View source for Emma Lazarus

{{Short description|American poet (1849–1887)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Emma Lazarus
| embed            = 
| honorific_prefix = 
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = Emmalazarusengraving.jpg
| image_size       = 
| image_upright    = 
| alt              = Emma Lazarus, c. 1824
| caption          = Lazarus, {{Circa|1872}}
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| pseudonym        = 
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1849|7|22|mf=y}}
| birth_place      = [[New York City]], New York, U.S.
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1887|11|19|1849|7|22|mf=y}}
| death_place      = New York City
| resting_place    = [[Beth Olam Cemetery]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York City
| occupation       = Author, activist
| language         = English
| citizenship      = 
| education        = 
| alma_mater       = 
| period           = 
| genre            = Poetry, prose, translations, novels, plays
| subject          = [[Georgism]]
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = "[[The New Colossus]]"
| spouse           = 
| relations        = [[Josephine Lazarus]], [[Benjamin N. Cardozo]]
| children         = 
| years_active     = 
| module           = 
| website          = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} -->
| portaldisp       = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit -->
|awards            = [[National Women's Hall of Fame]]
| signature        = Emmalazarussignature.png
}}

'''Emma Lazarus''' (July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American author of [[poetry]], [[prose]], and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish and [[Georgism|Georgist]] causes. She is remembered for writing the [[sonnet]] "[[The New Colossus]]", which was inspired by the [[Statue of Liberty]], in 1883.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cavitch|first1=Max|title=Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/192961|website=American Literary History|access-date=January 12, 2018|pages=1–28|volume=18|issue=1|date=February 1, 2006}}</ref> Its lines appear inscribed on a [[bronze]] plaque, installed in 1903,{{sfn|Young|1997|p=3}} on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.{{sfn|Watts|2014|p=123}} Lazarus was involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire#1881–1884|antisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe]], and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.{{sfn|Khan|2010|pp=165–166}} The last lines of the sonnet were set to music by [[Irving Berlin]] as the song "Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor" for the 1949 musical ''[[Miss Liberty]]'', which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty (''Liberty Enlightening the World''). The latter part of the sonnet was also set by [[Lee Hoiby]] in his song "The Lady of the Harbor" written in 1985 as part of his song cycle "Three Women".

Lazarus was also the author of ''Poems and Translations'' (New York, 1867); ''Admetus, and other Poems'' (1871); ''Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life'' (Philadelphia, 1874); ''Poems and Ballads of Heine'' (New York, 1881); ''Poems, 2 Vols.''; ''Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic''; as well as ''Jewish Poems and Translations''.{{sfn|Sladen|Roberts|1891|p=434}}

==Early years and education==
Emma Lazarus was born in [[New York City]], July 22, 1849,{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1907|p=39}} into a large Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy merchant{{sfn|D. Appleton & Company|1887|p=414}} and sugar refiner,{{sfn|Goodwin|2015|p=370}} and Esther Nathan (of a long-established German-Jewish New York family).{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=650}} One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/loc/Lazarus.html|title=Four Founders: Emma Lazarus|encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> the rest of her Lazarus ancestors were originally from [[Portugal]] and they were among the [[Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam|original twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdam]] after they fled [[Recife]], Brazil, in an attempt to flee from the [[Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Appel|first1=Phyllis|title=The Jewish Connection|date=January 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8PSCwAAQBAJ&q=Emma+Lazarus+Recife|publisher=Graystone Enterprises LLC|isbn=9781301060931|access-date=January 7, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Goodwin|2015|p=370}} Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side, [[Grace Seixas Nathan]] (born in [[Stratford, Connecticut]], in 1752) was also a poet.{{sfn|Schor|2008|p=1}} Lazarus was related through her mother to [[Benjamin N. Cardozo]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]. Her siblings included sisters [[Josephine Lazarus|Josephine]], Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank.{{sfn|Wheeler|1889|p=176}}{{sfn|Schor|2017|pp=8, 226}}<ref name="Weinrib">{{cite web|last1=Weinrib|first1=Henry|title=Emma Lazarus|url=http://www.jewishmag.com/93mag/emmalazarus/emmalazarus.htm|website=www.jewishmag.com|publisher=Jewish Magazine|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref>

Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, including [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], and [[Italian language|Italian]].{{sfn|Walker|1992|p=332}} She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when she was eleven years old.{{sfn|Lazarus|Eiselein|2002|p=15}}

==Career==
===Writer===
[[File:Poems and ballads of Heinrich Heine.png|thumb|''Poems and ballads of Heinrich Heine'']]
The first stimulus for Lazarus's writing was offered by the [[American Civil War]]. A collection of her ''Poems and Translations'', verses written between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, appeared in 1867 (New York), and was commended by [[William Cullen Bryant]].{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=650}} It included translations from [[Friedrich Schiller]], [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Alexandre Dumas]], and [[Victor Hugo]].{{sfn|D. Appleton & Company|1887|p=414}}{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1907|p=39}} ''Admetus and Other Poems'' followed in 1871. The title poem was dedicated "To my friend [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]", whose works and personality were exercising an abiding influence upon the poet's intellectual growth.{{sfn|D. Appleton & Company|1887|p=414}} During the next decade, in which "Phantasies" and "Epochs" were written, her poems appeared chiefly in ''[[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]'' and ''[[Scribner's Monthly]]''.{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=650}}

By this time, Lazarus's work had won recognition abroad. Her first prose production, ''Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life'', a romance treating of the [[Friederike Brion]] incident, was published in 1874 ([[Philadelphia]]), and was followed by ''The Spagnoletto'' (1876), a tragedy. ''Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine'' (New York, 1881) followed, and was prefixed by a biographical sketch of Heine; Lazarus's renderings of some of Heine's verse are considered among the best in English.{{sfn|World's Congress of Religions|1893|p=976}} In the same year, 1881, she became friends with [[Rose Hawthorne Lathrop]].{{sfn|Young|1997|p=186}} In April 1882, Lazarus published in ''[[The Century Magazine]]'' the article "Was the [[Benjamin Disraeli|Earl of Beaconsfield]] a Representative Jew?" Her statement of the reasons for answering this question in the affirmative may be taken to close what may be termed the Hellenic and journeyman period of Lazarus's life, during which her subjects were drawn from classic and romantic sources.{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=651}}

Lazarus also wrote ''The Crowing of the Red Cock'',{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1907|p=39}} and the sixteen-part cycle poem "Epochs".<ref name="CenturyMag">{{cite journal|title=''The Poems of Emma Lazarus'' in Two Volumes|journal=Century Magazine|asin=B0082RVVJ2}}</ref> In addition to writing her own poems, Lazarus edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] and Heinrich Heine.<ref>''The Poems of Emma Lazarus'' in Two Volumes, Kindle ebooks {{ASIN|B0082RVVJ2}} and {{ASIN|B0082RDHSA}}.</ref> She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts, ''The Spagnoletto'', a tragic verse drama about [[Jusepe de Ribera|the titular figure]] and ''The Dance to Death'', a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews in [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]] during the [[Black Death]].{{sfn|Parini|2003|p=1}} During the time Lazarus became interested in her Jewish roots, she continued her purely literary and critical work in magazines with such articles as "Tommaso Salvini", "Salvini's 'King Lear{{'"}}, "Emerson's Personality", "Heine, the Poet", "A Day in Surrey with William Morris", and others.{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=652}}

{{quote box|bgcolor=lightyellow
|title = The New Colossus
|quote = <poem>
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame 
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name 
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she 
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" (1883)
</poem>}}

Lines from her sonnet "[[The New Colossus]]" appear on a bronze plaque which was placed in the pedestal of the [[Statue of Liberty]] in 1903.{{sfn|Young|1997|p=3}} The sonnet was written in 1883 and donated to an auction, conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi|Bartholdi]] Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty" in order to raise funds to build the pedestal.{{efn|Auction event named as "Lowell says poem gave the statue "a raison d'être{{'"}}; fell into obscurity; not mentioned at statue opening; Georgina Schuyler's campaign for the plaque.{{sfn|Young|1997|p=3}} }}{{efn|Solicited by "William Maxwell Evert" [sic; presumably [[William M. Evarts|William Maxwell Evarts]]] Lazarus refused initially; convinced by [[Constance Cary Harrison]]{{sfn|Felder|Rosen|2005|p=45}} }} Lazarus's close friend [[Rose Hawthorne Lathrop]] was inspired by "The New Colossus" to found the [[Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Exhibit highlights connection between Jewish poet, Catholic nun|url=http://www.the-tidings.com/2010/091710/exhibit.htm|agency=[[Catholic News Service]]|newspaper=[[The Tidings (newspaper)|The Tidings]]|publisher=[[Archdiocese of Los Angeles]]|date=September 17, 2010|page=16|access-date=September 20, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921134750/http://www.the-tidings.com/2010/091710/exhibit.htm|archive-date=September 21, 2010}}</ref>

She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.{{sfn|Schor|2006|p=1}} On one of those trips, [[Georgiana Burne-Jones]], the wife of the [[Pre-Raphaelite]] painter [[Edward Burne-Jones]], introduced her to [[William Morris]] at her home.{{sfn|Flanders|2001|p=186}} She also met with [[Henry James]], [[Robert Browning]] and [[Thomas Huxley]] during her European travels.{{sfn|Walker|1992|p=332}} A collection of ''Poems in Prose'' (1887) was her last book. Her ''Complete Poems with a Memoir'' appeared in 1888, at Boston.{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1907|p=39}}

===Activism===
{{Template:Georgism|activists}}
Lazarus was a friend and admirer of the American political economist [[Henry George]]. She believed deeply in [[Georgist]] economic reforms and became active in the "single tax" movement for [[land value tax]]. Lazarus published a poem in the ''New York Times'' named after George's book, ''[[Progress and Poverty]]''.<ref>{{cite news | title=Progress and Poverty | url=http://jwa.org/media/progress-and-poverty | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 2, 1881 | page=3 | access-date=May 21, 2013 }}</ref>

Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russian [[pogrom]]s that followed the [[Alexander II of Russia#Assassination|assassination of Tsar Alexander II]] in 1881. As a result of this [[anti-Semitic]] violence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the Russian [[Pale of Settlement]] to New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish the [[Hebrew Technical Institute (New York)|Hebrew Technical Institute]] in New York to provide [[vocational training]] to assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered as well in the [[Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society]] employment bureau, although she eventually criticized its organization.<ref>[[Esther Schor]], ''Emma Lazarus'' (2008), Random House (Jewish Encounters series), {{ISBN|0805242759}}. p. 148 ''et. seq.''; quotation from Lazarus is on p. 149-150.</ref> In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews.{{sfn|Goodwin|2015|p=370}}

The literary fruits of identification with her religion were poems like "The Crowing of the Red Cock", "The Banner of the Jew", "The Choice", "The New Ezekiel", "The Dance to Death" (a strong, though unequally executed drama), and her last published work (March 1887), "By the Waters of Babylon: Little Poems in Prose", which constituted her strongest claim to a foremost rank in American literature. During the same period (1882–87), Lazarus translated the Hebrew poets of medieval Spain with the aid of the German versions of [[Michael Sachs (rabbi)|Michael Sachs]] and [[Abraham Geiger]], and wrote articles, signed and unsigned, upon Jewish subjects for the Jewish press, besides essays on "Bar Kochba", "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow", "M. Renan and the Jews", and others for Jewish literary associations.{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=651}} Several of her translations from medieval Hebrew writers found a place in the ritual of American synagogues.{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1907|p=39}} 

Lazarus's most notable series of articles was that titled "An Epistle to the Hebrews" (''The American Hebrew'', November 10, 1882 – February 24, 1883), in which she discussed the Jewish problems of the day, urged a technical and a Jewish education for Jews, and ranged herself among the advocates of an independent Jewish nationality and of Jewish repatriation in Palestine. Some scholars consider her to be one of the [[Proto-Zionism|forerunners of Zionism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reinharz |first1=Shulamit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9Fm_AQi0k8C&pg=PA8 |title=American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise |last2=Raider |first2=Mark A. |date=2005 |publisher=Brandeis University Press |isbn=978-1-58465-439-1 |pages=8–22 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Schor|2008|p=155}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lazarus, Emma |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/emma-lazarus/#:~:text=Through%20her%201882-1883%20essays,term%20Zionist%20was%20even%20coined. |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[National Women's Hall of Fame]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The only collection of poems issued during this period was ''Songs of a Semite: The Dance to Death and Other Poems'' (New York, 1882), dedicated to the memory of [[George Eliot]].{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=652}}

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Lazarus PS 268 Clarkson jeh.JPG|thumb|Lazarus Public School, [[Brooklyn]]]]

Lazarus returned to New York City seriously ill after she completed her second trip to Europe, and she died two months later, on November 19, 1887,{{sfn|Sladen|Roberts|1891|p=434}} most likely from [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]. She never married.{{sfn|Hewitt|2011|p=55}}{{sfn|Snodgrass|2014|p=321}} Lazarus was buried in [[Beth Olam Cemetery]] in [[East New York, Brooklyn#Cypress Hills|Cypress Hills, Brooklyn]]. ''The Poems of Emma Lazarus'' (2 vols., Boston and New York, 1889) was [[posthumous publication|published after her death]], comprising most of her poetic work from previous collections, periodical publications, and some of the literary heritage which her executors deemed appropriate to preserve for posterity.{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=652}} Her papers are kept by the American Jewish Historical Society, [[Center for Jewish History]],<ref name="cjh.org">{{cite web|title=Guide to the Emma Lazarus, papers|url=http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=352263|website=Center for Jewish History|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref> and her letters are collected at [[Columbia University]].{{sfn|Young|1997|p=221}}

The [[Emma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs]], founded in 1951, was named after Lazarus.{{sfn|Young|1997|p=4}}

A stamp featuring the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem "The New Colossus" was issued by [[Antigua and Barbuda]] in 1985.{{sfn|Eisenberg|2002|p=52}} In 1992, she was named as a Women's History Month Honoree by the [[National Women's History Project]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Past Women's History Month Honorees|url=http://www.nwhp.org/womens-history-month/past-womens-history-months/2010-honorees/|website=National Women's History Project|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-date=June 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603000431/http://www.nwhp.org/womens-history-month/past-womens-history-months/2010-honorees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lazarus was honored by the Office of the [[Manhattan Borough President]] in March 2008, and her home on West [[Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)|10th Street]] was included on a map of [[Women's Rights Historic Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbpo.org/free_details.asp?ID=234|title=Manhattan Borough President – Home|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113101/http://www.mbpo.org/free_details.asp?ID=234|archive-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref> In 2009, she was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lazarus, Emma|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/emma-lazarus/|website=National Women's Hall of Fame|access-date=November 1, 2016}}</ref> The [[Museum of Jewish Heritage]] featured an exhibition about Lazarus in 2012. The Emma Lazarus Art and Music Venue, as well as a park are named in her honor in [[Carrick (Pittsburgh)|Carrick]], a neighborhood on the South Side of [[Pittsburgh]].

==Style and themes==
[[File:Alide (1874).png|thumb|upright|''Alide: an episode of Goethe's life'' (1874)]]

Lazarus contributed toward shaping the self-image of the United States as well as how the country understands the needs of those who immigrated to the United States. Her themes produced sensitivity and enduring lessons regarding immigrants and their need for dignity.{{sfn|Moore|2005|p=xvi}} What was needed to make her a poet of the people as well as one of literary merit was a great theme, the establishment of instant communication between some stirring reality and her still hidden and irresolute subjectivity. Such a theme was provided by the immigration of Russian Jews to America, consequent upon the proscriptive [[May Laws]] of 1882. She rose to the defense of her ethnic compatriots in powerful articles, as contributions to ''[[The Century Magazine|The Century]]'' (May 1882 and February 1883). Hitherto, her life had held no Jewish inspiration. Though of Sephardic ancestry, and ostensibly Orthodox in belief, her family had till then not participated in the activities of the [[synagogue]] or of the Jewish community. Contact with the unfortunates from Russia led her to study the Torah, the Hebrew language, Judaism, and Jewish history.{{sfn|Singer|Adler|1906|p=651}} While her early poetry demonstrated no Jewish themes, her ''Songs of a Semite'' (1882) is considered to be the earliest volume of Jewish American poetry.{{sfn|Gitenstein|2012|p=3}}

A review of ''Alide'' by ''[[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]'' was critical of Lazarus's style and elements of technique.{{sfn|Vogel|1980|p=103}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Attribution===
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|author=D. Appleton & Company|title=Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=295CAQAAMAAJ|edition=Public domain|year=1887|publisher=D. Appleton & Company}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last1=Gilman|first1=Daniel Coit|last2=Peck|first2=Harry Thurston|last3=Colby|first3=Frank Moore|title=The new international encyclopædia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJlGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA39|edition=Public domain|year=1907|publisher=Dodd, Mead and company}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last1=Singer|first1=Isidore|last2=Adler|first2=Cyrus|title=The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzsyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA650|edition=Public domain|volume=7|year=1906|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last1=Sladen|first1=Douglas Brooke Wheelton|last2=Roberts|first2=Goodridge Bliss|title=Younger American Poets, 1830–1890|url=https://archive.org/details/youngeramerican01robegoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/youngeramerican01robegoog/page/n492 434]|edition=Public domain|year=1891|publisher=Griffith, Farran, Okeden & Welsh}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Edward Jewitt|title=Current Opinion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW04AQAAIAAJ|edition=Public domain|volume=2|year=1889|publisher=Current Literature Publishing Company}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|author=World's Congress of Religions|title=The Addresses and Papers Delivered Before the Parliament, and an Abstract of the Congresses: Held in the Art Institute, Chicago, Ill., Aug. 25 to Oct. 15, 1893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyJLAQAAMAAJ|edition=Public domain|year=1893|publisher=Conkey}}  }}

===Bibliography===
* [[iarchive:nybc202660|Beilin, Israel Ber. Dos lebn fun Ema Lazarus a biografye. 1946. Nyu-Yorḳ : Yidishn fraṭernaln folḳs-ordn]]
* Cavitch, Max. (2008). [https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Cavitch_Lazarus_expanded.pdf "Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty."] ''The Traffic in Poems: Nineteenth-Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange''. Ed. Meredith McGill. Rutgers University Press. 97–122. {{ISBN|978-0813542300}}.
*{{cite book|last=Eisenberg|first=Ronald L.|title=The Jewish World in Stamps: 4000 Years of Jewish Civilization in Postal Stamps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwSRMmjf1HEC&pg=PA52|year=2002|publisher=Schreiber Publishing|isbn=978-1-887563-76-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Felder|first1=Deborah G.|last2=Rosen|first2=Diana|title=Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed The World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUqo-_9mZ7sC|year=2005|publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-0-8065-2656-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Flanders|first=Judith|title=A Circle of Sisters: Alice Kipling, Georgiana Burne-Jones, Agnes Poynter and Louisa Baldwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0uJ2fro7ZAC|year=2001|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-05210-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Gitenstein|first=R. Barbara|title=Apocalyptic Messianism and Contemporary Jewish-American Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rdePXRW2b8C&pg=PA3|date=February 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0415-8}} 
* {{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Neva|title=Encyclopedia of Women in American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA370|date=July 17, 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47162-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Hewitt|first=S. R.|title=Jewish Treats: 99 Fascinating Jewish Personalities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfFfDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|date=December 16, 2011|publisher=BookBaby|isbn=978-1-61842-866-0}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin Sabina |year=2010 |title=Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0-8014-4851-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/enlighteningworl00khan }}
* {{cite book|last=Moore|first=Hannia S.|title=Liberty's Poet: Emma Lazarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5yitnIKKa0C|date=January 1, 2005|publisher=TurnKey Press|isbn=978-0-9754803-4-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lazarus|first1=Emma|last2=Eiselein |first2=Gregory|title=Emma Lazarus: Selected Poems and Other Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKlgAgAAQBAJ|date=June 4, 2002|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-55111-285-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Parini|first=Jay|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMhMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA413|date=October 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515653-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Schor|first=Esther H.|title=Emma Lazarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b89lAAAAMAAJ|date=September 5, 2006|publisher=Nextbook|isbn=9780805242164}}
* {{cite book|last=Schor|first=Esther|title=Emma Lazarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIgji4llu_wC|date=October 21, 2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8052-4275-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Schor|first=Esther|title=Emma Lazarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eKXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343|date=April 25, 2017|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8052-1166-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Dan|title=Emma Lazarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PlaAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Thomson Gale|isbn=978-0-8057-7233-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZRH7C3YVGcC&pg=PA321|date=May 14, 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0910-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Walker|first=Cheryl|title=American Women Poets of the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenpoe00cher|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanwomenpoe00cher/page/332 332]|year=1992|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1791-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Watts|first=Emily Stipes|title=The Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xduBBAAAQBAJ|date=September 10, 2014|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-0344-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Bette Roth|title=Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=da8rJnTp7mAC|date=August 1, 1997|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|isbn=978-0-8276-0618-0}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1155| name=Emma Lazarus}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Emma Lazarus}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2344}}
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/lazarus.html Jewish Virtual Library: Emma Lazarus]
* [http://jwa.org/womenofvalor/lazarus Jewish Women's Archive: HISTORY MAKERS: Emma Lazarus, 1849–1887]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079016 Finding aid to Emma Lazarus, 1868–1929, at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6359435 National Public Radio: "Emma Lazarus, Poet of the Huddled Masses"]
* [http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/virtour/page11.html Jewish-American Hall of Fame: Virtual Tour: Emma Lazarus (1849–1887)]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616104002/http://www.phy6.org/outreach/Jewish/Lazarus.htm |date=June 16, 2006 |title=Dr. David P. Stern: Welcome to my World: Emma Lazarus }}
* [https://henryabramson.com/2018/04/25/who-was-emma-lazarus/ "Who Was Emma Lazarus?"] by Dr. Henry [[Henry Abramson]]
* {{find a Grave|10018}}

{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lazarus, Emma}}
[[Category:19th-century American poets]]
[[Category:19th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:American women poets]]
[[Category:Poets from New York City]]
[[Category:Activists from New York City]]
[[Category:Forerunners of Zionism]]
[[Category:Georgist activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American social justice activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American feminists]]
[[Category:Jewish American poets]]
[[Category:Jewish American women writers]]
[[Category:Statue of Liberty|*]]
[[Category:Burials at Beth Olom Cemetery]]
[[Category:Deaths from lymphoma in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Deaths from Hodgkin lymphoma]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Portuguese-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:19th-century American Sephardic Jews]]
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]