View source for Emily Dickinson

{{Short description|American poet (1830–1886)}}
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{{Infobox writer<!--For more information, see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]].-->
| image            = Black-white photograph of Emily Dickinson2.png
| alt              = Photograph of Emily Dickinson, seated, at the age of 16
| caption          = [[Daguerreotype]] taken at Mount Holyoke, December 1846 or early 1847; only authenticated portrait of Dickinson after early childhood.<ref>D'Arienzo (2006); the original is held by Amherst College Archives and Special Collections</ref>
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1830|12|10}}
| birth_place      = {{nowrap|[[Amherst, Massachusetts]], U.S.}}
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1886|5|15|1830|12|10}}
| death_place      = Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.
| resting_place    = [[Amherst West Cemetery]]
| occupation       = Poet
| alma_mater       = [[Mount Holyoke College|Mount Holyoke Female Seminary]]
| notable_works    = [[List of Emily Dickinson poems|List of poems]]
| parents          = {{ubl|[[Edward Dickinson]]|[[Emily Norcross Dickinson]]}}
| relatives        = {{Plain list|
* [[William Austin Dickinson]] (Brother)
* [[Lavinia Norcross Dickinson]] (Sister)
}}
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}}

'''Emily Elizabeth Dickinson''' (December 10, 1830&nbsp;– May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Little-known during her life, she has since been regarded as one of the most important figures in [[American poetry]].<ref name="poetryfoundation">{{cite web |title=Emily Dickinson|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emily-dickinson|access-date=September 5, 2020|website=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> 

Dickinson was born in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]], into a prominent family with strong ties to its community. After studying at the [[Amherst Academy]] for seven years in her youth, she briefly attended the [[Mount Holyoke College|Mount Holyoke Female Seminary]] before returning to her family's home in Amherst. Evidence suggests that Dickinson lived much of her life in isolation. Considered an eccentric by locals, she developed a penchant for white clothing and was known for her reluctance to greet guests or, later in life, even to leave her bedroom. Dickinson never married, and most of her friendships were based entirely upon correspondence.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 27, 2018 |title=Emily Dickinson |url=http://www.biography.com/people/emily-dickinson-9274190 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220321143326/https://www.biography.com/writer/emily-dickinson |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |website=Biography.com}}</ref>

Although Dickinson was a prolific writer, her only publications during her lifetime were one letter and 10 of her nearly 1,800 poems.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Emily Dickinson Museum indicates only one letter and ten poems were published before her death|url=https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/publications_lifetime|website=Emilydickinsonmuseum.org|access-date=August 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807012709/http://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/publications_lifetime|archive-date=August 7, 2018}}</ref> The poems published then were usually edited significantly to fit conventional poetic rules. Her poems were unique for her era; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often use [[Half rhyme|slant rhyme]] as well as unconventional [[capitalization]] and punctuation.<ref name="Mc2">McNeil (1986), 2.</ref> Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality (two recurring topics in letters to her friends), aesthetics, society, nature, and spirituality.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 4, 2020 |title=About Emily Dickinson's Poems: Death, Immortality, and Religion |url=https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/e/emily-dickinsons-poems/about-emily-dickinsons-poems |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512151025/https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/e/emily-dickinsons-poems/the-poems/death-immortality-and-religion |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=July 4, 2020 |website=www.cliffsnotes.com}}</ref>

Although Dickinson's acquaintances were most likely aware of her writing, it was not until after she died in 1886—when Lavinia, Dickinson's younger sister, discovered her cache of poems—that her work became public. Her first published collection of poetry was made in 1890 by her personal acquaintances [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] and [[Mabel Loomis Todd]], though they heavily edited the content. A complete collection of her poetry first became available in 1955 when scholar Thomas H. Johnson published ''The Poems of Emily Dickinson''.<ref name="DickinsonJohnson1955">{{Cite book |title=The Poems of Emily Dickinson | last=Dickinson | first=Emily | editor-last=Johnson | editor-first=Thomas H. |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674676008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106100211/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674676008 |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |access-date=March 21, 2022 | orig-date=December 1955 | date=June 1998| publisher=Belknap Press | isbn=978-0-674-67600-8 }}</ref> 

At least eleven of Dickinson's poems were dedicated to her sister-in-law [[Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson]], and all the dedications were later obliterated, presumably by Todd.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Philip |date=November 29, 1998 |title=Beethoven's Hair Tells All! |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/magazine/beethoven-s-hair-tells-all.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200326042600/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/magazine/beethoven-s-hair-tells-all.html |archive-date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This censorship serves to obscure the nature of Emily and Susan's relationship, which many scholars have interpreted as [[lesbian|romantic]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Emily |title=Open me carefully: Emily Dickinson's intimate letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson |publisher=Paris Press |date=1998 |editor=Ellen Louise Hart |editor2=Martha Nell Smith |isbn=0-9638183-6-8 |location=Ashfield, MA|oclc=39746998}}</ref>

== Life ==

=== Family and early childhood ===
[[File:Dickinson children painting.jpeg|thumb|The Dickinson Children, with Emily on the left, {{circa|1840}}. From the Dickinson Room at Houghton Library, Harvard University.]]
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was born at the [[Emily Dickinson Museum|family's homestead]] in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]], on December 10, 1830, into a prominent, but not wealthy, family.<ref>Sewall (1974), 321.</ref> Her father, [[Edward Dickinson]], was a lawyer in Amherst and a trustee of [[Amherst College]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wolphart |first=Jim |date=December 1996 |title=Emily Dickinson "I dwell in Possibility" (Johnson 657) |url=http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/edidwell.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004165005/http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/edidwell.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2016 |website=Itech.fgcu.edu}}</ref>

Two hundred years earlier, her patrilineal ancestors had arrived in the New World—in the [[Puritan]] [[Great Migration (Puritan)|Great Migration]]—where they prospered.<ref>Sewall (1974), 17–18.</ref> Emily Dickinson's paternal grandfather, Samuel Dickinson, was one of the founders of [[Amherst College]].<ref>Sewall (1974), 337; Wolff (1986), 19–21.</ref> In 1813, he built the Homestead, a large mansion on Amherst's main street, that became the focus of Dickinson family life for the better part of a century.<ref>Wolff (1986), 14.</ref>

Samuel Dickinson's eldest son, Edward, was treasurer of Amherst College from 1835 to 1873, served in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] (1838–1839; 1873) and the [[Massachusetts Senate]] (1842–1843), and represented [[Massachusetts's 10th congressional district]] in the [[33rd United States Congress|33rd U.S. Congress]] (1853–1855).<ref>{{cite web |date=October 4, 2019 |title=DICKINSON, Edward – Biographical Information |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220321145811/https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000319 |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2019 |website=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]}}</ref> On May 6, 1828, he married [[Emily Norcross Dickinson|Emily Norcross]] from [[Monson, Massachusetts]]. They had three children: [[William Austin Dickinson|William Austin]] (1829–1895), known as Austin, Aust or Awe; Emily Elizabeth; and [[Lavinia Norcross Dickinson|Lavinia Norcross]] (1833–1899), known as Lavinia or Vinnie.<ref>Wolff (1986), 36.</ref>

She was also a distant cousin to [[Baxter Dickinson]] and his family, including his grandson, the organist and composer [[Clarence Dickinson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Daniel and Tammy Dickinson Family Papers {{!}} Amherst College – ArchivesSpace |url=https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/327 |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=archivesspace.amherst.edu}}</ref>

On an extended visit to Monson when she was two, Dickinson's Aunt Lavinia described her as "perfectly well and contented—She is a very good child and but little trouble."<ref>Sewall (1974), 324.</ref> Dickinson's aunt also noted the girl's affinity for music and her particular talent for the piano, which she called "the ''moosic''".<ref>Habegger (2001), 85.</ref>

Dickinson attended primary school in a two-story building on Pleasant Street.<ref name="Sew337" /> Her education was "ambitiously classical for a Victorian girl".<ref>Farr (2005), 1.</ref> Wanting his children to be well-educated, her father followed their progress even while away on business. When Dickinson was seven, he wrote home, reminding his children to "keep school, and learn, so as to tell me, when I come home, how many new things you have learned".<ref>Sewall (1974), 335.</ref>

While Dickinson consistently described her father warmly, her correspondence suggests that her mother was regularly cold and aloof. In a letter to a confidante, Dickinson wrote she "always ran Home to Awe [Austin] when a child, if anything befell me. She was an awful Mother, but I liked her better than none."<ref>Wolff (1986), 45.</ref>

On September 7, 1840, Dickinson and her sister Lavinia started together at Amherst Academy, a former boys' school that had opened to female students just two years earlier.<ref name="Sew337">Sewall (1974), 337.</ref> At about the same time, her father purchased a house on North Pleasant Street.<ref name="Hab129">Habegger (2001), 129.</ref> Dickinson's brother Austin later described this large new home as the "mansion" over which he and Dickinson presided as "lord and lady" while their parents were absent.<ref>Sewall (1974) 322.</ref> The house overlooked Amherst's burial ground, described by one local minister as treeless and "forbidding".<ref name="Hab129" />

=== Teenage years ===
{{quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=35%|fontsize = 80% |quote=
<poem>
They shut me up in Prose&nbsp;–
As when a little Girl
They put me in the Closet&nbsp;–
Because they liked me "still"&nbsp;–

Still! Could themself have peeped&nbsp;–
And seen my Brain&nbsp;– go round&nbsp;–
They might as wise have lodged a Bird
For Treason&nbsp;– in the Pound&nbsp;–
</poem>|salign = right|source= <small>Emily Dickinson, c. 1862<ref>Johnson (1960), 302.</ref></small>}}

Dickinson spent seven years at the academy, taking classes in English and classical literature, [[Latin]], botany, geology, history, "mental philosophy," and [[arithmetic]].<ref>Habegger (2001). 142.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Seo-Young Jennie |date=2006 |title=Dickinson and Mathematics |journal=The Emily Dickinson Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=35–55 |doi=10.1353/edj.2006.0017 |s2cid=122127912 |issn=1096-858X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Daniel Taggart Fiske, the school's principal at the time, later recalled that Dickinson was "very bright" and "an excellent scholar, of exemplary deportment, faithful in all school duties".<ref>Sewall (1974), 342.</ref> Although she took a few terms off due to illness—the longest of which was in 1845–1846, when she was enrolled for only eleven weeks<ref>Habegger (2001), 148.</ref>—she enjoyed her strenuous studies, writing to a friend that the academy was "a very fine school".<ref name="wolff77" />

Dickinson was troubled from a young age by the "deepening menace" of death, especially the deaths of those who were close to her. When Sophia Holland, her second cousin and a close friend, grew ill from [[typhus]] and died in April 1844, Dickinson was traumatized.<ref name="Ford18" /> Recalling the incident two years later, she wrote that "it seemed to me I should die too if I could not be permitted to watch over her or even look at her face."<ref>Habegger (2001), 172.</ref> She became so melancholic that her parents sent her to stay with family in [[Boston]] to recover.<ref name="wolff77">Wolff (1986), 77.</ref> With her health and spirits restored, she soon returned to Amherst Academy to continue her studies.<ref>Ford (1966), 55.</ref> During this period, she met people who were to become lifelong friends and correspondents, such as Abiah Root, Abby Wood, Jane Humphrey, and [[Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson|Susan Huntington Gilbert]], who later married Dickinson's brother Austin.

In 1845, a [[Second Great Awakening|religious revival]] took place in Amherst, resulting in 46 confessions of faith among Dickinson's peers.<ref name="ford47to48">Ford (1966), 47–48.</ref> Dickinson wrote to a friend the following year: "I never enjoyed such perfect peace and happiness as the short time in which I felt I had found my Savior."<ref name="Habegger168">Habegger (2001), 168.</ref> She went on to say it was her "greatest pleasure to commune alone with the great God & to feel that he would listen to my prayers."<ref name="Habegger168" /> The experience did not last: Dickinson never made a formal declaration of faith, and attended services regularly for only a few years.<ref>Ford (1966), 37.</ref> After her church-going ended, about 1852, she wrote a poem opening: "Some keep the Sabbath going to Church&nbsp;– I keep it, staying at Home".<ref>Johnson (1960), 153.</ref>

During the last year of her stay at the academy, Dickinson became friendly with Leonard Humphrey, its popular new young principal. After finishing her final term at the Academy on August 10, 1847, Dickinson began attending [[Mary Lyon]]'s [[Mount Holyoke College|Mount Holyoke Female Seminary]], which later became [[Mount Holyoke College]], in [[South Hadley, Massachusetts|South Hadley]], about {{convert|10|mi|km|spell=in}} from Amherst.<ref>Ford (1966), 46.</ref> She stayed at the seminary for only ten months. Although she liked the girls at Mount Holyoke, Dickinson made no lasting friendships there.<ref>Sewall (1974), 368.</ref> The explanations for her brief stay at Mount Holyoke differ considerably: either she was in poor health, her father wanted to have her at home, she rebelled against the evangelical fervor present at the school, she disliked the discipline-minded teachers, or she was simply homesick.<ref>Sewall (1974), 358.</ref> Whatever the reasons for leaving Mount Holyoke, her brother Austin appeared on March 25, 1848, to "bring [her] home at all events".<ref>Habegger (2001), 211.</ref> Back in Amherst, Dickinson occupied her time with household activities.<ref name="Pic19">Pickard (1967), 19.</ref> She took up baking for the family and enjoyed attending local events and activities in the budding college town.<ref>Habegger (2001), 213.</ref>

=== Early influences and writing ===
When she was eighteen, Dickinson's family befriended a young attorney, Benjamin Franklin Newton. According to a letter written by Dickinson after Newton's death, he had been "with my Father two years, before going to Worcester&nbsp;– in pursuing his studies, and was much in our family".<ref>Habegger (2001), 216.</ref> Although their relationship was probably not romantic, Newton was a formative influence and became the second in a series of older men, after Humphrey, that Dickinson referred to, variously as her tutor, preceptor, or master.<ref>Sewall (1974), 401.</ref>

Newton likely introduced her to the writings of [[William Wordsworth]], and his gift to her of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]'s first book of collected poems had a liberating effect. She wrote later that he, "whose name my Father's Law Student taught me, has touched the secret Spring".<ref name="Hab221">Habegger (2001), 221.</ref> Newton held her in high regard, believing in and recognizing her as a poet. When he was dying of [[tuberculosis]], he wrote to her, saying he would like to live until she achieved the greatness he foresaw.<ref name="Hab221" /> Biographers believe that Dickinson's statement of 1862—"When a little Girl, I had a friend, who taught me Immortality&nbsp;– but venturing too near, himself&nbsp;– he never returned"—refers to Newton.<ref>Habegger (2001), 218.</ref>

Dickinson was familiar with the [[Bible]] and contemporary popular literature.<ref>Knapp (1989), 59.</ref> She was probably influenced by [[Lydia Maria Child]]'s ''Letters from New York'', another gift from Newton.<ref name="Ford18" /> After reading it, she gushed "This then is a book! And there are more of them!".<ref name="Ford18">Ford (1966), 18.</ref> Her brother smuggled a copy of [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s ''[[Kavanagh (novel)|Kavanagh]]'' into the house for her, because her father might disapprove.<ref>Sewall (1974), 683.</ref> and a friend lent her [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' in late 1849.<ref name="Hab226">Habegger (2001), 226.</ref> ''Jane Eyre''{{'}}s influence cannot be measured, but when Dickinson acquired her first and only dog, a [[Newfoundland (dog)|Newfoundland]], she named him "Carlo" after the character St. John Rivers' dog.<ref name="Hab226" /> [[William Shakespeare]] was also a potent influence in her life. Referring to his plays, she wrote to one friend, "Why clasp any hand but this?" and to another, "Why is any other book needed?"<ref>Sewall (1974), 700–701.</ref>

=== Adulthood and seclusion ===
In early 1850, Dickinson wrote, "Amherst is alive with fun this winter ... Oh, a very great town this is!".<ref name="Pic19" /> Her high spirits soon turned to melancholy after another death. The Amherst Academy principal, Leonard Humphrey, died suddenly of "brain congestion" at age 25.<ref>Sewall (1974), 340.</ref> Two years after his death, she revealed to her friend Abiah Root the extent of her sadness:<blockquote>...&nbsp;some of my friends are gone, and some of my friends are sleeping&nbsp;– sleeping the churchyard sleep&nbsp;– the hour of evening is sad&nbsp;– it was once my study hour&nbsp;– my master has gone to rest, and the open leaf of the book, and the scholar at school ''alone'', make the tears come, and I cannot brush them away; I would not if I could, for they are the only tribute I can pay the departed Humphrey.<ref>Sewall (1974), 341.</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Emily Dickinson Homestead, Amherst, Massachusetts (from left).JPG|thumb|The Evergreens, built by Edward Dickinson, was the home of Austin and Susan's family.]]

In the 1850s, Dickinson's strongest and most affectionate relationship was with her sister-in-law, [[Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson|Susan Gilbert]], who married Dickinson's brother Austin in 1856 after a four-year courtship, though their marriage was not a happy one. Edward Dickinson built a house for Austin which Gilbert named [[Emily Dickinson Museum#The Evergreens|the Evergreens]], a stand of which was located on the west side of the Homestead.<ref>Habegger (2001), 338.</ref>

Dickinson eventually sent Susan Gilbert over three hundred letters, more than to any other correspondent, over the course of their relationship. Susan was supportive of the poet, playing the role of "most beloved friend, influence, muse, and adviser" whose editorial suggestions Dickinson sometimes followed.<ref>Martin (2002), 53.</ref> In an 1882 letter to Susan, Dickinson said, "With the exception of Shakespeare, you have told me of more knowledge than any one living."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Novy |first1=Marianne |title=Women's Re-visions of Shakespeare: On the Responses of Dickinson, Woolf, Rich, H.D., George Eliot, and Others |date=1990 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |page=117}}</ref>

The importance of Dickinson's relationship with Susan Gilbert has been widely overlooked due to a point of view first promoted by Mabel Loomis Todd, who was involved for many years in a relationship with Austin Dickinson and who diminished Gilbert's role in Dickinson's life due to her own poor relationship with Gilbert, her lover's wife.<ref>Pickard (1967), 21.</ref> 

In 1998, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported on a study in which infrared technology revealed that certain poems of Dickinson's had been deliberately censored to exclude the name "Susan".<ref name=":0" /> Dickinson's dedications of 11 poems to Susan Gilbert were deliberately censored, presumably by Todd, Gilbert's romantic rival.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lithub.com/how-much-editing-was-done-to-emily-dickinsons-poems-after-she-died/ |title=How much editing was done to Emily Dickinson's poems after she died? |last=Dobrow |first=Julie |date=November 8, 2018 |website=Lit Hub |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825005551/https://lithub.com/how-much-editing-was-done-to-emily-dickinsons-poems-after-she-died/ |archive-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref>

The notion of a "cruel" Susan &ndash; as promoted  by Todd &ndash; has been questioned, most especially by Dickinson's nieces and nephews (Susan and Austin's surviving children), with whom Dickinson was close.<ref>Longenbach, James. (June 16, 2010.) "[http://www.thenation.com/article/ardor-and-abyss?page=full Ardor and the Abyss]". ''The Nation''. Retrieved June 29, 2010.</ref> Many scholars interpret the relationship between Emily and Susan as a [[Homoromantic|romantic]] one. In ''[[The Emily Dickinson Journal]]'' Lena Koski wrote, "Dickinson's letters to Gilbert express strong [[Homoeroticism|homoerotic]] feelings."<ref name=":2">Koski, Lena. “Sexual Metaphors in Emily Dickinson's Letters to Susan Gilbert.”The Emily Dickinson Journal 5.2 (1996): 26–31.</ref> She quotes from many of their letters, including one from 1852 in which Dickinson proclaims, <blockquote>Susie, will you indeed come home next Saturday, and be my own again, and kiss me as you used to? (...) I hope for you so much and feel so eager for you, feel that I cannot wait, feel that now I must have you—that the expectation once more to see your face again, makes me feel hot and feverish, and my heart beats so fast ( ... ) my darling, so near I seem to you, that I disdain this pen, and wait for a warmer language.{{Sfn|Hart|Smith|1998|pp=35–37}}</blockquote>

The relationship between Emily and Susan is portrayed in the film ''[[Wild Nights with Emily]]'' and explored in the TV series ''[[Dickinson (TV series)|Dickinson]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/movies/wild-nights-with-emily-review.html |title='Wild Nights With Emily' review: Emily Dickinson as romantic comedy heroine |last=Bugbee |first=Teo |date=April 11, 2019 |website=The New York Times |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412131130/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/movies/wild-nights-with-emily-review.html |archive-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/12/dickinson-apple-tv-season-3/621127/ |title=The surreal TV show that rewrote Emily Dickinson's story |last=Li |first=Shirley |date=December 24, 2021 |website=The Atlantic |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104010505/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/12/dickinson-apple-tv-season-3/621127/ |archive-date=January 4, 2022}}</ref>

Until 1855, Dickinson had not strayed far from Amherst. That spring, accompanied by her mother and sister, she took one of her longest and farthest trips away from home.<ref>Sewall (1974), 444.</ref> First, they spent three weeks in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], where her father was representing [[Massachusetts's 10th congressional district|Massachusetts]] in [[United States Congress|Congress]], then travelled to [[Philadelphia]] for two weeks to visit family. While in Philadelphia, she met Charles Wadsworth, a famous minister of the Arch Street Presbyterian Church, with whom she forged a strong friendship that lasted until he died in 1882.<ref>Sewall (1974), 447.</ref> Despite seeing him only twice after 1855 (he moved to [[San Francisco]] in 1862), she variously referred to him as "my Philadelphia", "my Clergyman", "my dearest earthly friend" and "my Shepherd from 'Little Girl'hood".<ref>Habegger (2001), 330.</ref>

[[File:Dickinson and Turner 1859 (cleaned).jpg|thumb|In 2012, the Amherst College Archives and Special Collections unveiled this daguerreotype, proposing it to be Dickinson (left) and her friend [[Kate Scott Turner]], {{circa|1859}}. It has not been authenticated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2022 |title=A New Dickinson Daguerreotype? |url=https://www.amherst.edu/library/archives/holdings/edickinson/new_daguerreotype |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211071802/https://www.amherst.edu/library/archives/holdings/edickinson/new_daguerreotype |archive-date=December 11, 2012 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |website=[[Amherst College]]}}</ref>]]

From the mid-1850s, Dickinson's mother became effectively bedridden with chronic illnesses until she died in 1882.<ref>Walsh (1971), 87.</ref> Writing to a friend in the summer of 1858, Dickinson said she would visit if she could leave "home, or mother. I do not go out at all, lest father will come and miss me, or miss some little act, which I might forget, should I run away&nbsp;– Mother is much as usual. I Know not what to hope of her".<ref name="Hab342">Habegger (2001). 342.</ref> As her mother continued to decline, Dickinson's domestic responsibilities weighed more heavily upon her and she confined herself within the Homestead. Forty years later, Lavinia said that because their mother was chronically ill, one of the daughters had to remain always with her.<ref name="Hab342" /> Dickinson took this role as her own, and "finding the life with her books and nature so congenial, continued to live it".<ref name="Hab342" />

Withdrawing more and more from the outside world, Dickinson began in the summer of 1858 what would be her lasting legacy. Reviewing poems she had written previously, she began making clean copies of her work, assembling carefully pieced-together manuscript books.<ref name="Hab353">Habegger (2001), 353.</ref> The forty [[wikt:fascicle|fascicles]] she created from 1858 to 1865 eventually held nearly eight hundred poems.<ref name="Hab353" /> No one was aware of the existence of these books until after her death.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/05/emily-dickinsons-singular-scrap-poetry |title=Emily Dickinson's sigular scrap poetry |last=Chiasson |first=Dan |date=December 5, 2016 |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201100346/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/05/emily-dickinsons-singular-scrap-poetry |archive-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref>

In the late 1850s, the Dickinsons befriended [[Samuel Bowles (journalist)|Samuel Bowles]], the owner and editor-in-chief of the ''[[Springfield Republican]]'', and his wife Mary.<ref>Sewall (1974), 463.</ref> They visited the Dickinsons regularly for years to come. During this time, Dickinson sent him over three dozen letters and nearly fifty poems.<ref>Sewall (1974), 473.</ref> Their friendship brought out some of her most intense writing and Bowles published a few of her poems in his journal.<ref>Habegger (2001), 376; McNeil (1986), 33.</ref> It was from 1858 to 1861 that Dickinson is believed to have written a trio of letters that have been called "The Master Letters". These three letters, drafted to an unknown man simply referred to as "Master", continue to be the subject of speculation and contention amongst scholars.<ref>Franklin (1998), 5</ref>      
{{quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=35%|fontsize = 80% |quote=
<poem>
"Hope" is the thing with feathers –
That perches in the soul –
And sings the tune without the words –
And never stops – at all –
 
And sweetest – in the Gale – is heard –
And sore must be the storm –
That could abash the little Bird
That kept so many warm –

I've heard it in the chillest land –
And on the strangest Sea –
Yet – never – in Extremity,
It asked a crumb – of me.

</poem>|salign = right|source= <small>Emily Dickinson, c. 1861{{sfn|Miller|2016|p=150}} </small>}}

Dickinson also became friends with ''[[The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)|Springfield Republican]]'' Assistant Editor [[Josiah Gilbert Holland|J. G. Holland]] and his wife and frequently corresponded with them.<ref>Dickinson, Emily, et al. Letters to Dr. and Mrs. Josiah Gilbert Holland. United States, Harvard University Press, 1951.</ref> She was a guest at their Springfield home on numerous occasions. Dickinson sent more than ninety letters to the Hollands between 1853 and 1886 in which she shares "the details of life that one would impart to a close family member: the status of the garden, the health and activities of members of the household, references to recently-read books."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Holland (1823–1896), friend |website= Emily Dickinson Museum |url=https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/elizabeth-holland-1823-1896-friend/ |access-date=January 10, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Dickinson was a poet "influenced by [[transcendentalism]] and [[Dark Romanticism|dark romanticism]]," and her work bridged "the gap to [[Literary realism|Realism]]."<ref>Ferguson, Margaret. The Norton Anthology of Poetry. United Kingdom, W. W. Norton, 2018.</ref> Of the ten poems published in her lifetime, the [[The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)|''Springfield Republican'']] published five (all unsigned), with [[Samuel Bowles (journalist)|Sam Bowles]] and [[Josiah Gilbert Holland|Josiah Holland]] as editors, between 1852 and 1866.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The Republican Editorials |date=October 26, 2013 |title=Editorial: Emily Dickinson's poems found a home on pages of Springfield newspaper |url=https://www.masslive.com/opinion/2013/10/editorial_emily_dickinsons_poe.html |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=masslive |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107035327/https://www.masslive.com/opinion/2013/10/editorial_emily_dickinsons_poe.html  |archive-date=January 7, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications in Dickinson's Lifetime |website= Emily Dickinson Museum |url=https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/emily-dickinson/poetry/the-poet-at-work/publications-in-dickinsons-lifetime/ |access-date=January 7, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Some scholars believe that Bowles promoted her the most; Dickinson wrote letters and sent her poems to both men.<ref name="poetryfoundation"/> Later, as editor of ''[[Scribner's Monthly]]'' beginning in 1870, Holland told Dickinson's childhood friend Emily Fowler Ford that he had "some poems of [<nowiki/>Dickinson's] under consideration for publication [in ''Scribner's Monthly'']—but they really are not suitable—they are too ethereal."<ref>Leyda, Jay, ed. The Years and Hours of Emily Dickinson. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1960. (2:193)</ref>

The first half of the 1860s, after she had largely withdrawn from social life,<ref>Ford (1966), 39.</ref> proved to be Dickinson's most productive writing period.<ref>Habegger (2001), 405.</ref> Modern scholars and researchers are divided as to the cause for Dickinson's withdrawal and extreme seclusion. While she was diagnosed as having "nervous prostration" by a physician during her lifetime,<ref>McDermott, John F. 2000. "[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/emily_dickinson_journal/v009/9.1mcdermott.html Emily Dickinson's 'Nervous Prostration' and Its Possible Relationship to Her Work]". ''The Emily Dickinson Journal''. '''9'''(1). pp. 71–86.</ref> some today believe she may have suffered from illnesses as various as [[agoraphobia]]<ref>Fuss, Diana. 1998. "[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/differences/v010/10.3fuss.html Interior Chambers: The Emily Dickinson Homestead]". ''A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies''. '''10'''(3). pp. 1–46</ref> and [[epilepsy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Lyndall |date=February 12, 2010 |title=A bomb in her bosom: Emily Dickinson's secret life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/13/emily-dickinson-lyndall-gordon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315150349/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/13/emily-dickinson-lyndall-gordon |archive-date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Julie Brown, writing in ''Writers on the Spectrum'' (2010), argues that Dickinson had [[Autism Spectrum Disorder|Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)]], but this is generally regarded as being more speculation than a retrospective diagnosis, and although the theory has been echoed on the internet especially, it has not been advanced by Dickinson scholars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Julie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxkQBQAAQBAJ |title=Writers on the Spectrum: How Autism and Asperger Syndrome Have Influenced Literary Writing |date=2010 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-84310-913-6 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Is "my Verse ... alive?" ===
In April 1862, [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]], a literary critic, radical [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]], and ex-minister, wrote a lead piece for ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' titled, "Letter to a Young Contributor". Higginson's essay, in which he urged aspiring writers to "charge your style with life", contained practical advice for those wishing to break into print.<ref>Johnson (1960), v.</ref> Dickinson's decision to contact Higginson suggests that by 1862 she was contemplating publication and that it may have become increasingly difficult to write poetry without an audience.<ref>Wolff (1986), 249–250.</ref> Seeking literary guidance that no one close to her could provide, Dickinson sent him a letter, which read in full:<ref>Sewall (1974), 541.</ref>

[[File:Thomas Wentworth Higginson.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] in uniform. He was colonel of the [[1st South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiment|First South Carolina Volunteers]] from 1862 to 1864.]]
{{Blockquote|Mr Higginson,<br />Are you too deeply occupied to say if my Verse is alive?<br /> The Mind is so near itself&nbsp;– it cannot see, distinctly&nbsp;– and I have none to ask&nbsp;–<br /> Should you think it breathed&nbsp;– and had you the leisure to tell me, I should feel quick gratitude&nbsp;–<br /> If I make the mistake&nbsp;– that you dared to tell me&nbsp;– would give me sincerer honor&nbsp;– toward you&nbsp;–<br /> I enclose my name&nbsp;– asking you, if you please&nbsp;– Sir&nbsp;– to tell me what is true?<br /> That you will not betray me&nbsp;– it is needless to ask&nbsp;– since Honor is {{sic|i|t's|hide=y|reason=this was standard English in the 1860s}} own pawn&nbsp;–}}

This highly nuanced and largely theatrical letter was unsigned, but she had included her name on a card and enclosed it in an envelope, along with four of her poems.<ref>Habegger (2001), 453.</ref> He praised her work but suggested that she delay publishing until she had written longer, being unaware she had already appeared in print. She assured him that publishing was as foreign to her "as Firmament to Fin", but also proposed that "If fame belonged to me, I could not escape her".<ref>Johnson (1960), vii.</ref> Dickinson delighted in dramatic self-characterization and mystery in her letters to Higginson.<ref>Habegger (2001), 455.</ref> 

She said of herself, "I am small, like the wren, and my hair is bold, like the chestnut bur, and my eyes like the sherry in the glass that the guest leaves."<ref>Blake (1964), 45.</ref> She stressed her solitary nature, saying her only real companions were the hills, the sundown, and her dog, Carlo. She mentioned that whereas her mother did not "care for Thought", her father bought her books, but begged her "not to read them&nbsp;– because he fears they joggle the Mind".<ref>Habegger (2001), 456.</ref>

Dickinson valued his advice, going from calling him "Mr. Higginson" to "Dear friend" as well as signing her letters, "Your Gnome" and "Your Scholar".<ref>Sewall (1974), 554–555.</ref> His interest in her work certainly provided great moral support. Many years later, Dickinson told Higginson that he had saved her life in 1862.<ref>Wolff (1986), 254.</ref> They corresponded until her death, but her difficulty in expressing her literary needs and a reluctance to enter into a cooperative exchange left Higginson nonplussed. He did not press her to publish in subsequent correspondence.<ref>Wolff (1986), 188.</ref> Dickinson's own ambivalence on the matter militated against the likelihood of publication.<ref>Wolff (1986), 188, 258.</ref> Literary critic [[Edmund Wilson]], in his review of Civil War literature, surmised that "with encouragement, she would certainly have published".<ref>Wilson (1986), 491.</ref>

=== The woman in white ===
In direct opposition to the immense productivity that she displayed in the early 1860s, Dickinson wrote fewer poems in 1866.<ref>Habegger (2001), 498; Murray (1996), 286–287; Murray (1999), 724–725.</ref> Beset with personal loss as well as loss of domestic help, Dickinson may have been too overcome to keep up her previous level of writing.<ref>Habegger (2001), 501; Murray (1996) 286–287; Murray (2010) 81–83.</ref> Carlo died during this time after having provided sixteen years of companionship. Dickinson never owned another dog. Although the household servant of nine years, Margaret O'Brien, had married and left the Homestead that same year, it was not until 1869 that the Dickinsons brought in another permanent household servant, [[Margaret Maher]], to replace their former maid-of-all-work.<ref>Habegger (2001), 502; Murray (1996) 287; Murray (1999) 724–725.</ref> Emily once again was responsible for the kitchen, including cooking and cleaning up, as well as the baking at which she excelled.<ref>86. Murray (1999), 723.</ref>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=35%|fontsize = 80% |quote=
<poem>
A solemn thing&nbsp;– it was&nbsp;– I said&nbsp;–
A Woman&nbsp;– White&nbsp;– to be&nbsp;–
And wear&nbsp;– if God should count me fit&nbsp;–
Her blameless mystery&nbsp;–
</poem>|salign = right|source= <small>Emily Dickinson, c. 1861<ref>Johnson (1960), 123–124.</ref></small>}}
Around this time, Dickinson's behavior began to change. She did not leave the Homestead unless it was absolutely necessary, and as early as 1867, she began to talk to visitors from the other side of a door rather than speaking to them face to face.<ref>Habegger (2001), 517.</ref> She acquired local notoriety; she was rarely seen, and when she was, she was usually clothed in white. Dickinson's one surviving article of clothing is a white cotton dress, possibly sewn circa 1878–1882.<ref name="Hab516">Habegger (2001), 516.</ref> 

Few of the locals who exchanged messages with Dickinson during her last fifteen years ever saw her in person.<ref>Habegger (2001), 540.</ref> Austin and his family began to protect Dickinson's privacy, deciding that she was not to be a subject of discussion with outsiders.<ref>Habegger (2001), 548.</ref>

Despite her physical seclusion, Dickinson was socially active and expressive through what makes up two-thirds of her surviving notes and letters. When visitors came to either the Homestead or the Evergreens, she would often leave or send over small gifts of poems or flowers.<ref>Habegger (2001), 541.</ref> Dickinson also had a good rapport with the children in her life. Mattie Dickinson, the second child of Austin and Susan, later said that "Aunt Emily stood for ''indulgence.''"<ref name="Hab547">Habegger (2001), 547.</ref> MacGregor (Mac) Jenkins, the son of family friends who later wrote a short article in 1891 called "A Child's Recollection of Emily Dickinson", thought of her as always offering support{{clarify|date=March 2019}} to the neighborhood children.<ref name="Hab547" />

When Higginson urged her to come to Boston in 1868 so they could formally meet for the first time, she declined, writing: "Could it please your convenience to come so far as Amherst I should be very glad, but I do not cross my Father's ground to any House or town".<ref>Habegger (2001), 521.</ref> It was not until he came to Amherst in 1870 that they met. Later he referred to her, in the most detailed and vivid physical account of her on record, as "a little plain woman with two smooth bands of reddish hair&nbsp;... in a very plain & exquisitely clean white piqué & a blue net worsted shawl."<ref>Habegger (2001), 523.</ref> He also felt that he never was "with any one who drained my nerve power so much. Without touching her, she drew from me. I am glad not to live near her."<ref>Habegger (2001), 524.</ref>

=== Posies and poesies ===
Scholar [[Judith Farr]] notes that Dickinson, during her lifetime, "was known more widely as a gardener, perhaps, than as a poet".<ref name="Farr3to6" /> Dickinson studied botany from the age of nine and, along with her sister, tended the garden at Homestead.<ref name="Farr3to6" /> During her lifetime, she assembled a collection of pressed plants in a sixty-six-page leather-bound [[herbarium]]. It contained 424 pressed flower specimens that she collected, classified, and labeled using the [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean]] system.<ref>Habegger (2001), 154.</ref> The Homestead garden was well known and admired locally in its time. It has not survived, but efforts to revive it have begun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/17/science/emily-dickinson-lost-gardens.html|title=The Lost Gardens of Emily Dickinson|date=May 17, 2016|website=The New York Times}}</ref> 

Dickinson kept no garden notebooks or plant lists, but a clear impression can be formed from the letters and recollections of friends and family. Her niece, Martha Dickinson Bianchi, remembered "carpets of [[Lily of the Valley|lily-of-the-valley]] and [[Pansy|pansies]], platoons of [[Sweet pea|sweetpeas]], [[Hyacinth (plant)|hyacinths]], enough in May to give all the bees of summer [[dyspepsia]]. There were ribbons of [[peony]] hedges and drifts of [[Narcissus (genus)|daffodils]] in season, [[Calendula|marigolds]] to distraction—a butterfly utopia".<ref name="Parker">Parker, G9.</ref> In particular, Dickinson cultivated scented exotic flowers, writing that she "could inhabit the [[Maluku Islands|Spice Isles]] merely by crossing the dining room to the conservatory, where the plants hang in baskets". Dickinson would often send her friends bunches of flowers with verses attached, but "they valued the posy more than the poetry".<ref name="Parker" />

=== Later life ===
On June 16, 1874, while in Boston, Edward Dickinson suffered a stroke and died. When the simple funeral was held in the Homestead's entrance hall, Dickinson stayed in her room with the door cracked open; she didn't attend the memorial service on June 28.<ref>Habegger (2001), 562.</ref> She wrote to Higginson that her father's "Heart was pure and terrible and I think no other like it exists."<ref>Habegger (2001), 566.</ref> A year later, on June 15, 1875, Dickinson's mother also suffered a stroke, which produced a partial lateral [[paralysis]] and impaired memory. Lamenting her mother's increasing physical as well as mental demands, Dickinson wrote that "Home is so far from Home".<ref>Habegger (2001), 569.</ref>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=35%|fontsize = 80% |quote=
<poem>
Though the great Waters sleep,
That they are still the Deep,
We cannot doubt&nbsp;–
No vacillating God
Ignited this Abode
To put it out&nbsp;–
</poem>|salign = right|source= <small>Emily Dickinson, c. 1884<ref>Johnson (1960), 661.</ref></small>}}
[[Otis Phillips Lord]], an elderly judge on the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] from [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], in 1872 or 1873 became an acquaintance of Dickinson's. After the death of Lord's wife in 1877, his friendship with Dickinson probably became a late-life romance, though as their letters were destroyed, this is surmised.<ref>Habegger (2001:&nbsp;587); Sewall (1974), 642.</ref> Dickinson found a kindred soul in Lord, especially in terms of shared literary interests. The few letters that survived contain multiple quotations of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s work, including the plays ''[[Othello]]'', ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[King Lear]]''. In 1880 he gave her [[Mary Cowden Clarke]]'s ''Complete Concordance to Shakespeare'' (1877).<ref>Sewall (1974), 651.</ref> 

Dickinson wrote, "While others go to Church, I go to mine, for are you not my Church, and have we not a Hymn that no one knows but us?"<ref>Sewall (1974), 652.</ref> She referred to him as "My lovely Salem"<ref>Habegger (2001), 592; Sewall (1974), 653.</ref> and they wrote to each other religiously every Sunday. Dickinson looked forward to this day greatly; a surviving fragment of a letter written by her states that "Tuesday is a deeply depressed Day".<ref>Habegger (2001), 591.</ref>

After being critically ill for several years, Judge Lord died in March 1884. Dickinson referred to him as "our latest Lost".<ref>Habegger (2001), 597.</ref> Two years before this, on April 1, 1882, Dickinson's "Shepherd from 'Little Girl'hood", Charles Wadsworth, also had died after a long illness.

=== Decline and death ===
Although she continued to write in her last years, Dickinson stopped editing and organizing her poems. She also exacted a promise from her sister Lavinia to burn her papers.<ref>Habegger (2001), 604.</ref> Lavinia, who never married, remained at the Homestead until her own death in 1899.

[[File:EmilyDickinsonGrave-color.jpg|thumb|left|Emily Dickinson's tombstone in the family plot]]
The 1880s were a difficult time for the remaining Dickinsons. Irreconcilably alienated from his wife, Austin fell in love in 1882 with [[Mabel Loomis Todd]], an Amherst College faculty wife who had recently moved to the area. Todd never met Dickinson but was intrigued by her, referring to her as "a lady whom the people call the ''Myth''".<ref>Walsh (1971), 26.</ref> Austin distanced himself from his family as his affair continued and his wife became sick with grief.<ref>Habegger (2001), 612.</ref> Dickinson's mother died on November 14, 1882. Five weeks later, Dickinson wrote, "We were never intimate&nbsp;... while she was our Mother&nbsp;– but Mines in the same Ground meet by tunneling and when she became our Child, the Affection came."<ref>Habegger (2001), 607.</ref> The next year, Austin and Susan's third and youngest child, Gilbert—Emily's favorite—died of [[typhoid fever]].<ref>Habegger (2001), 615.</ref>

As death succeeded death, Dickinson found her world upended. In the fall of 1884, she wrote, "The Dyings have been too deep for me, and before I could raise my Heart from one, another has come."<ref>Habegger (2001), 623.</ref> That summer, she had seen "a great darkness coming" and fainted while baking in the kitchen. She remained unconscious late into the night and weeks of ill health followed. On November 30, 1885, her feebleness and other symptoms were so worrying that Austin canceled a trip to Boston.<ref>Habegger (2001), 625.</ref> She was confined to her bed for a few months, but managed to send a final burst of letters in the spring. What is thought to be her last letter was sent to her cousins, Louise and Frances Norcross, and simply read: "Little Cousins, Called Back. Emily".<ref>Wolff (1986), 534.</ref> On May 15, 1886, after several days of worsening symptoms, Dickinson died at the age of 55. Austin wrote in his diary that "the day was awful&nbsp;... she ceased to breathe that terrible breathing just before the [afternoon] whistle sounded for six."<ref name="Hab627">Habegger (2001), 627.</ref> Dickinson's chief physician gave the cause of death as [[Bright's disease]] and its duration as two and a half years.<ref>Habegger (2001), 622.</ref>

Lavinia and Austin asked Susan to wash Dickinson's body upon her death. Susan also wrote Dickinson's obituary for the ''Springfield Republican'', ending it with four lines from one of Dickinson's poems: "Morns like these, we parted; Noons like these, she rose; Fluttering first, then firmer, To her fair repose." Lavinia was perfectly satisfied that Susan should arrange everything, knowing it would be done lovingly.<ref>Smith (1998), 265.</ref> Dickinson was buried, laid in a white coffin with [[Heliotropium arborescens|vanilla-scented heliotrope]], a [[lady's slipper]] [[Orchidaceae|orchid]], and a "knot of blue field [[Viola (plant)|violets]]" placed about it.<ref name="Parker" /><ref name="Wolff 1986, 535">Wolff (1986), 535.</ref> The funeral service, held in the Homestead's library, was simple and short; Higginson, who had met her only twice, read "No Coward Soul Is Mine", a poem by [[Emily Brontë]] that had been a favorite of Dickinson's.<ref name="Hab627" /> At Dickinson's request, her "coffin [was] not driven but carried through fields of buttercups" for burial in the family plot at [[Amherst West Cemetery|West Cemetery]] on Triangle Street.<ref name="Farr3to6">Farr (2005), 3–6.</ref>

== Publication ==
Despite Dickinson's prolific writing, only ten poems and a letter were published during her lifetime. After her younger sister Lavinia discovered the collection of nearly 1,800 poems, Dickinson's first volume was published four years after her death. Until Thomas H. Johnson published Dickinson's ''Complete Poems'' in 1955,<ref>Ford (1966), 122</ref> Dickinson's poems were considerably edited and altered from their manuscript versions. Since 1890 Dickinson has remained continuously in print.

=== Contemporary ===
[[File:Emilyrepublican.jpg|thumb|"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers&nbsp;–," titled "The Sleeping", as it was published in the ''Springfield Republican'' in 1862.]]
A few of Dickinson's poems appeared in [[Samuel Bowles (journalist)|Samuel Bowles']] ''Springfield Republican'' between 1858 and 1868. They were published anonymously and heavily edited, with conventionalized punctuation and formal titles.<ref>McNeil (1986), 33.</ref> The first poem, "Nobody knows this little rose", may have been published without Dickinson's permission.<ref>Habegger (2001), 389.</ref> The ''Republican'' also published "A Narrow Fellow in the Grass" as "The Snake", "Safe in their Alabaster Chambers&nbsp;–" as "The Sleeping", and "Blazing in the Gold and quenching in Purple" as "Sunset".<ref name="For32" /><ref name="Wolff245">Wolff (1986), 245.</ref> The poem "[[I taste a liquor never brewed]]&nbsp;–" is an example of the edited versions; the last two lines in the first stanza were completely rewritten.<ref name="For32" />

:{|
| style="width:18em; vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap"|
'''Original wording'''<br />
I taste a liquor never brewed&nbsp;–<br />
From Tankards scooped in Pearl&nbsp;–<br />
''Not all the Frankfort Berries''<br />
''Yield such an Alcohol!''
|
'''''Republican'' version'''<br />
I taste a liquor never brewed&nbsp;–<br />
From Tankards scooped in Pearl&nbsp;–<br />
''Not Frankfort Berries yield the sense''<br />
''Such a delirious whirl!''
|
|}

In 1864, several poems were altered and published in ''Drum Beat'', to raise funds for medical care for Union soldiers in the [[American Civil War|war]].<ref>Habegger (2001), 402–403.</ref> Another appeared in April 1864 in the ''Brooklyn Daily Union''.<ref>Habegger (2001), 403.</ref>

In the 1870s, [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson|Higginson]] showed Dickinson's poems to [[Helen Hunt Jackson]], who had coincidentally been at the academy with Dickinson when they were girls.<ref name="Sewall581">Sewall (1974), 580–583.</ref> Jackson was deeply involved in the publishing world, and managed to convince Dickinson to publish her poem "[[Success is Counted Sweetest|Success is counted sweetest]]" anonymously in a volume called ''[[A Masque of Poets]]''.<ref name="Sewall581" /> The poem, however, was altered to agree with contemporary taste. It was the last poem published during Dickinson's lifetime.

=== Posthumous ===
After Dickinson's death, [[Lavinia Norcross Dickinson|Lavinia Dickinson]] kept her promise and burned most of the poet's correspondence. Significantly though, Dickinson had left no instructions about the 40 notebooks and loose sheets gathered in a locked chest.<ref name="Farr3">Farr (1996), 3.</ref> Lavinia recognized the poems' worth and became obsessed with seeing them published.<ref>Pickard (1967), xv.</ref> She turned first to her brother's wife and then to Mabel Loomis Todd, his lover, for assistance.<ref name="Wolff 1986, 535" /> A feud ensued, with the manuscripts divided between the Todd and Dickinson houses, preventing the complete publication of Dickinson's poetry for more than half a century.<ref>Wolff (1986), 6</ref>

[[File:Emily Dickinson Poems.jpg|thumb|The cover of the first edition of ''Poems'', published in 1890]]
The first volume of Dickinson's ''Poems,'' edited jointly by Mabel Loomis Todd and T. W. Higginson, appeared in November 1890.<ref name="Wol537">Wolff (1986), 537.</ref> Although Todd claimed that only essential changes were made, the poems were extensively edited to match punctuation and capitalization to late 19th-century standards, with occasional rewordings to reduce Dickinson's obliquity.<ref>McNeil (1986), 34; Blake (1964), 42.</ref> The first 115-poem volume was a critical and financial success, going through eleven printings in two years.<ref name="Wol537" /> ''Poems: Second Series'' followed in 1891, running to five editions by 1893; a third series appeared in 1896. One reviewer, in 1892, wrote: "The world will not rest satisfied till every scrap of her writings, letters as well as literature, has been published".<ref>Buckingham (1989), 194.</ref>

Nearly a dozen new editions of Dickinson's poetry, whether containing previously unpublished or newly edited poems, were published between 1914 and 1945.<ref>Grabher (1988), p.&nbsp;243</ref> [[Martha Dickinson Bianchi]], the daughter of Susan and Austin Dickinson, published collections of her aunt's poetry based on the manuscripts held by her family, whereas Mabel Loomis Todd's daughter, [[Millicent Todd Bingham]], published collections based on the manuscripts held by her mother. These competing editions of Dickinson's poetry, often differing in order and structure, ensured that the poet's work was in the public's eye.<ref>Mitchell (2009), p.&nbsp;75</ref>

The first scholarly publication came in 1955 with a completely new three-volume set edited by Thomas H. Johnson. Forming the basis of later Dickinson scholarship, Johnson's [[variorum]] brought all of Dickinson's known poems together for the first time.<ref>Grabher (1988), p.&nbsp;122</ref> Johnson's goal was to present the poems very nearly as Dickinson had left them in her manuscripts.<ref name="Martin">Martin (2002), 17.</ref> They were untitled, only numbered in an approximate chronological sequence, strewn with dashes and irregularly capitalized, and often extremely [[wikt:elliptical|elliptical]] in their language.<ref>McNeil (1986), 35.</ref> Three years later, Johnson edited and published, along with Theodora Ward, a complete collection of Dickinson's letters, also presented in three volumes.

In 1981, ''The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson'' was published. Using the physical evidence of the original papers, the poems were intended to be published in their original order for the first time. Editor Ralph W. Franklin relied on smudge marks, needle punctures and other clues to reassemble the poet's packets.<ref name="Martin" /> Since then, many critics have argued for thematic unity in these small collections, believing the ordering of the poems to be more than chronological or convenient.

Dickinson biographer Alfred Habegger wrote in ''My Wars Are Laid Away in Books: The Life of Emily Dickinson'' (2001) that "The consequences of the poet's failure to disseminate her work in a faithful and orderly manner are still very much with us".<ref>Habegger (2001), 628.</ref>

== Poetry ==
{{Main|List of Emily Dickinson poems}}

Dickinson's poems generally fall into three distinct periods, the works in each period having certain general characters in common.
* '''Pre-1861''': In the period before 1858, the poems are most often conventional and [[Sentimentalism (literature)|sentimental]] in nature.<ref>Ford (1966), 68.</ref> Thomas H. Johnson, who later published ''The Poems of Emily Dickinson'', was able to date only five of Dickinson's poems as written before 1858.<ref name="Pic20">Pickard (1967), 20.</ref> Two of these are mock valentines done in an ornate and humorous style, two others are conventional lyrics, one of which is about missing her brother Austin, and the fifth poem, which begins "I have a Bird in spring", conveys her grief over the feared loss of friendship and was sent to her friend Susan Gilbert.<ref name="Pic20" /> In 1858, Dickinson began to collect her poems in the small hand-sewn books she called fascicles.
* '''1861–1865''': This was her most creative period, and these poems represent her most vigorous and creative work. Her poetic production also increased dramatically during this period. Johnson estimated that she composed 35 poems in 1860, 86 poems in 1861, 366 in 1862, 141 in 1863, and 174 in 1864. It was during this period that Dickinson fully developed her themes concerning nature, life, and mortality.<ref name="Johnsonviii">Johnson (1960), viii.</ref>
* '''Post-1866''': Only a third of Dickinson's poems were written in the last twenty years of her life, when her poetic production slowed considerably. During this period, she no longer collected her poems in fascicles.<ref name="Johnsonviii" />

=== Structure and syntax ===
[[File:Emily Dickinson "Wild nights" manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|Dickinson's handwritten manuscript of her poem "[[Wild Nights&nbsp;– Wild Nights!]]"]]
The extensive use of [[dash]]es and unconventional [[capitalization]] in Dickinson's manuscripts, and the [[idiosyncratic]] vocabulary and imagery, combine to create a body of work that is "far more various in its styles and forms than is commonly supposed".<ref name="Mc2" /><ref name="Hecht153">Hecht (1996), 153–155.</ref> Dickinson avoids [[pentameter]], opting more generally for [[trimeter]], [[tetrameter]] and, less often, [[dimeter]]. Sometimes her use of these meters is regular, but oftentimes it is irregular. The regular form that she most often employs is the [[ballad stanza]], a traditional form that is divided into quatrains, using tetrameter for the first and third lines and trimeter for the second and fourth, while rhyming the second and fourth lines (ABCB). Though Dickinson often uses perfect rhymes for lines two and four, she also makes frequent use of [[half rhyme|slant rhyme]].<ref name="For63">Ford (1966), 63.</ref> In some of her poems, she varies the meter from the traditional ballad stanza by using trimeter for lines one, two and four; while using tetrameter for only line three.

Since many of her poems were written in traditional ballad stanzas with ABCB rhyme schemes, some of these poems can be sung to fit the melodies of popular folk songs and hymns that also use the [[common meter]], employing alternating lines of [[iambic tetrameter]] and [[iambic trimeter]].<ref>Wolff (1986), 186.</ref>

Dickinson scholar and poet [[Anthony Hecht]] finds resonances in Dickinson's poetry not only with hymns and song forms but also with [[psalms]] and [[riddle]]s, citing the following example: "Who is the East?&nbsp;/ The Yellow Man&nbsp;/ Who may be Purple if he can&nbsp;/ That carries in the Sun.&nbsp;/ Who is the West?&nbsp;/ The Purple Man&nbsp;/ Who may be Yellow if He can&nbsp;/ That lets Him out again."<ref name="Hecht153" />

Late 20th-century scholars are "deeply interested" in Dickinson's highly individual use of punctuation and lineation (line lengths and line breaks).<ref name="Farr3" /> Following the publication of one of the few poems that appeared in her lifetime—"A Narrow Fellow in the Grass", published as "The Snake" in ''The Republican''—Dickinson complained that the edited punctuation (an added comma and a full stop substitution for the original dash) altered the meaning of the entire poem.<ref name="For32" />

:{|
| style="width:20em; vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap"|
'''Original wording'''<br />
A narrow Fellow in the Grass<br />
Occasionally rides&nbsp;–<br />
You may have met Him&nbsp;– did you not<br />
His notice sudden is&nbsp;–
|
'''''Republican'' version'''<ref name="For32">Ford (1966), 32.</ref><br />
A narrow Fellow in the Grass<br />
Occasionally rides&nbsp;–<br />
You may have met Him&nbsp;– did you not,<br />
His notice sudden is.
|
|}

As Farr points out, "snakes instantly notice you"; Dickinson's version captures the "breathless immediacy" of the encounter; and ''The Republican''{{'}}s punctuation renders "her lines more commonplace".<ref name="Farr3" /> With the increasingly close focus on Dickinson's structures and syntax has come a growing appreciation that they are "aesthetically based".<ref name="Farr3" /> Although Johnson's landmark 1955 edition of poems was relatively unaltered from the original, later scholars critiqued it for deviating from the style and layout of Dickinson's manuscripts. Meaningful distinctions, these scholars assert, can be drawn from varying lengths and angles of dash, and differing arrangements of text on the page.<ref>Crumbley (1997), 14.</ref> Several volumes have attempted to render Dickinson's handwritten dashes using many typographic symbols of varying length and angle. R. W. Franklin's 1998 variorum edition of the poems provided alternate wordings to those chosen by Johnson, in a more limited editorial intervention. Franklin also used typeset dashes of varying length to approximate the manuscripts' dashes more closely.<ref name="Martin" />

=== Major themes ===
Dickinson left no formal statement of her aesthetic intentions and, because of the variety of her themes, her work does not fit conveniently into any genre. She has been regarded, alongside [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Emerson]] (whose poems Dickinson admired), as a [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalist]].<ref>Bloom (1998), 18.</ref> However, Farr disagrees with this analysis, saying that Dickinson's "relentlessly measuring mind&nbsp;... deflates the airy elevation of the Transcendental".<ref>Farr (1996), 13.</ref> Apart from the major themes discussed below, Dickinson's poetry frequently uses humor, puns, [[irony]] and [[satire]].<ref>Wolff (1986), 171.</ref>

'''Flowers and gardens''': Farr notes that Dickinson's "poems and letters almost wholly concern flowers" and that allusions to gardens often refer to an "imaginative realm&nbsp;... wherein flowers [are] often emblems for actions and emotions".<ref name="Farr1to7">Farr (2005), 1–7.</ref> She associates some flowers, like [[gentian]]s and [[anemone]]s, with youth and humility; others with prudence and insight.<ref name="Farr1to7" /> Her poems were often sent to friends with accompanying letters and [[nosegay]]s.<ref name="Farr1to7" /> Farr notes that one of Dickinson's earlier poems, written about 1859, appears to "conflate her poetry itself with the posies": "My nosegays are for Captives&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ Dim&nbsp;– long expectant eyes&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ Fingers denied the plucking,&nbsp;/ Patient till Paradise&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ To such, if they sh'd whisper&nbsp;/ Of morning and the moor&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ They bear no other errand,&nbsp;/ And I, no other prayer".<ref name="Farr1to7" />

'''The Master poems''': Dickinson left a large number of poems addressed to "Signor", "Sir" and "Master", who is characterized as Dickinson's "lover for all eternity".<ref name="Farr7">Farr (1996), 7–8.</ref> These confessional poems are often "searing in their self-inquiry" and "harrowing to the reader" and typically take their metaphors from texts and paintings of Dickinson's day.<ref name="Farr7" /> The Dickinson family themselves believed these poems were addressed to actual individuals; scholars frequently reject this view. Farr, for example, contends that the Master is an unattainable composite figure, "human, with specific characteristics, but godlike" and speculates that Master may be a "kind of Christian muse".<ref name="Farr7" />

'''Morbidity''': Dickinson's poems reflect her "early and lifelong fascination" with illness, dying and death.<ref name="Pollak62">Pollak (1996), 62–65.</ref> Perhaps surprisingly for a New England spinster, her poems allude to death by many methods: "crucifixion, drowning, hanging, suffocation, freezing, premature burial, shooting, stabbing and guillotinage".<ref name="Pollak62" /> She reserved her sharpest insights into the "death blow aimed by God" and the "funeral in the brain", often reinforced by images of thirst and starvation. Dickinson scholar {{Wikidata fallback link|Q112511189}}<!---[[Vivian Pollak]]--> considers these references an autobiographical reflection of Dickinson's "thirsting-starving persona", an outward expression of her needy self-image as small, thin and frail.<ref name="Pollak62" /> Dickinson's most psychologically complex poems explore the theme that the loss of hunger for life causes the death of self and place this at "the interface of murder and suicide".<ref name="Pollak62" /> Death and morbidity in Dickinson's poetry is also heavily connected to winter themes. Critic Edwin Folsom analyzes how "winter for Dickinson is the season that forces reality, that strips all hope of transcendence. It is a season of death and a metaphor for death".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Folsom|first=Edwin|date=1975|title='The Souls That Snow': Winter in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson.|journal=American Literature|volume=47|issue=3|pages=361–376|doi=10.2307/2925338|jstor=2925338}}</ref>

'''Gospel poems''': Throughout her life, Dickinson wrote poems reflecting a preoccupation with the teachings of Jesus Christ and, indeed, many are addressed to him.<ref name="Oberhaus105">Oberhaus (1996), 105–119</ref> She stresses the Gospels' contemporary pertinence and recreates them, often with "wit and American colloquial language".<ref name="Oberhaus105" /> Scholar Dorothy Oberhaus finds that the "salient feature uniting Christian poets&nbsp;... is their reverential attention to the life of Jesus Christ" and contends that Dickinson's deep structures place her in the "poetic tradition of Christian devotion" alongside [[Gerard Manley Hopkins|Hopkins]], [[T. S. Eliot|Eliot]] and [[W. H. Auden|Auden]].<ref name="Oberhaus105" /> In a Nativity poem, Dickinson combines lightness and wit to revisit an ancient theme: "The Savior must have been&nbsp;/ A docile Gentleman&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ To come so far so cold a Day&nbsp;/ For little Fellowmen&nbsp;/ The Road to Bethlehem&nbsp;/ Since He and I were Boys&nbsp;/ Was leveled, but for that twould be&nbsp;/ A rugged billion Miles&nbsp;–".<ref name="Oberhaus105" />

'''The Undiscovered Continent''': Academic {{Wikidata fallback link|Q112464389}}<!---[[Suzanne Juhasz]]--> considers that Dickinson saw the mind and spirit as tangible visitable places and that for much of her life she lived within them.<ref name="Juhasz132">Juhasz (1996), 130–140.</ref> Often, this intensely private place is referred to as the "undiscovered continent" and the "landscape of the spirit" and embellished with nature imagery. At other times, the imagery is darker and forbidding—castles or prisons, complete with corridors and rooms—to create a dwelling place of "oneself" where one resides with one's other selves.<ref name="Juhasz132" /> An example that brings together many of these ideas is: "Me from Myself&nbsp;– to banish&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ Had I Art&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ Impregnable my Fortress&nbsp;/ Unto All Heart&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ But since myself—assault Me&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ How have I peace&nbsp;/ Except by subjugating&nbsp;/ Consciousness.&nbsp;/ And since We're mutual Monarch&nbsp;/ How this be&nbsp;/ Except by Abdication&nbsp;–&nbsp;/ Me&nbsp;– of Me?".<ref name="Juhasz132" />

=== Reception ===
[[File:Emily Dickinson´s (1830-1886) manuscript of "A route of evanescence" (1880).jpg|thumb|left|Dickinson wrote and sent this poem ("A Route of Evanescence") to Thomas Higginson in 1880.]]
The surge of posthumous publication gave Dickinson's poetry its first public exposure. Backed by Higginson and with a favorable notice from [[William Dean Howells]], an editor of ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', the poetry received mixed reviews after it was first published in 1890. Higginson himself stated in his preface to the first edition of Dickinson's published work that the poetry's quality "is that of extraordinary grasp and insight",<ref>Blake (1964), 12.</ref> albeit "without the proper control and chastening" that the experience of publishing during her lifetime might have conferred.<ref>Wolff (1986), 175.</ref> His judgment that her opus was "incomplete and unsatisfactory" would be echoed in the essays of the [[New Criticism|New Critics]] in the 1930s.

[[Maurice Thompson]], who was literary editor of ''The Independent'' for twelve years, noted in 1891 that her poetry had "a strange mixture of rare individuality and originality".<ref>Blake (1964), 28.</ref> Some critics hailed Dickinson's effort but disapproved of her unusual non-traditional style. [[Andrew Lang]], a British writer, dismissed Dickinson's work, stating that "if poetry is to exist at all, it really must have form and grammar, and must rhyme when it professes to rhyme. The wisdom of the ages and the nature of man insist on so much".<ref>Blake (1964), 37.</ref> [[Thomas Bailey Aldrich]], a poet and novelist, equally dismissed Dickinson's poetic technique in ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' in January 1892: "It is plain that Miss Dickinson possessed an extremely unconventional and [[grotesque]] fancy. She was deeply tinged by the mysticism of [[William Blake|Blake]], and strongly influenced by the mannerism of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Emerson]]&nbsp;... But the incoherence and formlessness of her—versicles are fatal&nbsp;... an eccentric, dreamy, half-educated recluse in an out-of-the-way New England village (or anywhere else) cannot with impunity set at defiance the laws of gravitation and grammar".<ref>Blake (1964), 55.</ref>

Critical attention to Dickinson's poetry was meager from 1897 to the early 1920s.<ref>Blake (1964), vi.</ref> By the start of the 20th century, interest in her poetry became broader in scope and some critics began to consider Dickinson as essentially [[modernism|modern]]. Rather than seeing Dickinson's poetic styling as a result of a lack of knowledge or skill, modern critics believed the irregularities were consciously artistic.<ref>Wells (1929), 243–259.</ref> In a 1915 essay, [[Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant]] called the poet's inspiration "daring" and named her "one of the rarest flowers the sterner New England land ever bore".<ref>Blake (1964), 89.</ref> With the growing popularity of [[Modernist poetry in English|modernist poetry]] in the 1920s, Dickinson's failure to conform to 19th-century poetic form was no longer surprising nor distasteful to new generations of readers. Dickinson was suddenly referred to by various critics as a great woman poet, and a [[cult following]] began to form.<ref>Blake (1964), 202.</ref>

In the 1930s, a number of the New Critics—among them [[R. P. Blackmur]], [[Allen Tate]], [[Cleanth Brooks]] and [[Yvor Winters]]—appraised the significance of Dickinson's poetry. As critic Roland Hagenbüchle pointed out, their "affirmative and prohibitive tenets turned out to be of special relevance to Dickinson scholarship".<ref>Grabher (1998), 358–359.</ref> Blackmur, in an attempt to focus and clarify the major claims for and against the poet's greatness, wrote in a landmark 1937 critical essay: "...&nbsp;she was a private poet who wrote as indefatigably as some women cook or knit. Her gift for words and the cultural predicament of her time drove her to poetry instead of [[antimacassar]]s&nbsp;... She came&nbsp;... at the right time for one kind of poetry: the poetry of sophisticated, eccentric vision."<ref>Blake (1964), 223.</ref>

The [[Second-wave feminism|second wave]] of [[feminism]] created greater cultural sympathy for her as a female poet. In the first collection of critical essays on Dickinson from a feminist perspective, she is heralded as the greatest woman poet in the English language.<ref>Juhasz (1983), 1.</ref> Biographers and theorists of the past tended to separate Dickinson's roles as a woman and a poet. For example, George Whicher wrote in his 1952 book ''This Was a Poet: A Critical Biography of Emily Dickinson'', "Perhaps as a poet [Dickinson] could find the fulfillment she had missed as a woman." Feminist criticism, on the other hand, declares that there is a necessary and powerful conjunction between Dickinson being a woman and a poet.<ref>Juhasz (1983), 9.</ref> [[Adrienne Rich]] theorized in ''Vesuvius at Home: The Power of Emily Dickinson'' (1976) that Dickinson's identity as a woman poet brought her power: "[she] chose her seclusion, knowing she was exceptional and knowing what she needed&nbsp;... She carefully selected her society and controlled the disposal of her time&nbsp;... neither eccentric nor quaint; she was determined to survive, to use her powers, to practice necessary economics."<ref>Juhasz (1983), 10.</ref>

Some scholars question the poet's sexuality, theorizing that the numerous letters and poems that were dedicated to Susan Gilbert Dickinson indicate a lesbian romance, and speculating about how this may have influenced her poetry.<ref>Martin (2002), 58</ref> Critics such as John Cody, Lillian Faderman, Vivian R. Pollak, Paula Bennett, Judith Farr, Ellen Louise Hart, and [[Martha Nell Smith]] have argued that Susan was the central erotic relationship in Dickinson's life.<ref name=":1">Comment (2001), 167.</ref>

=== Legacy ===
In the early 20th century, Martha Dickinson Bianchi and [[Millicent Todd Bingham]] kept the achievement of Emily Dickinson alive. Bianchi promoted Dickinson's poetic achievement. Bianchi inherited The Evergreens as well as the copyright for her aunt's poetry from her parents, publishing works such as ''Emily Dickinson Face to Face'' and ''Letters of Emily Dickinson'', which stoked public curiosity about her aunt. Bianchi's books perpetrated legends about her aunt in the context of family tradition, personal recollection and correspondence. In contrast, Millicent Todd Bingham's took a more objective and realistic approach to the poet.<ref>Grabher (1998), p.&nbsp;31</ref>

Emily Dickinson is now considered a powerful and persistent figure in American culture.<ref>Martin (2002), 1.</ref> Although much of the early reception concentrated on Dickinson's eccentric and secluded nature, she has become widely acknowledged as an innovative, proto-modernist poet.<ref>Martin (2002), 2.</ref> As early as 1891, William Dean Howells wrote that "If nothing else had come out of our life but this strange poetry, we should feel that in the work of Emily Dickinson, America, or New England rather, had made a distinctive addition to the literature of the world, and could not be left out of any record of it."<ref>Blake (1964), 24.</ref> Critic [[Harold Bloom]] has placed her alongside [[Walt Whitman]], [[Wallace Stevens]], [[Robert Frost]], [[T. S. Eliot]], and [[Hart Crane]] as a major American poet,<ref name="Bloo9">Bloom (1999), 9</ref> and [[The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|in 1994]] listed her among the 26 central writers of Western civilization.<ref>Bloom (1994), 226</ref>

Dickinson is taught in [[American literature]] and [[Poetry of the United States|poetry]] classes in the United States from middle school to college. Her poetry is frequently anthologized and has been used as text for art songs by composers such as [[Aaron Copland]], [[Nick Peros]], [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]] and [[Michael Tilson Thomas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_author_texts.html?AuthorId=697 |title=Vocal music set to texts by Emily Dickinson |publisher=The LiederNet Archive |access-date=March 8, 2017 }}</ref> Several schools have been established in her name; for example, Emily Dickinson Elementary Schools exist in [[Bozeman, Montana]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bozeman.k12.mt.us/emilyd/aboutus.lhtml |title=Mission Statement|publisher=Emily Dickinson School website, Bozeman, Montana |access-date=January 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002033911/http://www.bozeman.k12.mt.us/emilyd/aboutus.lhtml|archive-date=October 2, 2007}}</ref> [[Redmond, Washington]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schools.lwsd.org/dickinson/webpages/realemily.htm |title=The Real Emily Dickinson |publisher=Emily Dickinson Elementary School website, Redmond, Washington |access-date=July 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220094624/http://schools.lwsd.org/dickinson/webpages/realemily.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2008 }}</ref> and New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/03/M075/default.htm|title=Find a School|website=Schools.nyc.gov|access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref> A few literary journals—including ''[[The Emily Dickinson Journal]]'', the official publication of the [[Emily Dickinson International Society]]—have been founded to examine her work.<ref name="journal">{{cite web |url=http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/emily_dickinson_journal/ |title=The Emily Dickinson Journal |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press website, Baltimore |access-date=December 18, 2007 |archive-date=October 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019142253/http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/emily_dickinson_journal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Emily Dickinson International Society was founded in 1988,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100065872|title=Emily Dickinson International Society|work=Open Yearbook: a service of the UIA|publisher=Union of International Associations|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> eight years after an Emily Dickinson Society was formed in Japan in 1980.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Domhnall|last2=Stuart|first2=Maria|title=The International Reception of Emily Dickinson|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ohpauju-7IC&dq=%22Emily+dickinson+international+society%22&pg=PA4|accessdate=December 24, 2013|series=Continuum Reception Studies|year=2009|publisher=Continuum|isbn=9780826497154|page=4|chapter=Introduction: Emily Dickinson abroad}}</ref> An 8-cent commemorative stamp in honor of Dickinson, designed by [[Bernie Fuchs|Bernard Fuchs]], was issued by the [[United States Postal Service]] on August 28, 1971, as the second stamp in the "American Poet" series.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01931 |title=Emily Dickinson commemorative stamps and ephemera |publisher=Harvard University Library |access-date=June 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712192306/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01931 |archive-date=July 12, 2010 }}</ref> Dickinson was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/emily-dickinson/|title=Dickinson, Emily|website=National Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> A one-woman play titled ''[[The Belle of Amherst]]'' appeared on Broadway in 1976, winning several awards; it was later adapted for television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/node/250 |title=Belle of Amherst |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124011951/http://emilydickinsonmuseum.org/node/250 |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |work=Emily Dickinson Museum |access-date=September 23, 2010}}</ref>

Dickinson's [[herbarium]], which is now held in the [[Houghton Library]] at [[Harvard University]], was published in 2006 as ''Emily Dickinson's Herbarium'' by [[Harvard University Press]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674023024 |title=Emily Dickinson's Herbarium |publisher=Harvard University Press |access-date=August 4, 2011}}</ref> The original work was compiled by Dickinson during her years at Amherst Academy, and consists of 424 pressed specimens of plants arranged on 66 pages of a bound album. A digital facsimile of the herbarium is available online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/4184689 |title=Dickinson, Emily, 1830–1886. Herbarium, circa 1839–1846. 1 volume (66 pages) in green cloth case; 37&nbsp;cm. MS Am 1118.11, Houghton Library |publisher=Harvard University Library |access-date=August 4, 2011}}</ref> The town of Amherst [[Jones Library]]'s Special Collections department has an Emily Dickinson Collection consisting of approximately seven thousand items, including original manuscript poems and letters, family correspondence, scholarly articles and books, newspaper clippings, theses, plays, photographs and contemporary artwork and prints.<ref name="jones">{{cite web|url=http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/dickinson/dickinson_print.html |title=Emily Dickinson Collection |publisher=Jones Library, Inc. website, Amherst, Massachusetts |access-date=December 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225194737/http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/dickinson/dickinson_print.html |archive-date=December 25, 2007 }}</ref> The Archives and Special Collections at [[Amherst College]] has substantial holdings of Dickinson's manuscripts and letters as well as a lock of Dickinson's hair and the original of the only positively identified image of the poet. In 1965, in recognition of Dickinson's growing stature as a poet, the Homestead was purchased by Amherst College. It opened to the public for tours, and also served as a faculty residence for many years. The [[Emily Dickinson Museum]] was created in 2003 when ownership of the Evergreens, which had been occupied by Dickinson family heirs until 1988, was transferred to the college.<ref name="museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/history.html |title=History of the Museum |publisher=Emily Dickinson Museum website, Amherst, Massachusetts |access-date=December 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023130715/http://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/history.html|archive-date=October 23, 2007}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:DickinsonHomestead oct2004.jpg|The Dickinson Homestead today, now the [[Emily Dickinson Museum]]
File:Emily Dickinson stamp 8c.jpg|Emily Dickinson commemorative stamp, 1971
</gallery>

== Modern influence and inspiration ==
{{Examplefarm|date=August 2025}}
[[File:DickinsonTheHague2.jpg|thumb|"Yesterday is History" as a wall poem in The Hague (2016)]]
Emily Dickinson's life and works have been the source of inspiration to artists, particularly to [[feminist]]-oriented artists, of a variety of mediums. A few notable examples are:
* The feminist artwork ''[[The Dinner Party]]'', by [[Judy Chicago]], first exhibited in 1979, features a place setting for Dickinson.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings|title=Brooklyn Museum: Place Settings|website=Brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/tour_and_home/ |title=Tour and Home |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |date=March 14, 1979 |access-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref>
* In [[William Styron]]'s 1979 novel ''[[Sophie's Choice (novel)|Sophie's Choice]]'', and later in [[Sophie's Choice (film)|the film of the same name]] directed by [[Alan J. Pakula]], the poems of Emily Dickinson hold an important place. The final line of the book, as well as in the movie, is borrowed from Emily's poem "Ample Make This Bed".
* [[Jane Campion]]'s film ''[[The Piano (film)|The Piano]]'' and its novelization (co-authored by [[Kate Pullinger]]) were inspired by the poetry of Emily Dickinson as well as the novels by the [[Brontë family|Brontë sisters]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davis Langdell|first=Cheri|title=Pain of Silence|journal=The Emily Dickinson Journal|year=1996|volume=5|issue=2|pages=197–201|doi=10.1353/edj.0.0145|s2cid=170194843|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/edj/summary/v005/5.2.langdell.html|access-date=August 21, 2013|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* A character who is a literary scholar at a fictional New England college in the comic [[campus novel]] by [[Pamela Hansford Johnson]] ''Night and Silence Who Is Here?''<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Books: Midsummer Night's Waking |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870301,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 26, 1963 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> is intent on proving that Emily Dickinson was a secret [[dipsomaniac]]. His obsession costs him his job.
* The 2012 book ''The Emily Dickinson Reader'' by [[Paul Legault]] is an English-to-English translation of her complete poems published by [[McSweeney's]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Alexandra |last=Socarides |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/for-emily-wherever-i-may-find-her-on-paul-legaults-emily-dickinson |title=For Emily, Wherever I May Find Her: On Paul Legault's Emily Dickinson|date=October 23, 2012 |access-date=January 14, 2019}}</ref>
* Dickinson's work has been set by numerous composers including [[Aaron Copland]],<ref>{{cite journal|jstor = 737679|title = Emily Dickinson and Music|journal = Music & Letters|volume = 75|issue = 2|pages = 241–245|last1 = Dickinson|first1 = Peter|year = 1994|doi = 10.1093/ml/75.2.241}}</ref> [[Samuel Barber]], [[Chester Biscardi]], [[Elliot Carter]], [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]], John Clement Adams,<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 31, 1991 |title=New life for some neglected works |pages=13 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108147268/new-life-for-some-neglected-works/ |access-date=October 19, 2022}}</ref> [[Libby Larsen]], [[Marjorie Rusche]], [[Peter Seabourne]], [[Michael Tilson Thomas]], and [[Judith Weir]].<ref>Cunningham, Valentine (October 19, 2002). [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/19/classicalmusicandopera.poetry "The Sound of Startled Grass."] ''[[The Guardian]]'' (TheGuardian.com). Retrieved July 15, 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Strickland |first=Georgiana |date=2019 |title=Emily Dickinson in Song: A Discography, 1925–2019 |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:28402/datastreams/CONTENT/content |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=hcommons.org}}</ref> Her composer cousin [[Clarence Dickinson]] set his first songs to six of her poems in 1898.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Clarence |date=June 9, 2008 |title=From the Dickinson Collection: Reminiscences by Clarence Dickinson, Part 1: 1873–1898 |url=https://www.thediapason.com/content/dickinson-collection-reminiscences-clarence-dickinson-part-1-1873-1898 |journal=[[The Diapason]]}}</ref>
* A public garden is named in her honor in Paris: [[:fr:Square Emily-Dickinson|'square Emily-Dickinson']], in the [[20th arrondissement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Square Emily Dickinson – Equipements|url=https://www.paris.fr/equipements/square-emily-dickinson-2709|website=www.paris.fr|access-date=January 16, 2019}}</ref>
* Jazz saxophonist [[Jane Ira Bloom]] released the 2017 double album ''[[Wild Lines: Improvising Emily Dickinson]]'' inspired by the poet's works.<ref name="AAJ">{{cite web |last1=Farbey |first1=Roger |title=Jane Ira Bloom: Wild Lines: Improvising Emily Dickinson album review @ All About Jazz |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/wild-lines-improvising-emily-dickinson-jane-ira-bloom-outline-review-by-roger-farbey.php |website=[[All About Jazz]] |access-date=July 27, 2020 |date=August 27, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Terence Davies]] directed and wrote ''[[A Quiet Passion]]'', a 2016 biographical film about the life of Dickinson. The film stars [[Cynthia Nixon]] as the reclusive poet. The film premiered at the [[66th Berlin International Film Festival]] in February 2016 and was released in the United Kingdom on April 7, 2017.
* ''[[Wild Nights with Emily]]'', a 2018 American romantic comedy film written and directed by [[Madeleine Olnek]]. The film is based on actual events from Dickinson's life.
* ''[[Dickinson (TV series)|Dickinson]]'' is a TV series starring [[Hailee Steinfeld]] as Emily Dickinson and premiered in 2019 on [[Apple TV+]]. The series focused on Dickinson's life.
* American singer-songwriter [[Taylor Swift]], who is a distant cousin of Dickinson,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chasan |first=Aliza |date=March 4, 2024 |title=Ancestry Reveals Taylor Swift Is Related to American Poet Emily Dickinson |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taylor-swift-emily-dickinson-distant-cousins/ |access-date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314013613/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taylor-swift-emily-dickinson-distant-cousins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> described a category of her lyrics and songwriting, affectionally titled "quill pen songs", that are in part inspired by the likes of Dickinson. She stated, "if my lyrics sound like a letter written by Emily Dickinson's great-grandmother while sewing a lace curtain, that's me writing in the Quill genre. I will give you an example from one of my songs ['[[Evermore (Taylor Swift album)|Ivy]]'] I'd categorize as Quill."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/country/taylor-swift-nashville-songwriter-awards-full-speech-1235142144/ |title=Taylor Swift Accepts Songwriter-Artist of the Decade Honor at Nashville Songwriter Awards: Read Her Full Speech |magazine=Billboard |last=Nicholson |first=Jessica |date=September 21, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2023}}</ref> The aforementioned song, "Ivy", was used in an episode of the Apple TV+ series, ''Dickinson'' (see above).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/taylor-swift-ivy-dickinson-apple-show-explained-1235065287/ |title='Dickinson' Boss on How That Taylor Swift Song Ended Up in Apple TV+ Series |work=The Hollywood Reporter |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref>

==Translation==
{{Examplefarm|date=October 2025}}
Emily Dickinson's poetry has been translated into languages including [[French language|French]], [[Spanish dialects and varieties|Spanish]], [[Mandarin Chinese]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]. A few examples of these translations are the following:
* ''The Queen of Bashful Violets'', a Kurdish translation by [[Madeh Piryonesi]] published in 2016.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Sienkiewicz |first=Alexandra |date=January 4, 2017 |title=Why a civil engineer is translating Emily Dickinson into Kurdish |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/programs/metromorning/kurdish-translator-emily-dickinson-1.3920710 |access-date=May 3, 2025 |website=CBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = MiddleEastEye: Student translates literature into Kurdish to celebrate native language | url =http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/student-translates-literature-kurdish-celebrate-native-language-1763195401|website=Middleeasteye.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Signature Reads: Inside an Engineering Student's Quest to Translate Emily Dickinson Into Kurdish | url = http://www.signature-reads.com/2017/02/inside-engineering-students-quest-translate-emily-dickinson-kurdish/|website=Signature-reads.com}}</ref>
*French translation by Charlotte Melançon which includes 40 poems.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Eurodit: Emily Dickinson, 40 poèmes by Charlotte Melançon | url = https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/liberte/1986-v28-n2-liberte1032514/31022ac/|journal=Liberté| year = 1986| volume = 28| issue = 2| pages = 21–50| last1 = Dickinson| first1 = Emily| last2 = Melançon| first2 = Charlotte}}</ref>
* Mandarin Chinese translation by Professor Jianxin Zhou<ref>Zhou, J. X.(2013). ''The poems of Emily Dickinson'' 1–300. Guangzhou, China: South China University of Technology Press.</ref>
*Swedish translation by [[Ann Jäderlund]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ann Jäderlund, trans. Emma Warg – Poetry & Translation |url=https://www.interimpoetics.org/35-1/ann-jaderlund-emma-warg|access-date=October 23, 2020|website=Interim Poetry & Poetics}}</ref>
* Persian translations: Three Persian translations of Emily Dickinson are available from Saeed Saeedpoor, Madeh Piryonesi and Okhovat.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web | title = The Taste of Forbidden Fruit under Publication |language=Persian | url = http://www.mehrnews.com/news/3817942|website=Mehrnews.com| date = November 11, 2016}}</ref>
* Turkish translation: ''Selected Poems'', translated by Selahattin Özpalabıyıklar in 2006, is available from {{ill|Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları|tr}} through its special [[Hasan Âli Yücel]] classics series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seçme Şiirler |url=https://www.iskultur.com.tr/secme-siirler-ingilizce-turkce-2.aspx |access-date=February 1, 2022 |publisher=Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları |date=July 5, 2006 |language=tr}}</ref>
* Translation to Polish: Wiersze, translation by Teresa Pelka, public domain, [https://archive.org/details/wiersze_emily_dickinson Internet Archive]
* Spanish translation: ''Emily Dickinson : Poemas'', a bilingual edition, translated by Margarita Ardanaz
* Slovak translation: ''Emily Dickinsonová: We Learned the Whole of Love / Učili sme sa celú lásku'', a bilingual edition, translated by Milan Richter; ''Emily Dickinsonová: I Died for Beauty / Pre krásu umrela som'', a bilingual edition, translated by Milan Richter

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Poetry}}
* [[List of Emily Dickinson poems]]
{{clear}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Editions of poetry and letters ===
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Miller |editor-first1=Cristanne |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Domhnall |date=2024 |title=The Letters of Emily Dickinson |location=Cambridge |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98297-0}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Cristanne |date=2016 |title=Emily Dickinson's Poems: As She Preserved Them |location=Cambridge |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-73796-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Franklin |editor-first=R. W. |date=1998 |title=The Poems of Emily Dickinson |location=Cambridge |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-67622-0}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Hart |editor-first1=Ellen Louise |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Martha Nell |date=1998 |title=Open me carefully: Emily Dickinson's intimate letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson |location= Middletown, CT |publisher=Paris Press |isbn=978-0-96381836-2}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Johnson |editor-first1=Thomas H. |editor-last2=Ward |editor-first2=Theodora |date=1958 |title=The Letters of Emily Dickinson |location=Cambridge |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=<!-- None. Pre-1970 ISO 2108 publication. -->}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Johnson |editor-first1=Thomas H. |date=1955 |title=The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown & Co. |type= three-volume set |isbn=<!-- None. Pre-1970 ISO 2108 publication. -->}}

=== Secondary sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
<!-- This list contains books and articles that are sources for the article. Please DO NOT add something here unless it's being used as a specific reference, and is cited in the "Notes" section above. -->
* Bianchi, Martha Dickinson. 1970. ''Emily Dickinson Face to Face: Unpublished Letters with Notes and Reminiscences''. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.
* Blake, Caesar R. (ed). 1964. ''The Recognition of Emily Dickinson: Selected Criticism Since 1890''. Ed. Caesar R. Blake. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* [[Harold Bloom|Bloom, Harold]]. 1999. ''Emily Dickinson''. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7910-5106-4}}.
* [[Harold Bloom|Bloom, Harold]]. 1994. ''[[The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages]]''. New York: Harcourt Brace.
* Buckingham, Willis J. (ed). 1989. ''Emily Dickinson's Reception in the 1890s: A Documentary History''. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. {{ISBN|0-8229-3604-6}}.
* Comment, Kristin M. 2001. "Dickinson's Bawdy: Shakespeare and Sexual Symbolism in Emily Dickinson's Writing to Susan Dickinson". ''Legacy''. '''18'''(2). pp.&nbsp;167–181.
* Crumbley, Paul. 1997. ''Inflections of the Pen: Dash and Voice in Emily Dickinson''. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. {{ISBN|0-8131-1988-X}}.
* D'Arienzo, Daria. 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611045446/http://www.amherst.edu/magazine/issues/06winter/emily/ "Looking at Emily"], ''Amherst Magazine''. Winter 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
* Farr, Judith (ed). 1996. ''Emily Dickinson: A Collection of Critical Essays''. Prentice Hall International Paperback Editions. {{ISBN|978-0-13-033524-1}}.
* Farr, Judith. 2005. ''The Gardens of Emily Dickinson''. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01829-7}}.
* Ford, Thomas W. 1966. ''Heaven Beguiles the Tired: Death in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson''. University of Alabama Press.
* Franklin, R. W. 1998. ''The Master Letters of Emily Dickinson''. [[University of Massachusetts Press]]. {{ISBN|1-55849-155-4}}.
* Gordon, Lyndall. 2010. ''Lives Like Loaded Guns: Emily Dickinson and Her Family's Feuds''. Viking. {{ISBN|978-0-670-02193-2}}.
* Grabher, Gudrun, Roland Hagenbüchle and Cristanne Miller. 1998. ''The Emily Dickinson Handbook''. Amherst: [[University of Massachusetts Press]].
* Habegger, Alfred. 2001. ''My Wars Are Laid Away in Books: The Life of Emily Dickinson''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-679-44986-7}}.
* [[Roland Hagenbüchle]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221225/http://www.hagenbuechle.ch/pdf/precision.pdf Precision and Indeterminacy in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson], Emerson Society Quarterly, 1974
* Hecht, Anthony. 1996. "The Riddles of Emily Dickinson" in Farr (1996) 149–162.
* Juhasz, Suzanne (ed). 1983. ''Feminist Critics Read Emily Dickinson''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-253-32170-0}}.
* Juhasz, Suzanne. 1996. "The Landscape of the Spirit" in Farr (1996) 130–140.
* Knapp, Bettina L. 1989. ''Emily Dickinson''. New York: Continuum Publishing.
* Martin, Wendy (ed). 2002. ''The Cambridge Companion to Emily Dickinson''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-00118-8}}.
* McNeil, Helen. 1986. ''Emily Dickinson''. London: Virago Press. {{ISBN|0-394-74766-6}}.
* Mitchell, Domhnall Mitchell and Maria Stuart. 2009. ''The International Reception of Emily Dickinson''. New York: Continuum. {{ISBN|0-8264-9715-2}}.
* Murray, Aífe. 2010. ''Maid as Muse: How Domestic Servants Changed Emily Dickinson's Life and Language''. University Press of New England. {{ISBN|978-1-58465-674-6}}.
* Murray, Aífe. 1996. "Kitchen Table Poetics: Maid Margaret Maher and Her Poet Emily Dickinson," ''The Emily Dickinson Journal''. '''5'''(2). pp.&nbsp;285–296.
* Paglia, Camille. 1990. ''Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson''. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-04396-9}}.
* Oberhaus, Dorothy Huff. 1996. "&nbsp;'Tender pioneer': Emily Dickinson's Poems on the Life of Christ" in Farr (1996) 105–119.
* Parker, Peter. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071129010827/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fgardening%2F2007%2F06%2F29%2Fgemily29.xml "New Feet Within My Garden Go: Emily Dickinson's Herbarium"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', June 29, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
* Pickard, John B. 1967. ''Emily Dickinson: An Introduction and Interpretation''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
* Pollak, Vivian R. 1996. "Thirst and Starvation in Emily Dickinson's Poetry" in Farr (1996) 62–75.
* [[Richard B. Sewall|Sewall, Richard B.]] 1974. ''The Life of Emily Dickinson''. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. {{ISBN|0-674-53080-2}}.
* [[Martha Nell Smith|Smith, Martha Nell]]. 1992. ''Rowing in Eden: Rereading Emily Dickinson''. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-77666-7}}.
* Stocks, Kenneth. 1988. ''Emily Dickinson and the Modern Consciousness: A Poet of Our Time''. New York: St. Martin's Press.
* Walsh, John Evangelist. 1971. ''The Hidden Life of Emily Dickinson''. New York: Simon and Schuster.
* Wells, Anna Mary. 1929. "Early Criticism of Emily Dickinson", ''American Literature'', Vol. 1, No. 3. (November 1929).
* Wilson, Edmund. 1962. ''Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. {{ISBN|0-393-31256-9}}.
* Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. 1986. ''Emily Dickinson''. New York. Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-394-54418-8}}.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=31995584}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Bledsoe |editor-first=Robin |date=1995 |orig-year=1980; Boston: New York Graphic Society |title=Acts of Light: Emily Dickinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTjdHAAACAAJ |others=Illustrated by [[Nancy Ekholm Burkert]]; Introduction by [[Jane Langton]] |location=Boston |publisher=Bullfinch Press; Little, Brown and Company |isbn=978-0-8212-2175-4}} {{Link note|note=Available [https://archive.org/details/actsoflight0000dick here] at [[Internet Archive]].}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=Cristanne |editor2-last=Mitchell |editor2-first=Domhnall |date= 2024 |title=The Letters of Emily Dickinson |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98297-0 |oclc=1393248736}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Sánchez-Eppler |editor-first1=Karen |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first2=Cristanne |title=The Oxford Handbook of Emily Dickinson |date=2022 |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198833932.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198833932 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-187227-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198833932.001.0001}}
* <!-- Alphabetized under "Sterling Memorial Library". -->Emily Dickinson Papers, 1844–1891 (three microfilm reels) are housed at the [[Sterling Memorial Library]] at [[Yale University]]. {{Oclc|145079275}}.
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Tammaro |editor1-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Coghill |editor2-first=Sheila |date=2001 |title=Visiting Emily: Poems Inspired by the Life and Works of Emily Dickinson |others=Illustrator: Barry Moser |location=Iowa City |publisher=University of Iowa Press |isbn=978-0-87745-734-3 |oclc=44467681}} 2001 [[Minnesota Book Awards]] winner.

==External links==
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{{sister project links|wikt=no|s=Author:Emily Dickinson|n=no|d=Q4441|b=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=996 | name=Emily Dickinson}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Emily Elizabeth Dickinson}}
* {{Librivox author |id=23}}
* [http://www.emilydickinson.org/ Dickinson Electronic Archives]
* [http://www.edickinson.org/ Emily Dickinson Archive]
* [http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/emily-dickinson Emily Dickinson poems and texts at the Academy of American Poets]
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/emily-dickinson Profile and poems of Emily Dickinson, including audio files], at the Poetry Foundation.
* [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/dickinson/dickinson.htm Emily Dickinson at Modern American Poetry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625053123/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/dickinson/dickinson.htm |date=June 25, 2010 }}
* [http://www.emilydickinsoninternationalsociety.org/ Emily Dickinson International Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130444/http://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/ Emily Dickinson Museum] The Homestead and the Evergreens, Amherst, Massachusetts
* [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/167 Emily Dickinson Collection] at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

{{Emily Dickinson}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dickinson, Emily}}
[[Category:Emily Dickinson| ]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
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[[Category:19th-century American poets]]
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[[Category:Calvinist and Reformed poets]]
[[Category:Christian poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from nephritis]]
[[Category:Dickinson family|Emily]]
[[Category:Mount Holyoke College alumni]]
[[Category:People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Women in the American Civil War]]
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[[Category:American LGBTQ poets]]