View source for Emil Constantinescu

{{short description|President of Romania from 1996 to 2000}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Emil Constantinescu
| image               = Emil Constantinescu.jpg
| caption             = Constantinescu in 1998
| office              = [[President of Romania]] <!-- "Nth President" count removed as a US convention, not used Europe -->
| primeminister       = [[Nicolae Văcăroiu]]<br />{{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Victor Ciorbea]]
| [[Gavril Dejeu]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| [[Radu Vasile]]
| [[Alexandru Athanasiu]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| [[Mugur Isărescu]]
}}
| term_start          = 29 November 1996
| term_end            = 20 December 2000
| predecessor         = [[Ion Iliescu]]
| successor           = Ion Iliescu
| office2             = Leader of the [[Romanian Democratic Convention]]
| term_start2         = November 1992
| term_end2           = 29 November 1996
| predecessor2        = [[Corneliu Coposu]]
| spouse              = [[Nadia Ileana Bogorin|Nadia Ileana Constantinescu]]
| children            = Dragoș <br /> Norina Boru
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1939|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Bender, Moldova|Tighina]], [[Ținutul Nistru]], [[Kingdom of Romania]] (present day de jure Tighina, [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]], de facto Bender, [[Transnistria]])
| death_date          = 
| profession          = [[Professor]] of [[Geology]]
| party               = [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (2008–present)
| otherparty          = [[Romanian Communist Party]] (1965–1989)<br />[[Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party]] (1990–1996)<br />Independent (1996–2000; PNȚ-CD membership suspended while president)<br />[[People's Action (Romania)|People's Action]] (2001–2008)
| blank1              = Religion
| data1               = [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]
| signature           = Signature Emil Constantinescu.png
}}

'''Emil Constantinescu''' ({{IPA|ro|eˈmil konstantiˈnesku|-|Ro-Emil Constantinescu.ogg}}; born 19 November 1939) is a Romanian professor and politician, who served as the [[President of Romania]] from 1996 to 2000.

After the [[Romanian Revolution|Romanian Revolution of 1989]], Constantinescu became a founding member and vice president of the [[Civic Alliance Foundation|Civic Alliance]] (AC). In addition, he also served as the acting president of the ''Democratic Romanian Anti-Totalitarian Forum'', the first associative structure of the democratic opposition in post-1989 Romania, which was later transformed into a [[centre-right politics|centre-right]] political and electoral alliance known as the [[Romanian Democratic Convention]] (CDR).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rafto.no/the-rafto-prize/doina-cornea|title=Doina Cornea|author=Rafto.no|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027072229/https://www.rafto.no/the-rafto-prize/doina-cornea|url-status=dead}}</ref> He had also subsequently presided the [[People's Action (Romania)|People's Action]] (AP) party from the early 2000s until it merged into the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL) in 2008. Nowadays, Constantinescu remains involved in [[Politics of Romania|Romanian politics]] solely to a limited extent.

== Early life and education ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

Emil Constantinescu was born on 19 November 1939, in Tighina, Ținutul Nistru, Kingdom of Romania, which today is named Bender and ''de facto'' part of [[Transnistria]]. His mother, Maria Georgeta Colceag, was born in Ploiești on 24 April 1916, and, after graduating from high school, was a student at the Bucharest Conservatory in the harp class, but gave up her career in music to follow her husband, Ion Constantinescu. He was originally from Oltenia, he had 8 brothers, and after becoming an agronomist engineer, he was assigned to Bessarabia. The Constantinescu family took refuge in 1943 in Brădetu village, Argeș County where Emil Constantinescu spent his childhood. His sister, Marina, was born in 1942, and in 1946, his brother, Cristian, was born.

In the period 1953–1956 Emil Constantinescu was a student of the "Nicolae Bălcescu" High School in Pitești (currently Colegiu IC Bratianu) and obtained his Matriculation Diploma on 19 July 1956, in the same year he enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University Bucharest. He obtained a Diploma in Legal Sciences in 1960 and after completing his military internship in Piatra Neamț, he began his work as a trainee judge at the Pitesti Regional Court, economic section. The political climate causes him to give up this position and become a student at the Faculty of Geology – Geography, between 1961 and 1966. He holds a PhD in Geology from the University of Bucharest and a Doctor of Sciences from Duke University, US. In 1963, he married Nadia Ileana, a lawyer, who was his colleague at the Faculty of Law in Bucharest. His father died in 1991 and his mother died in 2011.

== Professional career ==

He went through all stages of his university career as an assistant and lecturer at the Faculty of Geology (1966–1990). Since 1991 onwards, he is a professor of Mineralogy at the [[University of Bucharest]]. He was also a visiting professor at [[Duke University]] in the [[United States]] between 1991 and 1992. He was elected vice-rector (1990–1992) and rector (1992–1996) of the University of Bucharest; president of the National Council of Rectors from Romania (1992–1996); member of the Permanent Committee of the Association of European Universities – CRE (1992–1993; 1994–1998); member of the International Association of University Presidents – IAUP (1994–1996).

He is the author of 12 books and over 60 studies in the field of geology, published in prestigious scientific journals in the country and abroad. He is also Honorary Member and Elected Member of the Geological and Mineralogical Societies of the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], US, [[Greece]], and [[Japan]]; of the Geographical Society of [[France]] and the [[National Geographic Society]] of the USA.

He gave lectures at the Universities of Tübingen, Oxford, Stanford, Harvard, Berkeley, Columbia – New York, Georgetown – Washington, Indiana – Bloomington, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Prague, Turku, Cairo, Lublin. He was awarded the [[Romanian Academy]] Award for scientific contributions in the field of geology (1980); Palmas Academicas, awarded by the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]], Rio de Janeiro (2000); gold and honorary medals of the [[Comenius University]] in Bratislava; [[Charles University]] in Prague and [[University of São Paulo]]; Arthur Bertrand Medal, awarded by the Academy of Sciences, Institut de France; medals awarded by the National Institute of Sciences and Arts of France, the [[Sorbonne University|University of Paris–Sorbonne]] and the [[University of Amsterdam]].

== Political activity (1990–1996) ==

After the fall of the communist dictatorship, he engaged along with other university colleagues and renowned Romanian intellectuals in the effort to re-democratize Romania, in the defense of fundamental human rights and freedoms as well as in the establishment of the civil society. He was one of the personalities who protested against the anti-democratic actions of the new authorities during a 42-day rally, between April and May 1990, in Bucharest's University Square.

[[File:Cohen Constantinescu.jpg|thumb|right|Emil Constantinescu with the U.S. Secretary of Defense [[William Cohen]] in an official visit at [[The Pentagon]] in the [[United States]] in July 1998]]

After the bloody violence committed by the miners who, at the call of the then president Ion Iliescu, invaded Bucharest in June 1990, he founded, together with his colleagues, professors, and students, the association ''Solidaritatea Universitară'' (i.e. ''Academic Solidarity'').

He was also a founding member and vice-president of the Civic Alliance (1990), the most important non-governmental organization in the country, and president of the Civic Academy. These associations joined the opposition democratic parties and together formed the Romanian Democratic Convention (or CDR for short) in 1991. At the proposal of the Academic Solidarity, supported by the Civic Alliance (PAC), Emil Constantinescu was designated the CDR candidate in the [[1992 Romanian general election|presidential elections of 1992]]. He entered the second round and obtained 38% of the votes in the confrontation with then incumbent president Ion Iliescu who was supported by the [[Democratic National Salvation Front]] (FDSN). After this first important political experience, the CDR elected, in 1992, its president and sole candidate for the [[1996 Romanian general election|presidential elections of 1996]] (which was represented by Constantinescu). He continued to act to strengthen the democratic opposition throughout this period of time from 1992 until 1996, alongside other notable CDR political leaders.

== Presidency (1996–2000) ==
[[File:Econst.jpg|thumb|180px|Emil Constantinescu and [[Bill Clinton]] in [[Bucharest]] during the American President's 1997 visit to the Romanian capital in which Clinton declared Romania "free of communism".]]
In 1996, he competed once again for the presidency as the CDR's candidate and managed to defeat Iliescu in the second round, securing a victory by a margin of roughly 10%. CDR's success in the [[1996 Romanian general election|1996 general election]] marked the first [[peaceful transition of power]] in post-1989 Romania. On the day he took office, he suspended his membership in the PNȚ-CD, as the [[Constitution of Romania|Constitution]] precludes a president holding formal membership of a political party during his term(s).

Throughout his sole four-year term, Constantinescu struggled with the ineffective implementation of the processes of [[privatization]], which, bogged down by excessive bureaucracy, increased unemployment and poverty in the short term. After another two [[Mineriad]]s which took place in 1999 (one in [[January 1999 Mineriad|January]] and the other in [[February 1999 Mineriad|February]]), culminating with the arrest of [[Miron Cozma]], the remainder of his term suffered a political crisis between the majority parties that, at the time, formed the governing coalition (i.e. CDR, PD, PSDR, and UDMR/RMDSZ). The country was further damaged by a drought in 2000. At the end of his term in 2000, he decided not to run for re-election, stating that the system had defeated him.

One of the last gestures made as president of Romania was the pardon of Ion Coman, the one who had led the repression of the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 revolution]] in [[Timișoara]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Post-presidency (2000–present) ==
[[File:Constantinescu - Chen meeting (2008) 2.jpg|thumb|right|Emil Constantinescu in a meeting with [[President of the Republic of China|Taiwanese President]] [[Chen Shui-bian]] in 2008]]

Constantinescu's presidency along with CDR's governance were marred by an economic recession. Despite this, his presidency has been eventually credited with putting an end to the [[Mineriad]]s, a reform of the banking system as well as with the attraction of the first major foreign investments in Romania after 1989. With dashed expectations of an immediate improvement in daily life, Romanians exhibited strong disillusionment with the major parties and politicians of the CDR at the end of the 1996–2000 legislature, with the [[Greater Romania Party]] (PRM) subsequently gaining the second place in the [[2000 Romanian general election|2000 legislative election]].

A disenchanted Emil Constantinescu, who lost popularity and had failed to fulfil his reformist agenda announced on 17 July 2000 that he would not run for a second term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IjsH_9osSE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/6IjsH_9osSE| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|language=ro|title=Declarație Emil Constantinescu|website=[[YouTube]] |date=July 2000|accessdate=31 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He temporarily withdrew from political life at the end of his term in November 2000. Constantinescu's direction in foreign affairs continued however after the comeback of [[Ion Iliescu]] in 2000. Eventually, Romania [[Romania–NATO relations|joined NATO in 2004]] and the [[European Union]] (EU) three years later, in 2007, alongside [[Bulgaria]].

[[File:Emil Constantinescu la Gaudeamus 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Emil Constantinescu at the Gaudeamus Book Fair in 2013]]

The former president returned to the political scene in 2002 as head of the [[People's Action (Romania)|People's Action]] (AP; ''Acțiunea Populară'') party, which subsequently merged within the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL) in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-2561020-actiunea-populara-accepta-fuziunea-pnl.htm|language=ro|work=HotNews.ro|title=Acțiunea Populară acceptă fuziunea cu PNL|date=12 March 2008}}</ref>

Constantinescu had occasionally criticized the policies of the 2004–2014 president, [[Traian Băsescu]], accusing him of authoritarian tendencies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realitatea.net/stiri/ultimele-stiri/emil-constantinescu-discursurile-lui-basescu-sunt-asemanatoare-celor-ale-fostilor-lideri-totalitaristi_5dcc91a8406af85273ca6002|title=Emil Constantinescu: Discursurile lui Băsescu sunt asemănătoare celor ale foștilor lideri totalitariști|date=25 September 2009|work=Realitatea.net}}</ref> and supported [[Crin Antonescu]] in the first round of the [[2009 Romanian presidential election|2009 presidential elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gandul.ro/politica/emil-apel-catre-intelectuali-asumati-va-esecul-moral-si-lepadati-va-de-raul-absolut-care-este-basescu-4550593|title=Emil, apel către intelectuali: Asumați-vă eșecul moral și lepădați-vă de răul absolut care este Băsescu!|date=23 April 2012}}</ref>

Nowadays, he still remains heavily involved in politics through working for many NGOs, both in Romania and internationally. Emil Constantinescu is the current president of the Association of Citizenship Education, of the Romanian Foundation for Democracy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://frd.org.ro/|title=FUNDAŢIA ROMÂNĂ PENTRU DEMOCRAŢIE &#124; Construim societatea civilă și cultura democrației din 1992}}</ref> and also the founding president of the Institute for Regional Cooperation and Conflict Prevention (INCOR).<ref>{{cite web |title=Emil Constantinescu |url=http://www.ewi.info/profile/emil-constantinescu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823113202/http://www.ewi.info/profile/emil-constantinescu |archive-date=2014-08-23 |access-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=usurped |publisher=East West Institute}}</ref>

A frequent speaker at the [[Oslo Freedom Forum]], in 2010 he presented the OFF with a presidential medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oslo Freedom Forum |url=http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/news.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609053411/http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/news.html |archive-date=2010-06-09}}</ref> He is also a member of the international advisory council of the [[Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/emil-constantinescu/|title=Emil Constantinescu}}</ref>

In July 2023, Constantinescu criticised Romanian lawmakers for a lack of vision and long-term strategy for the country's future.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cristescu |first=George-Andrei |date=2 July 2023 |title=Emil Constantinescu, critici pentru liderii politici: României îi lipsește o viziune proprie asupra viitorului |url=https://adevarul.ro/politica/emil-constantinescu-critici-pentru-liderii-2280565.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126154918/https://adevarul.ro/politica/emil-constantinescu-critici-pentru-liderii-2280565.html |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=7 June 2025 |work=[[Adevărul]]}}</ref>

As of 2025, President Emil Constantinescu remains the oldest living President of Romania, following the death of former President Ion Iliescu in August 2025.

== Honours and awards ==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2022}}

=== National honours ===
* {{flag|Romania}}: 
** [[Order of the Star of Romania]], 1st Class{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
** Emblema de Onoare a Armatei României ("The Romanian Army's Badge of Honor")&nbsp;– 24 October 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Iliescu si Constantinescu au primit Emblema de Onoare a Armatei|url=http://www.ziare.com/ion-iliescu/presedinte/iliescu-si-constantinescu-au-primit-emblema-de-onoare-a-armatei-1197560|access-date=24 October 2012|language=ro}}</ref>

=== Foreign honours ===
* {{flag|Austria}}: Grand Star of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (1999)<ref>[http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf Aufstellung aller durch den Bundespräsidenten verliehenen Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich ab 1952] (PDF)</ref>
* {{flag|Croatia}}: Recipient of the [[Grand Order of King Tomislav]] (2000)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeno/2000/1311.htm |newspaper=[[Narodne novine]] |title=Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekscelencije dr. Emila Constantinescua |date=16 June 2000 |access-date=2008-07-10 |language=hr }}</ref>
* {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|title=Modtagere af danske dekorationer|website=kongehuset.dk|access-date=5 May 2019|language=da|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512015518/http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]] (1998){{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
* {{flag|Peru}}: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]] (2 September 1998)<ref>{{cite news | title = Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú | location = Lima, Peru |publisher = Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores | language = es | url = https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf | access-date = 7 February 2024 | archive-date = 8 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230408163608/https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf }}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Olav]] (1999){{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
* {{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Collar of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154 |title=Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas|publisher=Presidência da República Portuguesa|access-date=2016-04-10 |quote=Resultado da busca de "Emil Constantinescu".}}</ref>
* {{flag|Slovakia}}: Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the [[Order of the White Double Cross]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/|title=State Honours|website=Slovak-Republic.org|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413004835/http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/|archive-date=13 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}}: [[Order of the State of Republic of Turkey]] (1999)<ref name="Recipients of the Order of State">{{cite web |url=http://www.haberler.com/dostluk-iliskilerine-katkinin-altin-sembolu-devlet-4331381-haberi/|title=Dostluk İlişkilerine Katkının Altın Sembolü: Devlet ve Cumhuriyet Nişanları (Turkish) – The Gold Symbol Contribution of Friendly Relations : State and Republic Orders|publisher=Haberler.com|access-date=25 February 2015|date=February 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: First Class of the [[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1317/2000#Text|title=Про нагородження орденом князя Ярослава Мудрого|access-date=2021-11-13|quote=Decree 1317/2000}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (2000){{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Electoral history==
===Presidential elections===

{| class=wikitable width=100%
! rowspan=2|Election
! rowspan=2|Affiliation
! colspan=3|First round
! colspan=3|Second round
|-
!Votes
!Percentage
!Position
!Votes
!Percentage
!Position
|-align=center
! [[1992 Romanian general election|1992]]
| {{no2|'''[[Romanian Democratic Convention|CDR]]'''}} || 3,717,006 || {{Percentage bar|31.1|c={{party color|Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party}}}} || {{color box|Silver|2nd}} || 4,641,207 || {{Percentage bar|38.6|c={{party color|Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party}}}} || {{color box|Silver|2nd}}
|-align=center
! [[1996 Romanian general election|1996]]
| {{yes2|'''[[Romanian Democratic Convention|CDR]]'''}} || 3,569,941 || {{Percentage bar|28.2|c={{party color|Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party}}}} || {{color box|Silver|2nd}} || 7,057,906 || {{Percentage bar|54.4|c={{party color|Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party}}}} || {{color box|Gold|1st}}
|}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{C-SPAN}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Ion Alexandrescu, Stan Stoica, România după 1989. Mică enciclopedie, Editura Meronia, București, 2005
* Tom Gallagher, Furtul unei națiuni. România de la communism încoace, Editura Humanitas, București, 2004
* Dan Pavel, Iulia Huia, "Nu putem reuși decît împreună." O istorie analitică a Convenției Democratice, 1989–2000, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2003

{{clear}}
{{Presidents of Romania}}
{{Emil Constantinescu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constantinescu, Emil}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Romanian people of Moldovan descent]]
[[Category:People from Bender, Moldova]]
[[Category:Presidents of Romania]]
[[Category:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party politicians]]
[[Category:University of Bucharest alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bucharest]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Bucharest]]
[[Category:Romanian geologists]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania]]
[[Category:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave]]
[[Category:First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Mineriads]]