View source for Emphasis (typography)

{{short description|Typographical distinction}}
{{redirect|Boldface|other uses|Boldface (disambiguation)|Wikipedia policy|MOS:BOLD}}

[[File:Fraktur.png|thumb|Example of black letter emphasis using the technique of changing fonts]]
In [[typography]], '''emphasis''' is the strengthening of words in a text with a [[font]] in a different style from the rest of the text, to highlight them.<ref name="Twyman">{{cite journal|last1=Twyman|first1=Michael|title=The Bold Idea: The Use of Bold-looking Types in the Nineteenth Century|journal=Journal of the Printing Historical Society|volume=22|issue=107–143}}</ref> It is the equivalent of [[Stress (linguistics)#Prosodic stress|prosody stress]] in speech.

== Methods and use ==
[[File:emphasis-typography-outline.svg|frame|right|Roman emphasis example]]
[[File:Emphasis methods.svg|alt=Different methods of emphasis.|thumb|Different methods of emphasis.]]
The most common methods in [[History of Western typography|Western typography]] fall under the general technique of emphasis through a change or modification of font: ''italics'', '''boldface''' and {{sc|SMALL CAPS}}.<!-- Best not to wlink this, as the underlining used to identify hyperlinks applies a second emphasis markup that would serve to confuse. "Small caps" is wlinked a few sentences below. -->   Other methods include the alteration of LETTER CASE and<span style="letter-spacing:0.3em"> spacing</span> as well as color and *additional graphic marks*.

=== Font styles and variants ===
The human eye is very receptive to differences in "brightness within a text body." Therefore, one can differentiate between types of emphasis according to whether the emphasis changes the "[[type color|blackness]]" of text, sometimes referred to as typographic color.

A means of emphasis that does not have much effect on blackness is the use of ''[[italic type|italics]]'', where the text is written in a script style, or ''[[oblique type|oblique]]'', where the vertical orientation of each letter of the text is slanted to the left or right. With one or the other of these techniques (usually only one is available for any typeface), words can be highlighted without making them stand out much from the rest of the text (inconspicuous stressing). This is used for marking passages that have a different context, such as book titles, words from foreign languages, or internal dialogue.
For multiple, nested levels of emphasis, the font is usually alternated back to (upright) roman script, or quotation marks are used instead, although some font families provide upright italics for a third visually distinct appearance.

By contrast, a '''bold''' [[font weight]] makes letters of a text thicker than the surrounding text.<ref name="On Font Weight Bigelow & Holmes">{{cite web |last1=Bigelow |first1=Charles |last2=Holmes |first2=Kris |title=On Font Weight |url=http://bigelowandholmes.typepad.com/bigelow-holmes/2015/07/on-font-weight.html |publisher=Bigelow & Holmes |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Bold strongly stands out from regular text, and is often used to highlight keywords important to the text's content. For example, printed dictionaries often use boldface for their keywords, and the names of entries can conventionally be marked in bold.<ref>This technique may also be used to "deemphasise" text, as in the [http://www.pilkingtonandsons.com/2966.htm "Concordant Literal (Bible)"] (OT, {{ISBN|0910424098}}; NT, {{ISBN|0910424144}}):  "The type is large and readable, with boldface representing the actual English translation of the original Hebrew and Greek and lightface showing English words added for idiomatic clarity or to reflect grammatical significance."</ref>

[[Small caps|Small capitals]] ({{sc|thus}}) are also used for emphasis, especially for the first line of a section, sometimes accompanied by or instead of a [[drop cap]], or for personal names as in bibliographies.

If the text body is [[typesetting|typeset]] in a [[serif|serif typeface]], it is also possible to highlight words by setting them in a [[sans serif]] face. This practice is often considered archaic in Latin script, and on computers is complicated since fonts are no longer issued by foundries with a standard baseline, so switching font may distort line spacing. It is still possible using some [[font superfamily|font super families]], which come with matching serif and sans-serif variants, though these are not generally supplied with modern computers as system fonts. In Japanese typography, due to the reduced legibility of heavier [[Ming (typefaces)|Minchō]] type, the practice remains common.

Of these methods, italics, small capitals and [[capitalisation|capitalization]] are oldest, with bold type and sans-serif typefaces not arriving until the nineteenth century.

=== Capitalization ===
The [[Style guide|house styles]] of many publishers in the United States use [[all caps]] text for:
* [[Chapter (books)|chapter]] and section headings;
* newspaper [[headline]]s;
* [[publication]] titles;
* [[Precautionary statement|warning]] messages; and
* words of important meaning.

Capitalization is used much less frequently by British publishers, and usually only for book titles.

All-uppercase letters are a common substitute form of emphasis where the medium lacks support for boldface, such as old [[typewriter]]s, plain-text [[email]], [[Short message service|SMS]] and other text-messaging systems.

Socially, the use of all-caps text in Roman languages has become an indicator of shouting when quoting speech. It was also often used in the past by American lawyers to flag important points in a legal text.<ref name="All Caps, Butterick">{{cite web|last1=Butterick|first1=Matthew|title=All Caps|url=http://practicaltypography.com/all-caps.html|website=Practical Typography}}</ref> Coinciding with the era of typewriter use, the practice became unnecessary with the advent of computerized text formatting, although it is still found on occasion in documents created by older lawyers.<ref name="Why is your Contract YELLING AT YOU? All Caps in Contracts, Explained.">{{cite web|title=Why is your Contract YELLING AT YOU? All Caps in Contracts, Explained.|url=http://www.shakelaw.com/blog/why-is-your-contract-yelling-at-you-all-caps-in-contracts-explained/|publisher=Shake Law|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Legal writing in plain English : a text with exercises">{{cite book|last1=Garner|first1=Bryan A.|title=Legal writing in plain English: a text with exercises|date=2013|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226283937|edition=Second|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/garner/documents/section44.html|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Butterick|first1=Matthew|title=Small caps|url=http://practicaltypography.com/small-caps.html|website=Practical Typography|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Letter-spacing ===
[[File:Emphasis typography2.png|thumb|An example of [[:de:Sperrsatz|''sperrsatz'']]. Note wider spacing of the word ''gesperrt'' ("letterspaced").]]
Another means of emphasis is to increase [[Letter-spacing|the spacing between the letters]], rather than making them darker, but still achieving a distinction in blackness. This results in an effect reverse to boldface: the emphasized text becomes lighter than its environment. This is often used in [[blackletter]] typesetting and [[typewriter]] manuscripts, but by no means restricted to those situations.<ref>An example of an English translation of Russian original, with a non-typewriter font (i.e. variable-width letters) is in Eigeles, M. A., Kinetics of adhesion of mineral particles to air bubbles in flotation suspensions, Comptes Rendus (Doklady) de l'Académie des sciences de l'URSS, XXXIV(4), 340–344, 1939.</ref>

This letter-spacing is referred to as ''sperren'' in German, which could be translated as "spacing out": in typesetting with letters of lead, the spacing would be achieved by inserting additional non-printing slices of metal between the types, usually about an eighth of an em wide. On typewriters a full space was used between the letters of an emphasized word and also one before and one after the word.

For black letter type boldface was not feasible, since the letters were very dark in their standard format, and on (most) typewriters only a single type was available. Although letter-spacing was common, sometimes different typefaces (e.g. [[Schwabacher]] inside [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]]), underlining or colored, usually red ink were used instead.

Since blackletter type remained in use in German speaking parts of Europe [[Antiqua-Fraktur dispute|much longer]] than anywhere else, the custom of letter-spacing is sometimes seen as specific to German, although it has been used with other languages, including English.<ref>Example: Schäfer EA, Canney EL, Tunstall JO. On the rhythm of muscular response to volitional impulses in man. The Journal of Physiology 1886;VII(2):111–117. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1886.sp000210/abstract]</ref> Especially in German, however, this kind of emphasis may also be used within modern type, e.g. where italics already serve another semantic purpose (as in linguistics) and where no further means of emphasis (e.g. small caps) are easily available or feasible. Its professional use today is very limited in German. This use of spacing is also traditionally found in Polish.<ref>[https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/Jak-zaznaczyc-emfaze;15691.html Jak zaznaczyć emfazę?] – [[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|PWN]]</ref>

German orthographic (or rather typographic) rules require that the mandatory blackletter [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] are retained. That means that ''{{not a typo|ſt}}'', ''ch'', ''ck'', and ''tz'' are still stuck together just as the letter ''[[ß]]'', whereas optional, additional ligatures like ''ff'' and ''{{not a typo|ſi}}'' are broken up with a (small) space in between. Other writing systems did not develop such sophisticated rules since spacing was so uncommon therein.

In [[Cyrillic]] typography, it also used to be common to emphasize words using letter-spaced type. This practice for Cyrillic has become obsolete with the availability of Cyrillic italic and small capital fonts.<ref>Bringhurst: [[The Elements of Typographic Style]], version 3.0, page 32</ref>

=== Rotation ===
In [[Devanagari]] typography, letters may be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise, which breaks up the shirorekha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Universal Thirst Gazette {{!}} Typographic Emphasis in Devanagari |url=https://gazette.universalthirst.com/home/typographic-emphasis-in-devanagari-part-2 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=gazette.universalthirst.com}}</ref>

=== Shirorekha styling ===
In Devanagari typography, the [[shirorekha]] (horizontal line that connects letters into words) may be styled heavier, shaped into a wavy line, or doubled.<ref name=":0" />

=== Underlining ===
{{main|Underline}}
Professional Western typesetting usually does not employ lines under letters for emphasis within running text. In [[proofreading]], underlining (or underscoring) is a convention that says "set this text in [[italic type]]", traditionally used on [[Manuscript (publishing)|manuscript]] or [[Manuscript#Modern variations|typescript]] as an [[List of proofreader's marks|instruction to the printer]]. Its use to add emphasis in modern documents is a deprecated practice.<ref name=Butterick>{{cite web|last1=Butterick|first1=Matthew |title=Underlining: absolutely not |url=http://practicaltypography.com/underlining.html |website=Practical Typography |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> In web pages, [[hyperlinks]] are often displayed with underlines{{snd}} to identify them as such rather than to emphasize them. Underlining is also used for secondary emphasis, i.e. marks added to a printed text by the reader.

=== Overlining ===
In Arabic, it is traditional to emphasize text by drawing a line over the letters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ctan.mackichan.com/macros/xetex/latex/arabxetex/arabxetex.pdf |title=ArabXeTeX: an ArabTeX-like interface for typesetting languages in Arabic script with XeLaTeX |year=2010 |first=François |last=Charette |access-date=2011-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053159/http://ctan.mackichan.com/macros/xetex/latex/arabxetex/arabxetex.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is seen in the [[Quran]], where the word at which [[Sujud Tilawa]] is performed is overlined.<ref>{{Cite web |title=وضع خط في المصحف لتعيين الموضع الذي يخطئ فيه الطالب وقت التسميع - الإسلام سؤال وجواب |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/325278/%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=islamqa.info |language=ar}}</ref>

=== Punctuation marks ===
[[File:Emphasis mark (vertical).png|thumb|Example of [[emphasis mark]]s in [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]], written vertically]]
Sometimes quotation marks are used for emphasis. However, this clashes with the general understanding of how the marks are properly used, particularly [[scare quotes]], and can leave the reader with a different impression than intended.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/the-emphatic-use-of-quotation-marks | title=The 'emphatic' use of quotation marks &#124; Macmillan Dictionary Blog| date=3 March 2014}}</ref>

In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], emphasis in body text is supposed to be indicated by using an "[[emphasis mark]]" (着重號／着重号), which is a dot placed under each character to be emphasized. This is still taught in schools but in practice it is not usually done, probably due to the difficulty of doing this using most computer software. Consequently, methods used for emphasis in Western text are often used instead, even though they are considered inappropriate for Chinese (for example, the use of underlining or setting text in [[oblique type]]).

In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] texts, when katakana would be inappropriate, emphasis is indicated by "emphasis dots" ([[:ja:圏点|圏点]] or [[:ja:圏点|傍点]]) placed above the [[kanji]] and any accompanying [[furigana]] in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]] and to the right in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Japanese also has an "emphasis line" ([[:ja:傍線|傍線]]) used in a similar manner, but less frequently.

In [[Korea]]n texts, a dot is placed above each [[Hangul]] syllable block or [[Hanja]] to be emphasized.<ref name="github">{{cite web|title=Hangul/Korean (draft)|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/hangul/ |access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=February 2010}}

In [[Armenian language|Armenian]] the [[wikt:՛|շեշտ (''šešt'')]] sign {{nowrap|( ՛ )}} is used.

On [[website]]s and other [[Internet]] services, as with [[typewriter]]s, [[formatted text|rich text]] is not always available. [[Asterisk]]s are sometimes used for emphasis (as in "That was *really* bad"). Less commonly, [[underscore]]s may be used, resembling underlining ("That was _really_ bad"). [[Full stop|Period]]s can be used between words (as in "That. was. really. bad.") to emphasize whole sentences, mimicking when somebody slows down their speech for impact. In some cases, the engine behind the text area being parsed will render the text and the asterisks in bold automatically after the text is submitted. [[Markdown]] is a common formalization of this concept.

=== Color ===
{{redirect|Text color||Font color (disambiguation)}}

Colors are important for emphasizing. Important words in a text may be colored differently from others. For example, many dictionaries use a different color for [[headword]]s, and some religious texts color the words of deities red, commonly referred to as [[rubric]]. In [[Ge'ez script|Ethiopic script]], red is used analogously to italics in Latin text.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://typophile.com/node/8702 |title=RED, WHITE & BLACK True colors? |year=2003 |first=John |last=Hudson |access-date=2011-10-10 |archive-date=2010-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217214717/http://typophile.com/node/8702 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Post-print emphasis added by a reader is often done with [[highlighter]]s which add a bright background color to usual black-on-white text.

[[Syntax highlighting]] also makes use of text color.

== Design ==
[[File:Othello F1.jpg|thumb|Shakespeare's play ''[[Othello]]'', printed in 1623. Bold type had not yet been invented. Emphasis is provided by using italics, used for key words, stage directions and the names of characters, and capitalization of key words.]]
There are many designs. With both italics and boldface, the emphasis is correctly achieved by swapping into a different [[font]] of the same family; for example by replacing body text in [[Arial]] with its bold or italic style. Professional typographic systems, including most modern computers, would therefore not simply tilt letters to the right to achieve italics (that is instead referred to as [[Oblique type|''slanting'' or ''oblique'']]), print them twice or darker for boldface, or scale majuscules to the height of middle-chamber minuscules (like ''x'' and ''o'') for small-caps, but instead use entirely different typefaces that achieve the effect. The letter 'w', for example, looks quite different in italic compared to upright.

As a result, typefaces therefore have to be supplied at least fourfold (with computer systems, usually as four font files): as regular, bold, italic, and bold italic to provide for all combinations. Professional typefaces sometimes offer even more variations for popular fonts, with varying degrees of blackness. Only if such fonts are not available should{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} the effect of italic or boldface be imitated by algorithmically altering the original font.

The modern Latin-alphabet system of fonts appearing in two standard weights, with the styles being regular (or "Roman"), italic, bold and bold italic is a relatively recent development, dating to the early twentieth century. Modern "Roman" type was developed around the 1470s, while italic type was developed around 1500 and was commonly used for emphasis by the early 17th century. Bold type did not arrive until the nineteenth century, and at first fonts did not have matching bold weights; instead a generic bold, sometimes a [[Clarendon (typeface)|Clarendon]] or other kind of [[slab-serif]], would be swapped in.<ref name="Letters of Credit on Bold">{{cite book|last1=Tracy|first1=Walter|author-link1=Walter Tracy|title=Letters of Credit|pages=65–6|quote=The other kind of secondary type, the related bold face, is a twentieth-century creation. Although the use of bold type for emphasis in text began when display advertising became a feature of the family magazines of the mid-nineteenth century, the bold types themselves were Clarendons, Ionics and Antiques quite unrelated to the old styles and moderns used for the text. As late as 1938 the [[Monotype Imaging|Monotype Recorder]], a distinguished British journal of typography, could say, "The 'related bold' is a comparatively new phenomenon in the history of type cutting."}}</ref> In some books printed before bold type existed, emphasis could be shown by switching to [[blackletter]].<ref name="Typophile Bold">{{cite web|last1=Mosley|first1=James|author-link1=James Mosley|title=Comments on Typophile thread 'Where do bold typefaces come from?'|url=http://www.typophile.com/node/31036|website=Typophile|access-date=16 December 2016|quote=For the record, the Clarendon type of the Besley foundry is indeed the first type actually designed as a 'related bold' – that is, made to harmonize in design and align with the roman types it was set with. It was registered in Britain in 1845...but the idea of a 'bold face' goes back much further. Before the launch of Clarendon type printers picked out words in slab-serifs or any other heavy type. In the 18th century they used 'English' or 'Old English' types, which is why they became known as 'black letter'. John Smith says in his ''Printer's grammar'' (London, 1755). 'Black Letter ... is sometimes used ... to serve for matter which the Author would particularly enforce to the reader.{{'-}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220175431/http://www.typophile.com/node/31036|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="From The Collection: 012">{{cite web |last1=Frere-Jones |first1=Tobias |title=From The Collection: 012 |url=https://frerejones.com/blog/from-the-collection-012 |publisher=Frere-Jones Type |access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> Some font families intended for professional use in documents such as business reports may also make the bold-style numbers take up the same width as the regular (non-bold) numbers, so a bold-style total lines up below the digits of the sum in regular style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gotham Numerics|url=http://www.typography.com/fonts/gotham/features/gotham-numerics|publisher=Hoefler & Frere-Jones|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref>

== Recommendations and requirements ==
[[Linguistics]] professor [[Larry Trask]] stated that "It is possible to write an entire word or phrase in capital letters in order to emphasize it", but adds that "On the whole, though, it is preferable to express emphasis, not with capital letters, but with italics."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/department/docs/punctuation/node27.html#SECTION00081000000000000000 |title=Capital Letters|year=1997 |first=Larry |last=Trask}}</ref> Many university researchers and academic journal editors advise not to use italics, or other approaches to emphasizing a word, unless essential, for example the Modern Language Association "discourages the use of italics in academic prose to emphasize or point, because they are unnecessary—most often, the unadorned words do the job without typographic assistance".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://style.mla.org/italics-for-emphasis/ | title=Is it OK to italicize a word for emphasis in my paper? – the MLA Style Center| date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Although emphasis is useful in speech, and so has a place in informal or journalistic writing, in academic traditions it is often suggested that italics are only used where there is a danger of misunderstanding the meaning of the sentence, and even in that case that rewriting the sentence is preferable; in formal writing the reader is expected to interpret and understand the text themselves, without the assumption that the precise intended interpretation of the author is correct. Italics are principally used in academic writing for texts that have been referenced, and for foreign language words. Similarly capitals and underlining have particular meanings, and are rarely used in formal writing for emphasis.

==See also==
* {{anli|Type color}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|boldface}}

{{Typography terms}}

[[Category:Typography]]