View source for Elektronika

{{Short description|Russian electronic company}}
{{For|the Polish journal|Elektronika (journal)}}
{{More citations needed|find=Elektronika|date=March 2023}}
'''Elektronika''', also spelt '''Electronika''' and '''Electronica''' ({{langx|ru|Электроника}}, "Electronics"), is the [[brand name]] used for many different [[electronics|electronic products]] built by factories belonging to the Soviet [[Ministry of Electronic Industry]], including calculators, electronic watches, portable games, and radios. Many Elektronika designs were the result of efforts by Soviet engineers, who were working for the Soviet [[military–industrial complex]] but were challenged with producing consumer goods that were in great shortage in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Judy |first1=Richard W. |last2=Clough |first2=Robert W. |date=June 1989 |title=Soviet Computer Software and Applications in the 1980s |url=https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1989-801-5-2-Judy.pdf |journal=The National Council for Soviet and East European Research |pages=188 |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920182914/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1989-801-5-2-Judy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The brand is still in use in [[Belarus]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== Calculators ==
{{category see also|Elektronika calculators}}
[[Image:Mk-71.JPG|thumb|Elektronika MK-71]]
Most notable is a line of [[calculator]]s, which started production in 1968. The Elektronika calculators were produced in a variety of sizes and function sets, ranging from large, bulky four-function calculators to smaller models designed for use in schools operating on a special, safer 42V standard (like the MK-SCH-2). As time progressed, Elektronika calculators were produced that supported more advanced calculations, with some of the most recent models even offering full programmability and functionality similar to today's American-designed graphing calculators.

The Elektronika brand is now used by [[Novosibirsk]] [[Reverse Polish notation|RPN]] [[programmable calculator]]s Elektronika MK-152 ([[:ru:Электроника МК-152]]) and Elektronika MK-161 ([[:ru:Электроника МК-161]]).

== Computers ==
[[File:UKNC.jpg|thumb|[[UKNC]] MS 0511 personal computer]]
[[File:Теплый ламповый звук (113).JPG|thumbnail|[[Elektronika MS 1504]] laptop]]
The following Elektronika computers used a Soviet [[Intel]]-compatible [[CPU]]:
* MS 1502, [[Elektronika MS 1504|MS 1504]] – [[IBM PC XT|XT]] clone
* KR-series (01/02/03/04) – mass production of popular Russian 8-bit homebrew RK-86 ([[:ru:Радио 86РК]]).

The following Elektronika computers used a Soviet [[CPU]], compatible with [[PDP-11]]:
* [[Elektronika 60]]
* [[UKNC]]
* [[DVK]] – clone of [[SM EVM]], stripped for mass production to satisfy general scientific and R&D needs.
* [[Elektronika BK|BK-0010 and BK-0011M]] – stripped and low-cost version of [[DVK]], targeted at teenagers and home users.

== Electronic games & toys ==
[[File:Электроника_ИМ_02.jpg|thumb|Elektronika IM-02]]
[[File:Im11 2.jpg|thumb|Elektronika IM-11]]
Most Elektronika-branded electronic toys were [[Nintendo]] [[Game & Watch]] clones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richter |first1=Darmon |title=How A Nintendo Game & Watch Bootleg Enraptured A Generation Of Russian Kids |url=https://www.timeextension.com/features/how-a-nintendo-game-and-watch-bootleg-enraptured-a-generation-of-russian-kids |website=Time Extension |publisher=[[Hookshot Media]] |access-date=3 May 2023 |date=3 May 2023}}</ref> These used the KB1013VK1-2 microprocessor, a Soviet clone of the [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] SM-5A used in Game & Watch [[video game console|console]]s.

The vast majority of the Elektronika electronic toys had model names that start with IM (ИМ{{snd}} ''Игра Микропроцессорная'', a Russian acronym for "''[[microprocessor]] based game''").

Some model names for Elektronika branded clones start with IE (ИЭ{{snd}} ''Игра Электронная'', a Russian acronym for "''[[electronic game]]''").

The Elektronika electronic toys that had model names beginning with MG were manufactured by [[Angstrem (company)|Angstrem]] and were designed for export with English packaging and inserts.

The known models include:
* IM-01 [[computer chess|Chess computer]] (1986) – designed and manufactured by [[Svetlana (company)|Svetlana]].
* IM-01T Chess computer (1992) – improved version of the IM-01, designed and manufactured by Svetlana.
* IM-02 [[Well, Just You Wait!]] (1984) – Nintendo EG-26 ''Egg'', a variation of ''Mickey Mouse'' without the [[Disney]] license.
* IM-03 Mysteries of the Ocean (1986) – Nintendo OC-22 ''Octopus''
* IM-04 Merry Cook (1989) – Nintendo FP-24 ''Chef''
* IM-05 Chess computer (1989) – improved version of the IM-01, designed and manufactured by Svetlana.
* MG-09 Space Bridge (1989) – Nintendo FR-27 ''Fire''
* IM-10 Ice Hockey (1988) – [[ice hockey]]-themed clone of Nintendo EG-26 ''Egg'
* IM-11 [[Big Trak#The unofficial Elektronika Soviet clones, Lunokhod and Planetokhod|Lunokhod]] (1983) – [[Milton Bradley Company|Milton Bradley]] [[Big Trak]] programmable battery-powered toy tank
* IM-12 [[Winnie-the-Pooh (1969 film)|Winnie the Pooh]] (1991) – Nintendo CJ-93 ''Donkey Kong Jr.'' panorama
* MG-13 Explorers of Space, also known as ''Space Scouts'' (1989)
* IM-15 Electronic Football – [[Tomy]] ''World Cup Soccer''
* IM-18 Fowling (1989)
* IM-19 Biathlon
* IM-22 Monkey Goalkeeper, also known as ''Merry Footballer'' (1989)
* IM-23 Autoslalom (1989) / Car Slalom (1991)
* 24-01 [[Mickey Mouse]] (1984) – Nintendo MC-25 ''Mickey Mouse''	
* IM-26 Interchangeable, display cartridges included IM-02 Well, Just You Wait!, IM-22 Merry Footballer, IM-23 Autoslalom, IM-10 Ice Hockey, and IM-32 Cat Fisherman (1991) – [[Bandai]] [[Digi Casse]]
* IM-27 Space game 
* IM-28 Electronic quiz game
* IM-29 Chess Partner (1991) – [[Mattel|Mattel Electronics]] Computer Chess
* IM-30 Orpheus [[synthesizer]] (1991) – designed and manufactured by Svetlana.
* IM-32 Cat Fisherman (1991)
* IM-37 Football
* IM-45 English learning computer
* IM-50 Space Flight (1992)
* MG-50 Amusing Arithmetics (1989)
* IM-55 Basketball

Post-1992 versions:
* I-01 Car Slalom
* I-02 Merry Cook
* I-03 Space Bridge
* I-04 Fisher Tom-Cat
* I-05 Naval Combat
* I-06 Just You wait!
* I-07 Frog boaster
* I-08 Fowling
* I-09 Explorers of Space
* I-10 Biathlon
* I-11 Circus
* I-12 Hockey
* I-13 Merry Footballer
* I-14 Night Thiefes
* I-15 Mysteries of the Ocean
* I-20 (option 1) Air Shooting Range (1994) – Nintendo BU-201 ''Spitball Sparky''
* I-20 (option 2) Supercubes (1994) – ''Tetris''

== Tape recorders (audio) ==
=== Reel-to-reel ===
* 100S (1970, portable stereo)
* ТА1-003 Stereo (1980)
* 004 Stereo
* MPK 007 S (1987)

=== Cassette ===
* 203-S (1980, portable stereo)
* 204-S (1984, stereo deck)
* MH-205 stereo (1985, car stereo player)
* 206-stereo
* 211-S (1983, portable stereo)
* 301 (1972, portable)
* 302, 302-1, 302-2 (1974 till 1990s, portable)
* 305 (1984, portable)
* 306 (1986, portable stereo)
* 311-S (1977, portable stereo)
* 321/322 (1978, portable)
* 323/324 (1981, portable)
* M-327 (1987, portable)
* M-334S (1990, portable stereo component system with detachable recorder M-332S)
* М-402S (1990, pocket stereo)
* Elektronika-mini (199?, pocket stereo)

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Elektronika}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040902090749/http://www.taswegian.com/MOSCOW/soviet.html Museum of Soviet Calculators On the Web (MOSCOW)]
* [http://www.netgrafik.ch/elektronika-watches.htm Collection of Elektronika watches]
* [http://www.netgrafik.ch/elektronika.htm Article on Elektronika watches]
* [http://www.leningrad.su/museum/main.php?lang=0 Soviet Digital Electronics Museum]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{List of Soviet computer systems}}
{{Handheld game consoles}}

[[Category:Science and technology in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Computing in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet brands]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Soviet Union)]]