drying racks containing white coloured unroasted coffee beans]]
[[File:Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture,_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Rwanda has the tenth highest proportion of women working in agriculture, forestry and fishing in the world.]]
Crops grown in the country include coffee, tea, [[pyrethrum]], bananas, beans, [[sorghum]] and potatoes. Coffee and tea are the major [[cash crop]]s for export, with the high altitudes, steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions. Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices.{{sfn|WTO|2004}}
In 2019 agriculture accounted for 29% of the economy of Rwanda.<ref name="MINAGRI Annual Report 2018-2019">{{cite web|url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minagri/Publications/Annual_Reports/Annual_report_2019-20_FY_.pdf|title=Annual Report 2019–2020|access-date=2020-12-23|archive-date=2021-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324230501/https://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minagri/Publications/Annual_Reports/Annual_report_2019-20_FY_.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Rwanda produced in 2019:<ref name="Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO">{{cite web| url = http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| title = Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO| access-date = 2021-04-29| archive-date = 2018-10-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170521/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| url-status = live}}</ref> Bananas, pineapples, tea, coffee, and tobacco are high-value, export-oriented products.<ref name="Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO"/>  

* 2.6 million tonnes of [[banana]];
* 1.2 million tonnes of [[sweet potato]];
* 1.1 million tonnes of [[cassava]];
* 973 thousand tonnes of [[potato]];
* 484 thousand tonnes of [[beans]];
* 421 thousand tonnes of [[maize]];
* 256 thousand tonnes of [[pumpkin]];
* 171 thousand tonnes of [[taro]];
* 159 thousand tonnes of [[sorghum]];
* 131 thousand tonnes of [[rice]];
* 114 thousand tonnes of [[sugarcane]];
* 105 thousand tonnes of [[tomato]];
* 36 thousand tonnes of [[pineapple]];
* 31 thousand tonnes of [[tea]];
* 29 thousand tonnes of [[coffee]];
* 5.4 thousand tonnes of [[tobacco]];

Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Genocide, with widespread loss of life, failure to maintain the infrastructure, looting, and neglect of important cash crops. This caused a large drop in GDP and destroyed the country's ability to attract private and external investment.{{sfn|CIA|2019}} The economy has since strengthened, with per-capita GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) estimated at [[Geary-Khamis dollar|$]]2,225 in 2018,{{sfn|IMF|2019}} compared with $416 in 1994.{{sfn|IMF|2019}}
Major export markets include China, Germany, and the United States.{{sfn|CIA|2019}} The economy is managed by the central [[National Bank of Rwanda]] and the currency is the [[Rwandan franc]]; in June 2010, the exchange rate was 588 francs to the United States dollar.{{sfn|Namata|2010}} Rwanda joined the East African Community in 2007 and there were plans for a common [[East African shilling (new)|East African shilling]], which it had been hoped would be in place by 2015,{{sfn|Lavelle|2008}} but have not yet reached fruition (2020).

Rwanda is a country of few natural resources,{{sfn|Department of State (III)|2012}} and the economy is based mostly on [[subsistence agriculture]] by local farmers using simple tools.{{sfn|FAO / WFP|1997}} An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 42.0% of GDP in 2010.{{sfn|CIA|2019}} Since the mid-1980s, farm sizes and food production have been decreasing, due in part to the resettlement of displaced people.{{sfn|WRI|2006}}{{sfn|Department of State (I)|2004}} Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, and food imports are required.{{sfn|CIA|2019}}

Agricultural animals raised in Rwanda include cows, goats, sheep, pigs, chicken, and rabbits, with geographical variation in the numbers of each.{{sfn|MINAGRI|2006}} Production systems are mostly traditional, although there are a few intensive dairy farms around Kigali.{{sfn|MINAGRI|2006}} Shortages of land and water, insufficient and poor-quality feed, and regular disease epidemics with insufficient veterinary services are major constraints that restrict output. A "One Cow per Poor Family Programme" (Girinka), implemented in 2006, distributed 341,065 cows in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/97-needy-families-benefit-girinka-programme|title=97% of needy families benefit from 'Girinka' programme|last=Ntirenganya|first=Emmanuel|date=January 6, 2019|website=The New Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112107/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/97-needy-families-benefit-girinka-programme|url-status=live}}</ref>

Fishing takes place on the country's lakes, but stocks are very depleted, and live fish are being imported in an attempt to revive the industry.{{sfn|Namata|2008}}

==Mining==
{{see also|Mining in Rwanda}}
Rwanda's mining industry is an important contributor, generating US$93&nbsp;million in 2008.{{sfn|Mukaaya|2009}} Minerals mined include [[cassiterite]], [[wolframite]], [[sapphire]]s, gold, and [[coltan]], which is used in the manufacture of electronic and communication devices such as mobile phones.{{sfn|Mukaaya|2009}}{{sfn|Delawala|2001}}
Production of [[methane]] from [[Lake Kivu]] began in 1983, but to date has been used only by the [[Bralirwa Brewery]].

In 2019, the country was the 7th largest world producer of [[tungsten]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf| title = USGS Tungsten Production Statistics| access-date = 2021-04-29| archive-date = 2021-07-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141418/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> and the 12th largest world producer of [[tin]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf| title = USGS Tin Production Statistics| access-date = 2021-04-29| archive-date = 2021-08-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Energy and electrification ==
{{See also|List of power stations in Rwanda |Energy in Rwanda }}

Rwanda has made tremendous strides in improving electrification in the 21st century. A great number of new areas has become electrified through an expansion of infrastructure.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

Depletion of the forests will eventually pressure Rwandans to turn to fuel sources other than [[charcoal]] for cooking and heating. Given the abundance of mountain streams and lakes, the potential for [[hydroelectric power]] is substantial. Rwanda is exploiting these natural resources through joint hydroelectric projects with Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo ink a deal on Rusizi III regional hydropower plant project |url=https://www.reg.rw/media-center/news-details/news/rwanda-burundi-and-democratic-republic-of-congo-ink-a-deal-on-rusizi-iii-regional-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |language=en |date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hydro Power in Rwanda |url=https://www.reg.rw/what-we-do/generation/hydro-power/ |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

== Manufacturing ==
Rwanda's manufacturing sector is dominated by the production of import substitutes for internal consumption. The larger enterprises produce beer, soft drinks, cigarettes, hoes, wheelbarrows, soap,  mattresses, plastic pipe, roofing materials, and bottled water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Global Tenders and Bids |url=https://www.globaltenders.com/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Global Tenders |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401092904/https://www.globaltenders.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other products manufactured include agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, cement, plastic goods, textiles and cigarettes.{{sfn|CIA|2019|p=}}

== Tourism and services ==
{{see also |Tourism in Rwanda}}
[[File:Gorilla mother and baby at Volcans National Park.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mountain gorilla]]s in [[Volcanoes National Park]].|alt=Photograph depicting female adult gorilla with a baby on her shoulders, surrounded by green foliage]]

Rwanda's [[service sector]] suffered during the [[late-2000s recession]] as banks reduced lending and foreign aid projects and investment were reduced.{{sfn|Nantaba|2010}} The sector rebounded in 2010, becoming the country's largest sector by economic output and contributing 43.6% of the country's GDP.{{sfn|CIA|2019}} Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services and public administration including education and health.{{sfn|Nantaba|2010}}

[[Tourism in Rwanda|Tourism]] is one of the fastest-growing economic resources and became the country's leading foreign exchange earner in 2011.{{sfn|Birakwate|2012}} In spite of the genocide's legacy, the country is increasingly perceived internationally as a safe destination;{{sfn|Nielsen|Spenceley|2010|p=6}} The Directorate of Immigration and Emigration recorded 405,801 people visiting the country between January and June 2011; 16% of these arrived from outside Africa.{{sfn|RDB (III)|2011}} Revenue from tourism was US$115,600,000 between January and June 2011; holidaymakers contributed 43% of this revenue, despite being only 9% of the numbers.{{sfn|RDB (III)|2011}}

Rwanda is one of only two countries in which [[mountain gorilla]]s can be visited safely; gorilla tracking in the Volcanoes National Park attracts thousands of visitors per year, who are prepared to pay high prices for permits.{{sfn|Nielsen|Spenceley|2010|p=2}} Other attractions include: Nyungwe Forest, home to chimpanzees, Ruwenzori colobus and other primates, the resorts of Lake Kivu, and Akagera, a small [[savanna reserve]] in the east of the country.{{sfn|RDB (IV)}}

Rwanda's tourism is centred on the attractions of [[Volcanoes National Park]] (PNV) with its six [[volcano]]es and the protected population of [[mountain gorilla]]s made famous by [[Dian Fossey]]. Additionally, tourism is drawn to central Africa's largest protected wetland [[Akagera National Park]], with its populations of [[hippopotamus|hippopotami]], [[cape buffalo]], [[zebra]]s, [[elephant]]s, [[Taurotragus|elands]], and other big game animals. [[Birdwatching]]-related tourism has a potential to develop as well, especially in [[Nyungwe National Park]], among the largest uncut forest reserves in Africa. Nyungwe National Park is home to over 300 species of birds. And a vast variety of wild life as well.

Several memorial sites associated with the [[Rwandan genocide]] have begun to generate significant [[dark tourism]]. For example, the Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site in the [[Gasabo District]] of Kigali—the burial place of approximately 300,000 victims of the genocide—has a related genocide exhibition area and library and has plans to develop a teaching centre on the history of the genocide. Another major genocide-related memorial centre attracting tourists is the Murambi Genocide Memorial Site housed in the former [[Murambi Technical School]] where 45,000 people were murdered and 850 skeletons and mummified remains of the victims are on display.

Two other major memorial sites associated with the genocide are in [[Kicukiro District]]: Rebero Genocide Memorial Site where 14,400 victims are buried and the Nyanza-Kicukiro Genocide Memorial Site where 5,000 victims were killed after [[Belgium|Belgian]] soldiers who serving in the [[United Nations]] peacekeeping forces abandoned them. In [[Kibungo Province]], the site of the [[Nyarubuye Massacre]] is home to the Nyarubuye Genocide Memorial Site where an estimated 20,000 victims were killed after seeking refuge in the [[Roman Catholic]] church and homes of the nuns and priest there.

== Historical statistics ==
=== GDP per capita (nominal) ===
{{centre|'''Historical evolution of GDP per capita (Nominal) of Rwanda during the period 1980-2030'''}}
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  bar:1980 text:1980
  bar:1981 text:1981
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  bar:1983 text:1983 
  bar:1984 text:1984
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  bar:1986 text:1986
  bar:1987 text:1987
  bar:1988 text:1988
  bar:1989 text:1989
  bar:1990 text:1990
  bar:1991 text:1991
  bar:1992 text:1992
  bar:1993 text:1993
  bar:1994 text:1994
  bar:1995 text:1995
  bar:1996 text:1996
  bar:1997 text:1997
  bar:1998 text:1998
  bar:1999 text:1999
  bar:2000 text:2000
  bar:2001 text:2001
  bar:2002 text:2002
  bar:2003 text:2003
  bar:2004 text:2004
  bar:2005 text:2005
  bar:2006 text:2006
  bar:2007 text:2007
  bar:2008 text:2008
  bar:2009 text:2009
  bar:2010 text:2010
  bar:2011 text:2011
  bar:2012 text:2012
  bar:2013 text:2013
  bar:2014 text:2014
  bar:2015 text:2015
  bar:2016 text:2016
  bar:2017 text:2017
  bar:2018 text:2018
  bar:2019 text:2019
  bar:2020 text:2020
  bar:2021 text:2021
  bar:2022 text:2022
  bar:2023 text:2023
  bar:2024 text:2024
  bar:2025 text:2025
  bar:2026 text:2026
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  bar:2028 text:2028
  bar:2029 text:2029
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  bar:1983 from:000 till: 339
  bar:1984 from:000 till: 317
  bar:1985 from:000 till: 364
  bar:1986 from:000 till: 399
  bar:1987 from:000 till: 428
  bar:1988 from:000 till: 442
  bar:1989 from:000 till: 447
  bar:1990 from:000 till: 417
  bar:1991 from:000 till: 298
  bar:1992 from:000 till: 317
  bar:1993 from:000 till: 325
  bar:1994 from:000 till: 223
  bar:1995 from:000 till: 245
  bar:1996 from:000 till: 268
  bar:1997 from:000 till: 345
  bar:1998 from:000 till: 338
  bar:1999 from:000 till: 284
  bar:2000 from:000 till: 266
  bar:2001 from:000 till: 248
  bar:2002 from:000 till: 242
  bar:2003 from:000 till: 257
  bar:2004 from:000 till: 277
  bar:2005 from:000 till: 334
  bar:2006 from:000 till: 368
  bar:2007 from:000 till: 442
  bar:2008 from:000 till: 545
  bar:2009 from:000 till: 585
  bar:2010 from:000 till: 612
  bar:2011 from:000 till: 674
  bar:2012 from:000 till: 730
  bar:2013 from:000 till: 728
  bar:2014 from:000 till: 749
  bar:2015 from:000 till: 758
  bar:2016 from:000 till: 753
  bar:2017 from:000 till: 783
  bar:2018 from:000 till: 797
  bar:2019 from:000 till: 836
  bar:2020 from:000 till: 803
  bar:2021 from:000 till: 854
  bar:2022 from:000 till: 1005
  bar:2023 from:000 till: 1061
  bar:2024 from:000 till: 1028
  bar:2025 from:000 till: 1042
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  bar:2027 
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  bar:1984 at:317 fontsize:S text:317 shift:(0,2)
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  bar:1986 at:399 fontsize:S text:399 shift:(0,2)
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  bar:1996 at:268 fontsize:S text:268 shift:(0,2)
  bar:1997 at:345 fontsize:S text:345 shift:(0,2)
  bar:1998 at:338 fontsize:S text:338 shift:(0,2)
  bar:1999 at:284 fontsize:S text:284 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2000 at:266 fontsize:S text:266 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2001 at:248 fontsize:S text:248 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2002 at:242 fontsize:S text:242 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2003 at:257 fontsize:S text:257 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2004 at:277 fontsize:S text:277 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2005 at:334 fontsize:S text:334 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2006 at:368 fontsize:S text:368 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2007 at:442 fontsize:S text:442 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2008 at:545 fontsize:S text:545 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2009 at:585 fontsize:S text:585 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2010 at:612 fontsize:S text:612 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2011 at:674 fontsize:S text:674 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2012 at:730 fontsize:S text:730 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2013 at:728 fontsize:S text:728 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2014 at:749 fontsize:S text:749 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2015 at:758 fontsize:S text:758 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2016 at:753 fontsize:S text:753 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2017 at:783 fontsize:S text:783 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2018 at:797 fontsize:S text:797 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2019 at:836 fontsize:S text:836 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2020 at:803 fontsize:S text:803 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2021 at:854 fontsize:S text:854 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2022 at:1005 fontsize:S text:1,005 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2023 at:1061 fontsize:S text:1,061 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2024 at:1028 fontsize:S text:1,028 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2025 at:1042 fontsize:S text:1,042 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2026 
  bar:2027 
  bar:2028 
  bar:2029 
  bar:2030 
  
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'''Source: [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical evolution of GDP per capita (Nominal) of Rwanda during the period 1980-2030|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=1980&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|date=2025|access-date=2025-04-24|website=imf.org|author=[[International Monetary Fund]]|language=}}</ref>

=== GDP per capita (PPP) ===
{{centre|'''Historical evolution of GDP per capita (PPP) of Rwanda during the period 1980-2030'''}}
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  bar:1984 from:000 till: 550
  bar:1985 from:000 till: 572
  bar:1986 from:000 till: 596
  bar:1987 from:000 till: 588
  bar:1988 from:000 till: 590
  bar:1989 from:000 till: 559
  bar:1990 from:000 till: 569
  bar:1991 from:000 till: 546
  bar:1992 from:000 till: 595
  bar:1993 from:000 till: 582
  bar:1994 from:000 till: 372
  bar:1995 from:000 till: 501
  bar:1996 from:000 till: 576
  bar:1997 from:000 till: 643
  bar:1998 from:000 till: 646
  bar:1999 from:000 till: 611
  bar:2000 from:000 till: 659
  bar:2001 from:000 till: 713
  bar:2002 from:000 till: 800
  bar:2003 from:000 till: 813
  bar:2004 from:000 till: 866
  bar:2005 from:000 till: 955
  bar:2006 from:000 till: 1051
  bar:2007 from:000 till: 1137
  bar:2008 from:000 till: 1247
  bar:2009 from:000 till: 1306
  bar:2010 from:000 till: 1376
  bar:2011 from:000 till: 1487
  bar:2012 from:000 till: 1601
  bar:2013 from:000 till: 1665
  bar:2014 from:000 till: 1756
  bar:2015 from:000 till: 1884
  bar:2016 from:000 till: 1968
  bar:2017 from:000 till: 2033
  bar:2018 from:000 till: 2195
  bar:2019 from:000 till: 2412
  bar:2020 from:000 till: 2357
  bar:2021 from:000 till: 2815
  bar:2022 from:000 till: 3190
  bar:2023 from:000 till: 3510
  bar:2024 from:000 till: 3814
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  bar:1983 at:481 fontsize:S text:481 shift:(0,2)
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  bar:2000 at:659 fontsize:S text:659 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2001 at:713 fontsize:S text:713 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2002 at:800 fontsize:S text:800 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2003 at:813 fontsize:S text:813 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2004 at:866 fontsize:S text:866 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2005 at:955 fontsize:S text:955 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2006 at:1051 fontsize:S text:1,051 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2007 at:1137 fontsize:S text:1,137 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2008 at:1247 fontsize:S text:1,247 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2009 at:1306 fontsize:S text:1,306 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2010 at:1376 fontsize:S text:1,376 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2011 at:1487 fontsize:S text:1,487 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2012 at:1601 fontsize:S text:1,601 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2013 at:1665 fontsize:S text:1,665 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2014 at:1756 fontsize:S text:1,756 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2015 at:1884 fontsize:S text:1,884 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2016 at:1968 fontsize:S text:1,968 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2017 at:2033 fontsize:S text:2,033 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2018 at:2195 fontsize:S text:2,195 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2019 at:2412 fontsize:S text:2,412 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2020 at:2357 fontsize:S text:2,357 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2021 at:2815 fontsize:S text:2,815 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2022 at:3190 fontsize:S text:3,190 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2023 at:3510 fontsize:S text:3,510 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2024 at:3814 fontsize:S text:3,814 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2025 at:4103 fontsize:S text:4,103 shift:(0,2)
  bar:2026 
  bar:2027 
  bar:2028 
  bar:2029 
  bar:2030 
  
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'''Source: [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical evolution of GDP per capita (PPA) of Rwanda during the period 1980-2030|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=1980&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|date=2025|access-date=2025-04-24|website=imf.org|author=[[International Monetary Fund]]|language=}}</ref>


The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Year
! GDP
(in bn. US$ PPP)
! GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
!GDP
(in bn. US$ nominal)
! GDP growth<br />(real)
! Inflation<br />(in Percent)
! Government debt<br />(Percentage of GDP)
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1980
| 2.11
| 453
|1.49
| −3.6 %
| 7.2%
| ...
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1985
| 3.66
| 643
|2.20
| 5.5%
| −1.1 %
| ...
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1990
| 3.96
| 614
|2.95
| 0.4%
| 4.2%
| ...
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1995
| 2.96
| 541
|1.47
| 24.5%
| 56.0%
| 120%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2000
| 5.00
| 667
|2.05
| 8.4%
| 3.9%
| 103%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2005
| 8.28
| 938
|2.94
| 9.4%
| 9.1%
| 67%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2006
| 9.32
| 1,036
|3.32
| 9.2%
| 8.8%
| 24%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2007
| 10.30
| 1,120
|4.07
| 7.6%
| 9.1%
| 24%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2008
| 11.68
| 1,229
|5.18
| 11.2%
| 15.4%
| 19%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2009
| 12.50
| 1,289
|5.68
| 6.3%
| 10.3%
| 20%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2010
| 13.58
| 1,356
|6.12
| 7.3%
| 2.3%
| 20%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2011
| 14.94
| 1,465
|6.89
| 8.0%
| 5.7%
| 20%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2012
| 15.71
| 1,499
|7.65
| 8.6%
| 6.3%
| 20%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2013
| 16.70
| 1,555
|7.82
| 4.7%
| 4.2%
| 27%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2014
| 18.93
| 1,721
|8.24
| 6.2%
| 1.8%
| 29%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2015
| 20.53
| 1,823
|8.55
| 8.9%
| 2.5%
| 33%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2016
| 21.98
| 1,905
|8.70
| 6.0%
| 5.7%
| 37%
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2017
| 23.67
| 2,004
|9.25
| 3.9%
| 4.8%
| 41%
|-
|'''2018'''
|26.30
|2,176
|9.64
|8.5%
|1.4%
|45%
|-
|'''2019'''
|29.31
|2,369
|10.35
|9.5%
|2.4%
|50%
|-
|'''2020'''
|28.69
|2,265
|10.17
|−3.4 %
|7.7%
|66%
|-
|'''2021'''
|33.24
|2,566
|11.05
|10.9%
|0.8%
|67%
|-
|'''2022'''
|38.47
|2,904
|13.31
|8.2%
|13.9%
|61%
|-
|'''2023'''
|42.34
|3,137
|13.93
|6.2%
|14.5%
|63%
|}

== See also ==
* [[Rwanda]]
* [[Energy in Rwanda]]
* [[Telecommunications in Rwanda]]
* [[Transport in Rwanda]]
* [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]

'''General:'''
* [[Economy of Africa]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |last=Birakwate |first=Bruno |date=2012-03-26 |title=Google Maps to promote Rwanda's tourism |work=Rwanda Focus |url=http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/ |accessdate=2012-04-03 |archive-date=2013-04-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418052607/http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Delawala |first=Imtiyaz |date=7 September 2001 |title=What Is Coltan? |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |location=New York, N.Y. |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153446/http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=Department of State |year=2004 |title=Background Note: Rwanda |work=Background Notes |authorlink=United States Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of State (I)|2004}} |archive-date=2014-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114124207/http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=Department of State |year=2012 |title=Background Note: Rwanda |work=Background Notes |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2861.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of State (III)|2012}} |archive-date=2014-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412174137/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2861.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] / [[World Food Programme]] (FAO / WFP) |date=1 July 1997 |title=Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Rwanda |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|FAO / WFP|1997}} |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002010045/http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Lavelle |first=John |date=5 July 2008 |title=Resurrecting the East African Shilling |work=[[East African Business Week]] |location=Kampala |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163057/http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Republic of Rwanda |date=10 June 2006 |title=Livestock production |url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131055/http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINAGRI|2006}} |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Mukaaya |first=Eddie |date=15 January 2009 |title=Mining industry generated $93&nbsp;million in 2008 |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-01-14/6692/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052150/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-01-14/6692/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Namata |first=Berna |date=28 December 2008 |title=Rwanda to restock water bodies with fisheries |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-11-02/100564/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200733/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-11-02/100564/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Namata |first=Berna |date=2010-08-03 |title=Franc Weakens Against the U.S. Dollar |publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |url=http://newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14104&a=32055 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |archive-date=2013-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107074252/http://newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14104&a=32055 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Nantaba |first=Eriosi |date=18 October 2010 |title=Rwanda services sector boosts GDP |work=East African Business Week |location=Kampala |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130336/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Nielsen |first1=Hannah |last2=Spenceley |first2=Anna |date=April 2010 |title=The success of tourism in Rwanda&nbsp;– Gorillas and more |work=African Success Stories Study |publisher=[[World Bank]] & [[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation]] |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185656/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (III) |year=2011 |title=Highlights of Tourist Arrivals in Rwanda January–June 2011 |url=http://www.rdb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/tourism%20conservation/Arrival_Statistics_2011_1st_semester__version_2_.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-16 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (III)|2011}} |archive-date=2014-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185756/http://www.rdb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/tourism%20conservation/Arrival_Statistics_2011_1st_semester__version_2_.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (IV) |title=National Parks |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |accessdate=2012-03-01 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (IV)}} |archive-date=2012-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511234019/http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Institute (WRI) |year=2006 |title=Agriculture and Food: Country profile&nbsp;– Rwanda |work=EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal |author-link=World Resources Institute |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134313/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WRI|2006}} }}
* {{cite web |author=World Trade Organization (WTO) |date=30 September 2004 |title=Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy |work=Trade policy review: Rwanda |author-link=World Trade Organization |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WTO|2004}} |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011128/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070901213134/http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=215 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] Rwanda Human Conflict and Environmental Consequences (Video)
* [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=646 Rwanda latest trade data on ITC Trade Map]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/RWA/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Rwanda]
* {{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Neil M. |title=Leaving no-one behind? Social inequalities and contrasting development impacts in rural Rwanda |journal=Development Studies Research |date=2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/21665095.2018.1441039|doi-access=free }}
{{Rwanda topics}}
{{Africa in topic|Economy of}}
{{World Trade Organization}}

* [https://discover.rw/visit-rwanda/ Visit Rwanda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508070452/https://discover.rw/visit-rwanda/ |date=2023-05-08 }}

[[Category:Economy of Rwanda| ]]
[[Category:African Union member economies|Rwanda]]
[[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Rwanda]]