View source for Edward Youde

{{Short description|British administrator, diplomat and sinologist (1924–1986)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date = August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = Sir
| name                = Edward Youde
| honorific-suffix    = [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] [[Royal Victorian Order|GCVO]] [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]
| image               = Sir_Edward_Youde.jpg
| order               = 26th
| office              = Governor of Hong Kong
| monarch             = [[Elizabeth II]]
| 1blankname          = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Chief Secretary]]
| 1namedata           = [[Philip Haddon-Cave]]<br />[[David Akers-Jones]]
| term_start          = 20 May 1982
| term_end            = 5 December 1986
| predecessor         = [[Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch|Murray MacLehose]]
| successor           = [[David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn|David Wilson]]
| office2             = [[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to China|Ambassador from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China]]
| monarch2            = [[Elizabeth II]]
| term_start2         = 29 August 1974
| term_end2           = 15 June 1978
| predecessor2        = [[John Addis (diplomat)|John Addis]]
| successor2          = [[Percy Cradock]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|6|19}}
| birth_place         = [[Penarth]], [[Wales]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|12|5|1924|6|19}}
| death_place         = [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing|British Embassy]], [[Beijing]], [[China]]
| resting_place       = [[Canterbury Cathedral]], [[England]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Pamela Fitt, Lady Youde|1951}}
| children            = 2
| profession          = Diplomat, [[Sinology|sinologist]], colonial administrator
| alma_mater          = [[University of London]]
| branch              = [[Royal Naval Reserve]]
| unit                = [[Military reserve force|Reserves]]
| serviceyears        = 
| module              = {{Chinese|child=yes|c=尤德|j=jau4 dak1|p=Yóu Dé|por=}}
}}
[[Image:HK History of HK Museum Uniform of HK Governor Edward Youde.JPG|thumb|200px|A uniform of Sir Edward Youde]]
'''Sir Edward Youde''' {{Post-nominals|GCMG|GCVO|MBE}} ({{zh|c=尤德}}; [[Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation|Cantonese]]: ''Yau Tak''; 19 June 1924 – 5 December 1986) was a British [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]], diplomat, and [[Sinologist]]. He served as [[Governor of Hong Kong]] from 20 May 1982 until his death on 5 December 1986.

==Early years==
Youde was born in [[Penarth]], South [[Wales]], in the United Kingdom and from 1942 attended the University of London's [[School of Oriental and African Studies]]. He also served in the [[Royal Naval Reserve]].<ref name = NYTobit>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/06/obituaries/sir-edward-youde-of-hong-kong-dies.html Sir Edward Youde of Hong Kong Dies], ''The New York Times'', 5 December 1986</ref>

==Career==
In 1947, Youde joined the [[Foreign Office]], where he would serve the rest of his life, and was swiftly posted to the British embassy in Nanking, then the capital of the [[Republic of China]]. In 1949, amidst the [[Chinese Civil War]], [[HMS Amethyst (F116)|HMS ''Amethyst'']] came under attack by [[People's Liberation Army]] forces while sailing on the Yangtze River. The frigate was heavily damaged by artillery fire and became stranded in the [[Yangtze River]]. Using his skills in Mandarin, Youde negotiated with the PLA commander to ask for the release of the ''Amethyst''. His negotiations came to naught, but bought enough time for the ''Amethyst'' to plan a successful escape to Hong Kong under the cover of darkness. Youde was appointed a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) for his actions.

In 1950, following the Communists' victory in the civil war, Britain recognised the People's Republic of China, and the British embassy moved to Beijing. Youde went on to serve a total of four tours of Foreign Office duty in China, the last as [[List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China|ambassador]], from 1974 to 1978.  He also served in Washington (1956 to 1959) and as a member of the British mission to the United Nations (1965 to 1969).<ref name = NYTobit/>

Youde was knighted in 1977.<ref name = NYTobit/>

==Hong Kong governorship==
When Youde took office as Governor in 1982, he sought to expand Hong Kong's further education system which he considered to be lacking. At that time, there were only two accredited universities in Hong Kong - the [[University of Hong Kong]] and the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]. Statistics also suggested that only 2% of secondary school graduates attended university locally. In view of this, Youde created the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong (now [[City University of Hong Kong]]) and the [[Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts]]. The idea of setting up a secondary school to develop students' potential in sport and the visual arts together with a normal academic syllabus was first mooted by Youde. Based upon this idea, the [[Jockey Club Ti-I College]] was founded in 1989.

Youde delivered his first policy address to the [[Hong Kong Legislative Council]] in October 1982, in which he stated that he wanted to "create an environment that encourages citizens to develop their energy and enterprising spirit; only under special circumstances, such as disruption of normal operations and workers not being treated fairly , or Hong Kong's reputation is damaged, the government will intervene in the industrial, commercial and financial sectors." Although Hong Kong's economy was in recession, he personally led trade missions to the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States and China to promote Hong Kong's trade. He also promulgated many laws to control and supervise the banking, insurance, securities, finance and trade industries.

Youde is especially remembered for his tenure as the [[Governor of Hong Kong|Hong Kong Governor]] and his role in negotiating the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], which was signed in Beijing in 1984. This, among other things, made it clear the British would leave Hong Kong in 1997 after 156 years of colonial rule. To this end, Youde embarked on further political reforms to support the development of [[representative democracy]] in Hong Kong and issued a green paper on Hong Kong democracy in 1984. The reform stated 24 seats in the Legislative Council will be elected by the electoral college and functional constituencies, with 12 seats each elected by voting. On September 26, 1985, Hong Kong held its first indirect election for the Legislative Council, officially starting Hong Kong's representative government system. However, many Hong Kong citizens were worried about the future of Hong Kong. The British-owned [[Jardine Matheson]] announced that it would move its head office from Hong Kong to Bermuda . This was regarded by all sectors of society as Britain's intention to withdraw its capital, and as a result, they became even more worried about the future of Hong Kong. Youde also had to deal with a substantial [[Emigration from Hong Kong | emigration wave]] after it became apparent Hong Kong citizens would not be offered British citizenship during the handover, so many many Hong Kongers made private arrangements with emigration to Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom being popular destinations with outflows between 1988 and 1994 averaged about 55,000 per year, although some Hong Kong people returned after in the early years after 1997.<ref>Manion, Melanie. [2004](2004). Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Harvard University press. {{ISBN|0-674-01486-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/09/23/asia-pacific/social-issues-asia-pacific/as-pessimism-grows-in-hong-kong-so-do-fears-of-potential-exodus/#.VxZPPPkrKM8|title=As pessimism grows in Hong Kong, so do fears of potential exodus|date=23 September 2014|access-date=19 April 2016|via=The Japan Times}}</ref>  

Youde was Hong Kong's only Welsh Governor was widely liked for his kindly demeanour{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} and greatly admired for his formidable erudition. In an editorial following his death, the [[Chinese-language]] ''[[Ming Pao]]'' newspaper compared him to [[Zhuge Liang]], a chancellor of the state of [[Shu Han]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, who had 'pledged to work diligently on state affairs until death.' Youde was known for his love of Chinese literature and Chinese language. He once claimed he read several Chinese newspapers every day when he had breakfast.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sze Yuen Chung|author-link=Chung Sze-yuen|title=Hong Kong's Journey to Reunification: Memoirs of Sze-yuen Chung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZxGHy-4X30C&pg=PA148|year=2001|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-002-5|page=148}}</ref>

==Death and state funeral==
During a visit to [[Beijing]], Youde suffered a fatal [[heart attack]] in the British Embassy in the early hours of 5 December 1986, while asleep. He was the only Governor of Hong Kong to die in office.

At his funeral – Hong Kong's first state funeral with full military honours – the streets were lined with people.<ref name=champ>[https://www.scmp.com/article/573906/hks-quiet-champion HK's quiet champion], ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', 3 December 2006</ref> The casket, draped in the Governor's Standard, was carried by ten guardsmen,<ref>[https://apnews.com/e54dccc7d8b13b9ae30b989f2cfdf170 Throngs Attend State Funeral for Gov. Edward Youde], ''[[Associated Press]]'', 9 December 1986</ref> and a 17-gun salute was fired from the shore station of {{HMS|Tamar|shore station|6}}. Youde was cremated, and his ashes interred at [[Canterbury Cathedral]] in England, and a memorial plaque was installed in the nave.

==Remembrance and legacy==
A fund, the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Fund, was created from public contributions upon the recommendation of the Legislative Council. The fund is now administered by the HKSAR Government and offers a number of scholarships and sponsorship schemes aimed at encouraging and promoting the education of and research by Hong Kong people. To be eligible for the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Fund, candidates must be proficient in English and Chinese and also have a good mastery of the language in which their studies will be undertaken.<ref>[http://www.wfsfaa.gov.hk/sfo/eng/scholar/seym4.htm Sir Edward Youde Memorial Scholarships for Overseas Studies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414222636/http://www.wfsfaa.gov.hk/sfo/eng/scholar/seym4.htm |date=14 April 2015 }}</ref>

The [[Edward Youde Aviary]] in [[Hong Kong Park]] was named after him in 1992, in recognition of his birdwatching interest.<ref name=champ/> The [[Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital]] in Hong Kong was named after his wife.

A plaque to his memory was commissioned by the Hong Kong Civil Service and placed on the wall of [[St John's Cathedral (Hong Kong)|St John's Cathedral]], in the Central District of Hong Kong. As mentioned above, another was placed at Canterbury Cathedral.

==Personal and family==
Youde married Pamela Fitt and the couple had two daughters, Jennifer and Deborah.<ref name=champ/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Edward Youde, Sir}}
* {{Find a Grave|9941}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpZSaIsGQAc 5 December 1986 - TVB Pearl News File report on Sir Edward Youde's death]
* [https://digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/corpus/ Corpus of Political Speeches] Free access to political speeches by Edward Youde and other politicians, developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before = [[John Addis (diplomat)|Sir John Addis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to China|British Ambassador to the People's Republic of China]]|years  = 1974–1978}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Percy Cradock|Sir Percy Cradock]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch|Sir Murray MacLehose]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Governor of Hong Kong]]| years = 1982–1986}}
{{s-aft|after = [[David Clive Wilson|Sir David Wilson]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]|years = 1982–1986}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governor of Hong Kong}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Youde, Edward}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Governors of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:British sinologists]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China]]
[[Category:People from Penarth]]
[[Category:HK LegCo Members 1985–1988]]
[[Category:20th-century British historians]]
[[Category:20th-century British politicians]]
[[Category:Burials at Canterbury Cathedral]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Reserve personnel]]