View source for Edward Maufe

{{short description|English architect and designer (1882–1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
[[File:Sir Edward Maufe.jpg|thumbnail|right|Maufe, photographed by [[Howard Coster]]]]

'''Sir Edward Brantwood Maufe''', [[Royal Academy|RA]], [[FRIBA]] (12 December 1882 &ndash; 12 December 1974) was an English architect and designer. He built private homes as well as commercial and institutional buildings, and is remembered chiefly for his work on places of worship and memorials. Perhaps his best known buildings are [[Guildford Cathedral]] and the [[Air Forces Memorial]]. He was a recipient of the [[Royal Gold Medal]] for architecture in 1944 and, in 1954, received a knighthood for services to the [[Imperial War Graves Commission]], with which he was associated from 1943 until his death.

==Biography==

===Early life and career===
Maufe was born Edward Muff in Sunny Bank, [[Ilkley]], [[Yorkshire]], on 12 December 1882.<ref>In her [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/olddnb/31429 original 1986 entry on Maufe] for the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Margaret Richardson gave his date of birth as 12 December 1883 and mentions that "Maufe died 12 December 1974, his ninety-first birthday, in the farmhouse he had restored in the late 1920s at Shepherd's Hill, Buxted, Sussex." In her [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31429 revised 2004 entry], she corrected the date to 12 December 1882 and re-wrote the death passage as "Maufe died on 12 December 1974, his ninety-second birthday, in Uckfield Hospital."</ref> He was the second of three children and the youngest son of Henry Muff and Maude Alice Muff {{nee}} Smithies. His older brother was [[Herbert Maufe]], a geologist.

Henry Muff<ref>{{Cite web|title=HOUSE OF FRASER Archive :: Company: Brown Muff & Co Ltd|url=https://www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk/company/?id=c2767|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk}}</ref> was a linen draper who was part owner of [[Brown Muff]] & Co a department store in Bradford, “the Harrods of the North”. Maude was the niece of [[Titus Salt]], the founder of [[Saltaire]]. Maufe started his education at Wharfedale School in Ilkley, and later attended [[Bradford Grammar School|Bradford School]].<ref name=dnb>Richardson, Margaret. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31429 ''Maufe, Edward'' ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''], Oxford University Press, accessed 6 November 2011 {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

[[File:Kelling Hall 30th August 2008.JPG|thumb|right|alt=left|Maufe's first design: [[Kelling Hall]], Norfolk]]
[[File:Front elevation of the The Barn.jpg|thumb|right|The Barn, [[Laleham]], designed by Edward Maufe in 1909]]

During his adolescent years, Maufe became interested in architecture. In 1899 he was sent to London to serve a five-year apprenticeship under the direction of the architect William A. Pite, brother of [[Arthur Beresford Pite]]. Soon after, the Muff family moved from Yorkshire to [[Red House, Bexleyheath|Red House]] in [[Bexleyheath]]. The house was designed by [[Philip Webb]] for [[William Morris]]; Maufe later acknowledged the design as an early architectural influence. After completing his apprenticeship in 1904, Maufe attended [[St John's College, Oxford]], where, in 1908, he received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]; he also studied design at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]].<ref name=dnb/>

In 1909 the Muff family name was changed by [[deed poll]] to Maufe by Henry and his brothers, Charles and Frederick, "for ourselves and our respective issue". The deed poll stated that they were "desirous of reverting to the old form of our surname".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Binding |first1=Tim |title=On Ilkley Moor: The Story of an English Town |date=2002 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |pages=185–186}}</ref><ref>[http://www2.newsquest.co.uk/bradford__district/100_years/1978.html ''Bradford Telegraph & Argus'' End in store for Brown, Muffs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411041153/http://www2.newsquest.co.uk/bradford__district/100_years/1978.html |date=11 April 2005 }}</ref> The following year Maufe, then aged 28, moved to 139 [[Old Church Street]], [[Chelsea, London]]. On 1 October 1910, he married Prudence Stutchbury (1882–1976), the daughter of Edward Stutchbury of the [[Geological Survey of India]]. She was an interior designer and later a director of [[Heal's]]. They had a son who died in 1968.<ref name=dnb/>

During the [[First World War]] Maufe served in the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]], before joining the army in 1917 with [[Hugh Richard Lawrie Sheppard|Dick Sheppard]], who acted as his guarantor.<ref name=NA>[http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Maufe,_Sir_Edward_(1883-1974)_Knight_Architect The National Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204185320/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Maufe,_Sir_Edward_(1883-1974)_Knight_Architect |date=4 December 2011 }} ''Maufe, Edward'' ''National Archives'', accessed September 2011</ref> Maufe enlisted in the [[Royal Garrison Artillery]] on 9 January 1917, was commissioned as a staff lieutenant that April, and saw action in [[Salonika]]. He was discharged on 26 February 1919.<ref name=NA/> Having already been an associate member since 1910, Maufe was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] (RIBA) in 1920.<ref name=dnb/> 

In 1940 Maufe commissioned his portrait, which is now housed at the RIBA. The picture shows him in front of his winning design for [[Guildford Cathedral]] from [[Gluck (painter)|Gluck]], whose studio in [[Hampstead]] he had designed in 1932.

Another oil portrait of him by [[John Laviers Wheatley]] (1892-1955) was exhibited in 1956 and is in the Primary Collection of the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]], London.<ref>[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04312/Sir-Edward-Brantwood-Maufe-formerly-Muff?LinkID=mp03022&role=sit&rNo=0Oil Canvas portrait by John Laviers Wheatley], National Portrait Gallery, exhibited in 1956, accessed November 2011.</ref>

==Architecture==
Maufe's first important commission after establishing his own practice was in 1912, the design of [[Kelling Hall]], [[Norfolk]], for Sir Henry Deterding. The building shows Maufe's early links with the arts and crafts movement due to its butterfly plan, knapped flint walls, and a grey tiled and gabled roof. Maufe's other pre-war work included the decoration of [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]], the chapels and alterations at [[All Saints' Church, Southampton]] (destroyed in the [[Southampton Blitz]] in 1940), and restoration at [[Church of St John-at-Hackney|St John's, Hackney]], which first brought him into notice in church circles.<ref name=dnb/>

{{multiple image | align     = left | direction = vertical | caption_align = center | header_align = center | footer_align = left | footer_background = |  image1    =Magnificent arches within Guildford Cathedral - geograph.org.uk - 1152036.jpg | width1    = 200 | caption1  = Interior of [[Guildford Cathedral]] |alt1=Interior of Guildford Cathedral| image2    =Guildford Cathedral.jpg | width2    = 215 |alt2=exterior of Guildford Cathedral| caption2  = Exterior of Guildford Cathedral}}

Whilst Kelling Hall was Maufe's first major project. Prior to this in 1909 he was commissioned by [[Marie Studholme]] (the Edwardian Music Hall Star) to design a weekend house on the banks of the River Thames in Laleham, Middlesex. The house, known as The Barn, was heavily influenced by Edwin Lutyens's Homewood (1901), in particular the triple gabled roof, a device he used at Kelling Hall as well.<ref name=dnb/>

His 1924 proposals for the Palace of Industry at the [[British Empire Exhibition]], [[Wembley]] attracted notice though an alternative design was built. Maufe was a silver medallist at the Paris Exhibition in 1925 which resulted in him securing a wide variety of commissions. The church of St Bede [[Clapham]] (1922) and St Saviour's in [[Acton, London|Acton]] (1924), were built for the Royal Association in Aid of the Deaf and Dumb and made. The latter church displays a simple structure and has a likeness to contemporary Swedish architecture. St Saviour's was loosely based on the design by [[Ivar Tengbom]] of [[Högalid Church]] in Stockholm, which Maufe described as being the most completely satisfying modern Swedish building he had seen. During this period, Maufe was a constant champion of modern Swedish architecture, and was often vocal on this theme in the architectural press, citing his own buildings as having simplified elevations, painted ceilings, and applied sculpture, similar to those found in Sweden. Maufe felt that Swedish architecture had a combined freshness without obviously breaking with tradition.<ref name=dnb/>

In 1932, Maufe won a competition to design the [[Guildford Cathedral]], coming first among 183 entries with a Gothic design in concrete faced in brick. By the time the building was dedicated in 1961, it seemed even more of an anachronism. The cathedral's exterior including the [[nave]] and aisles together with Maufe's use of space, won him general admiration amongst fellow architects. As a result, he was described as a designer of churches by conviction, as he attempted to produce buildings of austere simplicity aiming directly at the creation of a religious atmosphere. At Guildford, he wanted to produce a design of the times, yet to keep in line with the great English cathedrals already established within the United Kingdom.<ref name=dnb/>
[[File:Heal's Tottenham Court Road.JPG|thumb|right|Heal and Son Ltd., Tottenham Court Road.]]
In 1936, [[King George VI]] commissioned Maufe to conduct various alterations to the [[Royal Chapel of All Saints]] in [[Windsor Great Park]]. The small private chapel stands in the grounds of [[Royal Lodge]] which was [[the Queen Mother]]'s residence. Maufe designed a new ceiling for the chancel and a royal pew, new choir stalls and a casing for a new organ. In 1937, Maufe designed the extension to [[Heal's]] furniture store in [[Tottenham Court Road]], where his wife Prudence worked, with his design including a full length Lenscrete Window inspired by his design for Guildford Cathedral.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blLfEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22heal%27s%22+edward+maufe&pg=PT23|title=100 20th-Century Shops|date=2023|publisher=Batsford Books |isbn=9781849949118}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3npxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22heal%27s%22+edward+maufe&pg=PA24|title=Gluck. Art and Identity|date=2017|author=Amy De La Haye, Martin Pel|isbn=9780300230482|page=24|publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref> In 1944, he was awarded the [[Royal Gold Medal]] for architecture.<ref>[http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBATrust/Awards/RoyalGoldMedal/2010/RGM%20Nomination%20Form%202010.pdf Royal Gold Medal winners list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925071258/http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBATrust/Awards/RoyalGoldMedal/2010/RGM%20Nomination%20Form%202010.pdf |date=25 September 2012 }} taken from Architecture.Com, accessed September 2011</ref>

[[File:AirForcesMemorial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|alt=right|Exterior of The [[Air Forces Memorial]] in [[Egham]], Surrey]]
From 1943, Maufe was principal architect UK to the [[Imperial War Graves Commission]], eventually becoming chief architect and artistic adviser until 1969. Among his war memorial designs are those at [[Tower Hill Memorial|Tower Hill]] which was an expansion to the already established memorial by [[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edward Lutyens]] and the [[Air Forces Memorial]] at Cooper's Hill overlooking [[Runnymede]] (1950–53).<ref name=dnb/> Maufe's domestic work had a stylish modernity, in direct contrast with the new functionalism. In the architectural language of the time it was called ‘modernity with manners’ and very much reflected the established taste of the inter-war period. Maufe often wrote and lectured on architecture chiefly on furnishing within the home and on present-day architecture.<ref name=dnb/> His designs were considered by interior designers to be modern and stylish, with built-in fitments and pastel colour-schemes, particularly pink, mauve, and cream, contrasted with silver-lacquered furniture and mirrors. One of his house designs was Yaffle Hill, [[Broadstone, Dorset|Broadstone]], [[Dorset]], built in 1929 for Cyril Carter of [[Poole Pottery]]. Other schemes included an extension to Baylins, [[Beaconsfield]] in 1927, for [[Ambrose Heal]], [[Gluck (painter)|Gluck]]'s studio in Bolton Hill, [[Hampstead]] (1932), and the studio for religious services at [[Broadcasting House]] (1931). He also designed several branch banks for [[Lloyds Bank]], including 50 [[Notting Hill Gate]], London in 1930.<ref name=dnb/>

Other works include the [[Cambridge Festival Theatre|Festival Theatre]] in [[Cambridge]], [[St Thomas the Apostle, Hanwell|St Thomas the Apostle]] in [[Hanwell]], London and the [[Oxford Playhouse]] and [[St Columba's Church, London|St Columba's Church]] ([[Pont Street]], London SW1). He designed buildings for Trinity and [[St John's College, Cambridge]], [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol]] and [[St John's College, Oxford]] (of which he was made an honorary fellow of in 1943). Maufe was later commissioned to re-design the war-damaged [[Middle Temple]], [[Inner Temple]] and [[Gray's Inn]], which made him an Honorary Master of the Bench in 1951.<ref name=dnb/>

Architectural historian [[Ian Nairn]] said that "Maufe is the rare case of a man with genuine spatial gifts but out of sympathy with the style of his time".<ref name="Pevsner214">{{Harvnb|Nairn|Pevsner|1971|p=214.}}</ref>

===Retirement and death===
Maufe retired in 1964 to Shepherd's Hill, [[Buxted]], [[East Sussex]], which he had restored as his second home in the late 1920s. He died aged 92 on his birthday, 12 December 1974, in nearby [[Uckfield]] Hospital. His architectural drawings and correspondence were deposited at the RIBA upon his death.<ref name=dnb/>

==Partial list of works==
[[File:AllSaintsWGreen27Ja6-3272.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|All Saints Weston, [[Esher]], Surrey]]
* The Barn, Laleham, Middlesex (1909)
* [[Kelling Hall]], Norfolk (1912)
* St Bede's, Clapham Road, London SW9 (1924)
* Palace of Industry at the British Empire Exhibition, Wembley (1924–25)
* Lloyds Bank, Wren Road, Camberwell (1925)
* Festival Theatre, Cambridge, (1926) (alterations only)
* St Saviour's, Old Oak Lane, Acton London, (1926)
* Trinity College, Cambridge (1927)
* Yaffle Hill, Broadstone, Dorset
* Tower at St Mary's, [[Liss (England)|Liss]], Hampshire (1930)
* Lloyds Bank, 50 Notting Hill Gate, London (1930)
* St John's Church, Hook, Hampshire (1931)
* [[Guildford Cathedral]] (1932)
* Studio for Religious Services, Broadcasting House, Portland Place (1932)
* Rawlinson Building extension, St John's College, Oxford (1933)
* [[St Thomas the Apostle, Hanwell|St Thomas the Apostle]], Boston Road, Hanwell, London (1934)
* The House, Round Island, Poole Harbour (c1935)
* Alterations to Royal Chapel of All Saints in Windsor Great Park (1936)(a new ceiling for the chancel and a royal pew, new choir stalls and a casing for a new organ)
* Extension to [[Morley College]], London SE1 (1937)
* St John's College, Cambridge Chapel Court and North Court (1938–40)
* [[The Oxford Playhouse]], Oxford (1938)
* [[Heal's]] Department Store in [[Tottenham Court Road]], London (1938) (Southern extension)
[[File:StColumbasLondon.JPG|thumb|right|St Columba's Church, Pont St, London]]
* [[Bishop Hannington Memorial Church]], [[Hove]] (1938)
* St Andrew's United Reformed Church, Cheam (1939)
* [[St George's Church, Goodrington|St George's Church]], [[Goodrington]], Paignton (1939)
* All Saints Weston, Chestnut Avenue, [[Esher]], Surrey (1939)
* Walworth Methodist Chapel Clubland (1939)
* Northumberland Chapel, St Peter and St Paul Church, Albury, Surrey (1939)<ref>{{cite web |title=Northumberland Chapel, St Peter and St Paul Church, Albury |url=http://alburyhistory.org.uk/ |website=Albury History Society |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[Chatham Naval Memorial]], Chatham, Kent (1945) (extension only)
* [[Plymouth Naval Memorial]], Plymouth, Devon (1945) (extension only)
* The RAF Shelter, [[Brookwood Cemetery]], Surrey (1947)
* Dolphin Quad, St John's College, Oxford (1947)
* [[Dulwich Picture Gallery]] post-war restoration (1947–53)
* [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] cremation memorial, [[Golders Green Crematorium]], London (1949)<ref>[http://www.hgstrust.org/documents/area-c-golders-green-crematorium.pdf Golders Green Crematorium] at Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust</ref> 
* [[St Mary's Church, Hampden Park, Eastbourne]] (1952–54)
* [[Air Forces Memorial]], [[Runnymede]], [[Surrey]] (1953)
* The [[Tower Hill Memorial]], London (1955) (extension only)
* The Master's House, Temple Church (c1955) (rebuilding following war-time bomb damage, work shared with Sir Hubert Worthington)
* [[St Columba's Church, London]], Pont Street in London SW1 (1955)
* Crown Row Building, Inner Temple (1955) (rebuilding following war-time bomb damage)
* St Mary in the Park, Willingdon near Eastbourne (1956)
* [[Runnymede#Magna Carta Memorial|Magna Carta Memorial]], Runnymede, Surrey (1957)
* Francis Taylor Building, Inner Temple (1957)
* St Alphege's, [[Lower Edmonton (ward)|Lower Edmonton]], London (1958)
* [[Priory School, Lewes|The Chapel at Lewes Priory School]] Mountfield Road, Lewes (1960)
* [[Bradford Cathedral|Cathedral Church of St Peter]], Bradford (1963) (extension only)
* St Nicholas' Church, [[Saltdean]] (1964)

==See also==
* [[Exterior sculpture of Guildford Cathedral]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Nairn|first1=Ian|author-link1=Ian Nairn|last2=Pevsner|first2=Nikolaus|author-link2=Nikolaus Pevsner|title=The Buildings of England: Surrey|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=Harmondsworth|year=1971|orig-year=1962|edition=2nd|isbn=0-300-09675-5}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Edward Maufe}}
* [http://www.artnet.com/library/05/0560/T056069.asp The Grove Dictionary of Art]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041221042010/http://195.171.22.30/uhtbin/cgisirsi.exe/ty1geo4xKJ/316790007/5 Royal Institute of British Architects] [[Royal Institute of British Architects|RIBA]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040822064016/http://www.riba.org/go/RIBA/News/Press_3286.html RIBA]
* [http://www.londonlifestyleblog.co.uk/2014/03/sir-edward-maufes-london-architectural.html Sir Edward Maufe's London - an architectural tour of Maufe's London - Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131075440/http://www.londonlifestyleblog.co.uk/2014/03/sir-edward-maufes-london-architectural.html |date=31 January 2018 }} and [http://www.londonlifestyleblog.co.uk/2014/03/sir-edward-maufes-london-architectural_24.html Part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131075726/http://www.londonlifestyleblog.co.uk/2014/03/sir-edward-maufes-london-architectural_24.html |date=31 January 2018 }}
* [http://www.stcolumbas.org.uk St Columba's Church, London]
* [http://www.207squadron.rafinfo.org.uk/othermems_Run.htm 207 Squadron Royal Air Force Association, The Air Forces Memorial]
* [http://shimmer.shu.ac.uk/luna/servlet/view/search;jsessionid=6DE0E32BD7235A6FA81C6EC2492E9B07?fullTextSearch=fullTextSearch&q=Guildford+Cathedral+Collins&search=Search Images of Maufe's Guildford Cathedral works at Sheffield Hallam University]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Maufe, Edward}}
[[Category:Architects of cathedrals]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ilkley]]
[[Category:Architects from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:20th-century English architects]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradford Grammar School]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects]]
[[Category:Royal Academicians]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Garrison Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects]]
[[Category:Military personnel from West Yorkshire]]
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