View source for Elaine Brown

{{Short description|American activist and singer (born 1943)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{For|the tax protester|Edward and Elaine Brown}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix          =
| name                      = Elaine Brown
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| image                     = Elaine Brown 1969 Edit.jpg
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| caption                   = Brown in 1969
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| birth_date                = {{Birth date and age|1943|3|2|mf=yes}}
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| occupation                = [[Activist]] · Singer · Songwriter
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| party                     = [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] <br/> [[Green Party of the United States|Green]]
| movement                  = [[Black Power movement]]
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| criminal_charge           = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
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| children                  = 1
| website                   = {{URL|sisterelainebrown.com}}
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}}
{{Black Power sidebar}} 
'''Elaine Brown''' (born March 2, 1943) is an American prison activist, writer, singer, and former [[Black Panther Party]] chairwoman who is based in [[Oakland, California]].<ref name=NYT>Wheaton, Sarah (December 12, 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/13/us/13prison.html "Inmates in Georgia Prisons Use Contraband Phones to Coordinate Protest"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> Brown briefly ran for the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] [[2008 United States presidential election|presidential nomination in 2008]].<ref>[http://www.metrodenvergreens.org/2007/03/green_candidate.html "Green Candidate for President Visits Colorado"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110843/http://www.metrodenvergreens.org/2007/03/green_candidate.html |date=2007-09-28 }}. Metro Denver Greens</ref>

She is currently serving as the [[Chief operating officer|COO]] of Oakland & the World Enterprises, which she founded in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.oaklandandtheworld.org/other-projects |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=OAW WEBSITE |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==

Elaine Brown grew up in the inner city of North Philadelphia with her mother Dorothy Clark and an absent father. Despite being in desperate poverty, Brown's mother worked hard to provide for Elaine. She was enrolled in private schooling, took music lessons, and had nice clothing. During her childhood, she studied classical piano and ballet for many years at a predominantly white experimental elementary school. As a young Black woman, Elaine had very few African-American friends and spent most of her time with white people. After graduating from [[Philadelphia High School for Girls]], a public preparatory school for gifted young women, she studied at [[Temple University]] for less than a semester. She withdrew from Temple because of her desire to work in the music industry.  Brown moved to Los Angeles, California, to become a professional songwriter.
While in Los Angeles, Brown enrolled in the [[University of California Los Angeles]]. She later went on to briefly attend [[Mills College]] and Southwestern University School of Law.<ref>Brown, Elaine. ''A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story'' (New York: Doubleday, 1992), pp. 70-72.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-25|title=Elaine Brown (March 2, 1943)|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/elaine-brown|access-date=2020-11-20|website=National Archives|language=en}}</ref>

Upon arriving in California with little money and few contacts, Brown got work as a cocktail waitress at the strip club The Pink Pussycat. While working at the Pink Pussycat, she met [[Jay Richard Kennedy]], a music executive who taught her about the intricacies of social justice. They became lovers. Brown learnt about political radicalisation first hand while in a relationship with Kennedy. Because of the thorough education on the Civil Rights Movement, Capitalism, and Communism which Kennedy provided to her, Brown later became involved with the Black Liberation Movement. After living together for a brief time in the Hollywood Hills Hotel, the pair parted ways.<ref>Brown, Elaine. ''A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story'' (New York: Doubleday, 1992).</ref> After this pivotal relationship, Brown's involvement in politics grew and she began working for the radical newspaper ''[[Harambee (African-American newspaper)|Harambee]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = Scot | year = 2001 | title = The US Organization, Black Power Vanguard Politics, And The United Front Ideal: Los Angeles And Beyond | journal = Black Scholar | volume = 31 | issue = 3/4| page = 21 | doi=10.1080/00064246.2001.11431153| s2cid = 147172238 }}</ref> Soon after, Brown became the first representative of the Black Student Alliance at the Black Congress in California. In April 1968, after the assassination of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], she attended her first meeting of the Los Angeles chapter of the [[Black Panther Party]].<ref name="blackpast1943">{{cite web |url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aaw/brown-elaine-1943 |title=Brown, Elaine (1943- ) &#124; The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed |date=24 November 2007 |publisher=The Black Past |access-date=2010-08-27}}</ref>

== Involvement with the Black Panther Party ==

In 1968, Brown joined the [[Black Panther Party]] as a rank-and-file member, studying revolutionary literature, and selling [[Black Panther Party]] newspapers. She soon helped the party set up its first Free Breakfast for Children program in Los Angeles, as well as the Party's initial Free Busing to Prisons Program and Free Legal Aid Program.<ref name="elainebrown.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.elainebrown.org/ElaineBio.htm |title=More About Elaine |publisher=Elaine Brown |access-date=2010-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128085324/http://elainebrown.org/ElaineBio.htm |archive-date=2010-11-28 }}</ref>

In 1968, Brown was commissioned by [[David Hilliard]], the Party chief of staff, to record her songs, a request resulting in the album ''Seize the Time''. She eventually assumed the role of editor of ''the'' ''Black Panther'' publication in the Southern California Branch of the Party.

Brown was part of a U.S. People's Anti-Imperialist Delegation which visited China in 1970, along with fellow prominent party member [[Eldridge Cleaver]].<ref name=":Minami">{{Cite book |last=Minami |first=Kazushi |title=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501774157 |location=Ithaca, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=39}}

In 1971, Brown became a member of the Party's Central Committee as Minister of Information, replacing the expelled Cleaver. In 1973, Brown was commissioned to record more songs by [[Black Panther Party]] founder and Minister of Defense [[Huey P. Newton]]. These songs resulted in the album ''Until We're Free''.

As part of a directive by Newton, Brown unsuccessfully ran for the [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] city council in 1973, getting 30 percent of the vote. She ran again in 1975, losing again with 44 percent of the vote.<ref name="blackpast1943"/>  When Newton fled to [[Cuba]] in 1974 to avoid criminal charges, he appointed Brown to lead the Black Panther Party. Brown was the only woman to do so. She chaired the [[Black Panther Party]] from 1974 until 1977. She dealt with regular sexism because the men were angered by the thought of taking orders from a woman.

{{blockquote|A woman in the [[Black Power]] movement was considered, at best, irrelevant. A woman asserting herself was a pariah. If a black woman assumed a role of leadership, she was said to be eroding black manhood, to be hindering the progress of the black race. She was an enemy of the black people.... I knew I would have to muster something mighty to manage the [[Black Panther Party]]. |source= From her 1992 memoir ''[[A Taste of Power]]''<ref>Brown, Elaine. ''A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story'' (New York: Doubleday, 1992), p.&nbsp;357
</ref><ref>Spencer, Robyn C. "ENGENDERING THE BLACK FREEDOM STRUGGLE: Revolutionary Black Womanhood and the Black Panther Party in the Bay Area, California." Journal of Women's History, vol. 20, no. 1, 2008, pp. 90-113.</ref>}}

During Brown's leadership of the Black Panther Party, she focused on electoral politics and community service. In 1977, she managed [[Lionel Wilson (politician)|Lionel Wilson]]’s victorious campaign to become Oakland's first black mayor.<ref name="elainebrown.org"/> Also, Brown founded the Panther's Liberation School, which was recognized by the state of California as a model school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetransmetropolitanreview.wordpress.com/2019/03/02/a-complete-idiots-guide-to-u-s-and-russian-meddling/|title = A Complete Idiot's Guide to U.S. And Russian Meddling|date = 2 March 2019}}</ref>

Brown stepped down from chairing the Black Panther Party less than a year after Newton's return from Cuba in 1977, when Newton refused to condemn the beating of [[Regina Davis]], an administrator of the Panther Liberation School. Other male members of the party beat Davis and broke her jaw because she reprimanded a coworker when he did not do an assignment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialism.com/drupal-6.8/?q=node/2291|title=Voices of Color—Invisible Women: Sexism in the Black Panther Party |website= http://www.socialism.com|date=23 March 2023 }}</ref> Newton opted for solidarity with the men. This incident was the point at which Brown could no longer tolerate the [[sexism]] and [[patriarchy]] of the [[Black Panther Party]].<ref>Brown, Elaine. ''A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story'' (New York: Doubleday, 1992), p.&nbsp;444</ref> For many, Brown's leaving was seen as a turning point for the Party.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spencer|first=Robyn C.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1005077774|title=The revolution has come: Black power, gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland|date=2 December 2016|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-6275-3|oclc=1005077774}}</ref> She left Oakland with her daughter, Ericka, and moved to Los Angeles – fearing for her personal safety. 

Brown recorded two albums: ''Seize the Time'' (Vault, 1969) and ''Until We're Free'' ([[Motown Records]], 1973).<ref>Norwood, Quincy T. (2003) [http://www.proudfleshjournal.com/vol1.2/norwood.html "Respect Her Gangsta!: A Review of the Music of Elaine Brown."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822134255/http://www.proudfleshjournal.com/vol1.2/norwood.html |date=2007-08-22 }} ''Proud Flesh: A New Afrikan Journal of Culture, Politics & Consciousness.''</ref> ''Seize the Time'' includes "The Meeting", the anthem of the [[Black Panther Party]].

==Later activism==

After leaving the Black Panther Party, also in order to raise her daughter Ericka, Brown worked on her memoir, ''[[A Taste of Power]]''. She eventually returned to the struggle for black liberation, especially espousing the need for radical prison reform. From 1980 to 1983, she attended [[Southwestern University School of Law]] in Los Angeles.
From 1990 to 1996, she lived in [[France]].<ref>[http://www.seizethetime.com/elainebrown.htm "Seize the Time: Elaine Brown."] Seize the Time: Women in Power Seminars.</ref> In 1996, Brown moved to [[Atlanta, Georgia]], and founded Fields of Flowers, Inc., a non-profit organization committed to providing educational opportunities for [[impoverished African-American]] children. In 1998, she co-founded the grassroots group Mothers Advocating Juvenile Justice to advocate for children being prosecuted as adults in the state of Georgia. Around the same time, she continued her advocacy for incarcerated youth by founding and leading the Michael Lewis Legal Defense Committee. Michael Lewis, also known as "Little B", was sentenced to life in prison at the age of 14 for a murder that Brown believes he did not commit. Brown would eventually write a [[non-fiction novel]], ''The Condemnation of Little B'', which analyzes the prosecution of Lewis as part of the greater problem of the increased imprisonment of black youth.<ref>"The Condemnation of Little B." Fleming, Robert, ''[[Black Issues Book Review]]'', 15220524, May/Jun2002, Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>

In 2003, Brown co-founded the National Alliance for Radical Prison Reform, which helps thousands of prisoners find housing after they are released on parole, facilitates transportation for family visits to prisons, helps prisoners find employment, and raises money for prisoner phone calls and gifts.<ref name="elainebrown.org"/>   
In 2005, while protesting a [[G-8 Summit]] in [[Sea Island, Georgia]], Brown learned of the massive poverty in the nearby city of [[Brunswick, Georgia]]. Brown then attempted to run for mayor of Brunswick against Bryan Thompson. Running on the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] ticket, Brown hoped to become mayor in order to use her influence to bring the Michael Lewis case to prominence, as well as to empower blacks in Brunswick by using her elected office to create a base of economic power for the city's majority black and poor population through redistribution of the city's revenues. Though Brown was eventually disqualified from running and voting in Brunswick because she failed to establish residency in the city, her efforts brought widespread attention to Michael Lewis's case. She later became a co-founder of the Brunswick Women's Association for a People's Blueprint.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elainebrown.org/MayoralRaceBrunswick.htm |title=Elaine Brown &#124; Home Page |access-date=2009-04-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128085759/http://elainebrown.org/MayoralRaceBrunswick.htm |archive-date=2010-11-28 }}</ref>

Brown has continued her prison reform advocacy by lecturing frequently at colleges and universities in the US. Since 1995, she has lectured at more than forty colleges and universities, as well as numerous conferences.<ref name="elainebrown.org"/>

==2007 Green Party role ==
In March 2007, Brown announced her bid to be the 2008 Green Party presidential nominee. Brown felt that a campaign was necessary to promote the interests of those not represented by the major political parties, especially the interests of women under 30 and African Americans. Her platform focused on the needs of working-class families, promoting living wages for all, free health care, more funding for public education, more affordable housing, removal of troops from Iraq, improving the environment, and promoting equality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://panafricannews.blogspot.com/2007/03/former-panther-leader-elaine-brown.html |title=Pan-African News Wire: Former Panther Leader Elaine Brown Seeks Green Party Presidential Nomination For 2008 |publisher=Panafricannews.blogspot.com |date=2007-03-09 |access-date=2010-08-27}}</ref> Brown intended on using her campaign to bring many minorities to the Green Party in the hope that it would better represent a revolutionary force for social justice. In late 2007, she resigned from the Green Party, as she found that the Party remained dominated by whites who had no intention of using the ballot to actualize real social progress, and will aggressively repel attempts to do so".<ref>{{cite web |last=Morris |first=Bob |url=http://polizeros.com/2007/12/31/elaine-brown-withdraws-from-green-party-presidential-race/ |title=Elaine Brown withdraws from Green Party presidential race &#124; Politics in the Zeros |publisher=Polizeros.com |date=2007-12-31 |access-date=2010-08-27}}</ref>

In 2010, inmates in more than seven Georgia prisons used contraband cellphones to organize a nonviolent [[Georgia Prison Strike|strike]] for better prison conditions, Brown became their "closest adviser outside prison walls".<ref name=NYT/> She "helped distill the inmate complaints into a list of demands. She held a conference call... to develop a strategy with various groups, including the Georgia chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] and the [[Nation of Islam]]."<ref name=NYT/>

==$3.75 million lawsuit against the City of Oakland ==
In 2017, Brown was awarded $3.75 million for damages she received when sitting Oakland Councilwoman [[Desley Brooks]] attacked her in an Oakland restaurant. The two had been arguing over a public housing application.<ref>Egelko, Bob (December 22, 2017) [https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Ex-Black-Panther-awarded-3-5-million-Desley-Brooks-12451385.php "Ex-Black Panther awarded $3.75 million after clash with Oakland councilwoman"], ''SFGate''. (Retrieved September 3, 2025).</ref>

== Personal life ==

Brown has one daughter, Ericka Abram,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blake|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iY6lObhCHkC&q=elaine+brown+black+panthers&pg=PP1|title=Children of the Movement: The Sons and Daughters of Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammad, George Wallace, Andrew Young, Julian Bond, Stokely Carmichael, Bob Moses, James Chaney, Elaine Brown, and Others Reveal How the Civil Rights Movement Tested and Transformed Thei|date=June 2007|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-56976-594-4|language=en}}</ref> fathered by Black Panther member [[Raymond Hewitt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://longreads.com/2015/03/03/a-taste-of-power-the-woman-who-led-the-black-panther-party/ |title='A Taste of Power': The Woman Who Led the Black Panther Party |last=Brown |first=Elaine |date=1992 |website=longreads.com |access-date=14 April 2019 }}</ref> but Hewitt was mostly absent from his daughter's life. At Hewitt's funeral, Elaine Brown was in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1988-03-11|title=Ex-Panthers Reunite at Leader's Funeral|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-11-me-1264-story.html|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Los Angeles Times|first=John L.|last= Mitchell|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Brown, Elaine. ''The Condemnation of Little B: New Age Racism in America'' (Boston: Beacon, 2002).
* Brown, Elaine. ''[[A Taste of Power|A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story]]'' (New York: Doubleday, 1992).

==Discography==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Seize The Time - Black Panther Party]]'' (1969)
* ''Elaine Brown'' (1973)

=== EPs ===
* ''No Time / Until We're Free'' (1973)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://sisterelainebrown.com/ Elaine Brown], Brown's website.
* [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/335.html "Black Panther Party long victimized by campaign of lies"], an article by Brown in the ''[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'', March 25, 2000.
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/14/prisoner_advocate_elaine_brown_on_georgia Elaine Brown on Georgia Prison Strike: "Repression Breeds Resistance"] - video interview by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''
* [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8z2bs Elaine Brown Papers] at [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library, Emory University]

{{Black Panther Party}}
{{United States presidential election, 2008}}
{{Alameda County (California) Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Elaine}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:African-American candidates for President of the United States]]
[[Category:African-American Marxists]]
[[Category:American community activists]]
[[Category:American Marxists]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:Black Panther Party]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Civil rights activists from California]]
[[Category:Communists from California]]
[[Category:Female candidates for President of the United States]]
[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Greens]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Black Panther Party]]
[[Category:Memoirists from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Philadelphia High School for Girls alumni]]
[[Category:Soul-jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Soul-jazz vocalists]]
[[Category:Women Marxists]]
[[Category:Writers from Atlanta]]
[[Category:Writers from Philadelphia]]