View source for Edmonton

{{Short description|Capital of Alberta, Canada}}
{{about|the city in Alberta, Canada|other uses|Edmonton (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Edmonton
| official_name      = 
| nicknames          = Canada's Festival City, City of Champions, The Oil Capital of Canada [[List of city nicknames in Canada#Alberta|more]]...<ref name=nicknames>{{cite web|url=http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/OcctopusDocs/Public/Complete/Reports/EX/Elected-1995/2003-04-23/2003COC009.doc |title=Economic Development Edmonton 'Branding Edmonton' Initiative |publisher=City of Edmonton |type=[[Doc (computing)|Doc]] |date=March 28, 2003 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211073636/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/OcctopusDocs/Public/Complete/Reports/EX/Elected-1995/2003-04-23/2003COC009.doc |archive-date=February 11, 2015}}</ref>
| named_for          = [[Edmonton, London]]
| motto = {{force singular}} Industry, integrity, progress
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Alberta|City]] and [[List of cities in Canada#Capital cities|provincial capital]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 | border = infobox 
 | perrow = 1/2/2/2
 | total_width = 280
 | caption_align = center
 | image1 = Edmonton Skyline from 106 Street Lookout 2019.jpg
 | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Edmonton|Skyline]] of [[Downtown Edmonton]] and [[Walterdale Bridge]]
 | image2 = Alberta Legislature Building at night.jpg
 | caption2 = [[Alberta Legislature Building]]
 | image3 = Edmonton - Art Gallery of Alberta (15015846212).jpg
 | caption3 = [[Art Gallery of Alberta]]
 | image4 = Fort Edmonton Park (36894696671).jpg
 | caption4 = [[Fort Edmonton Park]]
 | image5 = Edmonton_conservatory.jpg
 | caption5 = [[Muttart Conservatory]]
 | image6 = Edmonton Law Courts 10.jpg
 | caption6 = [[Law Courts (Edmonton)|Law Courts Building]]
 | image7 = Pirate ship in the West Edmonton Mall.jpg
 | caption7 = [[West Edmonton Mall]]
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Edmonton.svg
| image_shield       = EdmontonCOA.svg
| shield_link        = Coat of arms of Edmonton
| image_blank_emblem = Edmonton Square Logo (2022).svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| blank_emblem_size  = 
| image_map          = 
| mapsize            = 
| map_caption        = 
| mapframe           = yes
| mapframe-shape     = yes
| pushpin_map        = Canada#Alberta
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Edmonton in [[Alberta]]
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = Canada
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Alberta]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of regions of Canada#Alberta|Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Edmonton Metropolitan Region]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[List of census divisions of Alberta|Census division]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Division No. 11, Alberta|11]]
| leader_title       = Body
| leader_name        = [[Edmonton City Council]]
| leader_title1      = [[List of mayors of Edmonton|Mayor]]
| leader_name1       = [[Andrew Knack]]
| leader_title2      = [[City manager|Manager]]
| leader_name2       = Eddie Robar<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.edmonton.ca/sites/default/files/public-files/assets/PDF/COELeadershipList.pdf?cb=1724707868 | title=City of Edmonton Leadership List | date=August 9, 2024 }}</ref>
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 1795
| established_title1 = Incorporated<ref name=AMACityProfiles>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/basicReport/CITY.PDF |publisher=[[Alberta Municipal Affairs]] |title=Location and History Profile: City of Edmonton |page=43 |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325212924/http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/basicReport/CITY.PDF |archive-date=March 25, 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Amalgamation>{{cite web|url=http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf |title=City of Edmonton Population, Historical |publisher=City of Edmonton, Planning and Development Department |date=August 2008 |access-date=June 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062846/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>
| established_date1  = &nbsp;
| established_title2 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;[[List of towns in Alberta|Town]]
| established_date2  = January 9, 1892
| established_title3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;[[List of cities in Alberta|City]]
| established_date3  = October 8, 1904
| established_title4 = [[List of municipal amalgamations in Alberta|Amalgamated]]<ref name=AMACityProfiles/>
| established_date4  = February 12, 1912
| total_type         = Total
| area_footnotes     = &nbsp;(2021)<ref name=2021censusb/>
| area_land_km2      = 765.61
| area_urban_km2     = 627.20
| area_metro_km2     = 9416.19
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2021censusb/><ref name=2021censusPC>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810001101 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada and population centres | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2021censusCMA />
| population_note    = 
| population_total   = 1010899 <!-- 2021 StatCan census population only per [[WP:CANPOP]];  do not replace with latest municipal census population count; this municipal census population count can go in the population_blank1_title and population_blank1 parameters further below and can be noted in the article body (so long as it doesn't replace the 2021 StatCan census population in the body). -->([[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|5th]])
| population_density_km2 = 1320.4
| population_est     = 1128811
| pop_est_as_of      = 2023
| population_urban   = 1151635 ([[List of the largest population centres in Canada|5th]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1836.2
| population_metro   = 1418118 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|6th]])
| population_density_metro_km2 = 150.6
| population_blank1_title = [[Municipal census in Canada|Municipal&nbsp;census]]&nbsp;([[2019 Alberta municipal censuses|2019]])
| population_blank1  = 972223<ref name="2019census">{{cite web | url=https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/municipal-census-results.aspx | title=2019 Municipal Census Results | publisher=City of Edmonton | date=September 5, 2019 | access-date=September 5, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916195820/https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/municipal-census-results.aspx | archive-date=September 16, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_blank2_title = 
| population_blank2  = 
| population_demonym = ''Edmontonian''
| blank_name_sec2    = [[GDP]] (Edmonton {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]93.27 billion (2021)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) | date=November 27, 2024 }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2   = GDP per capita (Edmonton {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank1_info_sec2   = CA$63,601 (2022)<ref>[https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/assets/WhyCalgary_Our-Economy-in-Depth-2022-06.pdf Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth]</ref>
| timezone           = [[Mountain Time Zone|MST]]
| utc_offset         = −07:00
| timezone_DST       = MDT
| utc_offset_DST     = −06:00
| coordinates        = {{coord|53|32|04|N|113|29|25|W|region:CA-AB|display=inline,title|notes=<ref name=IACMP/>}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safetycodes.ab.ca/Public/Documents/PSSSOP_Handbook_Version_12_Online_Feb_21_2012b.pdf |title=Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town) |publisher=Safety Codes Council |type=PDF |pages=212–215 (PDF pages 226–229) |date=January 2012 |access-date=October 8, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085027/http://www.safetycodes.ab.ca/Public/Documents/PSSSOP_Handbook_Version_12_Online_Feb_21_2012b.pdf |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref>
| elevation_m        = 645
| postal_code_type   = [[Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas|FSAs]]
| postal_code        = [[List of T postal codes of Canada|T5A – T6Y]]
| area_codes         = [[Area code 780|780]], [[Area codes 587, 825, and 368|587, 825, 368]]
| blank_name         = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map
| blank_info         = {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|83|H|5}}, {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|83|H|6}}, {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|83|H|11}}, {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|83|H|12}}
| blank1_name        = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] Code
| blank1_info        = IACMP<ref name=IACMP>{{Cite cgndb|IACMP|Edmonton}}</ref>
| website            = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Edmonton'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-ca-Edmonton.ogg|ˈ|ɛ|d|m|ə|n|t|ən}} {{respell|ED|mən|tən}}}} is the [[capital city]] of the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Alberta]]. It is situated on the [[North Saskatchewan River]] and is the centre of the [[Edmonton Metropolitan Region]], which is surrounded by [[Central Alberta|Alberta's central region]], and is in [[Treaty 6|Treaty 6 territory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations {{!}} Treaty Six First Nations {{!}} 17533 106 Avenue Northwest, Edmonton, AB, Canada |url=https://www.treatysix.org/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations |language=en}}</ref> It anchors the northern end of what [[Statistics Canada]] defines as the "[[Calgary–Edmonton Corridor]]".<ref name="CRBGeoProfile" />

The area that later became the city of Edmonton was first inhabited by [[First Nations in Alberta|First Nations]] peoples and was also a historic site for the [[Métis in Alberta|Métis]]. By 1795, many [[trading post]]s had been established around the area that later became the Edmonton census metropolitan area. "Fort Edmonton", as it was known, became the main centre for trade in the area after the 1821 merger of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] and the [[North West Company]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Edmonton {{!}} History, Facts, Map, & Points of Interest {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Edmonton-Alberta |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It remained sparsely populated until the Canadian acquisition of Rupert's Land in 1870, followed eventually by the arrival of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] in 1891, its inauguration as a [[city]] in 1904, and its designation as the capital of the new province of Alberta in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Tim |date=March 14, 2021 |title=A History of Edmonton |url=https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-edmonton/ |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=Local Histories |language=en-GB}}</ref> Its growth was facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ([[Strathcona, Alberta|Strathcona]], [[North Edmonton, Alberta|North Edmonton]], [[West Edmonton, Alberta|West Edmonton]], [[Beverly, Alberta|Beverly]] and [[Jasper Place]])<ref name=pophistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/population-history.aspx |title=Population History |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=November 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016013759/http://edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/population-history.aspx |archive-date=October 16, 2012 }} [Thus Edmonton is said to be a combination of two cities, two towns and two villages.]</ref> in addition to a series of annexations through 1982,<ref name=AnnexationMap>{{cite map|url=http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/SmartChoices/Audit/maps/report1map02.pdf |title=History of Annexations |publisher=City of Edmonton, Planning and Development Department |access-date=December 29, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230005356/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/SmartChoices/Audit/maps/report1map02.pdf |archive-date=December 30, 2014 }}</ref> and the annexation of {{convert|8260|ha|km2 sqmi|abbr=on}} of land from [[Leduc County]] and the City of [[Beaumont, Alberta|Beaumont]] on January 1, 2019.<ref name="City of Edmonton">{{cite web|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/projects_plans/annexation/leduc-county-annexation.aspx|title=Leduc County Annexation|author=City of Edmonton|access-date=January 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010948/https://www.edmonton.ca/projects_plans/annexation/leduc-county-annexation.aspx|archive-date=January 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of [[2021 Canadian census|2021]], Edmonton had a city population of 1,010,899 and a [[Census Metropolitan Area|metropolitan]] population of 1,418,118, making it the [[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|fifth-largest]] city<ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=February 9, 2022|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E|access-date=February 9, 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name=2016CensusABmunis>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48 |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta) |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082610/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48 |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> and [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|sixth-largest]] metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistics Canada. 2022. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released February 9, 2022.|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E|access-date=February 9, 2022|website=Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.| date=February 9, 2022 }}</ref><ref name=2016censusCMA>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=100 |title=Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082429/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=100 |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> It is the northernmost city and metropolitan area in [[North America]] to have a population of over one million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Edmonton {{!}} Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/radiology-and-diagnostic-imaging/about-the-department/about-edmonton.html#:~:text=Edmonton%20is%20North%20America%27s%20northernmost,is%20known%20as%20an%20Edmontonian. |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=www.ualberta.ca}}</ref> Residents are called ''Edmontonians''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Aubrey | first=Merrily | title=Naming Edmonton: From Ada to Zoie | publisher=University of Alberta Press | year=2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/namingedmontonfr00aubr/page/17 17], 25, 34, 138, 214 | isbn=0-88864-423-X | url=https://archive.org/details/namingedmontonfr00aubr | url-access=registration }}</ref>

Known as the "Gateway to the North" [[North Bay, Ontario|outside of Ontario]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aviationedmonton.ca/airport.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807123900/http://aviationedmonton.ca/airport.php | archive-date=August 7, 2013 | title=City Centre Airport (Gateway to the North) | publisher=Aviation Edmonton | url-status=usurped | access-date=March 5, 2014}}</ref> Edmonton has become a staging point for large-scale [[oil sands]] projects occurring in [[northern Alberta]] and large-scale [[Diamond#Surfacing|diamond]] mining operations in the [[Northwest Territories]].<ref name="The Diavik Diamond Mine">{{cite web|url=http://www.infomine.com/careers/eoc/diavik.asp |author=The Diavik Diamond Mine |title=Historical The Diavik Diamond Mine |access-date=March 1, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829110417/http://www.infomine.com/careers/eoc/diavik.asp |archive-date=August 29, 2008 }}</ref> It is a cultural, governmental and educational centre that hosts festivals year-round, reflected in the nickname "Canada's Festival City".<ref name=nicknames/> It is home to Canada's largest mall, [[West Edmonton Mall]] (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004);<ref name="Welcome to West Edmonton Mall's Website.">{{cite web|url=http://www.wem.ca/#/main/home/Main-Home |author=West Edmonton Mall |title=Welcome to West Edmonton Mall's Website |publisher=West Edmonton Mall |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601005636/http://www.wem.ca/ |archive-date=June 1, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite news |title=American Dream, a mega mall and entertainment complex, to open in N.J.: Who will come? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/american-dream-mega-mall-entertainment-complex-open-n-j-who-n1071851 |access-date=July 16, 2021 |agency=The Associated Press |publisher=NBC News |date=October 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=David |title=American Dream mall to close for March due to virus concerns |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2020/03/13/american-dream-mall-to-close-for-march-due-to-virus-concerns/ |access-date=July 16, 2021 |agency=The Associated Press |publisher=Rogers Media |date=March 13, 2020}}</ref> and [[Fort Edmonton Park]], Canada's largest [[living history]] museum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/17/idUS106762+17-Mar-2009+MW20090317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304141938/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/17/idUS106762%2B17-Mar-2009%2BMW20090317 |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |author=Marketwire |title=Edmonton Attractions Make Canada's Festival City a Family Affair |date=March 17, 2009 |work=Reuters |access-date=December 7, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Origin of name ==
Established as the first permanent settlement in the area of what is now Edmonton, the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] trading post of [[Fort Edmonton]] (also known as Edmonton House) was named after [[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]], [[Middlesex]], England.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naming Edmonton 1795 |url=https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/edmonton_archives/origins-of-naming-in-edmonton |website=edmonton.ca}}</ref> The fort's name was chosen by [[William Tomison]], who was in charge of its construction, taking the fort's name from the hometown of the Lake family – at least five of whom were influential members of the Hudson's Bay Company between 1696 and 1807.<ref name=":1" /> In turn, the name of Edmonton derives from Adelmetone, meaning 'farmstead/estate of Ēadhelm' (from Ēadhelm, an [[Old English]] personal name, and {{lang|ang|cat=no|[[wiktionary:-tun|tūn]]}}); this earlier form of the name appears in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mills|first=A. D.|title=A dictionary of London place-names|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-860957-4|location=Oxford|pages=74|oclc=56654940}}</ref> Fort Edmonton was also called ''Fort-des-Prairies'' by [[French-Canadian]]s, [[Animal trapping|trappers]], and [[coureurs des bois]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edmonton Historical Board, Heritage Sites Committee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWWo___pkQUC|title=Naming Edmonton: from Ada to Zoie|publisher=University of Alberta Press|year=2004|isbn=9780888644237|editor-last=Aubrey|editor-first=Merrily K.|location=Edmonton|pages=18|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Indigenous languages refer to the Edmonton area by multiple names which reference the presence of fur trading posts.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Cardinal|first=Jacquelyn|title=Layers of Place|url=https://www.urbanwellnessedmonton.com/stories/layers-of-place|access-date=June 14, 2021|website=Recover – Urban Wellbeing in Edmonton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fromhold|first=Joachim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahvVAgAAQBAJ|title=2001 Indian Place Names of the West – Part 1 -|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2010|isbn=9780557438365|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In [[Cree language|Cree]], the area is known as {{lang|cr|ᐊᒥᐢᑿᒌᐚᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ}}<!--see https://ualberta.galaxydigital.com/agency/detail/?agency_id=133442--> {{lang|cr-Latn|amiskwacîwâskahikan}},<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2018|title=Newcomer's Guide to Edmonton|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/documents/Newcomers_Guide_English_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326214237/http://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/documents/Newcomers_Guide_English_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2015 |url-status=live|access-date=June 14, 2021|website=CIty of Edmonton}}</ref> which translates to "Beaver Hills House" and references the location's proximity to the [[Beaver Hills (Alberta)|Beaver Hills]] east of Edmonton. In [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]], the area is known as {{lang|bla|Omahkoyis}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omahkoyis |url=https://www.ulethbridge.ca/lib/bdl/index.php?sort=Blackfoot&id=91 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=www.ulethbridge.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Many Guns |first=Payne |title=Siksikawa Otaawahsinnowa = Where the Blackfoot People live |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-9992947-2-4 |edition=1st |publisher=Durville |location=Calgary, Alberta |oclc=1139336039}}</ref> in [[Stoney language|Nakota Sioux]], the area is known as {{lang|sto|Titâga}};<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Stoney Nakoda Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.stoneynakoda.org/#/E/edmonton |access-date=May 13, 2022 |website=dictionary.stoneynakoda.org}}</ref> in [[Tsuutʼina language|Tsuutʼina]], the area is known as {{lang|srs|Nââsʔágháàchú}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://togetherattaza.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Taza-Guidelines-May2020-Sm.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923172440/https://togetherattaza.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Taza-Guidelines-May2020-Sm.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |url-status=live |title=Taza Development Guidelines |date=April 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2022}}</ref> (anglicised as ''Nasagachoo'').<ref name=":8" /> The Blackfoot name translates to 'big lodge',<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Frantz |first=Donald G. |title=Blackfoot Grammar |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781487500863 |location=Toronto |pages=274 |oclc=982378173}}</ref> while the Nakota Sioux and Tsuutʼina names translate to 'big house'.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Territorial Acknowledgement|url=https://www.everyonescanada.ca/territorial_acknowledgement|access-date=June 14, 2021|website=Everyone's Canada|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614101552/https://www.everyonescanada.ca/territorial_acknowledgement|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Chipewyan language|Denesuline]], the area is known as {{lang|chp|Kuę́ Nedhé}},<ref>Chipweyan Dictionary, South Slave Divisional Education Council [http://www.ssdec.nt.ca/ablang/ablanguage/chiptionary/Chipewyan%20Dictionary.pdf Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623170024/http://www.ssdec.nt.ca/ablang/ablanguage/chiptionary/Chipewyan%20Dictionary.pdf |date=June 23, 2020 }}</ref> a [[Metonymy|metonymic]] toponym which also generally means 'city'.

== History ==
{{further|History of Edmonton}}
{{For timeline}}

The earliest known inhabitants arrived in the area that is now Edmonton around 3,000&nbsp;BC and perhaps as early as 12,000&nbsp;BC when an ice-free corridor opened as the [[last glacial period]] ended and timber, water, and wildlife became available in the region.<ref name="Edmonton's Timeline">{{cite book|last1=Walls|first1=Martha|last2=Mahaffy|first2=Cheryl|title=Edmonton Book of Everything: Everything You Wanted to Know about Edmonton and Were Going to Ask Anyway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK2tAAAACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=MacIntyre & Purcell |isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2|page=9}}</ref>

The site of present-day Edmonton was home to several [[First Nations in Alberta|First Nations]] peoples, including the [[Cree]], [[Nakota|Nakota Sioux]], [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]], [[Tsuutʼina Nation|Tsuut'ina]], [[Ojibwe]], and [[Chipewyan|Denesuline]]. The valley of the [[North Saskatchewan River]], in particular the area of Edmonton, was settled to varying degrees for thousands of years, and provided many essential resources, including fish, medicine, and materials for tool making, such as [[chert]] or [[quartzite]], which are abundant in the area around the modern city and which can be easily [[Knapping|knapped]] into tools such as [[axe]]s, [[Knife|knives]], and [[arrowhead]]s.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=amiskwaciy-wâskahikan (Edmonton) History |url=https://www.ealt.ca/indigenous-connections-blog-list/amiskwaciy-wskahikan-edmonton-history |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=Edmonton & Area Land Trust |date=February 3, 2020 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

The city was also a historic site for the [[Métis in Alberta|Métis]], who held many narrow lots along the North Saskatchewan which gave access to resources in the area. By 1882, these lots numbered about 44, after which they were displaced and integrated into the expanding city of Edmonton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Métis in Treaty 6 & Relationship to Fort Edmonton Park |url=https://www.fortedmontonpark.ca/learn/blog/post/metis-in-treaty-6-relationship-to-fort-edmonton-park |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=www.fortedmontonpark.ca |date=January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Kane Fort Edmonton.jpg|thumb|left|The last of five [[Fort Edmonton]]s was constructed in 1830. It was the third to be built within present-day Edmonton.]]

In 1754, [[Anthony Henday]], an explorer for the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC), may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area.<ref>{{cite book|last=James G.|first=MacGregor|title=Edmonton: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zj8lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1|year=1975|publisher=Hurtig|isbn=978-0-88830-100-0|page=17}}</ref> His expeditions across the Prairies of [[Rupert's Land]] were mainly to seek contact with the [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Indigenous population]] for establishing the [[fur trade]], as the competition was fierce between the HBC and the [[North West Company]] (NWC).

By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the river's north bank as a major [[trading post]] for the HBC, near the mouth of the Sturgeon River close to present-day [[Fort Saskatchewan]].<ref name="fortedm">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fort-edmonton/ |title=Fort Edmonton |last=Switzer |first=Jan |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |date=March 4, 2015 |orig-year=February 7, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503222236/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fort-edmonton/ |archive-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref> Fort Edmonton was built within "musket-shot range" of the rival NWC's Fort Augustus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.albertasource.ca/metis/eng/people_and_communities/historic_fort_edmonton.htm|title=Fort Edmonton and Fort Augustus|last=Alberta Source|date=January 1, 2010|website=Alberta Source|url-status=live|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208175137/http://www.albertasource.ca/metis/eng/people_and_communities/historic_fort_edmonton.htm|archive-date=December 8, 2010|access-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref> Although both forts were initially successful, declines in beaver pelt hauls and firewood stocks forced both HBC and NWC to move their forts upstream.<ref name=":1" />

By 1813, after some changes in location, Fort Edmonton was established in the area of what is now [[Rossdale, Edmonton|Rossdale]], beginning Edmonton's start as a permanent population centre.<ref>Goyette, Edmonton In Our Own Words, xxiii</ref> The fort was located on the border of territory that was disputed by the Blackfoot and Cree nations.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, the fort intersected territory patrolled by the Blackfoot Confederacy to the South, and the Cree, [[Dene]], and Nakoda nations to the north.<ref name=":1" /> After the NWC merged with the HBC, Fort Augustus was closed in favour of Fort Edmonton.<ref name=":1" />

In 1876, [[Treaty 6]], which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and [[the Crown]], as part of the [[Numbered Treaties]].<ref name=Treaties>{{cite web|title=Numbered Treaty Overview |url=http://www.canadiana.org/citm/specifique/numtreatyoverview_e.html |publisher=Canada in the Making |work=Canadiana.org (Formerly Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions) |access-date=November 16, 2009 |quote=The Numbered Treaties – also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties – were signed between 1871 and 1921, and granted the federal government large tracts of land throughout the Prairies, Canadian North and Northwestern Ontario for white settlement and industrial use. In exchange for the land, Canada promised to give the Aboriginal peoples various items: cash, blankets, tools, farming supplies, and so on. The impact of these treaties can be still felt in modern times. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113201346/http://www.canadiana.org/citm/specifique/numtreatyoverview_e.html |archive-date=January 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Numbered Treaties |first=Michelle |last=Filice |date=August 2, 2016 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/numbered-treaties |access-date=December 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203104005/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/numbered-treaties |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, [[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]], and other [[band government]]s of First Nations at [[Fort Carlton]], [[Fort Pitt (Saskatchewan)|Fort Pitt]], and [[Battle River]]. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the central area of the current provinces of [[Saskatchewan]] and Alberta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/schedule_festivals_events/treaty-six-recognition-day.aspx |title=City of Edmonton, Treaty 6 Recognition Day |publisher=Edmonton.ca |date=March 31, 2017 |access-date=April 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822052052/http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/schedule_festivals_events/treaty-six-recognition-day.aspx |archive-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref>

The coming of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (CPR) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy, and the 1891 building of the [[Calgary and Edmonton Railway|Calgary and Edmonton (C&E) Railway]] resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite (South Edmonton/Strathcona) on the river's south side, across from Edmonton. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, the U.S. and other parts of the world. The Edmonton area's fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897. Strathcona was North America's northernmost railway point, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the "Klondikers", and a majority of them took a [[Steamboat|steamship]] north to the [[Yukon]] from [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Monto|first=Tom|title=Old Strathcona: Edmonton's Southside Roots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkFstwAACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=2011|publisher=Crang|isbn=978-1-895097-13-9 }}</ref>

[[File:LegislatureFortEd.jpg|thumb|left|The completed [[Alberta Legislature Building]] in 1914, just above the last Fort Edmonton. The city was selected as Alberta's capital in 1905.]]

Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350,<ref name="history-edm">{{cite web|url=http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028213622/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 28, 2008|author=City of Edmonton|title=Population, Historical|publisher=City of Edmonton|access-date=February 26, 2007}}</ref> Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, 1905.<ref name="edmontoncanencyclo">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Edmonton |first1=P.J. |last1=Smith |first2=Mark |last2=Sholdice |orig-year=March 24, 2006 |date=October 24, 2017 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edmonton/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503151937/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edmonton/ |archive-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref> In November 1905, the [[Canadian Northern Railway]] (CNR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth.<ref name="Edmonton, Alberta (2004)">{{cite web |url=http://www.railfame.ca/sec_ind/communities/en_2004_Edmonton_Ab.asp |title=Edmonton, Alberta (2004) |publisher=Canadian Railway Hall of Fame |access-date=May 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726154316/http://www.railfame.ca/sec_ind/communities/en_2004_edmonton_ab.asp |archive-date=July 26, 2010 }}</ref>

During the early 1900s, Edmonton's rapid growth led to speculation in real estate. In 1912, Edmonton [[amalgamation (politics)|amalgamated]] with the City of [[Strathcona, Alberta|Strathcona]] south of the [[North Saskatchewan River]]; as a result, the city held land on both banks of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time.<ref name="Amalgamation (1904–1922)">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/municipal_elections/ward-system.aspx |author=City of Edmonton |title=Ward System (1970 – Present) |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=March 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922064953/http://edmonton.ca/city_government/municipal_elections/ward-system.aspx |archive-date=September 22, 2010 }}</ref>

Just before the [[First World War]], the boom ended, and the city's population declined from more than 72,000 in 1914 to less than 54,000 only two years later.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf |author=City of Edmonton |title=Population, Historical |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=February 26, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028213622/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2008 }}</ref> Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces.{{sfnp|Monto|2011|pp=346–349}} Recruitment to the army during the war also contributed to the drop in population.{{sfnp|Monto|2011|p=354}} Afterwards, the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after the [[Second World War]].

Just after the end of First World War, Edmonton workers contributed to the [[Canadian Labor Revolt]] with a general strike and other strikes. The Labour Party took many city council seats in this period.

The [[Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport|Edmonton City Centre Airport]] opened in 1929,<ref name=ECCAclosure>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/city-centre-airport-shuts-down-1.2446468 |title=History and Milestones |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=May 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926060443/http://www.edmonton.ca/blatchfordedmonton/history-milestones.aspx |archive-date=September 26, 2014 }}</ref> becoming Canada's first licensed airfield.<ref name="Edmonton's Historic City Centre Airport">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.flyeia.com/edmonton-area-airports/edmonton-city-centre/history |title=History |author=Edmonton Airports |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226030941/http://corporate.flyeia.com/edmonton-area-airports/edmonton-city-centre/history |archive-date=December 26, 2013 }}</ref> Originally named Blatchford Field in honour of former mayor [[Kenny Blatchford]], pioneering aviators such as [[Wilfrid R. "Wop" May]] and [[Max Ward (bush pilot)|Max Ward]] used Blatchford Field as a major base for distributing mail, food, and medicine to [[Northern Canada]]; hence Edmonton's emergence as the "Gateway to the North". The Second World War saw Edmonton become a major base for the construction of the [[Alaska Highway]] and the [[Northwest Staging Route]].<ref name="Northwest Staging Route">{{cite web |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/12.4/lackenbauer.html |author=Canadian Geographical Journal |title=Historical |access-date=March 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905174004/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/12.4/lackenbauer.html |archive-date=September 5, 2010}}</ref> The airport was closed in November 2013.<ref name="City Centre Airport shuts down">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/city-centre-airport-shuts-down-1.2446468 |author=CBC News |title=City Centre Airport shuts down |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110221535/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/city-centre-airport-shuts-down-1.2446468 |archive-date=November 10, 2015}}</ref>

On July 31, 1987, an [[Edmonton tornado|F4 tornado hit the city]] and killed 27 people.<ref name="Edmonton Tornado">{{cite news |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/extreme_weather/topics/1713-11760/ |author=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |author-link=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|title= Edmonton Tornado |access-date=February 27, 2009 |work=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716042049/http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/extreme_weather/topics/1713-11760/ |archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status= live}}</ref> The storm hit the areas of Beaumont, [[Mill Woods]], [[Bannerman, Edmonton|Bannerman]], [[Fraser, Edmonton|Fraser]], and [[Evergreen, Edmonton|Evergreen]].<ref name="The Edmonton tornado 20 years later">{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/air/summersevere/ae00s23.en.html|author=Environment Canada|title=A map of the city of Edmonton showing the path of the tornado|access-date=March 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319153814/http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/air/summersevere/ae00s23.en.html|archive-date=March 19, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The day became known as "Black Friday" and earned the city the moniker "City of Champions".<ref name="20th Anniversary of Black Friday—The Edmonton, AB F4 Tornado">{{cite web|url=http://tornadovideos.decadehost.com/index.cfm/2007/7/31/20th-anniversary-of-black-friday---the-edmonton-ab-f4-tornado|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204053129/http://tornadovideos.decadehost.com/index.cfm/2007/7/31/20th-anniversary-of-black-friday---the-edmonton-ab-f4-tornado|archive-date=February 4, 2008|author=Reed Timmer|title=20th Anniversary of "Black Friday"—The Edmonton, AB F4 Tornado|publisher=TornadoVideos.net |access-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref>

=== History of municipal governance ===
{{Update|section|date=January 2023|reason=''Does not contain information about how Edmonton's municipal governance has changed or evolved since 1989. This section should be updated with more information regarding this''}}
[[File:City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg|thumb|[[Edmonton City Hall]] is the home of the [[Edmonton City Council|municipal government]] for Edmonton.|alt=|left]]

In 1892, Edmonton was incorporated as a town. The first mayor was [[Matthew McCauley (politician)|Matthew McCauley]], who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade (later Chamber of Commerce) and a municipal police service.<ref name="Edmonton Politics">{{Cite book|last=Walls|first=Martha|title=Edmonton Book of Everything|publisher=Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc.|year=2007|page=129|isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2}}</ref> Due to McCauley's good relationship with the federal Liberals, Edmonton maintained economic and political prominence over Strathcona, a rival town on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River.<ref name="Edmonton Politics"/> Edmonton was incorporated as a city in 1904 and became Alberta's capital in 1905.<ref name="edmontoncanencyclo"/>

In 1904, the City of Edmonton purchased the [[Alberta Government Telephones|Edmonton District Telephone Company]] for $17,000 from [[Alex Taylor (businessman)|Alex Taylor]], a Canadian entrepreneur, inventor, and politician. Amalgamated into a city department as City of Edmonton Telephone Department, City Telephone System (CTS), 'Edmonton telephones'. In 1989, City Council voted to create [[Edmonton Telephones Corporation]] (Ed Tel) to operate as an autonomous organization under a board of directors appointed by the city. In 1995, City of Edmonton ownership of its telephone service ended when Ed Tel was sold to the [[Telus Communications]] corporation. City Bylaw 11713 created The Ed Tel Endowment Fund whereas the shares owned by Edmonton Telephones Corporation in Ed Tel Inc. were sold by the City of Edmonton to Telus on March 10, 1995, for $470,221,872 to be invested for the perpetual benefit of Edmontonians.<ref name="edtel">{{cite web |title=Ed Tel Endowment Fund Bylaw |url=https://www.edmonton.ca/public-files/assets/document?path=PDF/C11713.pdf |website=edmonton.ca |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223024746/https://www.edmonton.ca/public-files/assets/document?path=PDF/C11713.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |date=June 18, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Unions such as the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] struggled for progressive social change through the early years, with the first reformer, [[James East]], elected in [[February 1912 Edmonton municipal election|1912]], followed by the first official Labour alderman, [[James Kinney (politician)|James Kinney]], the following year. Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of 1919 and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election: East, Kinney, Sam McCoppen, [[Rice Sheppard]] and [[Joseph Clarke (Canadian politician)|Joe Clarke]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkel |first=Alvin |date=1985 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party in Alberta, 1917-42 |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/llt/1985-v16-llt_16/llt16art02/ |journal=Labour/Le Travail |language=en |volume=16 |pages=61–96 |issn=0700-3862}}</ref>

Labour representation on city council became a near-majority in 1929, and a full majority from 1932 to 1934, during the Great Depression.{{sfnp|Monto|2011|pp=433, 164}} [[Jan Reimer]] became the city's first female mayor when she was elected in 1989.{{sfnp|Monto|2011|p=326}}<ref>Monto, Tom, Protest and Progress, Three Labour Radicals in Early Edmonton, Crang Publishing (available at Alhambra Books, Edmonton), 2012, 71–76</ref>

In [[2010 Edmonton municipal election|2010]], Edmonton began to use single-member wards for the first time to elect city councillors.

In 2021, [[Amarjeet Sohi]] became the first person of colour to be elected as mayor of Edmonton.<ref>[https://globalnews.ca/news/8266564/edmonton-election-2021-mayor-amarjeet-sohi/ Edmonton election 2021: Amarjeet Sohi elected mayor]. ''Global News'' Retrieved August 9, 2023</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:2008-06-19 North Saskatchewan River 3.jpg|thumb|The [[North Saskatchewan River]] is a [[glacier]]-fed river that bisects the city.|alt=]]

Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River, at an elevation of {{convert|671|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="edmontoncanencyclo"/> It is North America's northernmost city with a population over one million. It is south of Alberta's geographic centre, which is near the Hamlet of [[Fort Assiniboine, Alberta|Fort Assiniboine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodlands.ab.ca/UserFiles/small%20map2(1).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164022/http://www.woodlands.ab.ca/UserFiles/small%20map2%281%29.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |title=Recreation and Tourism Map |publisher=[[Woodlands County]] |date=January 4, 2010 |access-date=January 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The terrain in and around Edmonton is generally flat to gently rolling, with ravines and deep river valleys, such as the North Saskatchewan River valley.<ref name="Edmonton River Valley">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmontonrivervalley.com/history.html |author=Jim Willet |title=Edmonton River Valley |publisher=Edmonton River Valley |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608164939/http://www.edmontonrivervalley.com/history.html |archive-date=June 8, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Canadian Rockies]] are west of Edmonton and about {{convert|220|km|abbr=on}} to the southwest.

The North Saskatchewan River originates at the [[Columbia Icefield]] in [[Jasper National Park]] and bisects the city. It sometimes floods Edmonton's river valley, most notably in the [[North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915]]. It empties via the [[Saskatchewan River]], [[Lake Winnipeg]], and the [[Nelson River]] into [[Hudson Bay]].<ref name="North Saskatchewan">{{cite web |url=http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/NorthSask/NorthSask-F_e.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414210615/http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/NorthSask/NorthSask-F_e.php |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |author=The Canadian Heritage Rivers System |title=North Saskatchewan |access-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city, including [[Mill Creek Ravine|Mill Creek]], [[Whitemud Creek]] and [[Blackmud Creek]]; these creeks have created ravines, some of which are used for [[urban park]]land.<ref name="Industry on the river">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view_rew?CONTENT_ID=1785 |author=Herzog, Lawrence|title=Industry on the river |publisher=Real Estate Weekly |access-date=March 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908211958/http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view_rew?CONTENT_ID=1785 |archive-date=September 8, 2013}}</ref> Edmonton is within the Canadian [[Prairies Ecozone]], west of [[Lloydminster]] and the [[Saskatchewan]] border, and is roughly {{convert|186|mi|km}} north of [[Calgary]].<ref name="EcologicalP">{{cite web|title=Prairies Ecozone |url=http://www.ecozones.ca/english/zone/Prairies/land.html |website=Ecological Framework of Canada |access-date=May 14, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529213149/http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/Prairies/land.html |archive-date=May 29, 2016 }}</ref>

[[Aspen parkland]] surrounds the city and is a transitional area from the prairies to the south and [[boreal forest]] in the north.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|title=Canadian Aspen forests and parklands |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0802 |website=WEF |publisher=World Wildlife Foundation |access-date=May 14, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040651/http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0802 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 }}</ref> The aspen woods and forests in and around Edmonton have long since been reduced by farming and residential and commercial developments including oil and [[natural gas]] exploration.<ref name="Project of Gold Copper Mine Exploration Near Edmonton Delay">{{cite web |url=http://paguntaka.org/2008/08/30/project-of-gold-copper-mine-exploration-near-edmonton-delay/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007031135/http://paguntaka.org/2008/08/30/project-of-gold-copper-mine-exploration-near-edmonton-delay/ |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |author=Mining Exploration News |title=Project of Gold Copper Mine Exploration Near Edmonton Delay |access-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Edmonton}}
[[File:Winter season in Canada - Edmonton, November 2013 (11508911505).jpg|thumb|Winters in Edmonton are typically cold and dry.]]

Edmonton has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'', [[Trewartha climate classification]] ''Dcbc'') with typically cold, dry winters and warm, sunny summers, prone to extremes and large swings at all times of the year. It falls into the [[Natural Resources Canada|NRC]] 4a [[Hardiness zone|Plant Hardiness Zone]].<ref name="Canadian Plant Hardiness Zones">{{cite web|title=Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality |url=http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Alberta&val=E |website=Natural Resources Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=March 26, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313212349/http://planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=22&prov=alberta&val=e |archive-date=March 13, 2016 }}</ref>

Summer in Edmonton lasts from June until early September, while winter lasts from November until March and in common with all of Alberta<ref>See {{cite book |last=Szeto |first=Kit K. |date=2008 |chapter=Variability of Cold-Season Temperatures in the Mackenzie Basin |editor-last=Woo |editor-first=M. |title=Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience |pages=61–82 |publisher=Springer Berlin |location=Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-73936-4_4|isbn=978-3-540-73935-7 }}</ref> varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable. Edmonton's [[growing season]] on average lasts from May 9 to September 22;<ref name="ECCA" /><ref>{{cite web|date=September 20, 2010|title=Frost Chart for Canada|url=http://www.almanac.com/content/frost-chart-canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022064911/http://www.almanac.com/content/frost-chart-canada|archive-date=October 22, 2010|access-date=September 20, 2010|publisher=The Old Farmer's Almanac}}</ref> having an average 135–140 frost-free days each year,<ref name="ECCA" /><ref name="Growing Season">{{Cite book|last=Walls|first=Martha|title=Edmonton Book of Everything|publisher=Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc.|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2|page=62}}</ref> resulting in one of the longest growing seasons on the [[Canadian Prairies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada Hardiness Zones Frost Dates {{!}} Veseys|url=https://www.veseys.com/ca/canada-hardiness-zones-frost-dates|access-date=January 5, 2022|website=www.veseys.com}}</ref> At the [[summer solstice]], Edmonton receives 17 hours and three minutes of daylight, with an hour and 46 minutes of [[civil twilight]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Advanced options and sun angles|date=August 7, 2012|url=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/sunrise/advanced.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121233211/http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/sunrise/advanced.html|archive-date=January 21, 2013|access-date=March 18, 2013|publisher=[[National Research Council Canada]]}}</ref> and on average receives 2,344 hours of bright sunshine<ref>{{cite web|date=March 14, 2012|title=Sunniest Year Round|url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=40&submit=Submit|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415153955/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=40&submit=Submit|archive-date=April 15, 2012|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> per year, making it one of Canada's sunniest cities.<ref name="ECCA" />

The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], [[Saskatoon]] or [[Winnipeg]],<ref name="coldestcities">{{cite web | url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/coldest-cities-winter.php | title=Coldest Canadian Cities in Winter | author=Liz Osborn | publisher=Current Results Publishing Ltd. | access-date=October 8, 2009 | quote=The cities included in these rankings are Canada's largest metropolitan areas. These are the 33 urban regions that had over 100,000 people according to the 2011 census by Statistics Canada. The temperature data are averages of weather measurements made from 1981 to 2010. |url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805050544/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/coldest-cities-winter.php | archive-date=August 5, 2009 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> all of which are on a more southerly latitude than Edmonton. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of {{convert|-10.3|C}} in January to a summer peak of {{convert|18.1|C}} in July,<ref name="ECCA" /> with average maximum of {{convert|23.5|C}} in July and minimum of {{convert|-14.7|C}} in January.<ref name="ECCA" /> Temperatures can exceed {{convert|30|C}} for an average of four to five afternoons anytime from late April to mid-September and fall below {{convert|-20|C}} for an average of 24.6 days in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Edmonton was {{convert|37.2|C}} on June 29, 1937<ref>{{cite web |work=Climate Data Almanac |title=Climate Data for June 1937 for Edmonton |publisher=Environment Canada |date=February 17, 2016 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=6&Day=14&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1937 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025644/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=6&Day=14&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1937 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 }}</ref> and on July 2, 2013, a record high [[humidex]] of 44 was recorded due to an unusually humid day with a temperature of {{convert|33.9|C}} and a record high [[dew point]] of {{convert|23|C}}.<ref name="Humidex43">{{cite web |title=Hourly Data Report for July 02, 2013 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?timeframe=1&hlyRange=1999-06-23%7C2019-05-08&dlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2019-05-08&mlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27214&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2019&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmon&Year=2013&Month=7&Day=2# |website=Environment and Climate Change Canada |date = October 31, 2011|publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=May 9, 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510022748/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?timeframe=1&Year=2013&Month=7&Day=2&hlyRange=1999-06-23%7C2019-05-08&dlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2019-05-08&mlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27214&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2019&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmon |archive-date=May 10, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="hotdayedm">{{cite news|last1=Classen |first1=Josh |title=Hot, humid and stormy – July 2, 2013 |url=http://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/edmonton-area-weather/hot-humid-and-stormy-july-2-2013-1.1349972 |access-date=January 30, 2016 |publisher=CTV News Edmonton |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204084501/http://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/edmonton-area-weather/hot-humid-and-stormy-july-2-2013-1.1349972 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 }}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was {{convert|-49.4|C}} on January 19 and 21, 1886.<ref name="January 1886">{{cite web |work= Climate Data Almanac |title= January 1886 |publisher= Environment Canada |date= September 22, 2015 |url= http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1886&Month=1# |access-date= May 14, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160610070514/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1886&Month=1 |archive-date= June 10, 2016 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, receiving {{convert|422.5|mm|2|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year, of which {{convert|329.3|mm|2|abbr=on}} is rain and {{convert|93.2|mm|2|abbr=on}} is the melt from {{convert|123.9|cm|1|abbr=on}} from snowfall.<ref name="ECCA" /> Over 75% of the average annual precipitation falls in the late spring, summer, and early autumn, with the wettest month being July, having a mean precipitation of {{convert|93.8|mm|abbr=on|2}},<ref name="ECCA" /> and the driest months being February, March, October, November and December.<ref name="ECCA" /> Significant snowfall accumulation typically begins in late October and tapers off by late March. Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year. Extremes do occur, such as the {{convert|114|mm|abbr=on|2}} of rainfall that fell on July 31, 1953.<ref name="ECCA" /> Much of the precipitation that Edmonton receives in the summer comes from late-day thunderstorms,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonton climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/canada/edmonton|access-date=January 2, 2021|website=www.climatestotravel.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thunderstorm {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/thunderstorm|access-date=April 1, 2021|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> which are frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail, damaging winds, funnel clouds, and tornadoes.

The summer of 2006 was particularly warm for Edmonton, as temperatures reached {{convert|29|C}} or higher more than 20 times from mid-May to early September. Later, the summer of 2021 saw the temperature rise above {{convert|29|C}} on 23 days between June and August, while nearly breaking the record high temperature on June 30 with a temperature of {{convert|37.0|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Environment and Climate Change|date=October 31, 2011|title=Daily Data Report for June 2021 – Climate – Environment and Climate Change Canada|url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1999-06-23%7C2022-01-03&dlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2022-01-03&mlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27214&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=2021&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&time=LST&Day=1&Year=2021&Month=6#|access-date=January 5, 2022|website=climate.weather.gc.ca|language=en}}</ref> The winter of 2011–12 was particularly warm: from December 22 through March 20 there were 53 occasions when Edmonton saw temperatures at or above {{convert|0.0|C}} at the City Centre Airport, and even warmer in the city proper.<ref name="Daily Data Report for December 2011">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for December 2011 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=12&Day=29&Year=2011&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020417/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=12&Day=29&Year=2011&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Data Report for January 2012">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for January 2012 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=1&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511012406/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=1&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Data Report for February 2012">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for February 2012 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=2&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511042656/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=2&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Data Report for March 2012">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for March 2012 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=3&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030212/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=3&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref>

A massive cluster of thunderstorms swept through Edmonton on July 11, 2004, with large hail and over {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} of rain reported within an hour in many places.<ref name="Edmonton 2004 Storm">{{cite web|title=The Edmonton Hailstorm of 2004|url=http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/cmos_2005/Brimelow_Julian_CMOS_2005.pdf|publisher=University of Alberta, Meteorological Service of Canada|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102508/http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/cmos_2005/Brimelow_Julian_CMOS_2005.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> This "1-in-200 year event" flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties. The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink. As a result, the mall was evacuated as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/adjusters-assess-storm-damage-to-west-edmonton-mall-1.468426 |author=CBC |title=Adjusters assess storm damage to West Edmonton Mall |access-date=February 27, 2009 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=July 12, 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309115400/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/07/12/edmonton_storm_new040712.html |archive-date=March 9, 2007}}</ref>

Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between 1890 and 1989,<ref name="Chapter 8">{{cite web|title=Atlas of the Edmonton Tornado and Hailstorm, 1987|url=https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/tornado/home/chapt8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927103657/https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/tornado/home/chapt8|archive-date=September 27, 2016|access-date=June 7, 2016|publisher=University of Alberta}}</ref> and eight since 1990.<ref name="CNRD 1980-2009">{{cite web|title=Canadian National Tornado Database: Verified Events (1980–2009) – Public|url=http://donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/weather/products/canadian-national-tornado-database-verified-events-1980-2009-public/?lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013647/http://donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/weather/products/canadian-national-tornado-database-verified-events-1980-2009-public/?lang=en|archive-date=December 21, 2016|access-date=August 6, 2016|website=Environment Canada Data}}</ref> An [[Edmonton tornado|F4 tornado]] that struck Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 27, was unusual in many respects, including severity, duration, damage, and casualties.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thirty years after deadly Edmonton tornado, storms remain difficult to track|language=en|work=CBC News|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-tornado-black-friday-30th-anniversary-environment-canada-storm-tracking-1.4226615|url-status=live|access-date=January 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307060411/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-tornado-black-friday-30th-anniversary-environment-canada-storm-tracking-1.4226615|archive-date=March 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Graney|first=Juris|date=July 29, 2016|title=All We Have Learned: 29 Years After Black Friday, Alberta's Worst Tornado Disaster|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/all-we-have-learned-29-years-after-black-friday-albertas-worst-tornado-disaster|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201082212/http://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/all-we-have-learned-29-years-after-black-friday-albertas-worst-tornado-disaster|archive-date=February 1, 2018|access-date=January 30, 2018|website=Edmonton Journal}}</ref> It is commonly referred to as ''Black Friday'' due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated.<ref name="EdmontonTornado">{{cite news|date=May 23, 2013|title=1987 Edmonton tornado|work=CBC Digital Archives|publisher=CBC|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/deadly-skies-canadas-most-destructive-tornadoes/1987-edmonton-tornado.html|url-status=live|access-date=July 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007110545/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/deadly-skies-canadas-most-destructive-tornadoes/1987-edmonton-tornado.html|archive-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref> Then-mayor [[Laurence Decore]] cited the community's response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a "city of champions," which later became an unofficial slogan of the city.<ref name="nicknames" /><ref name="Champions">{{cite news|author=Elizabeth Withey|date=July 31, 2007|title=Wanted: new slogan for Edmonton|newspaper=Edmonton Journal|publisher=[[Postmedia Network]]}}</ref>

{{Edmonton City Centre weatherbox}}
{{Edmonton International weatherbox}}

=== Metropolitan area ===
{{Main|Edmonton Metropolitan Region}}
[[File:Edmonton Skyline July 2020.jpg|thumb|Downtown Edmonton is the centre of the [[Edmonton Metropolitan Region]].]]

Edmonton is at the centre of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA),<ref name="2011censusCMAs">{{cite web|title=Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=100|date=February 20, 2019|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> which includes Edmonton and 34 other municipalities in the surrounding area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page_Hierarchy-Hierarchie.cfm?Lang=E&Tab=4&Geo1=CMA&Code1=835&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=edmonton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, Geographic hierarchy: Edmonton (Census metropolitan area) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=July 16, 2012 |access-date=November 24, 2012 }}</ref> Larger urban communities include [[Sherwood Park]] (an [[urban service area]] within [[Strathcona County]]), the cities of [[St. Albert, Alberta|St. Albert]], [[Beaumont, Alberta|Beaumont]], [[Leduc, Alberta|Leduc]], [[Spruce Grove]] and [[Fort Saskatchewan]], and the towns of [[Stony Plain, Alberta|Stony Plain]], [[Morinville]], and [[Devon, Alberta|Devon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://capitalregionboard.ab.ca/-/toolkit/module2-abouttheref.pdf |title=About the Regional Evaluation Framework (REF) |publisher=[[Capital Region Board]] |access-date=November 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325201721/http://capitalregionboard.ab.ca/-/toolkit/module2-abouttheref.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2013 }}</ref> Major employment areas outside Edmonton but within the CMA include the [[Nisku, Alberta|Nisku Industrial Business Park]] and the [[Edmonton International Airport]] (including a planned [[inland port]] logistics support facility in support of the [[Port Alberta]] initiative)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.portalberta.com/transportation-services/ | title=Infrastructure | publisher=Port Alberta | access-date=May 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715110619/http://www.portalberta.com/transportation-services |archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> in Leduc County, the [[Acheson Industrial Park|Acheson Industrial Area]] in [[Parkland County]], [[Refinery Row (Edmonton)|Refinery Row]] in Strathcona County and [[Alberta's Industrial Heartland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://capitalregionboard.ab.ca/-/reports/crlanduseplan031209.pdf |title=Capital Region Land Use Plan |publisher=Capital Region Board |date=March 12, 2009 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325201658/http://capitalregionboard.ab.ca/-/reports/crlanduseplan031209.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2013 }}</ref> within portions of Fort Saskatchewan, Strathcona County and [[Sturgeon County]].<ref name=AIH>{{cite web | url=http://www.industrialheartland.com/images/stories/maps/asp%20-%20zoning.pdf | title=Alberta's Industrial Heartland: Eco Industrial Master Plan | publisher=Alberta's Industrial Heartland Association | date=November 1, 2007 | access-date=November 24, 2012 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alberta's Industrial Heartland also extends beyond the CMA's northeastern boundary<ref name=CRBGeoProfile>{{cite web |url=http://capitalregionboard.ab.ca/-/toolkit/factsheet-geographicprofile.pdf |title=Geographic Profile |publisher=Capital Region Board |access-date=November 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325201710/http://capitalregionboard.ab.ca/-/toolkit/factsheet-geographicprofile.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2013 }}</ref> into [[Lamont County]].<ref name=AIH/>

The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the region have led to intermunicipal competition, strained intermunicipal relationships and overall fragmentation of the region. Although several attempts have been made by the City of Edmonton to absorb surrounding municipalities<ref name="Edmonton Annexation Attempt">{{cite journal|last1=Plunkett|first1=T.J.|last2=Lightbody|first2=James|title=Tribunals, Politics, and the Public Interest: The Edmonton Annexation Case|jstor=3550157|publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1982|pages=207–221|volume=8|issue=2|journal=Canadian Public Policy|doi=10.2307/3550157}}</ref> or annex portions of its neighbours,<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Leduc Representative | title=Edmonton shelves airport annexation talks | publisher=[[Sun Media]]| date=July 14, 2005 }}</ref> the city has not absorbed another municipality since the Town of Jasper Place joined Edmonton on August 17, 1964,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/pdf_search/pdf/CITY/0098/Edmonton_Gaz_BO_1234_1964_No42.pdf |author=Province of Alberta |title=Board Order No. 1234 |date=April 30, 1964 |access-date=February 11, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714035426/http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/pdf_search/pdf/CITY/0098/Edmonton_Gaz_BO_1234_1964_No42.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref> and the city has not annexed land from any of its neighbours since January 1, 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/pdf_search/pdf/CITY/0098/Edmonton_OC_538_81_1982_No6.pdf |author=Province of Alberta |title=Order in Council (O.C.) No. 538/81 |date=June 11, 1981 |access-date=February 11, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714035451/http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/pdf_search/pdf/CITY/0098/Edmonton_OC_538_81_1982_No6.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref> After years of mounting pressure in the early 21st century, the Province of Alberta formed the [[Capital Region Board]] (CRB) on April 15, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/orders/orders_in_council/2008/408/2008_127.html |author=Province of Alberta |title=Order in Council (O.C.) No. 127/2008 |date=April 15, 2008 |access-date=February 11, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716180406/http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/orders/orders_in_council/2008/408/2008_127.html |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref> The CRB consists of 24 [[Edmonton Metropolitan Region#Member municipalities|member municipalities]] – 22 of which are within the [[Edmonton Metropolitan Region#Edmonton CMA|Edmonton CMA]] and two of which are outside the CMA. The City of Edmonton announced in March 2013 its intent to annex 156 square kilometres of land (including the Edmonton International Airport) from Leduc County.<ref name=EJ130305>{{cite web|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/business/Edmonton+wants+annex+hectares+Leduc+County+including/8052733/story.html |title=Edmonton wants to annex 15,600 hectares of Leduc County, including airport |author=Stolte, Elise |newspaper=[[Edmonton Journal]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |date=March 5, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308104418/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/business/Edmonton%2Bwants%2Bannex%2Bhectares%2BLeduc%2BCounty%2Bincluding/8052733/story.html |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On November 30, 2016, the City of Edmonton and Leduc County came to an agreement on Edmonton's annexation proposal. The City of Edmonton was poised to annex {{convert|12100|ha|km2 sqmi|abbr=on}} of land from Leduc County and Beaumont, including the Edmonton International Airport, as a result.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.edmonton.ca/projects_plans/annexation/proposed-annexation-lands-south-edmonton.aspx |title=Proposed Leduc County Annexation :: City of Edmonton |publisher=Edmonton.ca |date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211044/https://www.edmonton.ca/projects_plans/annexation/proposed-annexation-lands-south-edmonton.aspx |archive-date=December 1, 2016 }}</ref>

On January 1, 2019, the City of Edmonton officially annexed {{convert|8260|ha|km2 sqmi|abbr=on}} from Leduc County and the City of Beaumont, increasing the city's area to {{convert|767.85|km2|abbr=on}}, with discussions of annexing an additional {{convert|2830|ha|km2 sqmi|abbr=on}} of Edmonton International Airport land still ongoing.<ref name="City of Edmonton" />

===Neighbourhoods===
{{See also|List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton}}
[[File:Victoria Promenade.jpg|thumb|Victoria Promenade in the residential neighbourhood of [[Oliver, Edmonton|Oliver]]. The neighbourhood borders downtown Edmonton.]]

Edmonton is divided into 375 neighbourhoods<ref name=nbhds>{{cite web|url=https://data.edmonton.ca/City-Administration/Neighbourhoods-data-plus-kml-file-/65fr-66s6 |title=Neighbourhoods (data plus kml file) |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=September 10, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512114415/https://data.edmonton.ca/City-Administration/Neighbourhoods-data-plus-kml-file-/65fr-66s6 |archive-date=May 12, 2012 }}</ref> within seven geographic sectors – a mature area sector, which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out before 1970,<ref name=MDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf |title=The Way We Grow: Municipal Development Plan Bylaw 15100 |publisher=City of Edmonton |date=June 23, 2010 |access-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313233109/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf |archive-date=March 13, 2016 }}</ref> and six surrounding suburban sectors.<ref name=sectors>{{cite web | url=http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904040707/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf | archive-date=September 4, 2013 | title=Edmonton Developing and Planned Neighbourhoods, 2011 | publisher=City of Edmonton | access-date=September 10, 2012}}</ref>

Edmonton's [[Downtown, Edmonton|Downtown]] is within the city's mature area or inner city.<ref name=sectors/> It and the surrounding [[Boyle Street, Edmonton|Boyle Street]], [[Central McDougall, Edmonton|Central McDougall]], [[Cloverdale, Edmonton|Cloverdale]], [[Garneau, Edmonton|Garneau]], [[McCauley, Edmonton|McCauley]], [[Oliver, Edmonton|Oliver]], [[Queen Mary Park, Edmonton|Queen Mary Park]], [[Riverdale, Edmonton|Riverdale]], Rossdale, [[Strathcona, Edmonton|Strathcona]] and University of Alberta form Edmonton's Central Core.<ref name=MDP/> Oliver and Garneau are the city's [[List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton#List|most populated and most densely populated]] neighbourhoods respectively. The mature area sector also contains the five former [[List of communities in Alberta#Urban municipalities|urban municipalities]] annexed by the city over its history: Beverly, Jasper Place, North Edmonton, Strathcona and West Edmonton (Calder).<ref name=AnnexationMap/><ref name=sectors/>

Larger residential areas within Edmonton's six suburban sectors,<ref name=sectors/> each comprising multiple neighbourhoods,<ref name=wardsnbhds>{{cite web | url=http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf |title=City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=September 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100206/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref> include [[Heritage Valley, Edmonton|Heritage Valley]], [[Kaskitayo, Edmonton|Kaskitayo]], [[Riverbend, Edmonton|Riverbend]], [[Terwillegar Heights, Edmonton|Terwillegar Heights]] and [[Windermere (area), Edmonton|Windermere]] (southwest sector); [[The Grange, Edmonton|The Grange]], [[Lewis Farms, Edmonton|Lewis Farms]] and [[West Jasper Place (area), Edmonton|West Jasper Place]] (west sector); [[Big Lake, Edmonton|Big Lake]] (northwest sector); [[Castle Downs, Edmonton|Castle Downs]], [[Lake District, Edmonton|Lake District]] and [[The Palisades, Edmonton|The Palisades]] (north sector); [[Casselman-Steele Heights, Edmonton|Casselman-Steele Heights]], [[Clareview, Edmonton|Clareview]], [[Hermitage, Edmonton|Hermitage]], [[Londonderry, Edmonton|Londonderry]] and [[Pilot Sound, Edmonton|Pilot Sound]] (northeast sector); and [[Ellerslie (area), Edmonton|Ellerslie]], [[The Meadows, Edmonton|The Meadows]], Mill Woods and [[Southeast Edmonton]] (southeast sector).<ref name=plans>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/Plans_in_Effect.pdf |title=City of Edmonton Plans in Effect Map |publisher=City of Edmonton |date=October 2013 |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326082142/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/Plans_in_Effect.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2014 }}</ref> Mill Woods is divided into a town centre community ([[Mill Woods Town Centre (community), Edmonton|Mill Woods Town Centre]])<ref name=MWTCNASP>{{cite web | url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Mill_Woods_Town_Centre_ASP_Consolidation.pdf | publisher=City of Edmonton | title=Mill Woods Town Centre Neighbourhood Area Structure Plan (Office Consolidation) | date=December 2006 | access-date=November 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100454/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Mill_Woods_Town_Centre_ASP_Consolidation.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref> and eight surrounding communities:<ref name=MWDC>{{cite web | url=http://www.edmonton.ca/for_residents/Mill_Woods_Development_Concept_Consolidation.pdf | title=Mill Woods Development Concept | publisher=City of Edmonton | access-date=February 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503101127/http://www.edmonton.ca/for_residents/Mill_Woods_Development_Concept_Consolidation.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref> [[Burnewood, Edmonton|Burnewood]], [[Knottwood, Edmonton|Knottwood]], [[Lakewood, Edmonton|Lakewood]], [[Millbourne, Edmonton|Millbourne]], [[Millhurst, Edmonton|Millhurst]], [[Ridgewood, Edmonton|Ridgewood]], [[Southwood, Edmonton|Southwood]], and [[Woodvale, Edmonton|Woodvale]].<ref name=MWCL>{{cite web|title=Community Leagues |url=http://www.seedmonton.ca/community_leagues/ |publisher=Mill Woods Presidents' Council |access-date=November 28, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627014026/http://seedmonton.ca/community_leagues |archive-date=June 27, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.edmonton.ca/for_residents/2006_DEMOGRAPHIC_Lee_Ridge.pdf#xml=http://search1.edmonton.ca/texis/ThunderstoneSearchService/pdfhi.txt?query=millbourne&pr=www.edmonton.ca&prox=page&rorder=750&rprox=250&rdfreq=0&rwfreq=0&rlead=750&rdepth=0&sufs=0&order=r&cq=&id=50925eb240 |title=Lee Ridge Neighbourhood Profile |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=November 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326032721/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Lee_Ridge.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> Each has between two and four neighbourhoods.<ref name=wardsnbhds/>
[[File:2008-12-27 Candy Cane Lane 013.jpg|thumb|left|Houses in [[Crestwood, Edmonton|Crestwood]], a residential neighbourhood typical of most suburban areas of Edmonton]]
Several [[transit-oriented development]]s (TOD) have begun to appear along the LRT line at Clareview, with future developments planned at [[Belvedere, Edmonton|Belvedere]] (part of the Old Town Fort Road Redevelopment Project).<ref>{{cite web |author=City of Edmonton, Planning |title=Fort Road Old Town Master Plan |publisher=City of Edmonton |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/projects_redevelopment/old-town-fort-road-redevelopment.aspx |access-date=May 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501114302/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/projects_redevelopment/old-town-fort-road-redevelopment.aspx |archive-date=May 1, 2012 }}</ref> Another TOD, Century Park,<ref>{{cite web |author=Century Park Club and Residences |title=centuryCentral |publisher=ProCura |url=http://www.centurypark.ca/ |access-date=October 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012073230/http://centurypark.ca/ |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> is being constructed at the site of what was once Heritage Mall, at the southern end of the LRT line. Century Park will eventually house up to 5,000 residents.<ref name="edmontonslrt2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/SLRT-SIPBrochure.pdf |title=Century Park to Ellerslie Road Preliminary Engineering |author=City of Edmonton |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=February 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326100253/http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/SLRT-SIPBrochure.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Row Housing Blatchford Edmonton.jpg|thumb|Row housing in Blatchford]]
The Edmonton City Centre Airport is being redeveloped into a sustainable community of 30,000 people called [[Blatchford, Edmonton|Blatchford]], comprising a transit-oriented mixed use town centre, townhouses, low, medium and high rise apartments, neighbourhood retail and service uses, renewable energy, district heating and cooling, and a major park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/City_Centre_ARP_Consolidation.pdf |title=City Centre Redevelopment Area Redevelopment Plan |publisher=City of Edmonton | date=May 2012 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326082754/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/City_Centre_ARP_Consolidation.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> The first residents moved into Blatchford in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First show home opens in Edmonton's Blatchford neighbourhood|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7500845/blatchford-edmonton-show-home-open/|access-date=December 4, 2020|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref>

Edmonton has four major industrial districts: the Northwest Industrial District, the Northeast Industrial District, the Southeast Industrial District, and the emerging Edmonton Energy and Technology Park,<ref name=EIN>{{cite web |title=Edmonton's Industrial Neighbourhoods |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/edmontons-industrial-neighbourhoods.aspx |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=November 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125002106/http://edmonton.ca/business_economy/edmontons-industrial-neighbourhoods.aspx |archive-date=January 25, 2013 }}</ref> which is part of Alberta's Industrial Heartland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/industrial_development/edmonton-energy-technology-park.aspx |title=Edmonton Energy and Technology Park |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326042212/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/industrial_development/edmonton-energy-technology-park.aspx |archive-date=March 26, 2015 }}</ref> The northwest, northeast and southeast districts each have smaller industrial areas and neighbourhoods within them.<ref name=wardsnbhds/><ref name=EIN/>

The city has established 12 [[business revitalization zone]]s: [[124 Street, Edmonton|124 Street and Area]], [[Alberta Avenue, Edmonton|Alberta Avenue]], Beverly, Downtown, [[Chinatown and Little Italy, Edmonton|Chinatown and Little Italy]], Fort Road and Area, Inglewood, Kingsway, North Edge, Northwest Industrial, [[Old Strathcona]] and Stony Plain Road.<ref name="BRZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/business_resources/business-revitalization-zones.aspx |author=The City of Edmonton |title=Business Revitalization Zones |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503115318/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/business_resources/business-revitalization-zones.aspx |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
<!--The population history table in this section is transcluded from another article. To edit the table, visit [[Demographics of Edmonton]].-->
{{:Demographics of Edmonton}}
{{Main|Demographics of Edmonton}}
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], the City of Edmonton had a population of 1,010,899 living in 396,404 of its 428,857 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1010899-933088}}|933088|1}} from its 2016 population of 933,088. With a land area of {{cvt|765.61|km2}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1010899|765.61|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusb>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000248 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=February 9, 2022}}</ref>

At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Edmonton CMA had a population of {{val|1418118|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|548624|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|589554|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1418118-1321441}}|1321441|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|1321441|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|9416.19|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1418118|9416.19|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusCMA>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=March 28, 2022}}</ref>

The population of the City of Edmonton according to its [[2019 Alberta municipal censuses|2019 municipal census]] is 972,223,<ref name="2019census"/> a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:972223-899447}}|899447|1}} from its [[2016 Alberta municipal censuses|2016 municipal census]] population of 899,447.<ref name=2016MAPL>{{cite book |url=http://municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/msb/2016_Municipal_Affairs_Population_List.pdf |title=2016 Municipal Affairs Population List |publisher=[[Alberta Municipal Affairs]] |isbn=978-1-4601-3127-5 |access-date=January 28, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155759/http://municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/msb/2016_Municipal_Affairs_Population_List.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2017 }}{{cite book|url=http://municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/msb/2015_Municipal_Affairs_Population_List.pdf |title=2015 Municipal Affairs Population List |publisher=[[Alberta Municipal Affairs]] |isbn=978-1-4601-2630-1 |access-date=January 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004185447/http://municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/msb/2015_Municipal_Affairs_Population_List.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2016 }}</ref> After factoring in dwellings that did not respond to the municipal census, Edmonton's population is further estimated to be 992,812.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myemail.constantcontact.com/News-Release---City-of-Edmonton-population-vibrant-and-growing-steadily.html?soid=1127191170163&aid=0TvuNEX1Fd0 | title=City of Edmonton population vibrant and growing steadily | publisher=City of Edmonton | date=September 5, 2019 | access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> Per its municipal census policy,<ref name=censuspolicy>{{cite web |url=https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PoliciesDirectives/C520C.pdf |title=Municipal Census Policy |publisher=City of Edmonton |date=May 15, 2018 |access-date=August 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830072005/https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PoliciesDirectives/C520C.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> the city's next municipal census is scheduled for 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonton's official population rises to 972,223|url=https://www.taprootedmonton.ca/news/2019/09/05/edmontons-official-population-rises-to-972223/|last=Male|first=Mack|website=Taproot Edmonton|date=September 5, 2019|language=en-CA|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref>

In the [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census of Population]] conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Edmonton had a population of 932,546 living in 360,828 of its 387,950 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:932546-812201}}|812201|1}} from its 2011 population of 812,201. With a land area of {{convert|685.25|km2|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|932546|685.25|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2016.<ref name=2016CensusABmunis/>

The 2016 municipal census captured more detailed demographic information on residents, including age and gender, marital status, employment status, length of residency, prior residence, employment transportation mode, citizenship, school residency, economic diversity, city resource access, highest educational attainment, household language and income, as well as dwellings and properties, including ownership, structure and status.<ref name=2016censussummary>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/census/Summary%20Report%20of%20All%20Questions_EDMONTON_2016.pdf |title=Summary of All Questions: 2016 Municipal Census |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=August 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831233230/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/census/Summary%20Report%20of%20All%20Questions_EDMONTON_2016.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref>

The 2011 Census reported that 50.2 percent of the population (407,325) was female while 49.8 percent (404,875) was male. The average age of the city's population was 36.0 years while there was an average 2.5 people per household.<ref name=2011profile>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4811061&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmonton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=4811061 |title=Census Profile: Edmonton, City, Alberta (Census subdivision) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207103012/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4811061&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmonton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=4811061 |archive-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref>

The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) has the fifth-greatest population of CMAs in Canada and the second-greatest in Alberta, but has the largest land area in Canada. It had a population of 1,159,869 in the 2011 Census compared to its 2006 population of 1,034,945. Its five-year population change of 12.1 percent was second only to the [[Calgary Region|Calgary CMA]] between 2006 and 2011. With a land area of {{convert|9426.73|km2|abbr=on}}, the Edmonton CMA had a population density of {{Pop density|1159869|9426.73|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2011.<ref name="2011censusCMAs" /> Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Edmonton CMA population, as of July 1, 2016, is 1,363,300<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of census metropolitan areas |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo05a-eng.htm |work=Statistics Canada |date=February 26, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216151031/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo05a-eng.htm |archive-date=December 16, 2016 }}</ref>

The Edmonton [[Population centre (Canada)|population centre]] is the core<ref name=CMAdefn>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/ref/dict/geo009-eng.cfm |title=Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=August 23, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207103008/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/ref/dict/geo009-eng.cfm |archive-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref> of the Edmonton CMA. This core includes the cities of Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan and St. Albert, the Sherwood Park portion of Strathcona County, and portions of Parkland County and Sturgeon County.<ref name=CTmap>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/geo/map-carte/pdf/CMA-CA-CT_RMR-AR-SR/2011-92146-835-00.pdf |title=Census Tract by CMA / CA (Edmonton) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=November 16, 2011 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207102940/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/geo/map-carte/pdf/CMA-CA-CT_RMR-AR-SR/2011-92146-835-00.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref> The Edmonton population centre, the fifth-largest in Canada, had a population of 960,015 in 2011, an 11.3 percent increase over its 2006 population of 862,544.<ref name=2011censusPCs>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=802&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0 |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=February 8, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207103003/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=802&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0 |archive-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref>

The [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]] reported that [[Immigration to Canada|immigrants]] (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 324,315 persons or 32.5% of the total population of Edmonton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (54,850 persons or 16.9%), India (50,435 persons or 15.6%), China (21,110 persons or 6.5%), Vietnam (10,280 persons or 3.2%), United Kingdom (9,990 persons or 3.1%), Pakistan (8,895 persons or 2.7%), Hong Kong (6,985 persons or 2.2%), Poland (6,470 persons or 2.0%), United States of America (6,295 persons or 1.9%), and Somalia (5,765 persons or 1.8%).<ref name="2021censusC">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00054811061&SearchText=edmonton |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
{{See also|Demographics of Edmonton#City of Edmonton}}
{{Pie chart
 | caption=[[Panethnicity|Pan-ethnic]] breakdown of Edmonton from the [[Canada 2021 Census|2021 census]]<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Edmonton&DGUIDlist=2021A00054811061&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=January 7, 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
 | label1 = European{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="euro"}}
 | value1 = 51.39
 | color1 = white
 | label2 = South Asian
 | value2 = 11.54
 | color2 = #804000
 | label3 = Southeast Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
 | value3 = 9.01
 | color3 = orange
 | label4 = Black
 | value4 = 7.58
 | color4 = black
 | label5 = East Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"}}
 | value5 = 7.02
 | color5 = yellow
 | label6 = [[Indigenous peoples of Canada|Indigenous]]
 | value6 = 5.84
 | color6 = red
 | label7 = Middle Eastern{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"}}
 | value7 = 3.83
 | color7 = darkgreen
 | label8 = Latin American
 | value8 = 1.95
 | color8 = brown
 | label9 = Other{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"}}
 | value9 = 1.84
 | color9 = grey
}}

According to the 2021 census, 51.4% of Edmonton's population were of [[European Canadian|European ethnicities]], the most frequent of which included the [[English Canadian|English]] ({{percentage|132440|996490|1}}), [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]] ({{percentage|116785|996490|1}}), [[German Canadian|German]] ({{percentage|115540|996490|1}}), [[Irish Canadian|Irish]] ({{percentage|108030|996490|1}}), [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]] ({{percentage|92615|996490|1}}), [[French Canadian|French]] ({{percentage|73060|996490|1}}), and [[Polish Canadian|Polish]] ({{percentage|44080|996490|1}}) <ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=edmonton&DGUIDlist=2021A00054811061&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=August 8, 2024}}</ref> {{percentage|84995|996490|1}} of the population identified their ethnic origin as [[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]], counted as non-visible minority in the census. Other [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnic groups and origins]] included, among others:<ref name="auto"/>
*East and Southeast Asian ({{percentage|159720|996490|1}}) ({{percentage|70550|996490|1}} Filipino, {{percentage|59,740	|996490|1}} Chinese, and {{percentage|14,465|996490|1}} Vietnamese);
*South Asian ({{percentage|114,985|996490|1}}) ({{percentage|61940|996490|1}} Indian);
*Indigenous ({{percentage|58165|996490|1}} ({{percentage|27840|996490|1}} First Nations and {{percentage|27570|996490|1}} Métis);
*Black ({{percentage|75525|996490|1}});
*Latin American ({{percentage|19455|996490|1}}) and
*West Asian and Arab ({{percentage|38175|996490|1}} ({{percentage|12085|996490|1}} Lebanese)).

The 2016 census also reported that {{percentage|339035|913585|1}} of Edmonton's population identified themselves as [[Visible minority|visible minorities]].<ref name=StatCan2016Visible>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4811061&Geo2=CD&Code2=4811&Data=Count&SearchText=edmonton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 | title=Census Profile, 2016 Census: Edmonton, City [Census subdivision], Alberta and Division No. 11, Census division [Census division], Alberta – Visible minority | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=April 24, 2018 | access-date=January 6, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108041015/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4811061&Geo2=CD&Code2=4811&Data=Count&SearchText=edmonton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 | archive-date=January 8, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most frequent visible minorities included South Asian ({{percentage|86550|913585|1}}), Chinese ({{percentage|57715|913585|1}}), Black ({{percentage|54285|913585|1}}), Filipino ({{percentage|53980|913585|1}}), and Arab ({{percentage|23970|913585|1}}).<ref name=StatCan2016Visible/>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Edmonton}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Edmonton religious affiliation ([[2021 Canadian census|2021]])<ref name=religionsurvey>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00054811061&SearchText=edmonton|author=[[Statistics Canada]]|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population|date=February 9, 2022 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|access-date=June 20, 2023}}</ref>
|other =
|label1 = [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]]|value1 = 44.6|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Islam in Canada|Islam]]|value2 = 8.3|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]]|value3 = 4.2|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]]|value4 = 3.4|color4 = DarkOrange
|label5 = [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]]|value5 = 1.5|color5 = Gold
|label6 = [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]]|value6 = 0.4|color6 = DarkBlue
|label7 = [[Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas#Northern America|Indigenous spirituality]]|value7 = 0.2|color7 = Red
|label8 = [[Religion in Canada|Other religion]]|value8 = 1.0|color8 = Grey
|label9 = [[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligion]]|value9 = 36.4|color9 = White
}}

Edmonton is home to members of a number of world religions. According to the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census]], 44.6 percent of metropolitan Edmonton residents identify as [[Christianity|Christian]]. Significant religious minorities include [[Islam|Muslims]] (8.3 percent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (4.1 percent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.5 percent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (3.4 percent), [[Judaism|Jewish people]] (0.4 percent), and practitioners of traditional [[First Nations in Canada|Aboriginal]] spirituality (0.2 percent). Those belonging to smaller religions account for 1.1 percent, while 36.4 percent profess no religious affiliation.<ref name=religionsurvey/>

Within Christianity, major denominations include the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] (44.4 percent of self-identified Christians) and the [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] (10.5 percent).<ref name=religionsurvey/> Edmonton is home to four major cathedrals, with [[St. Joseph's Basilica, Edmonton|St. Joseph's Basilica]] seating the Roman Catholic [[Archdiocese of Edmonton]], [[All Saints' Anglican Cathedral, Edmonton|All Saints' Cathedral]] seating the [[Anglican Diocese of Edmonton]], [[St. Josaphat Cathedral]] seating the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton]], and [[St. John Cathedral (Edmonton)|St. John Cathedral]] seating the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Canada]]. Additionally, members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] are served by the [[Edmonton Alberta Temple]]. Edmonton also hosts a [[Maronite Church|Maronite]] [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholic]] church.

In the 1930s, the local Muslim community began organizing to build a mosque. A local Muslim woman, [[Hilwie Hamdon]], met with the mayor to acquire the land, and campaigned to raise $5,000 for the building. In 1938, [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] was present at the opening of the new [[Al-Rashid Mosque]], which became the first [[mosque]] established in Canada and the third in North America.<ref name="Al-Rashid Mosque">{{cite web |url=http://muslim-canada.org/alrashidmosque.html |work=The Friday Bulletin |title=Al-Rashid Mosque |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305234233/http://muslim-canada.org/alrashidmosque.html |archive-date=March 5, 2009 }}</ref> In the 1980s, Muslim students at the University of Alberta found it difficult to rent prayer rooms large enough to accommodate the local population, and opened the Muslim Community of Edmonton as a mosque and outreach centre in 1992.<ref name=MCE>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcemosque.com/about-us|access-date=September 19, 2019|title=About Us|website=MCE Mosque|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920064016/https://www.mcemosque.com/about-us|archive-date=September 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> From these beginnings, Muslims now form the city's largest religious minority, with 83,015 members (2021)<ref name=religionsurvey/> representing over 62 ethnic backgrounds<ref name=alrashid-history>{{cite web|url=https://alrashidmosque.ca/our-story/|website=Al Rashid|title=The History of Al Rashid Mosque|access-date=September 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708222629/https://alrashidmosque.ca/our-story/|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> at over 20 Edmonton-area mosques (2019).<ref name=salatomatic>{{cite web|url=https://www.salatomatic.com/sub/w3NnWVwH2C|website=salatomatic|access-date=September 19, 2019|title=Edmonton Metro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920064016/https://www.salatomatic.com/sub/w3NnWVwH2C|archive-date=September 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Edmonton's Jewish community is represented by the Jewish Federation of Edmonton, operating the historic Edmonton Jewish Cemetery, purchased in 1907. The city contains six [[synagogue]]s.<ref name=rabbis>{{cite news|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/edmonton-synagogue-led-by-husband-and-wife-rabbi-team|title=Edmonton synagogue led by husband-and-wife rabbi team|publisher=Edmonton Journal|date=October 24, 2015|access-date=September 19, 2019|author=Janet Vlieg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920071021/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/edmonton-synagogue-led-by-husband-and-wife-rabbi-team|archive-date=September 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jewish Federation of Edmonton">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishedmonton.org/ |author=Jewish Federation of Edmonton |title=Jewish Federation of Edmonton |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528053001/http://www.jewishedmonton.org/ |archive-date=May 28, 2008 }}</ref> The oldest, [[Beth Israel Synagogue (Edmonton)|Beth Israel]], was established in 1912 and served as home of Canada's first [[Jewish day school]]. Other [[Abrahamic religions]] active in Edmonton include the [[Baháʼí Faith]], operating a Baháʼí Centre in [[Norwood, Edmonton|Norwood]], and [[Druze]], with its Canadian Druze Centre located in the [[List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton#Northwest Industrial|Northwest Industrial District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edmontonbahai.org/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Baháʼí Community of Edmonton |access-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904005802/http://edmontonbahai.org/about-us/ |archive-date=September 4, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=druze>{{cite web|url=https://edmontondruze.ca/pageHome.php|title=The Druze Association of Edmonton|access-date=September 19, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:St Joseph s Basillica Compressed.jpg|left|thumb|[[St. Joseph's Basilica, Edmonton|St. Joseph's Basilica]] is the only Roman Catholic basilica in [[Western Canada]]. In 2021, 21.0 percent of residents of Edmonton identified as Catholic.]]

The [[Hindu]] community of Edmonton is served by the ''Hindu Society of Alberta''<ref name="The Friday Bulletin">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindusociety.ab.ca |work=The Friday Bulletin |title=Hindu Society of Alberta |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114214419/http://www.hindusociety.ab.ca/ |archive-date=January 14, 2009 }}</ref> (North Indian Temple), the ''Maha Ganapathy Society of Alberta'' (South Indian - Sri Lankan Tamil Temple), Bhartiya Cultural Society Of Alberta and [https://iskconedmonton.ca Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Mandir (Iskcon Edmonton)].<ref name="Maha Ganapathy Temple (Hindu Temple)">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahaganapathytemple.com |author=Maha Ganapathy Temple (Hindu Temple) |title=Maha Ganapathy Temple (Hindu Temple) |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227084317/http://www.mahaganapathytemple.com/ |archive-date=February 27, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Sikh]] community in Edmonton is served by four [[gurdwara]]s. Edmonton is also home to two of Alberta's five [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregations – the Unitarian Church of Edmonton<ref name="Unitarian Church of Edmonton">{{cite web|url=http://www.uce.ca/ |title=Welcome to the Unitarian Church of Edmonton |publisher=Unitarian Church of Edmonton |access-date=May 4, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027015148/http://www.uce.ca/ |archive-date=October 27, 2009 }}</ref> and the Westwood Unitarian Congregation;<ref name="Westwood Unitarian Congregation">{{cite web|url=http://www.westwoodunitarian.ca/ |title=Welcome to Westwood |publisher=Westwood Unitarian Congregation |access-date=March 28, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408033806/http://www.westwoodunitarian.ca/ |archive-date=April 8, 2010 }}</ref> the other three are located in Calgary, [[Lethbridge]], and [[Red Deer, Alberta|Red Deer]].<ref name="CUC">{{cite web|url=http://cuc.ca/congregations/ |author=Canadian Unitarian Council |title=Congregations |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523003309/http://cuc.ca/congregations/ |archive-date=May 23, 2014 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Alberta}}
[[File:Bell Tower, Edmonton.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.35|Edmonton is home to Alberta Innovates, a provincially-funded applied research and development corporation based in Edmonton's [[Bell Tower (Edmonton)|Bell Tower]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://albertainnovates.ca/who-we-are/contact/|title=Contact us|website=Alberta Innovates|language=en-CA|access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> ]]

Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the [[petroleum industry in Canada|oil and gas industry]]. As of 2014, the estimated value of major projects within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region was $57.8-billion, of which $34.4-billion are within the oil and gas, oil sands, and pipeline sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albertacanada.com/business/statistics-and-publications.aspx |title=Inventory of Major Projects (Capital Region) |publisher=Government of Alberta |type=[[Comma-separated values|CSV]] |access-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225102548/http://www.albertacanada.com/business/statistics-and-publications.aspx |archive-date=February 25, 2014 }}</ref>

Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan [[petrochemical]] industries, earning it the nickname "Oil Capital of Canada" in the 1940s.<ref name="Edmonton Market Profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.omaccanada.ca/en/market/edmonton/default.omac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424145945/http://www.omaccanada.ca/en/market/edmonton/default.omac|archive-date=April 24, 2016|author= OMAC|title=Edmonton Market Profile|access-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> Supply and service industries drive the energy extraction engine, while research develops new technologies and supports expanded value-added processing of Alberta's massive oil, gas, and oil sands reserves. These are reported to be the second-largest in the world, after [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Oil Sands">{{cite web|url=http://www.advancededandtech.alberta.ca/media/216155/alberta%20produces%20fact%20sheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205113232/http://www.advancededandtech.alberta.ca/media/216155/alberta%20produces%20fact%20sheet.pdf|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Alberta Fact Sheet|publisher=Government of Alberta|access-date=October 26, 2009}}</ref>

Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton's reputation as one of Canada's premier research and education centres. Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta (U of A) as well as government initiatives underway at Alberta Innovates and Edmonton Research Park. The U of A campus is home to the [[National Institute for Nanotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web| author =University of Alberta Faculty of Engineering| title = U of A Receives $15 Million for Nanosystems Research Facility| publisher = University of Alberta Faculty of Engineering| url = http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/rso/news.cfm?story=30264 |access-date = March 6, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060512171125/http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/rso/news.cfm?story=30264 |archive-date = May 12, 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Downtown edmonton.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|View of Edmonton's [[central business district]] in 2018]]

During the 1970s and 1980s, Edmonton became a major financial centre, with both regional offices of Canada's major banks and locally based institutions opening.<ref name="The Era of Urban Growth (1961-1981)">{{cite web|url=http://www.albertasource.ca/realestate/industry/hist_urban_growth.html |author=Alberta's Real Estate History |title=The Era of Urban Growth (1961–1981) |access-date=March 6, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208161631/http://www.albertasource.ca/realestate/industry/hist_urban_growth.html |archive-date=December 8, 2010 }}</ref> The turmoil of the late-1980s economy radically changed the situation. Locally based operations such as Principal Trust and [[Canadian Commercial Bank]]<ref name="CanadianCommercialBank">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-commercial-bank/ |author=The Canadian Encyclopedia |author-link=The Canadian Encyclopedia |title=Canadian Commercial Bank |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503115346/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-commercial-bank/ |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref> would fail, and some regional offices were moved to other cities. The 1990s saw a solidification of the economy, and Edmonton is now home to [[Canadian Western Bank]], the only publicly traded Schedule I chartered bank headquarters west of Toronto.<ref name="Canadian Western Bank Group">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwbankgroup.com/ |author=Canadian Western Bank Group |title=Canadian Western Bank Group |access-date=March 6, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303164152/http://www.cwbankgroup.com/ |archive-date=March 3, 2009 }}</ref> Other major financial institutions include [[Alberta Investment Management Corporation]] (AIMCo), [[ATB Financial]], [[Servus Credit Union]] (formerly Capital City Savings), [[TD Canada Trust]] and [[Manulife Financial]].<ref name="Financial Services, Edmonton">{{cite web|url=http://relocatecanada.com/edmonton/banks.html |author=Financial Services, Edmonton |title=Financial Services, Edmonton |access-date=March 6, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218122521/http://relocatecanada.com/edmonton/banks.html |archive-date=February 18, 2009 }}</ref>

Edmonton has been the birthplace of several companies that have grown to international stature.<ref name="PCL">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcl.com/Meet-the-PCL-Family/History/Pages/International.aspx |author=PCL |title=PCL History |access-date=May 10, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426235413/http://www.pcl.com/Meet-the-PCL-Family/History/Pages/International.aspx |archive-date=April 26, 2012 }}</ref> The local retail market has also seen the creation of many successful store concepts, such as [[The Brick]], [[Katz Group of Companies|Katz Group]], [[AutoCanada]], [[Boston Pizza]], [[Pizza 73]], Liquor Stores GP (which includes Liquor Depot, Liquor Barn, OK Liquor, and Grapes & Grains), Planet Organic, [[Shaw Communications]], Empire Design, Running Room, [[Booster Juice]], [[Earls (restaurant chain)|Earl's]], [[Fountain Tire]] and [[XS Cargo]].<ref name="Hoover's Company Directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/free/geo/index.xhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208035731/http://www.hoovers.com/free/geo/index.xhtml |archive-date=February 8, 2010 |location=Edmonton |title=Hoover's Company Directory |access-date=March 6, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bioware]], a video game developer owned by American Publisher [[Electronic Arts]], is also based in Edmonton.

Edmonton's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics. CN Rail's North American operational facility is located in the city, as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]].<ref name="containerport">{{cite news |url=http://blog.canoe.ca/hicksonsix/2007/09/08/edmonton_and_the_prince_rupert_container |author=Hicks, Graham |newspaper=Edmonton Sun |title=Edmonton and the Prince Rupert Container Port |access-date=March 6, 2009 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080510140900/http://blog.canoe.ca/hicksonsix/2007/09/08/edmonton_and_the_prince_rupert_container |archive-date=May 10, 2008}}</ref> In early 2020, CN Rail announced that it was closing its Montreal control centre and would eventually close its Vancouver control centre as well, with a goal to consolidate all of its control operations into Edmonton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CN to close Montreal's rail traffic control centre, affecting over 100 jobs|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6522704/cn-rail-montreal-relocation/|website=Global News|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2020|first1=Alessia Simona|last1=Maratta}}</ref>

===Retail===
[[File:WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg|thumb|[[West Edmonton Mall]] is the second-[[List of largest shopping malls|largest shopping mall]] in the [[Americas]].]]

Edmonton is home to several shopping malls and the second largest mall in North America, West Edmonton Mall, which is also considered to be the 10th largest mall in the world.<ref name="size">{{cite web |url=http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm |title=World's Largest Shopping Malls |author=Eastern Connecticut State University |date=January 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041824/http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm
|archive-date=March 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192553/http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |title=World's 10 biggest shopping malls |author=Emporis |date=February 7, 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref> Other mentionable malls include [[Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre]], [[Edmonton City Centre]] (a combination of the former Edmonton Centre and [[Eaton Centre#Former Eaton Centres|Eaton Centre]] malls), [[Southgate Centre]], [[Kingsway Mall]], [[Northgate Centre]], Riverview Crossing, [[Londonderry Mall]], and Mill Woods Town Centre.<ref name="Malls In Edmonton">{{cite web|url=http://www.discoveredmonton.com/Edmonton/Shopping/ShoppingMalls/ |author=Edmonton Shopping Malls |title=Malls In Edmonton |access-date=March 7, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022741/http://www.discoveredmonton.com/Edmonton/Shopping/ShoppingMalls/ |archive-date=May 12, 2008 }}</ref>

Edmonton also has many [[Big-box store|big box]] shopping centres and [[Power center (retail)|power centre]]s. Some of the major ones include [[South Edmonton Common]] (one of North America's largest open air retail developments),<ref name="South Edmonton Common">{{cite web|url=http://southedmontoncommon.com/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212095448/http://southedmontoncommon.com/index.htm|archive-date=February 12, 2008|author=South Edmonton Common|title=South Edmonton Common|access-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> RioCan Mayfield, Westpoint Centre, Skyview Centre, Terra Losa Centre, Unity Square, SouthPark Centre, The Meadows, Christy's Corner, Currents of Windermere, and Manning Village.<ref name="Windermere">{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=1b9e9fa4-046c-493f-8645-1d14d7df140d |author=Collier International |title=Windermere Power Centre |access-date=May 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412192541/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=1b9e9fa4-046c-493f-8645-1d14d7df140d |archive-date=April 12, 2013 }}</ref>

In contrast to suburban centres, Edmonton has many urban retail locations. The largest of them all, Old Strathcona, includes many independent stores between 99 Street and 109 Street, on Whyte Avenue and in the surrounding area.<ref name="PlaysREW">{{cite web |url=http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view2?CONTENT_ID=139 |author=Real Estate Weekly |title=The Plays the Thing in Old Strathcona |access-date=March 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908193312/http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view2?CONTENT_ID=139 |archive-date=September 8, 2013}}</ref> Old Strathcona also houses the city's largest indoor farmer's market with over 130 vendors selling local and regional produce, meat, crafts, and clothing year-round.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MacGregor|first=Sandra|title=Discover Why Edmonton, Alberta Is One Of Canada's Hottest Destinations|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sandramacgregor/2020/01/09/discover-why-edmonton-is-one-of-canadas-hottest-destinations/|access-date=December 29, 2020|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> In and around Downtown Edmonton, there are a few shopping districts, including the Edmonton City Centre mall, Jasper Avenue, and 104 Street. Near Oliver, 124 Street is home to a significant number of retail stores. Edmonton is the Canadian testing ground for many American retailers, such as [[Bath & Body Works]] and [[Calvin Klein]].<ref name="EOOW">{{cite book|last1=Goyette|first1=Linda|last2=Roemmich|first2=Carolina Jakeway|title=Edmonton in Our Own Words|date=2005|publisher=University of Alberta|location=Edmonton|isbn=9780888644497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRtWO4osCYYC&q=Edmonton+in+Our+Own+Words|access-date=April 14, 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224010838/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRtWO4osCYYC&dq=Edmonton+in+Our+Own+Words&source=gbs_navlinks_s|archive-date=December 24, 2017}}</ref>

== Arts and culture ==
{{See also|List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton}}

Many events are anchored in the downtown Arts District around [[Churchill Square (Edmonton)|Churchill Square]] (named in honour of Sir [[Winston Churchill]]). On the south side of the river, the university district and Whyte Avenue contain theatres, concert halls, and various live music venues. The centrepiece of the square builds a life-size bronze statue of Churchill, unveiled by [[Lady Soames]] on May 24, 1989. It is a copy of a statue by [[Oscar Nemon]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Performing arts ===
[[File:Winspear centre.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Francis Winspear Centre for Music]] is a [[performing arts centre]] in downtown Edmonton. The centre is home to the [[Edmonton Symphony Orchestra]].]]

[[Francis Winspear Centre for Music]]<ref name="Francis Winspear Centr">{{cite web|url=http://www.winspearcentre.com/about/history/ |author=Francis Winspear Centre |title=Winspear Centre History |access-date=June 22, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713002059/http://www.winspearcentre.com/about/history/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 }}</ref> opened in 1997 after years of planning and fundraising.<ref name="Edmonton Symphony Orchestra fundraising">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmontonsymphony.com/support/reasons-to-give/ |author=Edmonton Symphony Orchestra |title=Support ESO – Reasons to Give |access-date=June 22, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625155005/http://www.edmontonsymphony.com/support/reasons-to-give/ |archive-date=June 25, 2012 }}</ref> Described as one of the most acoustically perfect concert halls in Canada, it is home to the [[Edmonton Symphony Orchestra]] and hosts a wide variety of shows every year. It seats 1,932 patrons and houses the $3-million Davis Concert Organ, the largest [[Pipe organ|concert organ]] in Canada.<ref name="WinspearCanEncyclo">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francis-winspear-centre-for-music-emc/ |author=The Canadian Encyclopedia |author-link=The Canadian Encyclopedia |title=Francis Winspear Centre for Music |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503115026/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francis-winspear-centre-for-music-emc/ |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref>

[[Citadel Theatre]], named after [[The Salvation Army]] Citadel in which [[Joe Shoctor]] first started the Citadel Theatre Company in 1965. It is now one of the largest theatre complexes in Canada, with five halls, each specializing in different kinds of productions.<ref name="Citadel Theatre">{{cite web |url=http://www.citadeltheatre.com/about-us/ |author=Citadel Theatre |title=About Us |work=The Citadel Theatre |access-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203040946/http://www.citadeltheatre.com/about-us/ |archive-date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> In 2015 the Citadel Theatre also became home to [[Catalyst Theatre]].

[[Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium]], a 2,534 seat venue which had over a year of heavy renovations as part of the province's 2005 centennial celebrations. Both it and its [[Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium|southern twin]] in Calgary were constructed in 1955 for the province's golden jubilee and have hosted many concerts, musicals, and ballets. On the front of the building is a quote from [[Suetonius]]' [[On the Life of the Caesars#Life of Augustus|Life of Augustus]]: "He found a city built of brick – left it built of marble."<ref>{{Cite web |title=C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Augustus, chapter 29 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0132:life=aug.:chapter=29 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> It is located on the University of Alberta grounds.

'''The Edmonton Theatre District''' in neighbourhood of Old Strathcona have a number of venues including the ATB Financial Arts Barns (headquarters of the [[Edmonton International Fringe Festival]]), [[The Walterdale Playhouse]], and the [[Varscona Theatre]] (base of operations for several theatre companies, including Teatro la Quindicina, [[Shadow Theatre]], [[Die-Nasty]], Plane Jane Theatre, and Grindstone Theatre!).

'''The Roxy''' is a purpose-built theatre and multidisciplinary arts centre that opened on April 14, 2022, and is owned and operated by [https://theatrenetwork.ca/ Theatre Network].  This venue is located on 124th Street.

'''Mayfield Dinner Theatre'''  is a live performance theatre bringing  entertainment to Edmontonians for over 50 years. The Theatre is famous for its  dining and world-class productions, featuring incredible cast and crew from across Canada and around the globe.  The venue is located along the Mayfield Road in west Edmonton.

'''Jubilations Dinner Theatre'''  is a long-standing entertainment venue that combines live theatre with a multi-course dinner. It's known for its parodies of popular culture, featuring talented actors who engage the audience and offer a unique Canadian experience. It is located within West Edmonton Mall.

'''Timms Centre for the Arts''' a multiroom venue for theatrical and musical performances on the University of Alberta Campus

'''Horowitz Theatre''' is a tiered 720-seat theatre presenting concerts, plays, comedy, dance & other performances located on the University of Alberta Campus in the Students Union Building. (SUB)

'''Allard Hall''' is a multi-venue building for theatrical and musical performance on the MacEwan University Campus in downtown Edmonton.  Included in this building is the Triffo Theatre a 415-seat, the main performance space.

The [[Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton]], along with other Ukrainian choirs such as the [[Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton]], helps preserve the [[Music of Ukraine|Ukrainian musical culture]] within the parameters of the Canadian multicultural identity in Edmonton.<ref name="Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton">{{cite web|url=http://www.dniprochoir.com/ |author=Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton |title=Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100356/http://www.dniprochoir.com/ |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
{{Main|List of festivals in Edmonton}}

Edmonton hosts several large [[festival]]s each year, contributing to its nickname, "Canada's Festival City".<ref name=nicknames/> Downtown Edmonton's Churchill Square host numerous festivals each summer. [[The Works Art & Design Festival]], which takes place from late June to early July, showcases Canadian and international art and design from well-known award-winning artists as well as emerging and student artists. The [[Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival]] takes place in mid-July and is the biggest of its kind in North America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/its-a-legendary-festival-performers-get-set-to-hit-the-street/|title='It's a legendary festival': Performers get set to hit the street|last=Neil|first=Graham|date=July 4, 2019|website=CTV News Edmonton|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705130854/https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/it-s-a-legendary-festival-performers-get-set-to-hit-the-street-1.4495047|archive-date=July 5, 2019|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> The [[TD Edmonton International Jazz Festival]] takes place in late June and, along with Montreal, were the first jazz festivals in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/all-that-jazz-edmonton-festival-marks-40-years-playing-host-to-jazz-giants|title=All that jazz: Edmonton festival marks 40 years playing host to jazz giants|last=Levesque|first=Roger|date=June 18, 2019|website=Edmonton Journal|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624001336/https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/all-that-jazz-edmonton-festival-marks-40-years-playing-host-to-jazz-giants|archive-date=June 24, 2019|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Edmonton Folk Music Festival.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Edmonton Folk Music Festival]]. Edmonton is host to several large festivals each year.]]

Edmonton's main summer festival is [[K-Days]], formerly Klondike Days, Capital Ex and originally the Edmonton Exhibition.<ref name=KDays>{{cite news|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/Capital+named+Days/7002873/story.html |title=Capital Ex to be named K-Days (Poll) |author=Krishnan, Manisha |newspaper=[[Edmonton Journal]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |date=July 29, 2012 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731233950/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/Capital%2Bnamed%2BDays/7002873/story.html |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Founded in 1879, the Edmonton Exhibition was originally an annual fair and exhibition that eventually adopted a gold rush theme, becoming Klondike Days in the 1960s.<ref name=KDays/> [[Northlands (organization)|Northlands]], the operators, renamed the festival "Edmonton's Capital Ex" or "Capital Ex" in 2006.<ref name=KDays/> In 2012 Edmonton Northlands conducted a poll to rename the festival that resulted in changing the name to "K-Days".<ref name=KDays/> The [[Canadian Finals Rodeo]] was held in Edmonton from 1974 to 2017, but moved to Red Deer in 2018 due to the closure of the [[Northlands Coliseum]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/cfr-red-deer-canadian-finals-rodeo-1.4490604|title=It's official: Red Deer will host the CFR for 10 years|work=CBC News|access-date=June 1, 2018|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216021047/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/cfr-red-deer-canadian-finals-rodeo-1.4490604|archive-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> It moved back to Edmonton in 2024 and will be held at [[Rogers Place]] through 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian Finals Rodeo returning to Edmonton in 2024 |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10048536/canadian-finals-rodeo-edmonton-2024/ |access-date=August 8, 2024 |work=globalnews.ca |publisher=Global News |date=October 25, 2023}}</ref>

The Edmonton International Fringe Festival, held in mid-August, is the largest fringe theatre festival in North America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5736954/edmonton-international-fringe-theatre-festival-2019/|title=Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival 2019 ready for 'the Wild Things'|last=Mertz|first=Emily|date=August 7, 2019|website=Global News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205033944/https://globalnews.ca/news/5736954/edmonton-international-fringe-theatre-festival-2019/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> The [[Edmonton Folk Music Festival]] is also held in August. It was the fourth major Canadian folk festival to be created and has the largest budget for talent of Canada festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/building-on-a-40-year-foundation-folk-fest-has-brought-a-world-of-music-to-our-doorstep-for-four-decades|title=Building on a 40-year foundation: Folk Fest has brought a world of music to our doorstep for four decades {{!}} Edmonton Journal|last=Levesque|first=Roger|date=August 6, 2019|website=Edmonton Journal|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807151235/https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/building-on-a-40-year-foundation-folk-fest-has-brought-a-world-of-music-to-our-doorstep-for-four-decades|archive-date=August 7, 2019|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> Other summer festivals in and around Edmonton include the Edmonton Heritage Festival, Taste of Edmonton, the [[Edmonton Pride Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mertz |first=Emily |date=May 9, 2022 |title=Edmonton Pride Festival returns to Churchill Square under new organization - Edmonton {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8820497/edmonton-pride-festival-churchill-square-new-team-2022/ |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Griwkowsky |first=Fish |date=June 4, 2022 |title=Pride Month turns it up early with Pride Reunited at Grindstone this weekend |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/pride-month-turns-it-up-early-with-pride-reunited-at-grindstone-this-weekend |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=edmontonjournal |language=en-CA}}</ref> Chaos Alberta Festival, [[Interstellar Rodeo]], Big Valley Jamboree, Pigeon Lake Music Festival, Edmonton Rockfest, Edmonton International Reggae Jamboree Festival, Edmonton Blues Festival and [[Cariwest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5477413/edmonton-summer-festival-event-concert-guide-2019/|title=Summer festivals and events for Edmontonians to experience in 2019|last=Heidenreich|first=Phil|date=August 26, 2019|website=Global News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031211431/https://globalnews.ca/news/5477413/edmonton-summer-festival-event-concert-guide-2019/|archive-date=October 31, 2019|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> Edmonton also hosts a number of winter festivals, one of the oldest being the Silver Skate Festival.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-winter-embrace-1.5401015|title=Embracing an Edmonton winter takes layers of clothing — and a leap of faith|last=Reith|first=Terry|date=December 24, 2019|website=CBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108142127/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-winter-embrace-1.5401015|archive-date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> Others are Flying Canoe Volant,<ref name=":0" /> Ice on Whyte and the Ice Magic Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.narcity.com/things-to-do/ca/ab/9-cheap-winter-things-to-do-in-alberta-this-january|title=9 Things To Do In Alberta This Month If You're Still Broke From Christmas|last=Hilash|first=Stephanie|date=January 17, 2020|website=Narcity|language=en-CA|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{further|List of musicians from Edmonton}}

In the city's early days, music was performed in churches and community halls. Edmonton has a history of opera and classical music performance; both have been supported by a variety of clubs and associations. Edmonton's first major radio station, [[CKUA Radio Network|CKUA]], began broadcasting music in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dulmage|first=Bill|title=Alberta, Northern Alberta CKUA-AM (Educational), Edmonton, CKUA Radio Foundation|url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html?url=http%3A//www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php%3Fid%3D125%26historyID%3D56|work=Radio Station History|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=January 5, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207104449/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Flistings_and_histories%2Fradio%2Fhistories.php%3Fid%3D125%26historyID%3D56|archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref> The city is a centre for music instruction; the University of Alberta began its music department in 1945, and MacEwan University opened a jazz and musical theatre program in 1980. Festivals of jazz, folk, and classical music are popular entertainment events in the city.<ref name=EMCEd>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=McIntosh |first1=R. Dale |last2=Berg |first2=Wesley |title=Music in Edmonton |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edmonton-alta-emc/ |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301200157/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edmonton-alta-emc/ |archive-date=March 1, 2014 }}</ref> Edmonton is also hosts the [[Grand North American Old Time Fiddle Championship]] each summer in July, which showcases some of the best fiddlers in Canada, the United States, and Scotland.

The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra has existed under various incarnations since 1913. In 1952 the Edmonton Philharmonic and the Edmonton Pops orchestras amalgamated to form the 60-member modern version. The Orchestra performs at the Francis Winspear Centre for Music.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Edmonton Symphony Orchestra |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edmonton-symphony-orchestra-emc/ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306210145/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edmonton-symphony-orchestra-emc/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 }}</ref>

The city also has a vibrant popular music scene, across genres including hip-hop, reggae, R&B, rock, pop, metal, punk, country and electronic. Notable past and present local musicians include [[Robert Goulet]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Hale |first1=Marjorie |last2=Spier |first2=Susan |last3=Nygaard King |first3=Betty |title=Robert Goulet |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/robert-goulet-emc/ |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503151941/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/robert-goulet-emc/ |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref> [[Tommy Banks (musician)|Tommy Banks]], [[Eleanor Collins]], [[Stu Davis]], [[Tim Feehan]], [[k.d. lang]],<ref name="k.d. lang">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hale |first=James |title=k.d. lang |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Historica Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kd-lang-emc}}</ref> [[Cadence Weapon]], [[Kreesha Turner]], [[the Smalls]], [[SNFU]], [[Social Code]], [[Stereos]], [[Ten Second Epic]], [[Tupelo Honey (band)|Tupelo Honey]], [[Mac DeMarco]], [[Shout Out Out Out Out]], [[Psyche (band)|Psyche]], [[Purity Ring (band)|Purity Ring]], [[The Wet Secrets]], [[Nuela Charles]], [[Celeigh Cardinal]], and [[Ruth B.]]<ref name=EdJourMusic>{{cite news|last=Sperounes|first=Sandra|title=Edmonton music scene a knockout out out out in 2005|newspaper=Edmonton Journal|date=December 30, 2005|id={{ProQuest|253311714}}}}</ref>

=== Nightlife ===
[[File:Princess theatre edmonton.JPG|thumb|upright|Opened in 1915, the [[Princess Theatre (Edmonton)|Princess Theatre]] is the oldest [[Movie theater|cinema]] in the city.]]

There are several key areas of nightlife in Edmonton. The most popular is the [[Old Strathcona|Whyte Avenue]] (82 Avenue) strip, between 109 Street and 99 Street; it has the highest number of heritage buildings in Edmonton,<ref name="revitalization">{{cite web |url=http://oldstrathcona.ca/revitalization |author=oldstrathcona.ca |title=Revitalization |publisher=oldstrathcona.ca |access-date=March 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706191356/http://oldstrathcona.ca/revitalization |archive-date=July 6, 2011}}</ref> and bars, clubs, and restaurants throughout, but mostly west of [[Gateway Boulevard]] (103 Street). Once the heart of the town of Strathcona (annexed by Edmonton on February 1, 1912), it fell into disrepair during the middle of the 20th century.<ref name="firststepsstrathcona">{{cite web |url=http://oldstrathcona.ca/the-first-steps-of-strathcona |title=The First Steps of Strathcona |access-date=December 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415154155/http://oldstrathcona.ca/the-first-steps-of-strathcona |archive-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref> Beginning in the 1970s, a coordinated effort to revive the area through a business revitalization zone produced an area rich with restored historical buildings and pleasant streetscapes.<ref name="BRZ"/> Its proximity to the [[University of Alberta]] has led to a high number of restaurants, pubs, trendy clubs, and retail and specialty shops. This area also has two independent movie theatres, the [[Garneau Theatre|Garneau]] and [[Princess Theatre (Edmonton)|Princess]], as well as several live theatre, music, and comedy venues.<ref name="oldstrahcona">{{cite web|url=http://www.oldstrathcona.ca/ |author=The City of Edmonton |title=Welcome to Old Strathcona |access-date=March 6, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301023756/http://oldstrathcona.ca/ |archive-date=March 1, 2009 }}</ref>

Downtown Edmonton has undergone a continual process of renewal and growth since the mid-1990s. Many buildings were demolished during the oil boom, starting in the 1960s and continuing into the 1980s, to make way for office towers. There have always been numerous pub-type establishments, hotel lounges, and restaurants. The past decade has seen a strong resurgence in more mainstream venues. Edmonton also has a high demand for pub crawl tours in the city. Various clubs are found along Edmonton's main street, Jasper Avenue. The Edmonton City Centre mall also houses a [[Landmark Cinemas]] movie theatre with nine screens. The nonprofit ''Metro Cinema''<ref name="Metro Cinema">{{cite web|url=http://www.metrocinema.org |author=Metro Cinema |title=Metro Cinema |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225191311/http://metrocinema.org/ |archive-date=February 25, 2009 }}</ref> shows a variety of alternative or otherwise unreleased films every week.

West Edmonton Mall holds several after-hour establishments in addition to its many stores and attractions. Bourbon Street has numerous eating establishments; clubs and casinos can also be found within the complex. Scotiabank Theatre (formerly known as Silver City), at the west end of the mall, is a theatre with 12 screens and an [[IMAX]].<ref name="Welcome to West Edmonton Mall's Website."/>

==Attractions==
Edmonton is known for its natural scenery, food, history and facilities. It is home to Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, and West Edmonton Mall, North America's second largest shopping mall. Other notable attractions include the Royal Alberta Museum, the Muttart Conservatory, Alberta Legislature Building, Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton Valley Zoo, Alberta Railway Museum, and many other natural and man-made attractions.

=== Parkland and environment ===
{{See also|North Saskatchewan River valley parks system}}
[[File:Edmonton River Valley and Dawson Bridge.jpg|thumb|Edmonton River Valley and Dawson Bridge]]

Edmonton's river valley constitutes the longest stretch of connected urban parkland in North America, and Edmonton has the highest amount of parkland per capita of any Canadian city; the river valley is 22 times larger than New York City's [[Central Park]].<ref name="River Valley">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.com/for-visitors/scenic-settings.aspx |author=Edmonton's Official Tourism Website |title=Scenic Settings |publisher=Edmonton Economic Development Corporation |access-date=May 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025214420/http://edmonton.com/for-visitors/scenic-settings.aspx |archive-date=October 25, 2013}}</ref> The river valley is home to various parks ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite-like facilities with few amenities. This main "Ribbon of Green" is supplemented by tributary creeks and ravines, particularly the Whitemud Creek, Blackmud Creek, and Mill Creek Ravine. There are also numerous neighbourhood parks located throughout the city, to give a total of {{convert|111|km2|acre|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} of parkland.<ref name="River Valley"/> Within the {{convert|7400|ha|abbr=on}}, {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}}-long river valley park system, there are 11 lakes, 14 ravines, and 22 major parks, and most of the city has accessible bike and walking trail connections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/RoadsTraffic/CycleEdmontonMap_13092013.pdf |title=Edmonton Bicycle Map |author=City of Edmonton Transportation |date=September 13, 2013 |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064806/http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/RoadsTraffic/CycleEdmontonMap_13092013.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> These trails are also part of the {{convert|235|km|abbr=on}} [[Waskahegan Trail|Waskahegan walking trail]]. The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its River Valley Parks System in honour of each of "[[The Famous Five (Canada)|The Famous Five]]".<ref name="The Famous Five">{{cite web |url=http://www.abheritage.ca/famous5/leadership/individually.html |author=Heritage Community Foundation |title=Parkland and environment |publisher=Alberta Online Encyclopedia |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023025153/http://www.abheritage.ca/famous5/leadership/individually.html |archive-date=October 23, 2007 }}</ref>

[[File:North Saskatchewan River Valley Edmonton Alberta Canada 04 A.jpg|thumb|left|A trail in the [[North Saskatchewan River valley parks system]] ]]

Edmonton's streets and parklands also contain one of the largest remaining concentrations of healthy [[Ulmus americana|American elm]] trees in the world, unaffected by [[Dutch elm disease]], which has wiped out vast numbers of such trees in eastern North America. [[Jack pine]], [[lodgepole pine]], [[Picea glauca|white spruce]], [[Betula pubescens|white birch]], [[aspen]], [[Sorbus|mountain ash]], [[Acer ginnala|Amur maple]], [[Eleagnus|Russian olive]], [[Fraxinus pennsylvanica|green ash]], [[Tilia|basswood]], various [[Populus|poplars]] and [[willow]]s, [[Malus|flowering crabapple]], [[Prunus padus|Mayday tree]] and [[Acer negundo|Manitoba maple]] are also abundant; [[bur oak]], [[Acer saccharinum|silver maple]], [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] and [[Aesculus glabra|Ohio buckeye]] are increasingly popular. Other introduced tree species include [[Fraxinus americana|white ash]], [[Picea pungens|blue spruce]], [[Acer platanoides|Norway maple]], [[Erythrobalanus|red oak]], [[Acer saccharum|sugar maple]], [[Aesculus hippocastanum|common horse-chestnut]], [[McIntosh (apple)|McIntosh apple]], and [[Evans cherry]].<ref name="Selection List of Common Tree Species">{{cite web |url=https://data.edmonton.ca/Environmental-Services/Trees-Species-Map-View-/cggb-hzzm |author=The City of Edmonton |title=Selection List of Common Tree Species |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331043913/https://data.edmonton.ca/Environmental-Services/Trees-Species-Map-View-/cggb-hzzm |archive-date=March 31, 2012}}</ref> Three walnut species—[[Juglans cinerea|butternut]], [[Juglans mandshurica|Manchurian walnut]], and [[Juglans nigra|black walnut]]—have survived in Edmonton.<ref>{{cite web |last=Barkley |first=Shelley |title=Juglans sp. (Butternut/Walnut) |publisher=Government of Alberta |date=May 22, 2007 |url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/opp4044?opendocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506014916/http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/%24department/deptdocs.nsf/all/opp4044?opendocument |archive-date=May 6, 2010 |access-date=October 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Several [[golf course]]s, both public and private, are also located in the river valley; the long summer daylight hours of this northern city provide for extended play from early morning well into the evening.<ref name="Golf Courses">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmontongolf.com/ |author=Edmonton Golf |title=Parkland and environment |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301040419/http://edmontongolf.com/ |archive-date=March 1, 2009 }}</ref> Golf courses and the park system become a winter recreation area during this season, and cross-country skiing and skating are popular during the long winter. Four [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]] ski slopes are located in the river valley as well, two within the city and two immediately outside.<ref name="Edmonton Winter">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_recreation/sport_recreation/crosscountry-skiing.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921151853/http://edmonton.ca/attractions_recreation/sport_recreation/crosscountry-skiing.aspx |archive-date=September 21, 2010 |title=Edmonton – Ice and Snow |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=November 21, 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Larch Sanctuary bridge.jpg|thumb|Entry to Larch Sanctuary]]

The [[Edmonton & Area Land Trust]] (EALT) is a charity focused on conserving natural areas in Edmonton and surrounding municipalities. Its first project in Edmonton was conserving Larch Sanctuary,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ealt.ca/larch-sanctuary/ |title=Larch Sanctuary|website=Edmonton & Area Land Trust|language=en-US|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115122155/https://www.ealt.ca/larch-sanctuary|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> via a {{convert|59|acre|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} [[conservation easement]] with the city, straddling Whitemud Creek south of 23rd Avenue, and containing the only [[oxbow lake]] in the city. EALT works with many organizations in Edmonton, and is working to conserve the {{convert|233|acre|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} of forest and farmland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ealt.ca/potential-forest-and-farmland/|title=Potential Forest and Farmland|website=Edmonton & Area Land Trust|language=en-US|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105042904/https://www.ealt.ca/potential-forest-and-farmland/|archive-date=January 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> in a loop of the river in northeast Edmonton.

A variety of volunteer opportunities exist for citizens to participate in the stewardship of Edmonton's parkland and river valley. Volunteer programs include River Valley Clean-up, Root for Trees, and Partner in Parks.<ref name="volunteer opportunities">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/volunteer-opportunities.aspx |author=City of Edmonton |title=volunteer opportunities |access-date=March 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128152319/http://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/volunteer-opportunities.aspx |archive-date=January 28, 2015 }}</ref> River Valley Clean-up engages volunteers to pick up hundreds of bags of litter each year.

=== Museums and galleries ===
[[File:Royal Alberta Museum.jpg|alt=|thumb|Entrance to the Royal Alberta Museum]]
''[[Royal Alberta Museum]]'' (RAM) is the largest museum in [[western Canada]] with more than {{convert|7,600|m2}} exhibition space and {{convert|38,900|m2}} in total, featuring galleries for natural history and anthropology (human history). The museum houses over 10 million objects and artifacts in its collection.  The natural history gallery features exhibits in flora, fauna, and geology ranging from prehistoric to modern day.  The human history gallery features exhibits beginning with an extensive First Nations history of the Alberta region to the current multicultural society of Alberta.  The museum is in downtown Edmonton at 9810 103a Avenue, just northeast of the Edmonton city hall.
[[File:ESSC (862826078).jpg|thumb|Exterior of the Telus World of Science Edmonton]]
''[[Telus World of Science Edmonton]]'' (TWOSE) is a broad-based science centre featuring five permanent galleries ranging in topics from astronomy, science and technology to exhibits exploring the human body, as well as containing a gallery for rotating and travelling exhibits. Additionally, located here are features such as an IMAX theatre, a [[planetarium]], an [[observatory]], the Zeidler Dome: a digital visualization theatre offering immersive 360-degree experiences, and an [[amateur radio station]].  It is at 11211 142 Street, northwest of the city centre in the [[Woodcroft, Edmonton|Woodcroft]] neighbourhood adjacent to Coronation Park.

''[[Edmonton Valley Zoo]]'' is a zoological park, home to over 350 animals, with species from different climates and habitats an Canada and abroad.  The zoo focuses on animal wellbeing, conservation and education.  It is at  13315 Buena Vista Road along the north bank of the North Saskatchewan River the river valley, southwest of the city centre.<ref name="Valley Zoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/edmonton-valley-zoo.aspx |author=Valley Zoo |title=Valley Zoo |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=May 24, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200241/http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/edmonton-valley-zoo.aspx |archive-date=May 25, 2014 }}</ref>

''[[Alberta Aviation Museum]]'' is a museum focusing on Edmonton's aviation history. Located in a historic Second World War hangar, built for the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]], its collection of {{convert|85,000|ft2|order=flip}} features more than 30 civilian and military [[aircraft]], such as a Curtiss Stinson Special from 1917, a North American B-25 Mitchell from the Second World War, and two McDonnell Aircraft Corporation [[CF-101 Voodoo]]s from the Cold War. It also has one of only two remaining [[CIM-10 Bomarc]] missiles on display in Canada.  The museum also includes a restoration area, an archives and library, simulators, a gift shop and a large events facility.  It is at 11410 Kingsway next to the [[Blatchford, Edmonton|Blatchford]] community, the site of the decommissioned City Centre Airport.

''[[Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum]]'' is dedicated to preserving the military heritage and the sacrifices made by the people of Edmonton and Alberta in general. The museum features two galleries and several smaller exhibits. The collection includes historic firearms, uniforms, souvenirs, memorabilia, military accoutrements, as well as a large photographic and archival collection spanning the pre-First World War period to the present. The museum features an exhibit on the role of the [[49th Battalion, CEF]], in Canada's [[Hundred Days Offensive]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hundred Days Offensive |url=https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about-wwi/hundred-days-offensive |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=National WWI Museum and Memorial |language=en}}</ref> The museum is in the Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre, which is also the home of the City of Edmonton municipal archives.

''[[Alberta Railway Museum]]''<ref name="Alberta Railway Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaymuseum.ab.ca/ |author=Alberta Railway Museum |title=Alberta Railway Museum |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219160246/http://railwaymuseum.ab.ca/ |archive-date=February 19, 2009 }}</ref> is a museum that collects, preserves, restores and interprets the railway artifacts and stories that helped shape Alberta and Canada through exhibits, tours, educational programs, publications and heritage train operations of Alberta's railway history.  It contains a variety of [[locomotive]]s and [[railroad car]]s from different periods, and includes a working [[steam locomotive]].  It is at 24215 34 Street NW in the rural northeast portion of the city. Since most of its exhibits are outdoors, it is only open between [[Victoria Day]] and [[Labour Day (Canada)|Labour Day]].[[File:Fort Edmonton 1900.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fort Edmonton Park]] is Canada's largest [[living museum]] by area.]]''[[Fort Edmonton Park]],'' Canada's largest living history museum, is in the river valley southwest of the city centre. Edmonton's heritage is displayed through historical buildings (many of which are originals moved to the park), [[heritage interpretation|costumed historical interpreters]], and authentic artifacts. In total, it covers the region's history from approximately 1795 to 1929 (represented by Fort Edmonton), followed chronologically by 1885, 1905, and 1920 streets, and a recreation of a 1920s [[midway (fair)|midway]]. A steam train, streetcars, automobiles and horse-drawn vehicles may be seen in operation (and utilized by the public) around the park. This museum is at 7000 143 Street NW in the river valley southwest of the city centre.

''John Janzen Nature Centre'' features events and interactive exhibits designed to promote awareness and engagement with nature in an urban setting. The centre explores local wildlife and how they adapt to each of the four seasons. It is at 7000 143 Street along Whitemud Drive and Fox Drive and shares a parking lot with Fort Edmonton Park.

''John Walter Museum and Historical Area'' is a small interpretive museum focusing on the life of [[John Walter (businessman)|John Walter]] and the Strathcona community of Walterdale from 1870 to 1942.  The museum is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.<ref name="Canada's Historic Place">{{cite web|url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/visit-visite/affichage-display.aspx?id=2986 |author=Canada's Historic Places |title=John walter museum and historical area |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212134651/http://www.historicplaces.ca/visit-visite/affichage-display.aspx?id=2986 |archive-date=February 12, 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Art Gallery of Alberta (10293224826).jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of Alberta]] is Edmonton's largest [[art gallery]].]]

''[[Art Gallery of Alberta]]'' (AGA) is the city's largest single art gallery. Its collection includes over 6,000 works, with a focus on art produced in Alberta, and other parts of [[western Canada]]. In addition to exhibiting its permanent collection, the museum also hosts [[travelling exhibition]]s and offers public education programs.  This gallery is located at 2 Sir Winston Churchill Square, directly east of the Edmonton City Hall.

''[[McKay Avenue School]]'' is a former school and a designated [[Provincial historic sites of Alberta|provincial]] and municipal historic resource, and home to the [[Edmonton Public School Board]]'s archives and museum.

''[[Rutherford House]]'' is a historic building and museum in the Strathcona area. The structure was the home of the first premier of Alberta, Alexander Cameron Rutherford, from 1911 to 1940, and has subsequently been designated a provincial historic site.

''Ukrainian Museum of Canada'', Alberta Branch.  The museum collects and preserves items of historical, cultural and artistic significance to advance knowledge about Ukrainian heritage in Canada.  It is at the St. John's Cultural Centre (10611 110 Avenue NW)

''University of Alberta Museums'' operates its own internal museums and collections service.<ref name="University of Alberta Museums">{{cite web |author=University of Alberta |title=Museums |url=http://www.museums.ualberta.ca/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302053916/http://www.museums.ualberta.ca/ |archive-date=March 2, 2009 |access-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> The University of Alberta Museums and Collections also has 17 million objects, 29 registered museum collections and occasional exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Alberta Museums |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/museums |access-date=March 6, 2020 |website=www.ualberta.ca}}</ref>
[[File:Muttart Conservatory (4509972060).jpg|thumb|Main entrance to the Muttart Conservatory]]
''[[Muttart Conservatory]]'' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|t|ɑː|r|t}}) is a [[botanical garden]] in the river valley, across from the [[Downtown Edmonton|downtown core]]. One of the best-known landmarks of Edmonton, the [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]] consists of three city-operated greenhouses, public gardens, as well as four feature pyramids for display of plant species found across three biomes, with the fourth pyramid hosting a seasonal display. A fifth minor skylight pyramid lights up the central foyer.

Edmonton is home to four artist-run centres all located in the downtown core [[Harcourt House, Edmonton|Harcourt House]], [[Latitude 53]], [[Ociciwan Contemporary Art Collective]] and [[Society of Northern Alberta Print-Artists]] (SNAP).

The University of Alberta and MacEwan University also have galleries: the Fine Arts Building Gallery<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/art-design/fab-gallery|title=FAB Gallery {{!}} Faculty of Arts|website=www.ualberta.ca|access-date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> and the Mitchell Art Gallery,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macewan.ca/wcm/SchoolsFaculties/FFAC/MitchellArtGallery/index.htm|title=Mitchell Art Gallery – MacEwan University|website=www.macewan.ca|access-date=March 6, 2020|archive-date=March 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305113414/https://www.macewan.ca/wcm/SchoolsFaculties/FFAC/MitchellArtGallery/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> respectively.

== Sports and recreation ==
{{Main|Sport in Edmonton}}

Edmonton has a number of professional sports teams,<ref name="Sports History in Edmonton">{{cite web| url=http://www.epl.ca/EPLSportsHistory.cfm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015224038/http://www.epl.ca/EPLSportsHistory.cfm| archive-date=October 15, 2006| author=Edmonton Public Library| title=Sports History in Edmonton| publisher=Edmonton Public Library| access-date=February 27, 2009}}</ref> including the [[Edmonton Elks]], formerly referred to as the Edmonton Eskimos and, for a brief period, the Edmonton Football Team, of the [[Canadian Football League]], [[Edmonton Oilers]] of the [[National Hockey League]] and [[Edmonton Stingers]] of the [[Canadian Elite Basketball League]]. Edmonton is the only city home to two teams in the semi-professional [[National Ringette League]]: the [[Edmonton WAM!]] and Edmonton Black Gold Rush. The city also hosts an amateur women's football team, the [[Edmonton Storm (football)|Edmonton Storm]] of the [[Western Women's Canadian Football League]]. Junior sports clubs include the [[Edmonton Huskies]] and [[Edmonton Wildcats]] of the [[Canadian Junior Football League]], the [[Edmonton Oil Kings]] of the [[Western Hockey League]], and the [[Edmonton Riverhawks]] of the [[West Coast League]]. Venues for Edmonton's professional and junior sports teams include [[Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)|Commonwealth Stadium]] (Edmonton Elks), [[Argyll Velodrome]], [[Rogers Place]] (Oilers and Oil Kings), [[RE/MAX Field]] (Riverhawks), the [[Edmonton Expo Centre]] (Stingers), and [[Clarke Stadium]] (Huskies, Wildcats, and Storm).
[[File:Rogers Place, Edmonton, June 6, 2024.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rogers Place]] is a multi-use indoor arena, and the present home arena for the [[National Hockey League|NHL]]'s [[Edmonton Oilers]].]]
Edmonton's teams have rivalries with Calgary's teams and games between Edmonton and Calgary teams are often referred to as the [[Battle of Alberta]].

Past notable hockey teams in Edmonton include: the original junior hockey incarnation of the [[Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL)|Edmonton Oil Kings]], with multiple league and national [[Memorial Cup]] championships playing in the Western Hockey League; the [[Edmonton Flyers]], with multiple [[Lester Patrick Cup]]s and one national [[Allan Cup]], and; the [[Edmonton Roadrunners]] of the [[American Hockey League]]. Other past notable sports teams include; the [[Edmonton Grads]], a women's basketball team with 108 local, provincial, national, and international titles and the world champions for 17 years in a row; the [[Edmonton Trappers]], a [[Triple-A (baseball)|Triple-A]] level baseball team with multiple division and league titles in the [[Pacific Coast League]], and; the [[Edmonton Rush]], a [[box lacrosse]] team with one [[National Lacrosse League|league]] championship.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Local university-level sports teams include the University of Alberta [[Alberta Golden Bears|Golden Bears]] (mens) [[Alberta Pandas|Pandas]] (women's), the [[Northern Alberta Institute of Technology#Mascot and colours|NAIT Ooks]], the [[MacEwan Griffins]], the Concordia University of Edmonton Thunder, and the King's University Eagles.

Local amateur teams, among others, include the [[Edmonton Gold]] of the [[Rugby Canada Super League]] and two flat track [[roller derby]] leagues: Oil City Roller Derby<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oilcityderbygirls.ca/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103052038/http://www.oilcityderbygirls.ca/|archive-date=January 3, 2007 |title=Welcome to the home of the Oil City Derby Girls! |publisher=Oilcityderbygirls.ca |url-status=usurped|access-date=January 31, 2012}}</ref> and E-Ville Roller Derby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-villederby.com |title=Don't Play Nice, Play E-Ville! |publisher=e-villederby.com |access-date=April 9, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404034730/http://www.e-villederby.com/ |archive-date=April 4, 2012 }}</ref>

The [[RAD Torque Raceway]] hosts regular [[sprint car racing|sprint car]] and a national [[International Hot Rod Association]] (IHRA) events at their facility next to Edmonton International Airport.<ref name="edmontonindyback">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-indy-back-this-summer-1.996528 |author=CBC News |author-link=CBC News |title=Edmonton Indy back this summer |date=January 12, 2011 |access-date=January 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113152958/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-indy-back-this-summer-1.996528 |archive-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> The airport also hosts horse racing at the [[Century Mile Racetrack and Casino]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnty.com/centurymile/ |title=Century Mile Racetrack and Casino |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509132605/https://www.cnty.com/centurymile/ |archive-date=May 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Edmonton International Raceway]], which hosts [[NASCAR Pinty's Series]] races, is located about {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} to the south near [[Wetaskiwin]].
[[File:CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg|thumb|[[Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)|Commonwealth Stadium]] is an open-air [[multi-purpose stadium]]. Opened in 1978 for the [[1978 Commonwealth Games]], the facility is also used as the home stadium for [[Canadian Football League|CFL]]'s [[Edmonton Elks]].]]
[[File:REMAX Field, Edmonton Ballpark - Edmonton, Alberta - Edmonton Riverhawks.jpg|thumb|[[RE/MAX Field]], a ballpark opened in 1995 home to the [[Edmonton Riverhawks]]]]
From 2005 to 2012, Edmonton hosted an annual circuit on the [[Indy Racing League]] known as the [[Edmonton Indy]]. Other past sporting events hosted by Edmonton include:
* [[1978 Commonwealth Games]]
* 1981 [[U-18 Women's Softball World Cup]],<ref>{{cite web |title=WBSC U-18 Women's Softball World Cup Historic Results |url=https://www.wbsc.org/organisation/u-18-womens-softball-world-cup-historic-results |website=WBSC |publisher=World Baseball Softball Confederation |access-date=December 17, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212234416/https://www.wbsc.org/organisation/u-18-womens-softball-world-cup-historic-results |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 1981 [[U-18 Men's Softball World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=WBSC U-18 Men's Softball World Cup Historic Results |url=https://www.wbsc.org/organisation/u-18-mens-softball-world-cup-historic-results |website=WBSC |publisher=World Baseball Softball Confederation |access-date=December 17, 2021 |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217162049/https://www.wbsc.org/organisation/u-18-mens-softball-world-cup-historic-results |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[1983 Summer Universiade|1983 World University Games]] ([[Universiade]])
* 1981 and 1985 [[Intercontinental Cup (baseball)|Intercontinental Cup]]
* [[1990 Baseball World Cup]]
* 1990 [[North American Indigenous Games]]
* [[1996 World Figure Skating Championships]]
* [[1999 World Taekwondo Championships]]
* [[2001 World Championships in Athletics]]
* 2002 World Ringette Championships
* 2005 [[World Masters Games]]<ref name="2005 World Masters Games">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoedmonton.com/edmonton2005/2005worldmastersgames.html |author=Edmonton Super Summer |title=2005 World Masters Games |access-date=February 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122103751/http://www.infoedmonton.com/edmonton2005/2005worldmastersgames.html |archive-date=January 22, 2013}}</ref>
* [[2006 Women's Rugby World Cup]]
* [[2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2002]] and [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada sets U-20 World Cup attendance record |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/canada-sets-u-20-world-cup-attendance-record-1.659028 |website=CBC Sports |access-date=August 25, 2020 |date=July 20, 2007}}</ref>
* [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Edmonton among cities to host 2014 U-20 women's World Cup |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/608474/edmonton-named-host-city-for-2014-u-20-womens-world-cup/ |website=globalnews.ca |access-date=August 25, 2020 |date=June 2, 2013}}</ref>
* [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parrish |first1=Julia |title=Edmonton named one of six host cities for FIFA Women's World Cup 2015 |url=https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/edmonton-named-one-of-six-host-cities-for-fifa-women-s-world-cup-2015-1.805311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414021702/https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/edmonton-named-one-of-six-host-cities-for-fifa-women-s-world-cup-2015-1.805311 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |website=CTV News |access-date=August 25, 2020 |date=May 4, 2012}}</ref>
* [[2004 Women's Baseball World Cup|2004]] and [[2012 Women's Baseball World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=WBSC Women's Baseball World Cup Historic Results |url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/organisation/wbsc-events/womens-baseball-world-cup/historic-results |website=WBSC |publisher=World Baseball Softball Confederation |access-date=July 31, 2022}}</ref>
* CN [[Canadian Women's Open]]
* [[1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] (co-hosted with Red Deer and Calgary), [[2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] (co-hosted with Calgary), [[2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] (co-host with Red Deer)
* [[2007 World Men's Curling Championship]] and [[2017 World Men's Curling Championship]]
* [[2021 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]]
* 2022 World Dodgeball Championships

Despite submitting a bid, Edmonton was not selected as a host city for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Edmonton won't host 2026 World Cup matches as FIFA picks Toronto, Vancouver |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/edmonton-wont-host-2026-world-cup-matches-as-fifa-picks-toronto-vancouver/ |access-date=August 17, 2022 |website=Edmonton |language=en}}</ref>

Edmonton will co-host the [[2027 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] alongside Calgary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alberta to host world junior hockey championship in 2027 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/2027-world-junior-hockey-championship-alberta-1.7124945 |access-date=August 8, 2024 |work=cbc.ca |publisher=CBC |date=February 24, 2024}}</ref>
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable col5center col6center"
|+Professional sports teams
|- 
! style="width:130px;"| Club
! style="width:130px;"| Type
! style="width:240px;"| League
! style="width:200px;"| Venue
! style="width:50px"| Established
! style="width:20px"| Championships
|-
| [[Edmonton Elks]]
| [[Canadian football]]
| [[Canadian Football League]]
| [[Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)|Commonwealth Stadium]]
| 1949
| 14<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grey Cup Results from 1909 to present |url=https://thegreycup.com/grey-cup-results/ |access-date=August 17, 2022 |website=The Grey Cup |language=en-CA}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edmonton Oilers]]
| [[Ice hockey]]
| [[National Hockey League]]
| [[Rogers Place]]
| 1972
| 5<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/a-brief-history-edmonton-oilers/c-535599|title = A brief history: Edmonton Oilers}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edmonton Stingers]]
| [[Basketball]]
| [[Canadian Elite Basketball League]]
| [[Edmonton Expo Centre]]
| 2018
| 2
|}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable col5center col6center"
|+Semi-pro, amateur and junior clubs
|- 
! style="width:130px;"| Club
! style="width:130px;"| Type
! style="width:240px;"| League
! style="width:200px;"| Venue
! style="width:50px;"| Established
! style="width:20px;"| Championships
|-
| [[Edmonton Huskies]]
| Canadian football
| [[Canadian Junior Football League]]
| Clarke Stadium
| 1947
| 5{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
|-
| [[Edmonton Wildcats]]
| Canadian football
| Canadian Junior Football League
| Clarke Stadium
| 1948
| 3{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
|-
|[[Edmonton Storm (football)|Edmonton Storm]]
|Canadian football
|[[Western Women's Canadian Football League]]
|Clarke Stadium
| 2004
| 0
|-
| [[Energy City Cactus Rats]]
| Baseball
| [[Western Canadian Baseball League]]
| [[Myshak Metro Ballpark]], Spruce Grove
| 2005
| 0
|-
| [[Edmonton Riverhawks]]
| Baseball
| [[West Coast League]]
| [[RE/MAX Field]]
| 2020
| 0
|-
| [[Edmonton Oil Kings]]
| Ice hockey
| [[Western Hockey League]]
| Rogers Place
| 2007
| 3{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
|-
| [[Edmonton BTB SC]]
| Soccer
| [[League1 Alberta]]
| [[Clarke Stadium]]
| 2013
|
|-
| [[Edmonton Scottish]]
| Soccer
| League1 Alberta
| [[Edmonton Scottish#Hamish Black Field|Hamish Black Field]]
| 1909
| 1
|}

== Government ==
=== City council ===
[[File: City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg|thumb|[[Edmonton City Hall]]]]

The Edmonton City Council consists of a mayor and twelve councillors serving four-year terms. Each councillor is elected in a ward (electoral district); the mayor is elected at-large through [[first-past-the-post voting]]. Most candidates are non-partisan, but municipal political parties were instituted in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alberta municipal candidates weigh options with financial advantages given to parties |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/politics/government/alberta-municipal-candidates-weigh-options-with-financial-advantages-given-to-parties/ar-AA1L9tp3 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

Council has the responsibility of approving the city's budget, and develops laws and policies intended to promote the health and safety of Edmonton residents based on the powers granted by the [[Municipal Government Act]]. The council passes all legislation related to the city's police, firefighting, parks, and libraries, as well as its utilities{{snd}} electricity, water supply, solid waste handling, and drainage.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

On July 22, 2009, City Council adopted an electoral system that divides Edmonton into 12 wards, instead of the previous system where two councillors were elected in each of six wards. As of 2010, each ward would elect one councillor by first-past-the-post voting. This system came into effect with the [[2010 Edmonton municipal election|following election]] in October 2010.<ref name="Ward System">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/municipal_elections/ward-system.aspx |title=Ward System |date=July 22, 2009 |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=August 5, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922064953/http://edmonton.ca/city_government/municipal_elections/ward-system.aspx |archive-date=September 22, 2010 }}</ref> The [[2021 Edmonton municipal election|most recent election]] was held in October 2021, and elected members to a four-year term.

On December 7, 2020, a bylaw approving new ward boundaries and Indigenous ward names was passed by city council.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 24, 2021|title=Edmonton's new Indigenous ward names, explained|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/edmontons-new-indigenous-ward-names-explained/|access-date=October 23, 2021|website=CTV News Edmonton|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigenous Ward Naming Knowledge Committee {{!}} City of Edmonton|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/city_organization/indigenous-ward-naming-knowledge-committee|access-date=October 23, 2021|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref>

=== Provincial politics ===
[[File:AlbertaLegislature.jpg|thumb|Edmonton is home to the [[Alberta Legislature Building]], the meeting place for the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]].]]

Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and holds all main provincial areas of government such as the [[Alberta Legislature]]. The Edmonton Metropolitan Region is represented by 20 [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta|MLAs]], one for each [[List of Alberta provincial electoral districts|provincial electoral district]]. Many of these boundaries have been changed, adjusted and renamed while the city has grown.<ref name="Edmonton MLAs">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.ab.ca/net/index.aspx?p=mla_home |title=Members Information |publisher=[[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] |access-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410042758/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/net/index.aspx?p=mla_home |archive-date=April 10, 2010 }}</ref> In the current [[31st Alberta Legislature]] all of Edmonton's districts are represented by members from the Opposition [[Alberta New Democratic Party]]. One of the MLAs, [[Naheed Nenshi]], became [[Leader of the Opposition (Alberta)|Leader of the Opposition]] in 2025.
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+ Edmonton provincial election results<ref>{{cite web |url=https://officialresults.elections.ab.ca/orResultsPGE.cfm?EventId=60 |title=Official Voting Results by polling station (poll by poll results in Edmonton)|publisher=Elections Alberta |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Results |url=http://www.elections.ab.ca/voters/voterlink/ |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=Elections Alberta |language=en |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327150528/https://www.elections.ab.ca/voters/voterlink/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[United Conservative Party|United Cons.]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alberta New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP}}|
! [[2019 Alberta general election|2019]]
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}} | <span style="color:#FFFFFF">35%</span>
| style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF">''140,672''</span>
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|background}} | '''53%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''213,546''
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP}}|
! [[2023 Alberta general election|2023]]
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}} | <span style="color:#FFFFFF">34%</span>
| style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF">''127,773''</span>
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|background}} | '''63%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''232,879''
|}{{Clear}}

=== Federal politics ===
Edmonton is represented by nine Members of Parliament (MP), with one being elected to represent each of its federal electoral districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada's Federal Electoral Districts|url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=cir/list&document=index338&lang=e|last=Canada|first=Elections|website=www.elections.ca|date = February 4, 2019|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> In the [[43rd Canadian Parliament]], which was in session from late 2019 to late 2021, eight MPs were members of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], while the remaining MP was part of the [[New Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Current Members of Parliament – Members of Parliament – House of Commons of Canada|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/members/en/search|website=www.ourcommons.ca|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> After the [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019 federal election]], Edmonton lacked elected representation in the federal government for the first time since 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonton without seat in federal government for the first time since 1980 election|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/election-2019/local-reaction-to-federal-election-outcome/|website=edmontonjournal.com|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> Compared to the rest of Alberta, Edmonton tends to vote for more left of centre leaning parties. Due to vote splitting, the Conservative Party dominated the city, with [[Edmonton Strathcona (federal electoral district)|Edmonton Strathcona]] the only electoral district not to have voted Conservative in the 2019 federal election. This changed in the [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021 federal election]], when the NDP also flipped the seat of [[Edmonton Griesbach]] while holding Edmonton Strathcona, and the Liberals retook [[Edmonton Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonton's NDP candidates hope a surge of support builds into a new orange wave|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/2021-edmonton-federal-ndp-1.6189076|website=CBC News|access-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Edmonton federal election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e |title=Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Edmonton)|date=April 7, 2022 |publisher=Elections Canada |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Green Party of Canada|Green]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}|
! [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 23%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''94,886''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''39%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''160,938''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 32%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''133,984''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 0%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''1,933''
|-
! [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 23%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''100,759''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''52%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''231,813''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 21%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''92,733''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 2%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''10,264''
|-
|}{{Clear}}

=== Fire department ===
[[File:EFRS 01.jpg|thumb|Edmonton Fire Rescue Services Headquarters, Administration Offices, & Number 1 Station]]

[[Edmonton Fire Rescue Services|Edmonton Fire Rescue]], established in 1892, is a full-time professional firefighting department which provides a variety of services in Edmonton and the surrounding region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Edmonton. Fire Department – Alberta On Record|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/city-of-edmonton-fire-department|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=albertaonrecord.ca|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414043122/https://albertaonrecord.ca/city-of-edmonton-fire-department|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=October 17, 2020|title=Fire Rescue Services|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/city_organization/fire-rescue-services.aspx|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref> Some of the service's major tasks include fire suppression, assistance in medical emergencies, watercraft rescues on the North Saskatchewan River, and emergencies which involve hazardous materials.<ref name=":3" /> Edmonton Fire Rescue is one of nine Canadian fire departments which are accredited by the Centre for Public Safety Excellence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Accredited Agencies|url=https://cpse.org/accreditation/accredited-agencies/|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=Center for Public Safety Excellence|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Policing ===
The city's police force, the [[Edmonton Police Service]], was founded in 1892, and had approximately 1,400 officers in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the EPS |url=http://www.edmontonpolice.ca/AboutEPS/HistoryOfTheEPS.aspx |work=About EPS |publisher=Edmonton Police Service |access-date=January 13, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102032541/http://www.edmontonpolice.ca/AboutEPS/HistoryOfTheEPS.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2013 }}</ref>

=== Military ===
[[CFB Edmonton|Canadian Forces Base Edmonton]] is home to [[1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group]] (1 CMBG), the [[Regular Force]] army brigade group of [[3rd Canadian Division]] of the [[Canadian Army]]. Units in 1 CMBG include [[Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)]], [[1 Combat Engineer Regiment]], two of the three battalions of [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]], and various headquarters, service, and support elements. Although not part of 1 CMBG, [[408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron]] and [[1 Field Ambulance]] are located with the brigade group. All of these units are located at Lancaster Park, immediately north of the city. From 1943, as CFB Namao (now CFB Edmonton/Edmonton Garrison), it was a major air force base.<ref name="CFB Namao">{{cite web|url=http://www.abheritage.ca/aviation/history/military_namao.html |author=Alberta's Aviation History |title=CFB Namao |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009210917/http://www.abheritage.ca/aviation/history/military_namao.html |archive-date=October 9, 2008 }}</ref> In 1996, all fixed-wing aviation units were transferred to [[CFB Cold Lake]].

The Canadian Parachute Centre was located in the city until 1996, when it was moved to [[CFB Trenton]], Ontario, and renamed the [[Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paratrooper: Airborne with the Army's advanced warfare centre {{!}} Canadian Army Today|url=https://canadianarmytoday.com/paratrooper-airborne-with-the-armys-advanced-warfare-centre/|access-date=October 18, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> The move of 1 CMBG and component units from Calgary occurred in 1996 in what was described as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence">{{cite web|url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/committee/381/defe/16eva-e |author=Government of Canada |title=Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence |access-date=May 10, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510060123/https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/committee/381/defe/16eva-e |archive-date=May 10, 2012 }}</ref> The brigade had existed in Calgary since the 1950s, and Lord Strathcona's Horse had traditionally been a Calgary garrison unit dating back to before the First World War.

Edmonton also has a large army [[Primary Reserve|reserve]] element from [[41 Canadian Brigade Group]] (41 CBG), including [[The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)]]; [[41 Combat Engineer Regiment]]; HQ Battery, [[20th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery|20th Field Artillery Regiment]]; and B Squadron of [[The South Alberta Light Horse]], one of Alberta's oldest army reserve units. Despite being far from Canada's coasts, Edmonton is also the home of {{HMCS|Nonsuch}},<ref name="HMCS Nonsuch">{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/navres/nearestUnit_uniteLaPlusPres/hmcs_ncsm_NONSUCH/noh-unitPortal_portailUnite-eng.asp |author=Government of Canada |title=HMCS ''Nonsuch'' |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630044740/http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/navres/nearestUnit_uniteLaPlusPres/hmcs_ncsm_NONSUCH/noh-unitPortal_portailUnite-eng.asp |archive-date=June 30, 2013}}</ref> a naval reserve division. There are numerous [[Canadian Cadet Organizations|cadet]] corps<ref name="cadet">{{cite web|url=http://www.cadets.ca/en/ |author=Government of Canada |title=Cadets Canada |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503152051/http://www.cadets.ca/en/ |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref> of the different elements ([[Royal Canadian Sea Cadets|naval]], [[Royal Canadian Army Cadets|army]] and [[Royal Canadian Air Cadets|air force]]) within Edmonton as well.

== Crime ==
Edmonton experienced a decrease in crime in the 1990s, an increase in the early 2000s,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Savoie |first=Josée |title=Neighbourhood Characteristics and the Distribution of Crime: Edmonton, Halifax and Thunder Bay |journal=Crime and Justice Research Paper Series |date=March 2008 |pages=11–12 |publisher=Statistics Canada |location=Ottawa |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-561-m/85-561-m2008010-eng.pdf |issn=1707-5203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207102926/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-561-m/85-561-m2008010-eng.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref> and another downturn at the end of the decade.{{which|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Edmonton Police At Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Edmonton Police Service vehicle at Downtown Headquarters]]

The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 84.5 in 2013, which is higher than the national average of 68.7.<ref name="2013crime">{{cite web|last1=Boyce|first1=Jillian|last2=Cotter|first2=Adam|last3=Perreault|first3=Samuel|title=Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2013|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2014001/article/14040-eng.pdf|publisher=Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics|access-date=May 3, 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123141555/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2014001/article/14040-eng.pdf|archive-date=November 23, 2015|pages=13 & 30|date=July 23, 2014}}</ref> Its crime severity index was the fifth-highest among CMAs in Canada behind Regina, Saskatoon, Kelowna and Vancouver.<ref name=2013crime/> In 2011, the city set a record for the most homicides in a year with 53 murders, giving the city a homicide rate of 6.5 per 100,000 people.<ref name="Government of Canada">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=April 13, 2021 |title=Number and rate of homicide victims, by Census Metropolitan Areas |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510007101 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Edmonton had the fourth-most homicides in 2013 with 27, a 49% decrease from 2011. In 2017, it hit another peak in homicides with a slightly lower total of 49, for a rate of 5.2 per 100,000.<ref name="Government of Canada"/><ref name=2013crime/> There were 165 shootings reported in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2022 |title='Brazenness' of shootings escalating, police say, as videos of public gun violence released |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/brazenness-of-shootings-escalating-police-say-as-videos-of-public-gun-violence-released/ |access-date=August 4, 2023 |website=Edmonton |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gun Violence 2022 |url=https://www.edmontonpolice.ca/News/SuccessStories/GunViolence2022 |access-date=August 4, 2023 |website=www.edmontonpolice.ca |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Edmonton saw an increase in homicides with 46 being reported, giving the city a homicide rate of around 4.5 per 100,000 and also had a record 221 shootings, a 33.9% increase from the year before.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

Noteworthy events that have occurred in Edmonton include the 1965 [[Edmonton aircraft bombing]], the 2011 [[Mark Twitchell|murder of Johnny Altinger]], the 2012 [[University of Alberta shooting]], the [[2014 Edmonton shooting]], and the [[2017 Edmonton attack]]. Over $100,000 of property damage to Edmonton City Hall occurred in a shooting and firebombs attack on January 23, 2024, where no one was injured.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/damage-in-edmonton-city-hall-attack-estimated-at-100k-meetings-canceled-next-week/ar-BB1hjRnY Damage in Edmonton city hall attack estimated at $100K, meetings canceled next week], January 26, 2024.</ref><ref>[https://globalnews.ca/news/10244633/edmonton-city-hall-lockdown-january/ 'Heavily armed' suspect acted alone in Edmonton City Hall shooting: police], January 23, 2024.</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transportation in Edmonton}}
[[File:Edmonton International Airport Control Tower.jpg|thumb|The control tower for [[Edmonton International Airport]]. The [[international airport]] is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility for the Edmonton Metropolitan Region.]]

==== Aviation ====
{{see also|List of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region}}

Edmonton is a major air transportation gateway to northern Alberta and northern Canada.<ref name="edmontoncanencyclo"/> The [[Edmonton International Airport]] (YEG) is the main airport serving the city.

The airport provides passenger service to destinations in the United States, Europe, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The airport is located within Leduc County, adjacent to the City of Leduc and the Nisku Industrial Business Park. With direct air distances from Edmonton to places such as [[London]] in United Kingdom being shorter than to other main airports in western North America,<ref>{{cite web |author=Edmonton Airports |title=Strategic Location |publisher=Edmonton Airports |url=http://corporate.flyeia.com/media/7735/437.pdf |access-date=November 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711013355/http://corporate.flyeia.com/media/7735/437.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> Edmonton Airports is working to establish a major container shipping hub called Port Alberta.<ref>{{cite web |author=Edmonton Airports |title=Port Alberta |publisher=Edmonton Airports |date=November 1, 2007 |url=http://corporate.edmontonairports.com/business_at_the_airport/port_alberta| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017112326/http://corporate.edmontonairports.com/business_at_the_airport/port_alberta |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref>

==== Rail ====
Edmonton serves as a major [[transportation hub]] for [[Canadian National Railway]], whose North American operations management centre is located at their Edmonton offices. It is also tied into the [[Canadian Pacific Kansas City]] network, which provides service from Calgary to the south and extends northeast of Edmonton to serve Alberta's Industrial Heartland.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

[[Inter-city rail]] passenger rail service is provided by [[Via Rail]]'s premier train, the [[Canadian (train)|''Canadian'']], as it travels between Vancouver, British Columbia, and [[Toronto]], Ontario. Passenger trains stop at the [[Edmonton railway station (Via Rail)|Edmonton railway station]] two days a week in both directions. The train connects Edmonton to multiple stops in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.<ref name="Train station: Edmonton (Alberta)">{{cite web|url=http://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/rockies-and-pacific/edmonton |title=Edmonton train station |author=Via Rail Canada |publisher=Via Rail Canada |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503102055/http://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/rockies-and-pacific/edmonton |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref>

==== Public transit ====
{{Main|Edmonton Transit Service}}
[[File:ETS Bus Stadium Station, Edmonton.jpg|alt=|thumb|An ETS bus at the [[Stadium station (Edmonton)|Stadium Station]] transit centre]]

The [[Edmonton Transit Service]] (ETS) is the city's public transit agency, operating the [[Edmonton Light Rail Transit]] (LRT) network as well as a fleet of buses.<ref name="History of ETS">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/ets/ets-history-statistics.aspx |author=The City of Edmonton |title=History of ETS |access-date=August 14, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314002722/http://www.edmonton.ca/ets/ets-history-statistics.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2016 }}</ref> In 2017, ETS served approximately 86,997,466 people; the bus system saw 62,377,183 riders, while the LRT network served 24,620,283 passengers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LRT ridership increases, but overall Edmonton Transit use down slightly|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/lrt-ridership-increases-but-overall-edmonton-transit-use-down-slightly|access-date=September 30, 2020|website=Edmonton Journal|language=en-CA}}</ref>

From the 1990s to early 2009, Edmonton was one of two cities in Canada still operating [[trolley bus]]es, along with [[Trolley buses in Vancouver|Vancouver]]. On June 18, 2008, City Council decided to abandon the [[Trolley buses in Edmonton|Edmonton trolley bus system]]<ref name="TrolleyDecision">{{cite web|url=http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/meetings/minutes_council/cc20080618mn.doc |title=City Council Minutes{{snd}} June 18, 2008 |publisher=City of Edmonton |date=June 18, 2008 |access-date=September 19, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706180606/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/meetings/minutes_council/cc20080618mn.doc |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref> and the last trolley bus ran on May 2, 2009.<ref name="lastdaytrolley">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/ets/about_ets/ets-trolley.aspx|title=Last Day of Trolley Operations|publisher=City of Edmonton|access-date=September 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616145950/http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/ets/about_ets/ets-trolley.aspx |archive-date=June 16, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Trolleyreachend">{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/story.html?id=a17d9aa6-0be1-4ae9-a977-0ca5a215d1ac |title=Trolleys reach end of the line |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |date=June 19, 2008 |access-date=September 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728182021/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/story.html?id=a17d9aa6-0be1-4ae9-a977-0ca5a215d1ac |archive-date=July 28, 2011 }}</ref>

Scheduled LRT service began on April 23, 1978, with nine extensions of the network completed since.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=September 30, 2020|title=Future LRT|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/projects_plans/transit/future-lrt-projects.aspx|access-date=September 30, 2020|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref> The original Edmonton line is considered to be the first "modern" [[light rail]] line (i.e., built from scratch, rather than being an upgrade of an old system) in North America to be constructed in a city with a population of under one million people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=September 30, 2020|title=History of ETS|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/ets/ets-history-statistics.aspx|access-date=September 30, 2020|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref> It introduced the use of German-designed rolling stock that subsequently became the standard light rail vehicle of the United States.<ref name="Edmonton Transit System's LRT History">{{cite web|author=Edmonton Transit System's LRT History|title=Edmonton Transit System's LRT History|url=http://www.barp.ca/bus/lrt/edmonton/history.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008142122/http://www.barp.ca/bus/lrt/edmonton/history.html|archive-date=October 8, 2008|access-date=March 7, 2009}}</ref> The Edmonton "[[proof-of-payment]]" fare collection system adopted in 1980{{snd}} modelled after European ticket systems{{snd}} became the North American transit industry's preferred approach for subsequent light rail projects.<ref name="Edmonton's Light Rail Transit From Concept to Operations">{{cite book|url=http://pubsindex.trb.org/document/view/default.asp?lbid=174228|author=Edmonton's Light Rail Transit From Concept to Operations|title=Edmonton's Light Rail Transit From Concept to Operations|year=1981|publisher=National Academy of Sciences |isbn=9780309032582|access-date=March 7, 2009}}</ref> The four-year South LRT extension was opened in full on April 24, 2010, which sees trains travelling to [[Century Park station (Edmonton)|Century Park]]<ref name=edmontonlrt2005>{{cite web |title=South LRT Extension |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/FactSheet-SLRTExtension.pdf |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=November 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424025250/http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/FactSheet-SLRTExtension.pdf |archive-date=April 24, 2013 }}</ref> (located at 23 Avenue and 111 Street), making stops at [[South Campus/Fort Edmonton Park station|South Campus]] and [[Southgate station (Edmonton)|Southgate Centre]] along the way.<ref name=edmontonlrt2005/> A line to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in north-central Edmonton using the same high-floor technology of the existing system opened September 6, 2015. The southeast leg of the [[Valley Line (Edmonton)|Valley Line]], which starts in Mill Woods and ends in the downtown core, opened on November 4, 2023, after experiencing significant delays.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Valley Line|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/projects_plans/transit/valley-line-lrt-mill-woods-to-lewis-farms.aspx|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=May 16, 2020|website=www.edmonton.ca|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Edmonton's Valley Line Southeast LRT set to open Nov. 4 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-s-valley-line-southeast-lrt-to-open-1.7006127 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=CBC |date=October 24, 2023}}</ref> Construction on the second and final phase of the Valley Line, which will extend the line west to Lewis Farms, commenced in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valley Line{{snd}} West|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/projects_plans/transit/valley-line-west.aspx|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=May 16, 2020|website=www.edmonton.ca|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref> Unlike the Capital and Metro lines, trains on the Valley Line use low-floor technology.<ref name=":2" />

Edmonton is a member of the [[Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission]], which will begin service in mid-2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dyer|first=Kelsey|date=January 28, 2021|title=Regional transit commission approved by the Alberta government|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/regional-transit-commission-approved-by-the-alberta-government/|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=Edmonton|language=en}}</ref> The Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission is scheduled to be disestablished May 31, 2023, as a result of Edmonton's withdrawal.

==== Roads and highways ====
[[File:AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15 (33828017685).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Anthony Henday Drive]] in Edmonton. The freeway is the main [[ring road]] for the city.]]
A largely gridded system forms most of Edmonton's street and road network.<ref name="Edmonton Transit System Advisory Board">{{cite web |url=http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/transit/about_ets/etsab2008Minutes/etsab_minutes_apr08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326205306/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/transit/about_ets/etsab2008Minutes/etsab_minutes_apr08.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 |author=Edmonton Transit System Advisory Board |title=Edmonton Transit System Advisory Board |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The address system is mostly numbered, with streets running south to north and avenues running east to west. In built-up areas built since the 1950s, local streets and major roadways generally do not conform to the grid system. Major roadways include [[Kingsway (Edmonton)|Kingsway]], [[Yellowhead Trail]] ([[Alberta Highway 16|Highway&nbsp;16]]), [[Whitemud Drive]] and [[Anthony Henday Drive]].

The major roads connecting to other communities elsewhere in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan are the [[Yellowhead Highway]] to the west and east and [[Alberta Highway 2|Highway&nbsp;2]] ([[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II]] Highway) to the south.<ref name="Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.transcanadayellowhead.com/ |author=Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway Association |title=Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway Association |access-date=March 7, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928145721/http://www.transcanadayellowhead.com/ |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Alberta Highway 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType329/Production/11x17_Provincial_Network_Map.pdf |author=Government of Alberta |title=Alberta Highway 2 |access-date=March 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705094637/http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType329/Production/11x17_Provincial_Network_Map.pdf |archive-date=July 5, 2010 }}</ref>

==== Trail system ====
Edmonton maintains over {{Convert|160|km|abbr=on}} of multi-use trails, mostly within the river valley parkland system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trails & Pathways|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/activities_parks_recreation/parks_rivervalley/trail-system.aspx|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=May 25, 2020|website=www.edmonton.ca|access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Trail System">{{cite web|url=http://edmonton.ca/activities_parks_recreation/parks_rivervalley/trail-system.aspx |author=The City of Edmonton |title=Trails & Pathways |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503151404/http://edmonton.ca/activities_parks_recreation/parks_rivervalley/trail-system.aspx |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Electricity and water ===
Edmonton's first power company established itself in 1891 and installed streetlights along the city's main avenue, Jasper Avenue. The power company was bought by the Town of Edmonton in 1902 and remains under municipal ownership today as [[EPCOR]]. Also in charge of [[water treatment]], in 2002 EPCOR installed the world's largest [[Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation|ultraviolet (UV) water treatment]] ([[ultraviolet disinfection]]) system at its E. L. Smith Water Treatment Plant.<ref name="EPCOR">{{cite web |url=http://www.epcor.ca/en-ca/corporate-responsibility/environmental-vision/CleanerWater/Pages/UV.aspx |author=EPCOR |title=EPCOR UV |access-date=November 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831021817/http://www.epcor.ca/en-ca/corporate-responsibility/environmental-vision/CleanerWater/Pages/UV.aspx |archive-date=August 31, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Waste disposal ===
[[File:MRF Composter03.jpg|thumb|The [[Edmonton Composting Facility]] was the largest co-[[compost]]ing facility in North America by volume and capacity.]]

Edmonton delivers [[source-separated organics]] waste collection to all single-unit, and some multi-unit homes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=March 16, 2021|title=Edmonton Cart Rollout|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/garbage_waste/edmonton-cart-rollout.aspx|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref> The city collects four streams of waste under this program: Garbage in black bins, organic waste in green bins, recycling in blue bags, and yard waste in large brown paper bags or clear plastic bags (four times per year).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waste cart rollout starts Monday as Edmonton begins transition to source-separated collection|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/waste-cart-rollout-starts-monday-as-edmonton-begins-moves-to-source-separated-collection|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=edmontonjournal|language=en-CA}}</ref> The rollout of the source-separated organics program began in March 2021, and was completed on September 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=September 14, 2021|title=Cart rollout delivers to more than 250,000 Edmonton households in six months|url=https://transforming.edmonton.ca/cart-rollout-delivers-to-more-than-250000-edmonton-households-in-six-months/|access-date=September 14, 2021|website=Transforming Edmonton|language=en-US}}</ref> During this period, Edmonton delivered approximately 10,000 new carts every week to a total of approximately 250,000 homes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=August 3, 2021|title=New sorting stations a colourful addition to Edmonton's waste diversion story|url=https://transforming.edmonton.ca/new-sorting-stations-a-colourful-addition-to-edmontons-waste-diversion-story/|access-date=August 3, 2021|website=Transforming Edmonton|language=en-US}}</ref> City employees collect waste from half of these homes, and collection from the other homes is contracted to a private company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waste collection missed for about 13,000 southwest Edmonton homes last week due to contractor challenges adjusting to new system|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/waste-collection-missed-for-about-13000-southwest-edmonton-homes-last-week-due-to-contractor-challenges-adjusting-to-new-system|access-date=September 14, 2021|website=edmontonjournal|language=en-CA}}</ref>

An [[anaerobic digester]] began service in April 2021, and has the capacity to process 40,000 tonnes of organic waste annually.<ref name=":4" /> This facility produces high-quality compost and generates renewable heat and electricity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=March 16, 2021|title=Organics Processing Program|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/garbage_waste/edmonton-composting-facility.aspx|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref> Edmonton signed contracts for private partners to process the remaining 28,000 tonnes of organic waste generated annually.<ref name=":4" /> In spring 2021, the city started selling compost produced at this facility.<ref name=":4" />

The city will roll-out the new waste collection service to the remaining multi-unit households which receive curbside service, but were not included in the initial transition, in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=March 16, 2021|title=Apartment and Condo Communal Waste Collection|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/garbage_waste/multi-family-collection-recycling.aspx|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref> Meanwhile, the city has stopped offering curbside waste collection from commercial businesses, and has not yet said whether businesses will eventually be required to separate their organic waste.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edmonton|first=City of|date=March 16, 2021|title=Commercial Waste Management Services|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/garbage_waste/commercial-waste.aspx|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=www.edmonton.ca}}</ref> The rollout of the new waste collection system follows a successful two-year pilot program which began service in 2019, and included 8,000 households in 12 neighbourhoods.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Organics pilot project sets the tone for Edmonton's future waste system {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-waste-organics-pilot-1.5266744|access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref>

The [[Edmonton Composting Facility]] was the largest of its type in the world, and the largest [[stainless steel]] building in North America.<ref name="Edmonton Composting Facility">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/for_residents/garbage-recycling.aspx |author=City of Edmonton |title=Edmonton Composting Facility |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921100353/http://edmonton.ca/for_residents/garbage-recycling.aspx |archive-date=September 21, 2010 }}</ref> Among the innovative uses for the city's waste included a [[Christmas tree]] recycling program. The trees were collected each January and put through a [[woodchipper]]; this material was used as an addition to the [[composting]] process. In addition, the wood chips absorbed much of the odour produced by the compost by providing a [[biofilter]] element to trap odour causing gaseous results of the process.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/for_residents/garbage_recycling/edmonton-composting-facility.aspx |author=City of Edmonton |title=Edmonton Composting Facility |access-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922100253/http://edmonton.ca/for_residents/garbage_recycling/edmonton-composting-facility.aspx |archive-date=September 22, 2010 }}</ref> The composting facility was permanently shut down in 2019 after an inspection found that the structural integrity of its roof was compromised.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonton Composting Facility shutting down immediately due to rotten roof|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5329568/edmonton-composting-facility-closed/|website=Global News|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>

Together, the Waste Management Centre and Wastewater Treatment plant are known as the Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence. Research partners include the University of Alberta, the Alberta Research Council, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and [[Olds College]].<ref name="Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence">{{cite web |url=http://www.ewmce.com/ |author=Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence |title=Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124106/http://www.ewmce.com/ |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref>

=== Health care ===
There are four main hospitals serving Edmonton: [[University of Alberta Hospital]], [[Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton|Royal Alexandra Hospital]], [[Misericordia Community Hospital]], and [[Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton|Grey Nuns Community Hospital]].<ref name="Hospitals & Primary Care Facilities">{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalhealth.ca/HospitalsandHealthFacilities/Hospitals/default.htm|author=Capital Health|title=Hospitals & Primary Care Facilities|access-date=February 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302054801/http://www.capitalhealth.ca/HospitalsandHealthFacilities/Hospitals/default.htm |archive-date=March 2, 2009}}</ref> Other area hospitals include [[Sturgeon Community Hospital]] in St. Albert, [[Leduc Community Hospital]] in Leduc, [[WestView Health Centre]] in Stony Plain, and [[Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital]] in Fort Saskatchewan. Dedicated psychiatric care is provided at the [[Alberta Hospital Edmonton|Alberta Hospital]]. The [[Northeast Community Health Centre]] offers a 24-hour emergency room with no inpatient ward services. The University of Alberta Hospital is the centre of a larger complex of hospitals and clinics located adjacent to the university campus which comprises the [[Stollery Children's Hospital]], Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Cross Cancer Institute, Zeidler Gastrointestinal Health Centre, Ledcor Clinical Training Centre, and Edmonton Clinic. Several health research institutes, including the Heritage Medical Research Centre, Medical Sciences Building, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, and Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, are also located at this site. A similar set-up is also evident at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, which is connected to the Lois Hole Hospital for Women and Orthopaedic Surgery Centre. All hospitals are under the administration of [[Alberta Health Services]], the single provincial health authority that plans and delivers health services to Albertans, on behalf of the [[Ministry of Health (Alberta)|Ministry of Health]]. The Misericordia and Grey Nuns are run separately by Covenant Health.<ref name="AHSEdmonton">{{cite web|url=http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/zone/ahs-zn-edmonton-map-brochure.pdf |title=AHS Edmonton Zone Brochure |author=Alberta Health Services |date=October 10, 2013 |access-date=May 24, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408033202/http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/zone/ahs-zn-edmonton-map-brochure.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2016 }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Edmonton Public School Board Edmonton Alberta Canada 01A.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of [[Edmonton Public Schools]], one of three publicly funded [[school districts]] in the city]]

=== Primary and secondary ===
Edmonton has three publicly funded school boards (districts) that provide kindergarten and grades 1–12. The vast majority of students attend schools in the two large English-language boards: [[Edmonton Public Schools]], with 213 operating schools,<ref name="EPS profile">{{cite web |title=Facts and Stats |url=http://www.epsb.ca/ourdistrict/facts/ |publisher=Edmonton Public Schools |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref> and the separate [[Edmonton Catholic School District]], with 95 operating schools, as of 2024.<ref name="Edmonton Catholic Schools">{{cite web|url=https://www.ecsd.net/school-directory|author=Edmonton Catholic Schools |title=School Directory |access-date=October 14, 2024 }}</ref> Since 1994, the [[Francophone]] minority community has had their own school board based in Edmonton, the [[Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2]], which includes surrounding communities. The city also has a number of public [[Alberta charter schools|charter schools]] that are independent of any board. All three school boards and public charter schools are funded through provincial grants and [[property tax]]es.{{Citation needed|reason=All these sentences are neither thoroughly sourced and verifiable here nor by reading the following paragraphs. More precise sourcing is thus needed.|date=December 2020}}

Some private schools exist as well, including Edmonton Academy,<ref name=EdmontonAcademy>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmontonacademy.com/home.html |publisher=Edmonton Academy |title=Edmonton Academy |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514200620/http://www.edmontonacademy.com/home.html |archive-date=May 14, 2008 }}</ref> [[Progressive Academy]]<ref name=ProgressiveAcademy>{{cite web|url=http://progressiveacademy.ca/about-us/ |publisher=Progressive Academy |title=About Us |access-date=January 24, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411073318/http://progressiveacademy.ca/about-us/ |archive-date=April 11, 2013 }}</ref> and [[Tempo School]].<ref name="Tempo">{{cite web|url=http://www.temposchool.org/ |publisher=Tempo School |title=Welcome to Tempo School |access-date=January 24, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209035355/http://temposchool.org/ |archive-date=February 9, 2013 }}</ref>

Edmonton Public Schools is known for pioneering the concept of site-based decision making (decentralization) in Canada, which gives principals the authority, the financial resources and the flexibility to make decisions based on the individual needs of their schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aasa.org/SchoolAdministratorArticle.aspx?id=10846|title=AASA {{!}} American Association of School Administrators|website=www.aasa.org|access-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref> This initiative has led to Edmonton Public offering a school of choice model in which students have more options as to what school they want to attend to suit their interests, and has led to the creation of alternative programs such as Vimy Ridge Academy, [[Old Scona Academic]] and [[Victoria School of the Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epsb.ca/media/epsb/curriculumprograms/AlternativeProgramsHandbook.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303182041/http://www.epsb.ca/media/epsb/curriculumprograms/AlternativeProgramsHandbook.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2019|title=Alternative Programs Handbook|date=April 5, 2016|website=Edmonton Public Schools|publication-date=April 5, 2016|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mun.ca/educ/faculty/mwatch/vol1/delaney.html|title=The Development of School-Based Management in the Edmonton Public School District|website=www.mun.ca|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/retired-edmonton-school-superintendent-bets-he-can-overhaul-massive-las-vegas-school-system/|title=Retired Edmonton school superintendent bets he can overhaul massive Las Vegas school system|website=edmontonjournal.com|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> The Edmonton Society for Christian Education<ref name="Edmonton Society for Christian Education">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmchristian.org/our-schools/edmonton-society-for-christian-education |author=Edmonton Society for Christian Education |title=Edmonton Society for Christian Education |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925152404/http://www.edmchristian.org/our-schools/edmonton-society-for-christian-education |archive-date=September 25, 2012 }}</ref> and [[Millwoods Christian School]] (not part of the former) used to be private schools; both have become part of Edmonton Public Schools' alternative programs.<ref name="Edmonton Academy History">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmchristian.org/our-schools/edmonton-society-for-christian-education |author=Edmonton Society for Christian Education |title=Edmonton Society for Christian Education |access-date=April 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925152404/http://www.edmchristian.org/our-schools/edmonton-society-for-christian-education |archive-date=September 25, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Millwoods Christian School History">{{cite web|url=http://www.millwoodschristianschool.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27|author=Millwoods Christian School|title=Millwoods Christian School|access-date=April 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125122941/http://www.millwoodschristianschool.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27 |archive-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref>

Both the Edmonton Public Schools and the Edmonton Catholic School District provide support and resources for those wishing to [[homeschooling|homeschool]] their children.<ref name="Home Schooling in Edmonton">{{cite web|url=http://homeschooledmonton.wordpress.com/ |author=Home Schooling in Edmonton |title=Home Schooling in Edmonton |access-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111081255/http://homeschooledmonton.wordpress.com/ |archive-date=January 11, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Post-secondary ===
Those post-secondary institutions based in Edmonton that are publicly funded include [[Concordia University College of Alberta|Concordia University of Edmonton]], [[MacEwan University]], [[NorQuest College]], the [[Northern Alberta Institute of Technology]] (NAIT) and the [[University of Alberta]] (U of A).<ref name=PublicPostSec>{{cite web|url=http://eae.alberta.ca/post-secondary/institutions/public.aspx |title=Publicly Funded Institutions |publisher=Alberta Enterprise and Advanced Education |access-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206023215/http://eae.alberta.ca/post-secondary/institutions/public.aspx |archive-date=December 6, 2012 }}</ref> The publicly funded [[Athabasca University]] also has a campus in Edmonton.<ref name=AULocations>{{cite web|url=http://lss.athabascau.ca/advising/learning_centres.php |title=UA Locations |publisher=[[Athabasca University]] |access-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125234858/http://lss.athabascau.ca/advising/learning_centres.php |archive-date=November 25, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=UofLEdmonton>{{cite web |url=http://www.uleth.ca/edmonton/ |title=Faculty of Management Edmonton Campus |publisher=[[University of Lethbridge]] |access-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115151423/http://www.uleth.ca/edmonton/ |archive-date=January 15, 2013 }}</ref>

The U of A is a board-governed institution<ref name=UofABoard>{{cite web|url=http://www.governance.ualberta.ca/ |title=University Governance |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |access-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112201002/http://www.governance.ualberta.ca/ |archive-date=November 12, 2012 }}</ref> that has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars.<ref name=UofAFinancial>{{cite web |url=http://uofa.ualberta.ca/why-ualberta/ualbertafacts/Financial.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726193811/http://uofa.ualberta.ca/why-ualberta/ualbertafacts/Financial.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 26, 2014 |title=Financial -UAlberta Facts |publisher=University of Alberta |access-date=July 19, 2014 }}</ref> In 2021/22, the university had over 40,000 students enrolled within over 700 undergraduate, graduate and professional programs, as well as over 7,000 students enrolled in its faculty of extension.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts {{!}} University of Alberta|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/about/facts.html|access-date=November 1, 2021|website=www.ualberta.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://ext.ualberta.ca/information/about-us|access-date=November 1, 2021|website=UAlberta Extension|language=en-US}}</ref> The U of A is also home to the second-largest research library system in Canada.<ref name=UofALibrary>{{cite web |url=http://uofa.ualberta.ca/why-ualberta/ualbertafacts/distinctivelyua |title=Distinctively U of A – UAlberta Facts |publisher=University of Alberta |access-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702121722/http://uofa.ualberta.ca/why-ualberta/ualbertafacts/distinctivelyua |archive-date=July 2, 2014 }}</ref>

In 2019/20, MacEwan University had a total student population of over 18,000 full-time and part-time students enrolled in programs offering bachelor's degrees, university transfers, diplomas and certificates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Figures – MacEwan University|url=https://www.macewan.ca/wcm/Discover/OurStory/FactsandFigures/index.htm|access-date=November 1, 2021|website=www.macewan.ca|archive-date=November 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101165119/https://www.macewan.ca/wcm/Discover/OurStory/FactsandFigures/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> NAIT has an approximate total of 41,000 students enrolled in more than 200 programs,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Northern Alberta Institute of Technology|date=January 1, 2021|title=Quick Facts|url=https://www.nait.ca/nait/about/our-vision/quick-facts|access-date=November 1, 2021|website=NAIT}}</ref> while [[NorQuest College]] has approximately 21,000 students enrolled in various full-time, part-time and continuing education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us – NorQuest College – Edmonton, Alberta|url=https://www.norquest.ca/about-us.aspx|access-date=November 1, 2021|website=www.norquest.ca}}</ref>

Other post-secondary institutions within Edmonton include [[King's University (Canada)|King's University]] (private), [[Newman Theological College]], [[Taylor College and Seminary]], and [[Yellowhead Tribal College]] (an Indigenous college).<ref>{{cite web | title=Yellowhead Tribal College | url=http://www.ytced.ab.ca/ | publisher=Yellowhead Tribal College | access-date=April 10, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404184710/http://www.ytced.ab.ca/ | archive-date=April 4, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Edmonton}}

Edmonton has seven local broadcast television stations shown on basic cable TV or [[Over-the-air programming|over-the-air]], with the oldest broadcasters in the city being [[CFRN-DT|CTV Edmonton]] (1954) and [[CBXT-DT|CBC TV Edmonton]] (1961).<ref name="CCF-TV">{{cite web|title=Existing Alberta Television Stations|url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050724000825/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2005|work=Television Stations Listings|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref> Most of Edmonton's conventional television stations have made the switch to over-the-air digital broadcasting. The [[cable television]] providers in Edmonton are Telus (for [[IPTV]]) and Shaw Communications. Twenty-one FM and eight AM radio stations are based in Edmonton.<ref name="CCF-R">{{cite web|title=Existing Northern Alberta Radio Stations|url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050724000825/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2005|work=Radio Station history|publisher=Canadian Communications Foundation|access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref>

Edmonton has two large-circulation newspapers, the ''[[Edmonton Journal]]'' and the ''[[Edmonton Sun]]''. The ''Journal'', established in 1903, currently produces a print edition five days a week and an e-version six days a week. It has a circulation of 112,000. The ''Sun'', established in 1978, has a circulation of 55,000. Both newspapers are owned by the [[Postmedia Network]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 13, 2015|title=Postmedia-Sun Media deal officially closes|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/postmedia-sun-media-deal-officially-closes/article23895298/|access-date=July 27, 2021}}</ref> The ''Journal'' no longer publishes a Sunday edition as of July 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-journal-cutting-sunday-paper-1.1163850 |title=Edmonton Journal cutting Sunday paper |date=May 28, 2012 |publisher=CBC.ca |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525202708/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-journal-cutting-sunday-paper-1.1163850 |archive-date=May 25, 2014 }}</ref>

[[Metro International|''Metro'']] was Edmonton's only free daily newspaper until it ceased printing on December 20, 2019.<ref name=Metro>{{cite web |url=http://www.metronews.ca/about |title=About |publisher=Free Daily News Group Inc. |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113101712/http://metronews.ca/about/ |archive-date=January 13, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Toronto Star shutting down StarMetro newspapers|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/toronto-star-star-metro-closing-1.5365326|last=Patil|first=Anjuli·|date=November 19, 2019|website=CBC News|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> The magazine ''[[Vue Weekly]],'' a weekly publication which focused on [[alternative news]], was published in Edmonton from 1995 to 2018.<ref name=VueWeekly>{{cite web | url=http://www.altweeklies.com/aan/Directories/Newsweeklies | title=Newsweekly Directory | publisher=Association of Alternative Newsmedia | access-date=January 6, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002052304/http://www.altweeklies.com/aan/Directories/Newsweeklies | archive-date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonton alt-paper Vue Weekly ends its run|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/edmonton-alt-paper-vue-weekly-ends-its-run|website=Edmonton Journal|language=en-CA|access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref> The ''Edmonton Examiner'' is a citywide community-based paper also published weekly.<ref name=AWNA>{{cite web|url=http://www.awna.com/awna-member-listing |title=AWNA Member Listing |publisher=Alberta Weekly Newspaper Association |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812071049/http://awna.com/awna-member-listing |archive-date=August 12, 2013 }}</ref> There are also a number of smaller weekly and community newspapers.

== Sister cities ==
{{see also|List of sister cities in Canada}}
Edmonton is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.epl.ca/InfoFile/EPLInfofileDetail.cfm?subject_detail=Sister%20Cities |title=Infofile Detail – Sister Cities |work=Edmonton Public Library |access-date=May 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405054137/http://www2.epl.ca/InfoFile/EPLInfofileDetail.cfm?subject_detail=Sister%20Cities |archive-date=April 5, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.edmonton.ab.ca/corp_pages/sister_cities.html |title=Sister Cities |year=2003 |work=City of Edmonton |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006052526/http://www.gov.edmonton.ab.ca/corp_pages/sister_cities.html |archive-date=October 6, 2003 |access-date=May 19, 2012}}</ref>

* [[Gatineau]], Quebec, Canada (1967){{efn|name=fn1|Originally named [[Hull, Quebec]] until January 1, 2002, See:[[2000–06 municipal reorganization in Quebec]]}}<ref name="Edmontontwin">{{Cite book|last=Aubrey |first=Merrily K |year=2004 |title=Naming Edmonton : from Ada to Zoie |url=https://archive.org/details/namingedmontonfr00aubr |url-access=registration |quote=Edmonton. |publisher=(Edmonton Historical Board. Heritage Sites Committee) University of Alberta Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/namingedmontonfr00aubr/page/132 132], 277 |isbn=0-88864-423-X |access-date=March 26, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Harbin]], China (1985)<ref name="Edmontontwin"/>
* [[Nashville, Tennessee]], United States (1990)<ref name="Nashville sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.scnashville.org/ |title=Sister Cities of Nashville |work=SCNashville.org |access-date=August 3, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728004357/http://www.scnashville.org/ |archive-date=July 28, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Wonju]], South Korea (1998)<ref name="Wonju Sister City">{{cite web|title=Gangwon – Alberta Relations|url=http://www.albertacanada.com/korea/images/Gangwon-AB.pdf|publisher=Government of Alberta|access-date=January 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326001015/http://www.albertacanada.com/korea/images/Gangwon-AB.pdf|archive-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Bergen op Zoom]], Netherlands (2013)<ref name="Bergensister">{{cite news|title=Vriendschap Bergen op Zoom met Edmonton (Friendship Bergen op Zoom met Edmonton) |url=http://www.bndestem.nl/regio/bergen-op-zoom/vriendschap-bergen-op-zoom-met-edmonton-1.3922932 |language=nl |access-date=March 26, 2016 |agency=BN DeStem |publisher=BN DeStem |date=July 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401165422/http://www.bndestem.nl/regio/bergen-op-zoom/vriendschap-bergen-op-zoom-met-edmonton-1.3922932 |archive-date=April 1, 2016 }}</ref>

In the United States, American cities and their sisters are listed with that country's [[Sister Cities International]]. In 1990, Edmonton became the first sister city of Nashville. In 2015, Nashville Mayor [[Karl Dean]] visited Edmonton, addressing the crowd at the [[Edmonton Folk Music Festival]], celebrating the 25th anniversary of becoming sister cities. That year, more than 150 Canadians visited Nashville to attend Alberta-born [[Brett Kissel]]'s [[Grand Ole Opry]] debut and to meet with Sister Cities representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scnashville.org/edmonton-canada.html |title=Edmonton, Canada |website=Sister Cities of Nashville |language=en |access-date=May 22, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112640/https://www.scnashville.org/edmonton-canada.html |archive-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref> In November 2015, [[Doug Hoyer]] and [[Jeremy Witten (musician)|Jeremy Witten]] represented Edmonton at World of Friendship, Nashville's annual sister cities celebration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennessean.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/people/2015/11/19/world-of-friendship-reception/76045948/|title=World of Friendship reception|work=The Tennessean|access-date=May 22, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|border=no|Canada}}
* {{annotated link|Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues}}
* ''[[Edmontosaurus annectens]]'' – A dinosaur, meaning "connected lizard from Edmonton"
* [[List of cities in Alberta]]
* [[List of communities in Alberta]]
* [[List of mayors of Edmonton]]
* [[List of municipalities in Alberta]]
* [[List of people from Edmonton]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Edmonton]]
* [[Make Something Edmonton]] – Community building initiative
* {{annotated link|Timeline of Edmonton history}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aubrey |first=Merrily K |year=2004 |title=Naming Edmonton : from Ada to Zoie |url=https://archive.org/details/namingedmontonfr00aubr |url-access=registration |quote=Edmonton. |publisher=(Edmonton Historical Board. Heritage Sites Committee) University of Alberta Press |isbn= 0-88864-423-X |id= {{ASIN|088864423X|country=ca}} |access-date=April 13, 2017}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cashman |first=Tony |year=2002 |title=Edmonton: stories from the river city |url=https://archive.org/details/edmontonstoriesf00cash |url-access=registration |quote=Edmonton. |publisher=University of Alberta Press |isbn= 0-88864-392-6 |id= {{ASIN|0888643926|country=ca}} |access-date=May 10, 2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Merrett |first=Kathryn Chase |year=2001 |title=A history of the Edmonton City Market, 1900–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfjefyb5LYEC&q=Edmonton&pg=PP1 |publisher=University of Calgary Press |isbn=1-55238-052-1 |id= {{ASIN|1552380521|country=ca}} |access-date=May 10, 2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rooke |first=Charlene |year=2001 |title=Edmonton: secrets of the city |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPi5JUEliQ4C&q=Edmonton&pg=PP1 |publisher= Arsenal Pulp Press |isbn=1-55152-103-2 |id= {{ASIN|1551521032|country=ca}} |access-date=April 13, 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Walls |first=Martha |title=Edmonton Book of Everything|year=2007|publisher=Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2 |url=http://www.macintyrepurcell.com/books/book-of-everything/edmonton-book-of-everything-detail |id= {{ASIN|0973806346|country=ca}} |access-date=May 3, 2014}}
* {{cite book |last=MacGregor |first=James G. |title=Edmonton:a history|year=1975|publisher=Hurtig|isbn=0-888301-00-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zj8lAAAAMAAJ |id= {{ASIN|0888301006|country=ca}} |access-date=April 13, 2017}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|commons=Category:Edmonton|v=no|q=Edmonton|voy=Edmonton}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Edmonton}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Edmonton
|Northwest = [[Morinville]]<br />[[St. Albert, Alberta|St. Albert]]
|North = [[CFB Edmonton]]<br />[[Sturgeon County]]
|Northeast = [[Fort Saskatchewan]]
|East = [[Strathcona County]]<br />[[Elk Island National Park]]
|Southeast = [[Beaumont, Alberta|Beaumont]]<br />[[Camrose, Alberta|Camrose]]
|South = [[Leduc County]]<br />[[Leduc, Alberta|Leduc (city)]]
|Southwest = [[Devon, Alberta|Devon]]
|West = [[Parkland County]]<br />[[Enoch Cree Nation]]<br />[[Spruce Grove]]<br />[[Stony Plain, Alberta|Stony Plain]]
}}

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