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{{short description|Christian tradition about the tomb of Jesus}}
{{about|the Christian belief|the type of monument|cenotaph}}
[[File:PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg|thumb|250px|Folio 117r of the [[Pericopes of Henry II]], [[Reichenau Island|Reichenau]], c. 1002–1012: the Angel on the Tomb. The facing folio, 116v, contains an [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]] of the [[Myrrhbearers|three Maries]] approaching the empty tomb.]]
{{death of Jesus}}
The '''empty tomb''' is the [[Christian tradition]] that the [[tomb of Jesus]] was found empty after [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]].{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=24}} The [[canonical gospel]]s each describe the [[The Three Marys|visit of women]] to Jesus' tomb. Although Jesus' body had been laid out in the tomb after crucifixion and death, the tomb is found to be empty, the body gone, and the women are told by angels (or a "young man [...] dressed in a white robe") that he has [[Resurrection of Jesus|risen]].

In the [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Greek mythology|Greek]], and [[Roman mythology|Roman]] context, beliefs about resurrection varied, and early Christians were aware of other resurrection or “assumption” stories, yet positioned Jesus’ resurrection as unique and [[Salvation|salvific]]. The composition and classification of the empty tomb as an "assumption" or "translation" story have been the subject of considerable debate. Scholars debate its historicity, with some suggesting Mark invented or adapted it, while others argue independent attestations in Mark and John point to an early shared tradition. Scholars disagree on whether the empty tomb by itself substantiates the resurrection; some connect it to [[Resurrection of Jesus|post-resurrection appearances]], while others, such as [[Bart D. Ehrman]], view it as a theological narrative crafted to highlight Jesus’ bodily resurrection.

==Gospel accounts==
{{Gospel Jesus}}
{{Further|Life of Jesus in the New Testament}}

===Overview===
Although the four [[canonical gospels]] detail the narrative, oral traditions existed well before the composition of the gospels on the matter.<ref name="What differences">{{cite book |last1=Licona |first1=Mike |title=Why Are There Differences In The Gospels: What We Can Learn From Ancient Biography |publisher= Oxford University Press |date=2017 |location=New York |isbn=978-0190264260 |pages=170, 184}}</ref> The four gospels were almost certainly not<!-- Do not change without first discussing on Talk page --> by eyewitnesses, at least in their final forms, but were instead the end-products of long oral and written transmission.{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=13,42}} Three of the four ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], and [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]) are called the [[Synoptic gospels|synoptics]] (meaning "seeing together"), because they present very similar stories, and it is generally agreed that this is because two of them, Matthew and Luke, have used Mark as their source.{{sfn|Goodacre|2001|p=56}}{{sfn|Levine|2009|p=6}} The earliest of them, Mark, dates probably from around AD 65–70, some forty years after the death of Jesus,{{sfn|Perkins|1998|p=241}} while Matthew and Luke date from around AD 85–90.{{sfn|Reddish|2011|pp=108,144}} [[Gospel of John|John]], the last gospel to be completed, began circulating between 90 and 110,{{sfn|Lincoln|2005|p=18}} and its narrative of the empty tomb is not merely a different form of the story told in the synoptics, but after {{Bibleverse||John|20:2|NRSV}} differs to such an extent that it cannot be harmonised with the earlier three.{{sfn|Adams|2012|p=unpaginated}}{{sfn|Evans|2009|p=1246}}

In the original ending of the [[Gospel of Mark]], the oldest, three women visit the tomb to anoint the body of Jesus, but find instead a "young man [...] dressed in a white robe" who tells them that Jesus will meet [[Disciples of Jesus|the disciples]] in [[Galilee]].{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=206}} The women then flee, telling no one. [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] introduces guards and a doublet where the women are told twice, by angels and then by Jesus, that he will meet the disciples in Galilee.{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=413}} [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] changes Mark's one "young man [...] dressed in a white robe" to two, adds Peter's inspection of the tomb,{{sfn|Evans|2011|p=unpaginated}} and deletes the promise that Jesus would meet his disciples in Galilee.{{sfn|Park|2003|p=22}} [[Gospel of John|John]] reduces the women to the solitary [[Mary Magdalene]], and introduces the "[[beloved disciple]]" who visits the empty tomb with [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and is the first to understand its significance.{{sfn|Bauckham|2008|p=138}}{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=211}}

===The synoptics===
{{Bibleverse||Mark|16:1–8|NRSV}} probably represents a complete unit of oral tradition taken over by the author.{{sfn|Alsup|2007|p=93}} It concludes with the women fleeing from the empty tomb and telling no one what they have seen, and the general scholarly view is that this was the original ending of this gospel, with the remaining verses, {{Bibleverse||Mark|16:9–16|NRSV}}, being added later.{{sfn|Osborne|2004|p=41}}{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=206}} The imagery of a young man in a white robe, and the reaction of the women, indicates that this is an encounter with an angel.{{sfn|Edwards|2002|p=493}} The empty tomb fills the women with fear and alarm, not with faith in the risen Lord,{{sfn|Osborne|2004|p=38}} although the mention of a meeting in Galilee is evidence of some sort of previous, pre-Markan, tradition linking Galilee and the resurrection.{{sfn|Osborne|2004|p=40}}

Matthew revises Mark's account to make it more convincing and coherent.{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=413}} The description of the angel is taken from [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]'s angel with a face "like the appearance of lightning" ({{Bibleverse||Daniel|10:6|HE}}) and his God with "raiment white as snow" ({{Bibleverse||Daniel|7:9|HE}}), and Daniel also provides the reaction of the guards ({{Bibleverse||Daniel|10:7–9|HE}}).{{sfn|France|2007|p=407}} The introduction of the guard is apparently aimed at countering stories that Jesus' body had been stolen by his disciples, thus eliminating any explanation of the empty tomb other than that offered by the angel, that he has been raised.{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=413}} Matthew introduces a doublet whereby the women are told twice, by the angels and then by Jesus, that he will meet the disciples in Galilee ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|28:7–10|NRSV}})—the reasons for this are unknown.{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=413}}

Luke changes Mark's one "young man [...] dressed in a white robe" to two, makes reference to earlier passion predictions ({{Bibleverse||Luke|24:7|NRSV}}), and adds Peter's inspection of the tomb.{{sfn|Evans|2011|p=unpaginated}} He also deletes the promise that Jesus would meet his disciples in Galilee.{{sfn|Park|2003|p=22}} In Mark and Matthew, Jesus tells the disciples to meet him there, but in Luke the post-resurrection appearances are only in [[Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Dunn|1985|p=69}} Mark and Luke report that the women visited the tomb in order to finish anointing the body of Jesus. While Mark does not provide any explanation why they could not complete their task on the evening of the crucifixion,{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=207}} Luke explains that the first sundown of sabbath had already begun when Jesus was being buried, and that the women were observant of sabbath regulations.{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=209}} In Matthew the women came simply to see the tomb,{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=208}} and in John no reason is given.{{sfn|Osborne|2004|p=79}} John reduces the women to the solitary [[Mary Magdalene]], which is consistent with {{Bibleverse||Mark|16:9|NKJV}}. The story ends with [[Saint Peter|Peter]] visiting the tomb and seeing the burial cloths, but instead of believing in the resurrection he remains perplexed.{{sfn|Osborne|2004|p=66}}

The following table, with translations from the [[New International Version]], allows the three versions to be compared.{{sfn|Adams|2012|p=unpaginated}} ({{Bibleverse||Luke|24:12|NRSV}}, in which Peter goes to the tomb, may be an addition to the original gospel taken from John's version of the narrative).{{sfn|Elliott|Moir|1995|p=43}}

{| class="wikitable float-left" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"
|-
! !! style="width:30%" | {{bibleref2|Mark|16:1–8|NIV}} !! style="width:30%" | {{bibleref2|Matthew|28:1–10|NIV}} !! style="width:30%" | {{bibleref2|Luke|24:1–12|NIV}}
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''The women at the tomb''
|| Mark 16:1–4<br />
When the Sabbath was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so that they might go to anoint Jesus' body. Very early on the first day of the week, just after sunrise, they were on their way to the tomb, and they asked each other, "Who will roll the stone away from the entrance of the tomb?" But when they looked up, they saw that the stone, which was very large, had been rolled away.
||Matthew 28:1–4<br />
After the Sabbath, at dawn on the first day of the week, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went to look at the tomb. There was a violent earthquake, for an angel of the Lord came down from heaven and, going to the tomb, rolled back the stone and sat on it.
|| Luke 24:1–2<br />
On the first day of the week, very early in the morning, the women took the spices they had prepared and went to the tomb. They found the stone rolled away from the tomb,
|-valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''The angelic message''
|| Mark 16:5–7<br />
As they entered the tomb, they saw a young man dressed in a white robe sitting on the right side, and they were alarmed.  "Don't be alarmed," he said. "You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene, who was crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid him. But go, tell his disciples and Peter, 'He is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him, just as he told you.'"
|| Matthew 28:5–7<br />
His appearance was like lightning, and his clothes were white as snow. The guards were so afraid of him that they shook and became like dead men. The angel said to the women, "Do not be afraid, for I know that you are looking for Jesus, who was crucified. He is not here; he has risen, just as he said. Come and see the place where he lay. Then go quickly and tell his disciples: 'He has risen from the dead and is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him.' Now I have told you."
|| Luke 24:3–7<br />
but when they entered, they did not find the body of the Lord Jesus. While they were wondering about this, suddenly two men in clothes that gleamed like lightning stood beside them. In their fright the women bowed down with their faces to the ground, but the men said to them, "Why do you look for the living among the dead? He is not here; he has risen! Remember how he told you, while he was still with you in Galilee: 'The Son of Man must be delivered over to the hands of sinners, be crucified and on the third day be raised again.' " Then they remembered his words.
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''Informing the disciples''
|| Mark 16:8
Trembling and bewildered, the women went out and fled from the tomb. They said nothing to anyone, because they were afraid.
|| Matthew 28:8
So the women hurried away from the tomb, afraid yet filled with joy, and ran to tell his disciples.
|| Luke 24:9–11
When they came back from the tomb, they told all these things to the Eleven and to all the others. It was Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the others with them who told this to the apostles. But they did not believe the women, because their words seemed to them like nonsense.
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''The message from Jesus''
||
|| Matthew 28:9–10
Suddenly Jesus met them. "Greetings," he said. They came to him, clasped his feet and worshiped him. Then Jesus said to them, "Do not be afraid. Go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me."
||
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''Disciples at the tomb''
||
||
|| Luke 24:12
Peter, however, got up and ran to the tomb. Bending over, he saw the strips of linen lying by themselves, and he went away, wondering to himself what had happened.
|}

===John===
John's chapter 20 can be divided into three scenes: (1) the discovery of the empty tomb, verses 1–10; (2) appearance of Jesus to Mary Magdalene, 11–18; and (3) appearances to the disciples, especially [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]], verses 19–29; the last is not part of the "empty tomb" episode and is not included in the following table.{{sfn|Sandnes|Henriksen|2020|p=140}} He introduces the "[[Disciple whom Jesus loved|beloved disciple]]", who visits the tomb with Peter and understands its significance before Peter.{{sfn|Bauckham|2008|p=138}} The author seems to have combined three traditions, one involving a visit to the tomb by several women early in the morning (of which the "we" in "we do not know where they have taken him" is a fragmentary remnant), a second involving a visit to the empty tomb by Peter and perhaps by other male disciples, and a third involving an appearance of Jesus to Mary Magdalene.{{sfn|Osborne|2004|p=79}} John has reduced this to the solitary Mary Magdalene in order to introduce the conversation between her and Jesus, but the presence of "we" when she informs the disciples may be a remnant of the original group of women,{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=211}} since mourning and the preparation of bodies by anointing were social rather than solitary activities.{{sfn|Osiek|2001|p=211}}

{| class="wikitable float-left" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"
|-
! !! style="width:45%" | {{bibleref2|John|20:1–10|NIV}}<br>Discovery of the empty tomb !! style="width:45%" | {{bibleref2|John|20:11–18|NIV}}<br>Appearance of Jesus to Mary Magdalene
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''Mary Magdalene at the tomb''
|| John 20:1<br />
Early on the first day of the week, while it was still dark, Mary Magdalene went to the tomb and saw that the stone had been removed from the entrance.
|| John 20:11
Now Mary stood outside the tomb crying. As she wept, she bent over to look into the tomb
|-valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''The angelic message''
||
|| John 20:12–13
and saw two angels in white, seated where Jesus' body had been, one at the head and the other at the foot. They asked her, "Woman, why are you crying?" "They have taken my Lord away," she said, "and I don't know where they have put him."
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''Informing the disciples''
||John 20:2
So she came running to Simon Peter and the other disciple, the one Jesus loved, and said, "They have taken the Lord out of the tomb, and we don't know where they have put him!"
||
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''Disciples at the tomb''
||John 20:3–10
So Peter and the other disciple started for the tomb. Both were running, but the other disciple outran Peter and reached the tomb first. He bent over and looked in at the strips of linen lying there but did not go in. Then Simon Peter came along behind him and went straight into the tomb. He saw the strips of linen lying there, as well as the cloth that had been wrapped around Jesus' head. The cloth was still lying in its place, separate from the linen. Finally the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first, also went inside. He saw and believed. (They still did not understand from Scripture that Jesus had to rise from the dead.) Then the disciples went back to where they were staying.
||
|- valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"
| ''The message from Jesus''
||
|| John 20:14–18
At this, she turned around and saw Jesus standing there, but she did not realize that it was Jesus. He asked her, "Woman, why are you crying? Who is it you are looking for?" Thinking he was the gardener, she said, "Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have put him, and I will get him." Jesus said to her, "Mary." She turned toward him and cried out in Aramaic, "Rabboni!" (which means "Teacher"). Jesus said, "Do not hold on to me, for I have not yet ascended to the Father. Go instead to my brothers and tell them, 'I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.'" Mary Magdalene went to the disciples with the news: "I have seen the Lord!" And she told them that he had said these things to her.
|}

==Origins==
===Cultural and religious context===
{{Main|Resurrection of Jesus#Jewish-Hellenistic background|l1=Jewish-Hellenistic background}}

Although [[Jews]], [[Ancient Greeks|Greeks]], and [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] all believed in the reality of [[resurrection]], they differed in their respective conceptions and interpretations of it.<ref>Moss, Candida R. “Heavenly Healing: Eschatological Cleansing and the Resurrection of the Dead in the Early Church.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 79, no. 4, 2011, pp. 995".</ref><ref>Wright, N.T. “Jesus' Resurrection and Christian Origins.” Gregorianum, vol. 83, no. 4, 2002, pp. 616.</ref><ref>Johnston, Sarah Iles. “Many (Un) Happy Returns: Ancient Greek Concepts of a Return from Death and Their Later Counterparts.” Coming Back to Life: The Permeability of Past and Present, Mortality and Immortality, Death and Life in the Ancient Mediterranean, edited by Frederick S. Tappenden and Carly Daniel-Hughes, by Bradley N. Rice, 2nd ed., McGill University Library, Montreal, 2017, pp. 31–32.</ref> [[Christians]] certainly knew of numerous resurrection-events allegedly experienced by persons other than Jesus: the early 3rd-century Christian theologian [[Origen]], for example, argued the resurrection of the 7th-century BCE semi-legendary Greek poet [[Aristeas]] had less evidence than the resurrection of Jesus and did not serve any larger purpose, in contrast to Jesus' death and resurrection for effecting salvation. Origen neither accepted nor denied the immortality of the 2nd-century CE Greek youth [[Antinous]], the beloved of the Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]], but rather he merely commented that, unlike Jesus, Antinous was unworthy of worship.{{sfn|Endsjø|2009|p=102}}{{sfn|Henze|2017|p=151}}

[[Mark Goodacre]] writes that using "empty tomb" to refer to the disappearance of Jesus' body may be a misnomer since first-century tombs in Judea were built to house multiple bodies. As such, Mark narrates that the women had seen the spot where Jesus was laid while the later gospels state that the tomb was "new" and/or unused.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goodacre|first1=Mark|year=2021|title=How Empty Was the Tomb?|journal=Journal for the Study of the New Testament|volume=44|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.1177/0142064X211023714|s2cid=236233486 }}</ref>

==="Assumption" or "translation" stories===
The composition and classification of the empty tomb story have been the subject of considerable debate.<ref name="MacGregor 2018">{{cite journal |author-last=MacGregor |author-first=Kirk Robert |year=2018 |title=The ending of the pre-Markan passion narrative |journal=Scriptura |publisher=[[Stellenbosch University]] |volume=117 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.7833/117-1-1352 |hdl=10520/EJC-13fb46c0d3 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |doi-access=free |url=https://scriptura.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1352|hdl-access=free|issn=2305-445X}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2010|p=76}} Several scholars have argued that the empty tomb story in Mark is similar to [[Entering heaven alive|"assumption" or "translation"]] stories, and not a resurrection story, in which certain special individuals are described as being transported into the divine realm (heaven) before or [[Afterlife|after their death]].<ref>Smith, D. (2014). ‘Look, the place where they put him’ (Mk 16:6): The space of Jesus’ tomb in early Christian memory. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 70(1), 8 pages</ref> [[Adela Yarbro Collins]], for example, explains the Markan narrative as a Markan deduction from an early Christian belief in the resurrection. She classifies it as a translation story, meaning a story of the removal of a newly-immortal hero to a non-Earthly realm.{{sfn|Harrington|2004|pp=54–55}} According to Daniel Smith, a missing body was far more likely to be interpreted as an instance of removal by a divine agent than as an instance of resurrection or resuscitation.{{sfn|Smith|2010|p=61}} Richard C. Miller compares the ending of Mark to Hellenistic and Roman translation stories of heroes which involve missing bodies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Richard C|year=2010|title=Mark's Empty Tomb and Other Translation Fables in Classical Antiquity|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=129|issue=4|pages=759–776|doi=10.2307/25765965|jstor=25765965 }}</ref>

However, Smith also notes that certain elements within Mark's empty tomb story are inconsistent with an assumption narrative, most importantly the response to the women from the young man at the tomb: ("He is risen" [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#16:6|Mark 16:6]]).{{CN|date=February 2023}} Pointing to the existence in earlier Jewish texts both of the idea of resurrection from the grave and of that of a heavenly assumption of the resurrected, [[Dale Allison]] argues that resurrection and assumption are not mutually contradicting ideas, and that the empty tomb story probably involved both from the beginning.{{sfn|Allison|2021|pp=156–157, n. 232}}

===Skepticism about the empty tomb narrative===
{{See also|Burial of Jesus}}

Early on,{{when|date=March 2023}} the stories about the empty tomb were met with [[skepticism]]. The Gospel of Matthew already mentions stories that the body was [[Stolen body hypothesis|stolen from the grave]].{{sfnp|Dunn2003b|p=836}} Other suggestions, not supported in mainstream scholarship, are that Jesus had [[swoon hypothesis|not really died on the cross]], or was lost due to natural causes.{{sfnp|Ehrman|2014|p=88}}

The absence of any reference to the story of Jesus' empty tomb in the [[Pauline epistles]] and the Easter [[kerygma]] (preaching or proclamation) of the earliest church, originating perhaps in the Christian community of Antioch in the 30s and preserved in [[1 Corinthians]],{{sfn|Rausch|2003|p=115}} has led some scholars to suggest that Mark invented it.{{According to whom|date=March 2023}} Allison, however, finds this argument from silence unconvincing.{{sfn|Allison|2005|p=306}} Other scholars have argued that instead, Paul presupposes the empty tomb, specifically in the early creed passed down in 1 Cor. 15.<ref>''Resurrection in Paganism and the Question of an Empty Tomb in 1 Corinthians 15. Journal for New Testament Studies.'', pp. 56-58, John Granger Cook</ref><ref>''The Resurrection of Jesus in the Pre-Pauline Formula of 1 Cor 15.3–5. Journal for New Testament Studies'', p.498, James Ware</ref>

Most scholars believe that John wrote independently of Mark and that the [[Gospel of Mark]] and the [[Gospel of John]] contain two independent attestations of an empty tomb, which in turn suggests that both used already-existing sources{{sfn|Aune|2013|p=169}} and appealed to a commonly held tradition, though Mark may have added to and adapted that tradition to fit his narrative.<ref>Engelbrecht, J. “The Empty Tomb (Lk 24:1–12) in Historical Perspective.” Neotestamentica, vol. 23, no. 2, 1989, p. 245.</ref> How and why Mark adapts his material is unclear. Smith believes that Mark has adapted two separate traditions of resurrection and disappearance into one Easter narrative.{{sfn|Smith|2010|pp=179–180}}

===Empty tomb and resurrection appearances===
According to [[Rudolf Bultmann]], "Easter stories [...] fall into two groups – stories of the empty tomb and stories of the appearance of the risen Lord, though there are stories that combine them both (Mt 28:1–8, 9f; Jn 20:1, 11–18)."{{CN|date=February 2023}} [[N. T. Wright]] emphatically and extensively argues for the reality of the empty tomb and the subsequent appearances of Jesus, reasoning that as a matter of "inference"{{sfn|Wright|2003|p=711}} both a bodily resurrection and later bodily appearances of Jesus are far better explanations for the empty tomb and the 'meetings' and the rise of Christianity than are any other theories, including those of Ehrman.{{sfn|Wright|2003|p=711}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6pAwAAQBAJ&q=the+resurrection+of+the+son+of+god|title=The Resurrection of the Son of God|date=2012|publisher=SPCK|isbn=978-0281067503|language=en}}</ref> [[Dale Allison]] has argued for an empty tomb, that was later followed by visions of Jesus by [[Apostles in the New Testament|the Apostles]] and Mary Magdalene, while also accepting the historicity of the resurrection.{{sfn|Allison|2021|pp= 3, 337, 353}} Christian biblical scholars have used textual critical methods to support the historicity of the tradition that "Mary of Magdala had indeed been the first to see Jesus," most notably the [[Criterion of Embarrassment]] in recent years.{{sfn|Dunn|2003b|pp=843}}<ref>[[Richard Bauckham]], ''Gospel Women, Studies of the Named Women in the Gospels'' (2002), pages 257-258</ref> According to [[Dale Allison]], the inclusion of women as the first witnesses to the risen Jesus "once suspect, confirms the truth of the story."{{sfn|Allison|2005|pp=327-328}}

According to [[Géza Vermes]], the empty tomb developed independently from the post-resurrection appearances, as they are never directly coordinated to form a combined argument.{{sfn|Vermes|2008a|p=142}} While the coherence of the empty tomb narrative is questionable, it is "clearly an early tradition".{{sfn|Vermes|2008a|p=142}} Vermes rejects the literal interpretation of the story,{{sfn|Vermes|2008a|p=143}} and also notes that the story of the empty tomb conflicts with notions of a spiritual resurrection. According to Vermes, "[t]he strictly Jewish bond of spirit and body is better served by the idea of the empty tomb and is no doubt responsible for the introduction of the notions of palpability (Thomas in John) and eating (Luke and John)."{{sfn|Vermes|2008a|p=148}} New Testament historian [[Bart D. Ehrman]] rejects the story of the empty tomb, and argues that "an empty tomb had nothing to do with [believe in the resurrection] [...] an empty tomb would not produce faith".{{sfn|Ehrman|2014|p=98}} Ehrman argues that the empty tomb was needed to underscore the physical resurrection of Jesus.{{sfn|Ehrman|2014|p=90}}

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
* [[Garden Tomb]]
* [[Substitution hypothesis]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|last = Adams|first = Edward |title  = Parallel Lives of Jesus: Four Gospels – One Story|publisher  = SPCK|year       = 2012|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=qVypAwAAQBAJ|isbn = 978-0281067725}}
* {{Cite book|last  = Allison |first = Dale C. Jr.|title  = Resurrecting Jesus: The Earliest Christian Tradition and Its Interpreters|publisher  = Bloomsbury |year  = 2005|url    = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|isbn = 978-0567397454}}
* {{Cite book|last = Allison |first = Dale C. Jr.|title = The Resurrection of Jesus: Apologetics, Polemics, History|location   = New York|publisher  = Bloomsbury |year = 2021|isbn  = 978-0567697578}}
* {{Cite book|last  = Alsup|first  = John E.|title  = The Post-Resurrection Appearance Stories of the Gospel Tradition: A History-of-Tradition Analysis|publisher  = Wipf and Stock|year  = 2007|url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=QsNLAwAAQBAJ|isbn  = 978-1597529709}}
* {{Cite book|last =Aune | first =David | year =2013 | title =Jesus, Gospel Tradition and Paul in the Context of Jewish and Greco-Roman Antiquity | publisher  =Mohr Siebeck | isbn =978-3161523151 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XT_nwOG-bwAC&pg=PA169}}
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* {{Cite book |last1 = Bauckham |first1  = Richard |chapter  = The Fourth Gospel as the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple |editor1-last  = Bauckham |editor1-first = Richard |editor2-last  = Mosser |editor2-first = Carl |title = The Gospel of John and Christian Theology |publisher = Eerdmans |year  = 2008 |chapter-url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=3b2I8v2Gh8oC&pg=PA138 |isbn  = 978-0802827173}}
* {{Cite book | last =Brown | first = R.E. | year =1973 | title =The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus | publisher =Paulist Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=a0Ik5DuD01cC| isbn = 978-0809117680 }}
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* {{Cite book |last  = Dunn |first = James D. G. |title = The Evidence for Jesus |publisher  = Westminster John Knox |year = 1985 |url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=hfAcOPGt69YC&pg=PA69 |isbn = 978-0664246983}}
* {{Citation | last =Dunn | first =James D.G. | year =2003b | title =Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1 | publisher =Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing}}
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* {{Cite book
|last = Edwards|first = James|author-link = James R. Edwards|title      = The Gospel According to Mark|publisher  = Eerdmans |year = 2002|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=0MjWS_4La_EC|isbn       = 978-0851117782}}
* {{Cite book|last = Ehrman |first  = Bart |title  = Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|publisher  = Oxford University Press|year       = 1999|isbn = 978-0199839438 |url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=c9K_6NN3llcC&pg=PA24}}
* {{Citation | last =Ehrman | first =Bart D. | year =2003| author-link=Bart D. Ehrman | title =Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0199727124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzRCwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Citation | last =Ehrman | first =Bart | year =2014 | title =How Jesus Became God. The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilea | publisher =Harperone}}
* {{Cite book|last1  = Elliott|first1 = Keith|last2  = Moir|first2 = Ian|title  = Manuscripts and the Text of the New Testament: An Introduction for English Readers|publisher  = A&C Black|year = 1995|url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze16lRIzIzcC|isbn = 978-0567292988}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Endsjø|first      = D. |title      = Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity|publisher  = Springer|year       = 2009|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=PXnHAAAAQBAJ|isbn       = 978-0230622562}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Evans|first      = Craig A.|title      = Luke|publisher  = Baker Books|year       = 2011|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=mBkB2Beyi2QC|isbn       = 978-1441236524}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Evans|first      = Mary J.|title      = The Women's Study Bible: New Living Translation Second Edition|publisher  = Oxford University Press|year       = 2009|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKT7ftnh0xYC|isbn       = 978-0195291254}}
* {{Cite book|last       = France|first      = R.T|title      = The Gospel of Matthew|publisher  = Eerdmans|year       = 2007|isbn = 978-0802825018|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA19 }}
* {{Cite book|last        = Goodacre |first       = Mark |title       = The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze|publisher   = A&C Black|year        = 2001 |url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=iV05Mv-hbMAC|isbn        = 978-0567080561}}
* {{Cite book |last       = Harrington|first      = Daniel J.|title      = What Are they Saying About Mark?|publisher  = Paulist Press|year       = 2004|isbn = 978-0809142637|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=LQqpXA9h8-AC&pg=PA54}}
* {{Cite book
|last       = Harrington|first      = Daniel J.|title      = The Gospel of Matthew |publisher  = Liturgical Press|year       = 1991|isbn = 978-0814658031|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=bNf13S3k2w0C }}
* {{Cite book|last       = Henze|first      = Matthias |title      = Mind the Gap: How the Jewish Writings between the Old and New Testament Help Us Understand Jesus|publisher  = Fortress Press|year       = 2017|isbn = 978-1506406435 |url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNkuDwAAQBAJ}}
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* {{Cite book| last      = Levine| first     = Amy-Jill| chapter   = Introduction| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&pg=PA6| editor1-last = Levine| editor1-first= Amy-Jill| editor2-last = Allison| editor2-first= Dale C. Jr.| editor3-last = Crossan| editor3-first= John Dominic| title     = The Historical Jesus in Context| publisher = Princeton University Press| year      = 2009| isbn      = 978-1400827374}}
* {{Cite book| last =Lincoln| first     = Andrew| title     = Gospel According to St John| publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing| year      = 2005| url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ&q=%22final+form%22%22some+time+between+90+and+110+ce%22&pg=PA18| isbn     = 978-1441188229}}
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* {{Cite journal|last=Magness|first=Jodi|date=2005|title=Ossuaries and the Burials of Jesus and James|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040993|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=124|issue=1|pages=121–154|doi=10.2307/30040993|jstor=30040993|issn=0021-9231|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book | last =Mccane | first =Byron | year =2003 | title =Roll Back the Stone: Death and Burial in the World of Jesus | publisher =A&C Black}}
* {{Cite book| last=Mettinger| first=Tryggve N. D.| author-link=Tryggve Mettinger| date=2001| title=The Riddle of Resurrection: "Dying and Rising Gods" in the Ancient Near East| location=Stockholm| publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell International| isbn=978-9122019459}}
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* {{Cite book|last       = Osborne|first      = Kenan |title      = The Resurrection of Jesus: New Considerations for Its Theological Interpretation|publisher  = Wipf and Stock |year       = 2004|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdLAwAAQBAJ|isbn       = 978-1592445875}}
* {{cite book
|last1       = Osiek
|first1      = Carolyn
|chapter = The Women at the Tomb
|editor1-last  = Levine
|editor1-first = Amy-Jill
|editor2-last  = Blickenstaff
|editor2-first = Marianne
|title     = A Feminist Companion to Matthew
|year      = 2001
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-brUAwAAQBAJ&q=A+Feminist+Companion+to+Matthew
|publisher = Sheffield Academic Press
|isbn = 9781841272115
}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Park|first      = Eung Chun|title      = Either Jew Or Gentile: Paul's Unfolding Theology of Inclusivity|publisher  = Westminster John Knox |year       = 2003|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=TBmEyFqjX8EC|isbn       = 978-0664224530}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Perkins|first      = Pheme|author-link = Pheme Perkins|editor1-last  = Barton|editor1-first = John|title      = The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation|chapter    = The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story|year       = 1998|publisher  = Westminster John Knox |url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC|isbn       = 978-0521485937}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Rausch|first      = Thomas P. |title      = Who is Jesus?: An Introduction to Christology|publisher  = Liturgical Press|year       = 2003|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC&pg=PA115|isbn       = 978-0814650783}}
* {{Cite book|last          = Reddish|first         = Mitchell|title         = An Introduction to The Gospels|year          = 2011|publisher     = Abingdon Press|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC|isbn          = 978-1426750083}}
* {{Cite book|last1      = Sandnes  |first1     = Karl Olav |last2      = Henriksen|first2     = Jan-Olav|title      = Resurrection: Texts and Interpretation, Experience and Theology|publisher  = Wipf and Stock|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=MgvoDwAAQBAJ|year       = 2020|isbn = 978-1532695896 }}
* {{Cite book|last1  = Seesengood|first1 = Robert |last2  = Koosed|first2  = Jennifer L. |title      = Jesse's Lineage: The Legendary Lives of David, Jesus, and Jesse James|publisher  = Bloomsbury |year  = 2013|url    = https://books.google.com/books?id=O9oFBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|isbn = 978-0567515261 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Smith | first =Daniel A. | year =2010 | title =Revisiting the Empty Tomb: The Early History of Easter | publisher =Fortress Press | isbn =978-0800697013 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=mWGqmAEACAAJ}}
<!-- V -->
* {{Citation | last =Vermes | first =Geza | year =2008a | title =The Resurrection | place =London | publisher =Penguin | isbn =978-0141912639 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC}}
<!-- W -->
* {{Citation | last =Wright | first =N.T. | year =2003 | title =The Resurrection of the Son of God | place =Minneapolis | publisher=Fortress Press | isbn =978-0800626792}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last       = Crossan|first      = John Dominic|title      = Who Killed Jesus?|publisher  = Harper Collins|year       = 2009|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=Tf8iMw1_XoIC|isbn       = 978-0061978364|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Ehrman |first      = Bart |title      = How Jesus Became God. The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilea |publisher  = Harperone|year       = 2014 |isbn = 978-0062252197 |url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=dmspAgAAQBAJ|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Fredriksen|first      = Paula |title      = From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus|publisher  = Yale University Press|year       = 2008 |url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFlfjZ4Ho4C|isbn       = 978-0281067725|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Ludemann|first      = Gerd|title      = What Really Happened to Jesus: A Historical Approach to the Resurrection|publisher  = Westminster John Knox |year       = 1995|url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=3j9-midmNzsC&pg=PA31|isbn       = 978-0664256470|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last       = Vermes |first      = Geza |title      = The Resurrection|publisher  = Penguin|year       = 2008 |isbn       = 978-0141912639 |url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC|ref=none}}
{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Gospel of Mark}}
{{Gospel of Luke}}
{{Gospel of John}}
{{Portal bar|Christianity|Bible}}

[[Category:Alleged tombs of Jesus]]
[[Category:Angelic apparitions in the Bible]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Resurrection of Jesus in the New Testament]]
[[Category:Historicity and origin of the Resurrection of Jesus]]