View source for Energy drink

{{Short description|Beverage containing stimulants}}
{{weasel|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox drink
| name = Energy drink
| image = Energydrinks.jpg
| imagealt = 
| image_size = 250px
| caption = A variety of energy drinks on a German supermarket shelf
| type = [[Functional beverage]]
| origin = Japan
| introduced = 1962
| color = Various
| region = 
| flavor = Various
| ingredients = Usually [[caffeine]], various [[#Ingredients and uses|others]]
}}
{{Cookbook|Citrus Energy Drink}}
{{Cookbook|Herbal Energy Drink}}

An '''energy drink''' is a type of non-alcoholic psychoactive [[functional beverage]] containing [[stimulant]] compounds, usually [[caffeine]] (at a higher concentration than ordinary [[soda pop]]) and [[taurine]], which is marketed as reducing tiredness and improving performance and concentration (marketed as "energy", but distinct from [[food energy]]). They may or may not be [[Soft drink|carbonated]] and may also contain sugar, as well as other sweeteners, or [[herbal extracts]], among numerous [[Energy drink#Ingredients and uses|other possible ingredients]]. Energy drinks are different from [[Sweetened beverage|sugar-sweetened beverages]]. While both energy drinks and sugar-sweetened beverages typically contain high levels of sugar, energy drinks include stimulants like caffeine and taurine and are marketed for energy, and sugar-sweetened beverages like sodas and fruit juices usually are not.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rostami |first1=Mohammadhassan |last2=Babashahi |first2=Mina |last3=Ramezani |first3=Shaghayegh |last4=Dastgerdizad |first4=Hadis |date=2024-08-26 |title=A scoping review of policies related to reducing energy drink consumption in children |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2308 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-19724-y |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=11346296 |pmid=39187818}}</ref>

They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and [[energy gel|gels]], and are distinct from [[sports drinks]], which are advertised to enhance sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miyeong |first=Han |date=19 February 2012 |title=Energy drink, does it really work? |url=https://m.health.chosun.com/svc/news_view.html?contid=2012021701936 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Health Chosun News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haesoo |first=Lee |date=11 November 2014 |title=The four main ingredients of energy drinks |url=https://www.g-enews.com/article/Global-Biz/2014/11/201411111927520123585_1 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Global Economic}}</ref>

Energy drinks have the effects of caffeine and sugar, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients has any effect.<ref name="pmid23206286">{{cite journal|vauthors=McLellan TM, Lieberman HR | title=Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine? | journal=Nutr Rev | year= 2012 | volume= 70 | issue= 12 | pages= 730–44 | pmid=23206286 | doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00525.x | doi-access=free }}</ref> Most effects of energy drinks on [[Cognition|cognitive]] performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |pmid=18470842 |name-list-style=vanc|year=2008 |last1=Van Den Eynde |first1=F |last2=Van Baelen |first2=PC |last3=Portzky |first3=M |last4=Audenaert |first4=K |title=The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=273–81 |journal=Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie}}</ref> Other studies ascribe those performance improvements to the effects of the combined ingredients.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood|journal = Amino Acids|date = 1 January 2001|pmid = 11665810|pages = 139–150|volume = 21|issue = 2|first1 = C.|last1 = Alford|first2 = H.|last2 = Cox|first3 = R.|last3 = Wescott|doi = 10.1007/s007260170021|s2cid = 25358429|url = http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/96/|access-date = 16 August 2019|archive-date = 9 April 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220409013007/https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/1085735|url-access = subscription}}</ref>

Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is no scientific consensus to support these claims.<ref name="pmid25293550">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallarés JG | title=Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks. | journal=Nutr Rev | year= 2014 | volume= 72 | issue=Suppl 1 | pages= 108–20 | pmid=25293550 | doi=10.1111/nure.12132 }}</ref> Energy drinks have been associated with many health risks, such as an increased rate of injury when usage is combined with alcohol, and excessive or repeated consumption can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.<ref name="pmid25818530"/><ref name="pmid25622514"/> Populations at risk for complications from energy drink consumption include youth, caffeine-naive or caffeine-sensitive, pregnant, competitive athletes and people with underlying cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Higgins|first1=John|last2=Yarlagadda|first2=Santi|last3=Yang|first3=Benjamin|last4=Higgins|first4=John P.|last5=Yarlagadda|first5=Santi|last6=Yang|first6=Benjamin|date=June 2015|title=Cardiovascular Complications of Energy Drinks|journal=Beverages|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=104–126|doi=10.3390/beverages1020104|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Ingredients and uses==
Energy drinks are usually marketed to young people and provide the [[health effects of caffeine]].<ref name="Meier 2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/health/scant-proof-is-found-to-back-up-claims-by-energy-drinks.html |title=Energy Drinks Promise Edge, but Experts Say Proof Is Scant |first=Barry |last=Meier |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 January 2013 |location=New York City |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412021719/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/health/scant-proof-is-found-to-back-up-claims-by-energy-drinks.html |archive-date=12 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The caffeine content of energy drinks is between 50mg and 505mg per serving, compared to 90mg in 250ml of coffee, 50mg in 250ml of tea, and 34mg in 500ml of cola.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reissig |first1=Chad J. |last2=Strain |first2=Eric C. |last3=Griffiths |first3=Roland R. |date=2009-01-01 |title=Caffeinated energy drinks—A growing problem |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001 |pmid=18809264 |pmc=2735818 |issn=0376-8716}}</ref>

There is no reliable evidence that other ingredients in energy drinks provide further benefits, even though the drinks are frequently advertised in a way that suggests they have unique benefits.<ref name="Meier 2013"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies|title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims from Energy Drinks|journal=EFSA Journal|date=2011|volume=9|issue=4|pages=2035 [19 pp.]|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2035|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2035|access-date=26 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919191338/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2035|archive-date=19 September 2015|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[dietary supplement]]s in energy drinks may be purported to supply benefits, such as for [[vitamin B12]],<ref name="Meier 2013"/><ref name="europa1924">{{Cite journal|title = Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims|journal = EFSA Journal|volume = 8|issue = 10|page = 1756|url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu|doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1756|year = 2010|access-date = 26 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081113221159/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/|archive-date = 13 November 2008|url-status = live|doi-access = free}}</ref> but no claims of using supplements to enhance health in otherwise normal people have been verified scientifically.

Marketing of energy drinks has been particularly directed towards teenagers, with manufacturers sponsoring or advertising at extreme sports events and music concerts, and targeting a youthful audience through social media channels.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plamondon|first=Laurie|year=2013|title=Energy Drinks: Threatening or Commonplace? An Update|url=https://www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/1669_BoissonsEnergisantes.pdf|journal=TOPO|issue=6|page=7|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101322/https://www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/1669_BoissonsEnergisantes.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Effects==
[[File:Power Horse Energy Drink336.jpg|thumb|A health warning on a can of the Austrian Power Horse energy drink|alt=A health warning on a can of the Austrian Power Horse energy drink: "Consumption of more than two cans in a day may be harmful to your health. Not to be used for pregnant women, breast feeders, children under the age of 16, people with heart disease, [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], diabetes, allergy to caffeine, and athletes during exercise."]]

Energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect.<ref name="pmid23206286" /> Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is little evidence to support this in the scientific literature.<ref name="pmid25293550" />

According to the [[Mayo Clinic]], it is safe for the typical healthy adult to consume a total of 400 mg of caffeine a day. This has been confirmed by a panel of the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA), which also concludes that a caffeine intake of up to 400 mg per day does not raise safety concerns for adults. According to the EFSA this is equivalent to 4 cups of coffee (90 mg each) or 2 1/2 standard cans (250 ml) of energy drink (160 mg each/80 mg per serving).<ref name=energy-drinks>{{cite web|first1=Buss|last1=Preszler|title=How much is too much?|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678|website=mayoclinic.org|publisher=Mayo Clinic|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103162809/http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678|archive-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine |journal=EFSA Journal |date=May 2015 |volume=13 |issue=5 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102|doi-access=free }}</ref> 

Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms ([[Heart arrhythmia|arrhythmia]]), and [[dyspepsia]]. In the United States, caffeine dosage is not required to be displayed on product labels for food. However, companies often place the caffeine content of their drinks on the label regardless, and some advocates are urging the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to change this practice.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94973371 |title=Warning: Energy Drinks Contain Caffeine |date=24 September 2008 |last=Aubrey |first=Allison |type=Radio broadcast |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |series=Morning Edition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085824/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94973371 |archive-date=7 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Meier |first=Barry |date=19 March 2013 |title=Doctors Urge F.D.A. to Restrict Caffeine in Energy Drinks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/doctors-urge-fda-to-restrict-caffeine-in-energy-drinks.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Health problems===
Excessive consumption of energy drinks can have serious health effects resulting from high caffeine and sugar intakes, particularly in children, teenagers, and young adults.<ref name="fph">{{cite journal | last1=Al-Shaar | first1=Laila | last2=Vercammen | first2=Kelsey | last3=Lu | first3=Chang | last4=Richardson | first4=Scott | last5=Tamez | first5=Martha | last6=Mattei | first6=Josiemer | title=Health Effects and Public Health Concerns of Energy Drink Consumption in the United States: A Mini-Review | journal=Frontiers in Public Health| volume=5 | date=31 August 2017 | article-number=225 | issn=2296-2565 | doi=10.3389/fpubh.2017.00225 | pmid=28913331 | pmc=5583516 | bibcode=2017FrPH....5..225A | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=What About Energy Drinks for Kids? |url=https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=what-about-energy-drinks-for-kids-1-3033 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416160241/https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=what-about-energy-drinks-for-kids-1-3033 |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=12 September 2019 |publisher=Stanford Children's Health, Stanford University}}</ref> Excessive energy drink consumption may disrupt teens' sleep patterns and may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior.<ref name=fph/> Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac problems, such as arrhythmias and [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]], and psychiatric conditions such as [[anxiety]] and [[phobia]]s.<ref name="pmid25818530">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Cervellin G, Lippi G, Earnest CP | title=Energy drink overconsumption in adolescents: implications for arrhythmias and other cardiovascular events. | journal=Can J Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 572–5 | pmid=25818530 | doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019 | hdl=11268/3906 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid25622514">{{cite journal|vauthors=Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M | title=[Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]. | journal=Presse Med | year= 2015 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 261–70 | pmid=25622514 | doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029 }}</ref><ref name=fph/> 

The consumption of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular health, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can pose risks for individuals with underlying heart conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reissig |first1=Chad J. |last2=Strain |first2=Eric C. |last3=Griffiths |first3=Roland R. |date=January 2009 |title=Caffeinated energy drinks—A growing problem |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=99 |issue=1–3 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001 |issn=0376-8716 |pmc=2735818 |pmid=18809264}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Costantino |first1=Andrea |last2=Maiese |first2=Aniello |last3=Lazzari |first3=Julia |last4=Casula |first4=Chiara |last5=Turillazzi |first5=Emanuela |last6=Frati |first6=Paola |last7=Fineschi |first7=Vittorio |date=2023-09-09 |title=The Dark Side of Energy Drinks: A Comprehensive Review of Their Impact on the Human Body |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=18 |page=3922 |doi=10.3390/nu15183922 |doi-access=free |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10535526 |pmid=37764707}}</ref> In Europe, energy drinks containing sugar and caffeine have been associated with the deaths of athletes.<ref name="pmid18595815">{{cite journal|vauthors=Clauson KA, Shields KM, McQueen CE, Persad N | title=Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. | journal=J Am Pharm Assoc | year= 2008 | volume= 48 | issue= 3 | pages= e55–63; quiz e64–7 | pmid=18595815 | doi=10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055 }}</ref> Reviews have noted that caffeine content was not the only factor, and that the cocktail of other ingredients in energy drinks made them more dangerous than drinks whose only stimulant was caffeine; the studies noted that more research and government regulation were needed.<ref name=fph/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Emily A. Fletcher |author2=Carolyn S. Lacey |author3=Melenie Aaron |author4=Mark Kolasa |author5=Andrew Occiano |author6=Sachin A. Shah |title=Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Volume Energy Drink Versus Caffeine Consumption on ECG and Hemodynamic Parameters |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |volume=6 |issue=5 |article-number=e004448 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.116.004448 |pmid=28446495 |pmc=5524057 |date=May 2017 }}</ref>

The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] recommends that children under the age of 18 do not consume caffeinated energy drinks.<ref name="aap">{{cite web |title=Kids Should Not Consume Energy Drinks, and Rarely Need Sports Drinks, Says AAP |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/Kids-Should-Not-Consume-Energy-Drinks,-and-Rarely-Need-Sports-Drinks,-Says-AAP.aspx |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |access-date=2 August 2019 |date=30 May 2011}}</ref> For children under the age of 18, safe levels of caffeine consumption have not been established.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Temple |first1=Jennifer L. |last2=Bernard |first2=Christophe |last3=Lipshultz |first3=Steven E. |last4=Czachor |first4=Jason D. |last5=Westphal |first5=Joslyn A. |last6=Mestre |first6=Miriam A. |date=2017-05-26 |title=The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=80 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080 |doi-access=free |pmid=28603504 |pmc=5445139 |issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 

In 2011 in the United States, 11% of the 20,783 people aged 12 or older who visited the emergency room for issues related to energy drinks were hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Lenny |date=2014-03-19 |title=More than 10 percent of emergency room visits involving energy drinks result in hospitalization |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2014/03/19/more-than-10-percent-of-emergency-room-visits-involving-energy-drinks-result-in-hospitalization/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The number of energy-drink related emergency room visits in the United States doubled between 2007 and 2011. 

In 2012, federal officials had received reports of 13 deaths over the previous four years that cited some possible involvement of 5-Hour Energy, which is classified as an energy shot, or a subsection of the energy drink category. Between 2009 and 2012, 5-Hour Energy had been mentioned in 90 filings with the F.D.A., including more than 30 that involved serious or life-threatening injuries like heart attacks, convulsions, and in one case, a spontaneous abortion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meier |first=Barry |date=2012-11-14 |title=Caffeinated Drink Cited in Reports of 13 Deaths |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/business/5-hour-energy-is-cited-in-13-death-reports.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

While caffeine is traditionally not seen as a drug of abuse, there is growing discussion that its use—especially in the form of energy drinks—may exhibit a "[[Gateway drug effect]]," increasing the likelihood of subsequent use of alcohol and other substances; Students who regularly consume caffeinated energy drinks have a greater risk of alcohol use disorder, cocaine use and misuse of prescription stimulants. The elevated risk remains after accounting for prior substance use and other risk factors.<ref name="NIDA2017">{{cite web |title=Energy drinks and risk to future substance use |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2017/08/energy-drinks-risk-to-future-substance-use |website=www.drugabuse.gov |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |access-date=29 March 2019 |language=en |date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218230546/https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2017/08/energy-drinks-risk-to-future-substance-use }}</ref> Controlled animal and human studies showed that [[caffeine]] from energy drinks in combination with alcohol increased the craving for more alcohol more strongly than alcohol alone.<ref name="pmid29251842">{{cite journal| author=Curran CP, Marczinski CA| title=Taurine, caffeine, and energy drinks: Reviewing the risks to the adolescent brain. | journal=Birth Defects Res | year= 2017 | volume= 109 | issue= 20 | pages= 1640–1648 | pmid=29251842 | doi=10.1002/bdr2.1177 | pmc=5737830 }}</ref> These findings correspond to epidemiological data that people who consume [[energy drinks]] generally showed an increased tendency to take alcohol and other substances.<ref name="pmid20729975">{{cite journal| author=Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Kasperski SJ, O'Grady KE, Vincent KB, Griffiths RR | title=Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students. | journal=J Addict Med | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 74–80 | pmid=20729975 | doi=10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181aa8dd4 | pmc=2923814 }}</ref><ref name="NIDA2017" />

== Prevalence ==
A 2024 review of studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, [[Oceania]], and Africa found that 55% of participants had consumed an energy drink at one point, 43% in the last year, 32% in the past month, 22% in the past week, and 9% consumed energy drinks daily.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aonso-Diego |first1=Gema |last2=Krotter |first2=Andrea |last3=García-Pérez |first3=Ángel |date=2024 |title=Prevalence of energy drink consumption world-wide: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Addiction |language=en |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=438–463 |doi=10.1111/add.16390 |pmid=37967848 |issn=1360-0443|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==History==
{{Original research|date=September 2023|reason=No clear distinction between how the term "energy drink" has been used vs today's idea of what it means.}}
[[Dr. Enuf]], an "energy building"<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 1951 |title=New-Type Drink, Dr. Enuf; Fleming To Manage Business |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/johnson-city-press-dr-enuf/149819966/ |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=Johnson City Press |page=3}}</ref> soft drink containing caffeine and B vitamins, was created in the United States in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |date=9 June 2023 |title=Why is there taurine in energy drinks? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230609-why-is-there-taurine-in-energy-drinks |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ''[[The New York Times]]'' states that "the energy drink, as we know it", however, was born in post-World War II Japan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Engber |first=Daniel |date=2013-12-06 |title=Who Made That Energy Drink? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/magazine/who-made-that-energy-drink.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1962, [[Taisho Pharmaceutical]] produced [[Lipovitan]] D, a herbal "energizing tonic" that was sold in minibar-sized bottles. The tonic was originally marketed towards truck drivers and factory workers who needed to stay awake for long shifts. However, in Japan, most of the products of this kind bear little resemblance to soft drinks, and are sold instead in small brown glass medicine bottles, or cans styled to resemble such containers. These {{Lang|ja-latn|eiyō dorinku}} (literally, {{Gloss|nutritional drinks}}) are marketed primarily to ''[[salarymen]]''. [[Bacchus-F]], a South Korean drink closely modeled after Lipovitan, also appeared in the early 1960s and targets a similar demographic.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

In Europe, [[Dietrich Mateschitz]], an Austrian entrepreneur, introduced the [[Red Bull]] product, a worldwide bestseller in the 21st century. Mateschitz developed Red Bull based on the Thai drink [[Krating Daeng]], itself based on Lipovitan. Red Bull became the dominant brand in the US after its introduction in 1997, with a market share of approximately 47% in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2005/0328/028_print.html|title=Soda With Buzz|publisher=Forbes, Kerry A. Dolan|access-date=28 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102225404/http://www.forbes.com/global/2005/0328/028_print.html|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

In New Zealand and Australia, the leading energy drink product in those markets, [[V (drink)|V]], was introduced by [[Frucor|Frucor Beverages]]. The product now represents over 60% of market in New Zealand and Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frucor.co.nz/index.php/our_brands/v/ |title=Our brands – V |publisher=Frucor |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612062322/http://www.frucor.co.nz/index.php/our_brands/v/ |archive-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, Hansen Natural Company introduced the energy drink [[Monster Energy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2002|title=What's Hot: Hansen Natural|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_23/b3936409.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625182204/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_23/b3936409.htm|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> Hansen Natural Company changed their name to [[Monster Beverage|Monster Beverage Corporation]] after an agreement by shareholders to change the name after Monster Energy became the largest source of revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Stock Ticker Press release|url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/HANS/1957154430x0x532109/ff719ad1-e705-4d72-8e2d-77a18209d622/HANS_News_2012_1_5_General_Releases.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926125626/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/HANS/1957154430x0x532109/ff719ad1-e705-4d72-8e2d-77a18209d622/HANS_News_2012_1_5_General_Releases.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|access-date=6 July 2012}}</ref> The company's previous beverages were taken ownership of by [[the Coca-Cola Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coke Takes Ownership of Monster's Non-Energy Business|url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coke-takes-ownership-of-monsters-non-energy-business/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908050316/https://www.coca-colacompany.com/news/monsters-non-energy-business|archive-date=8 September 2021|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

The [[energy shot]] product, an offshoot of the energy drink, was launched in the US with products such as [[5-hour Energy|5-Hour Energy]], which was first released onto the market in 2004. A consumer health analyst explained in a March 2014 media article: "Energy shots took off because of energy drinks. If you're a white collar worker, you're not necessarily willing to down a big Monster energy drink, but you may drink an energy shot."<ref name="Rob">{{cite news|title=The American energy drink craze in two highly caffeinated charts|url=http://qz.com/192038/the-american-energy-drink-craze-in-two-highly-caffeinated-charts/#/h/56821,2/|access-date=27 March 2014|newspaper=Quartz|date=26 March 2014|author=Roberto A. Ferdman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327001706/http://qz.com/192038/the-american-energy-drink-craze-in-two-highly-caffeinated-charts/#/h/56821,2/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Mystery Monk Making Billions With 5-Hour Energy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/02/08/manoj-bhargava-the-mystery-monk-making-billions-with-5-hour-energy/?_ga=1.88810011.160138298.1395234623|work=Forbes|publisher=Forbes LLC|access-date=27 March 2014|author=O'Connor, Clare|date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208224234/http://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/02/08/manoj-bhargava-the-mystery-monk-making-billions-with-5-hour-energy/?_ga=1.88810011.160138298.1395234623|archive-date=8 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, energy drink powders and effervescent tablets were introduced, whereby either can be added to water to create an energy drink.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caffeine Experts at Johns Hopkins Call for Warning Labels for Energy Drinks - 09/24/2008 |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/Caffeine_Experts_at_Johns_Hopkins_Call_for_Warning_Labels_for_Energy_Drinks |access-date=13 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914061158/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/Caffeine_Experts_at_Johns_Hopkins_Call_for_Warning_Labels_for_Energy_Drinks |archive-date=14 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 August 2012, the word ''energy drink'' was listed for the first time in the [[Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|Merriam-Webster's ''Collegiate Dictionary'']].<ref>{{cite news|last=Italie|first=Leanne|title=F-bomb makes it into mainstream dictionary|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/f-bomb-makes-it-mainstream-dictionary/|newspaper=The Washington Times|access-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815100944/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/f-bomb-makes-it-mainstream-dictionary/|archive-date=15 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Variants==
===By concentration===
====Energy shots====
{{main|Energy shot}}
Energy shots are a specialized kind of energy drink. Whereas most energy drinks are sold in cans or bottles, energy shots are usually sold in smaller 50ml bottles.<ref>{{cite news |author=Miller, Kevin |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2017/02/01/lawmakers-consider-bill-to-add-15-cent-deposit-for-miniature-alcohol-bottles/ |title=As more 'nips' bottles litter Maine landscape, group calls for 15-cent deposit |newspaper=Portland Press Herald |date=1 February 2017 |access-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080206/https://www.pressherald.com/2017/02/01/lawmakers-consider-bill-to-add-15-cent-deposit-for-miniature-alcohol-bottles/ |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Energy shots can contain the same total amount of caffeine, [[vitamin]]s or other functional ingredients as their larger versions, and may be considered concentrated forms of energy drinks. The marketing of energy shots generally focuses on their convenience and availability as a low-calorie "instant" energy drink that can be taken in one swallow (or "shot"), as opposed to energy drinks that encourage users to drink an entire can, which may contain 250 calories or more.<ref>{{cite web |author=Klineman, Jeffrey |url=http://www.bevnet.com/news/2008/4-30-2008-energy_shots.asp |title="Little competition: energy shots aim for big" profits |publisher=Bevnet.com |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114094513/http://www.bevnet.com/news/2008/4-30-2008-energy_shots.asp |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A common energy shot is [[5-hour Energy]] which contains [[B vitamins]] and caffeine, with caffeine content in an amount similar to that in a cup of coffee.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's In A 5-hour ENERGY Shot? |url=https://drinkywinks.com/5-hour-energy/ |publisher=5-hour ENERGY |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> In some countries with restrictions and regulations on energy drinks, energy shots are classified differently and thus exempt from the rules impacting energy drinks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=David |last2=Reid |first2=Jessica L. |date=2016-06-27 |title=If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck…: Energy "shots" should be regulated as energy drinks in Canada |journal=Canadian Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=e133–e135 |doi=10.17269/cjph.107.5199 |issn=1920-7476 |pmc=6972414 |pmid=27348101}}</ref>

===By ingredient===
====Caffeinated alcoholic drink====
{{main|Caffeinated alcoholic drink}}

Energy drinks such as Red Bull are often used as mixers with [[alcoholic drink]]s, producing mixed drinks such as Vodka Red Bull which are similar to but stronger than [[rum and coke]] with respect to the amount of caffeine that they contain.<ref name="Alcoholism 2011">{{cite journal |pmid=21676002 |name-list-style=vanc|year=2011 |last1=Marczinski |first1=CA |last2=Fillmore |first2=MT |last3=Bardgett |first3=ME |last4=Howard |first4=MA |title=Effects of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on behavioral control: Risks for college students consuming trendy cocktails |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1282–92 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01464.x |pmc=3117195 |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research}}</ref> Sometimes this is configured as a [[bomb shot]], such as the [[Jägerbomb]] or the ''F-Bomb''—[[Fireball Cinnamon Whisky]] and Red Bull.<ref name="Hoare">{{cite web |url=http://guycodeblog.mtv.com/2014/01/09/fireball-drink-recipes/ |title=5 Awesome Drinks You Can Make With Fireball Cinnamon Whisky |date=9 January 2014 |first1=Peter |last1=Hoare |work=Food & drinks |publisher=MTV |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164609/http://guycodeblog.mtv.com/2014/01/09/fireball-drink-recipes/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>

Caffeinated alcoholic drinks are also sold in some countries in a wide variety of formulations. The American products [[Four Loko]] and [[Joose]] originally combined caffeine and alcohol before caffeinated alcoholic drinks were banned in the US in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/ucm190448.htm|title=List of Manufacturers of Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages|author=FDA|date=3 November 2010|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|access-date=11 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028225605/https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/ucm190448.htm|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Mix Attractive to Students and Partygoers|first=Katie|last=Zezima|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 October 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/us/27drinkbox.html|access-date=11 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027050231/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//10//27//us//27drinkbox.html|archive-date=27 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Caffeine and Alcohol: Wham! Bam! Boozled.|first=Frank|last=Bruni|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 October 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/weekinreview/31bruni.html|access-date=11 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111073139/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//10//31//weekinreview//31bruni.html|archive-date=11 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
[[File:Monster Energy drink supplement facts nutrition label.jpg|thumb|160px|A [[nutrition facts label]] for an energy drink]]
Energy drinks may contain [[caffeine]], [[B vitamins]], [[carbonated water]], [[high-fructose corn syrup]], [[sucralose]] or sugar (for non-diet versions). Other common ingredients are [[yerba mate]], [[açaí]], [[taurine]], [[ginseng]], [[maltodextrin]], [[inositol]], [[carnitine]], [[creatine]], [[glucuronolactone]] or [[ginkgo biloba]].<ref name="Meier 2013"/>

In the United States, the caffeine content of energy drinks is in the range of 40 to 250&nbsp;mg per 8 [[fluid ounce]] (237 ml) serving.<ref name="fda">{{cite web |title=Spilling the beans: How much caffeine is too much? |url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much?source=govdelivery |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=2 August 2019 |date=12 December 2018}}</ref> The FDA recommends that 400&nbsp;mg per day is safe for adults (excluding pregnant people), while 1200&nbsp;mg per day can be [[toxicity|toxic]].<ref name=fda/>

==Demographics==
Globally, energy drinks are typically attractive to youths and young adults.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Visram | first1=Shelina | last2=Crossley | first2=Stephen J. | last3=Cheetham | first3=Mandy | last4=Lake | first4=Amelia |author-link4=Amelia Lake (academic) | title=Children and young people's perceptions of energy drinks: A qualitative study | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=12 | issue=11 | article-number=e0188668 | date=31 May 2016 | pmid=29190753 | pmc=5708842 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188668 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Sales and trends==
In 2017, global energy drink sales were about 44 billion [[euro]]s.<ref name="nut">{{cite journal |title=Energy Drink Sales Still on the Rise, Despite Slowdown in Innovation |url=http://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/sports-energy/energy-drink-sales-still-rise-despite-slowdown-innovation |journal=Nutritional Outlook |series=May 2018 Issue |access-date=1 August 2019 |date=28 June 2018|volume=21 |issue=4 |last1=Insights |first1=Innova Market }}</ref> In 2017, manufacturers were modifying the composition of energy drinks for reduced or no sugar content and lower calories, caffeine content, "clean" labels to reflect the use of organic ingredients, exotic flavors, and ingredients that may affect [[mood (psychology)|mood]].<ref name=nut/>

The global energy drink market was estimated to be worth $45.80 billion in 2020 and is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 8.2% to reach $108.40 billion by 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Energy Drinks Market Size, Share, Trends, Analysis Report, 2031 |url=https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/energy-drink-market |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Allied Market Research |language=en}}</ref>

===Market share===
In 2020, [[Red Bull]] had the largest global [[market share]] among energy drinks, at 43%, followed by [[Monster Energy]] at 39%, [[Rockstar Energy]] at 10%, and [[Amp Energy|Amp]] and [[NOS Energy|NOS]], at 3% each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Drink Market Share {{!}} T4 |url=https://www.t4.ai/industries/energy-drink-market-share |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.t4.ai}}</ref>

==Regulations==
{{see also|Caffeine#Regulations}}
{{see also|Age restrictions on energy drinks by country}}
Some countries have certain restrictions on the sale and manufacture of energy drinks. A ban was challenged in the [[European Court of Justice]] in 2004 and consequently lifted.<ref name="MedNewsToday">{{cite web |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5753.php |title=French ban on Red Bull (drink) upheld by European Court |date=8 February 2004 |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505152915/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5753.php |archive-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

73 countries and territories have implemented policies such as taxation, bans within schools, sale bans, labeling, and marketing restrictions on energy drinks, usually to reduce consumption among those under a certain age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rostami |first1=Mohammadhassan |last2=Babashahi |first2=Mina |last3=Ramezani |first3=Shaghayegh |last4=Dastgerdizad |first4=Hadis |date=2024-08-26 |title=A scoping review of policies related to reducing energy drink consumption in children |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2308 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-19724-y |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=11346296 |pmid=39187818}}</ref>

=== Argentina ===
In December 2017, Argentina adopted Article 26 of the Internal Revenue Law, which says that beverages containing caffeine and taurine, whether supplemented or not, as defined by the Argentina Food Code, will be taxed at 10% (ad valorum tax).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gifna.who.int/countries/ARG/policies/82187 |title=GIFNA Argentina |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=gifna.who.int}}</ref> 

===Australia and New Zealand===
[[File:Prime 18+.jpg|thumb|[[Prime (drink)|Prime energy drinks]] being sold a store in [[Sydney]]. A sign posted informs that the store restricts the sale of the drink to only those over the age of 18 (the [[age of majority]] in Australia) and limits customers and groups to a maximum of six cans each.]]

In Australia and New Zealand, energy drinks are regulated under the [[Food Standards Australia New Zealand|Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code]]; limiting the caffeine content of 'formulated caffeinated beverages' (energy drinks) at 320&nbsp;mg/L (9.46&nbsp;mg/oz) and soft-drinks at 145&nbsp;mg/L (4.29&nbsp;mg/oz). Mandatory caffeine labeling is issued for all food products containing guarana in the country,<ref>{{cite web|title=Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code&nbsp;– Standard 2.6.4&nbsp;– Formulated Caffeinated Beverages&nbsp;– F2009C00814|url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2009C00814|work=comlaw.gov.au|publisher=Department of Health and Ageing (Australia)|access-date=3 November 2012|date=13 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213105450/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2009C00814|archive-date=13 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and Australian energy drink labels warn consumers to drink no more than two cans per day.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/05/09/3471672.htm | title=Energy drinks pack more punch than you might expect | work=ABC | date=9 May 2012 | access-date=3 September 2014 | author=Pogson, Jenny | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901171425/http://www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/05/09/3471672.htm | archive-date=1 September 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Bridgetown in Western Australia became the first place in Australia to ban the sale of energy drinks to persons under 18 years for four months as of February 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-28/energy-drink-ban-under-18-bridgetown-wa/101899830 | title=WA town bans sale of energy drinks to under 18s to combat declining mental health - ABC News | work=ABC News | date=27 January 2023 }}</ref>

===Canada===
Canada limits the amount of caffeine per serving to 180&nbsp;mg. Energy drinks are also subject to certain labelling requirements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caffeinated energy drinks |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/supplemented-foods/caffeinated-energy-drinks.html |website=Government of Canada |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> Some imported energy drinks have surpassed the legal limit and were recalled.<ref>{{cite web |last1=La Grassa |first1=Jennifer |title=Highly caffeinated version of Prime Energy drink ordered recalled by federal government |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/prime-energy-cafffeine-health-canada-1.6901902 |website=CBC News |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Casaletto |first1=Lucas |title=Health Canada recalls more caffeinated energy drinks |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2024/01/10/health-canada-caffeinated-energy-drinks-recall/ |website=CityNews Everywhere |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> The [[Canada Border Services Agency]] is supposed to stop such products from entering the country but does not often patrol energy drinks to verify that they meet regulations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=La Grassa |first1=Jennifer |title=Prime Energy drinks pulled from Canadian shelves — but how did they even get here? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/1.6904892 |website=CBC News |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Cape Verde ===
Cape Verde implemented an Energy Drink School Ban in 2016, with Energy Drinks prohibited within and around educational establishments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rostami |first1=Mohammadhassan |last2=Babashahi |first2=Mina |last3=Ramezani |first3=Shaghayegh |last4=Dastgerdizad |first4=Hadis |date=2024-08-26 |title=A scoping review of policies related to reducing energy drink consumption in children |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2308 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-19724-y |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=11346296 |pmid=39187818}}</ref>

===Colombia===
In 2009 under the [[Ministry of Social Protection (Colombia)|Ministry of Social Protection]], Colombia prohibited the sale and commercialization of energy drinks to minors under the age of 14.<ref>[https://www.invima.gov.co/images/Resolucion%204150%20de%202009%20Bebidas%20energizantes.pdf RESOLUCION 4150 DE 2009 (octubre 30). Diario Oficial No. 47.522 de 3 de noviembre de 20] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403212741/https://www.invima.gov.co/images/Resolucion%204150%20de%202009%20Bebidas%20energizantes.pdf |date=3 April 2016 }}. invima.gov.co</ref>

===Denmark===
In 1997, Denmark banned the sale of Red Bull. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration criticized the [[functional beverage]]s' added ingredients such as B vitamins, inositol, glucuronolactone, and taurine. It argued that nutritional supplements should be added to foods only when necessary for public health, such as in the case of [[iodised salt]]. High caffeine content was also stated as an issue –&nbsp;only amounts up to 150&nbsp;mg/L were allowed in beverages; in 2009 the limit was raised to 320&nbsp;mg/L and taurine and glucuronolactone were approved as ingredients, making energy drinks legal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-07-08 |title=Energidrik sat ind mod danske fødevarerregler |url=https://www.information.dk/1998/07/energidrik-sat-danske-foedevarerregler |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=[[Dagbladet Information]] |language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Søren |date=2009-11-17 |title=Omdiskuteret koffeindrik nu i Danmark |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/omdiskuteret-koffeindrik-nu-i-danmark |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=da-DK}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration advises against energy drink consumption for children; with only limited consumption of energy drinks ({{Convert|250|mL|U.S.oz|abbr=on}} per day, assuming no other caffeine intake) for children between 15 and 17 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Derfor er energidrikke ikke for børn |url=https://foedevarestyrelsen.dk/nyheder/faglige-nyheder/2024/feb/aok-derfor-er-energidrikke-ikke-for-boern |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Danish Veterinary and Food Administration |language=da}}</ref>

===Germany===
There is no law regulating the sale of energy drinks in Germany, though several German [[consumer organizations]] and the [[Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]] are calling for a ban on the sale of [[soft drink]]s to minors with a caffeine content exceeding 150 milligrams per liter.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Trunk |first=Tamara |date=2024-02-06 |title=Verbot von Energy Drinks für Minderjährige gefordert – Grund ist eine besorgniserregende Studie |url=https://www.swr3.de/aktuell/service/energy-drinks-jugendliche-studie-verbot-100.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=SWR3 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittig |first=Frank |date=2024-12-03 |title=Warum Energydrinks Kinder und Jugendliche gefährden |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/wissen/gesundheit/risiken-energydrinks-100.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de}}</ref> In addition, retailers can decide for themselves to restrict the sale of energy drinks.<ref name=":2" />

===India===
In India, the [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI) regulates the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and sale of energy drinks. As recommended by FSSAI, taurine is limited to 2000&nbsp;mg/day, D-glucuronic-Y-lactone is limited to 1200&nbsp;mg/day, Inositol is limited to 100&nbsp;mg/day, and pantothenic acid is limited to 10&nbsp;mg/day.<ref>{{cite web |title=F. No. P.15025/93/2011-PFA/FSSAI |url=http://old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Gazette_Notification_Caffe_Beverages_blue_tint_13_12_2016.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2017 |date=2 December 2016 |publisher=[[FSSAI]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709033145/http://old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Gazette_Notification_Caffe_Beverages_blue_tint_13_12_2016.pdf }}</ref>

===Latvia===
In June 2016, Latvia banned the sale of energy drinks containing caffeine or stimulants like taurine and guarana to people under the age of 18, as well as limited advertising of the drinks and mandated speci.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-latvia-bans-sales-of-energy-drinks-to-under-18s-2016-6 Latvia bans sales of energy drinks to under-18s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001133/http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-latvia-bans-sales-of-energy-drinks-to-under-18s-2016-6 |date=15 March 2017 }}, ''Associated Press''. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2017</ref> Currently, energy drinks are taxed with the same rate as sugary drinks containing more than 8 g of sugar pre liter, with the excise being €17.50 per every 100 liters since 2024. Its expected to rise to €21 by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Excise tax on energy and sugary drinks to rise next year in Latvia |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/food-drink/13.11.2024-excise-tax-on-energy-and-sugary-drinks-to-rise-next-year-in-latvia.a576191/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=eng.lsm.lv |language=en}}</ref>

===Lithuania===
In November 2014, Lithuania became the first country in the EU to ban the selling of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18. The Baltic state placed the ban in reaction to research showing how popular energy drinks were among minors. According to the [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] reports roughly 10% of school-aged Lithuanians say they consume energy drinks at least once a week.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/lithuania-bans-energy-drinks-for-minors-2014-11|title=A Country In Europe Bans Energy Drinks For Minors|work=Business Insider|access-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152442/https://www.businessinsider.com/lithuania-bans-energy-drinks-for-minors-2014-11|archive-date=11 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mali ===
In August 2015, a special tax of 12% was imposed on energy drinks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gifna.who.int/countries/MLI/policies/25354 |title=GIFNA Mali |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=gifna.who.int}}</ref>

===Norway===
Norway did not allow Red Bull for a time due to the high caffeine and taurine content. Classified as a drug, only limited amounts were allowed to be imported for personal use. In May 2009, it became legal to sell in Norway as the ban was in conflict with the [[European Economic Area]]'s laws on free competition. The Norwegian version has reduced levels of [[vitamin B6]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Lorentz |date=2009-04-23 |title=Red Bull blir tillatt i Norge |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/red-bull-blir-tillatt-i-norge-1.6576631 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420015233/https://www.nrk.no/norge/red-bull-blir-tillatt-i-norge-1.6576631 |archive-date=2014-04-20 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=[[NRK]] |language=nb-NO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmene |first=Guro |date=2009-12-03 |title=Hvor farlig er egentlig Red Bull? |url=https://www.nettavisen.no/12-95-2771943 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=[[Nettavisen]] |language=no}}</ref> The [[Norwegian Food Safety Authority]] initially recommended an age limit on the sale of energy drinks in 2019. In 2024 the [[Norwegian Consumer Council]] called for an age limit after seeing energy drink sales increase dramatically since 2019. The Food Safety Authority, {{As of|2024|lc=y}}, now disagrees with an age limit as it states it is hard to ascertain if children, specifically, are drinking more energy drinks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenden |first=Marcus |date=2024-01-11 |title=Vil ha aldersgrense på energidrikk |url=https://dinside.dagbladet.no/fritid/vil-ha-aldersgrense-pa-energidrikk/80802127 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=DinSide |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-01-12 |title=Aldersgrense på energidrikk: Forbrukerrådet i klinsj med Mattilsynet |url=https://www.dagensmedisin.no/barn-og-unge-kosthold/aldersgrense-pa-energidrikk-forbrukerradet-i-klinsj-med-mattilsynet/611293 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Dagens Medisin |language=nb-NO |agency=[[Norwegian News Agency]]}}</ref> A majority of Norwegians support an age limit on energy drink purchases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Framnes |first=Andreas |date=2023-05-16 |title=Stabilt og høgt fleirtal for aldersgrense ved sal av energidrikk |url=https://www.forbrukerradet.no/siste-nytt/stabilt-og-hogt-fleirtal-for-aldersgrense-ved-sal-av-energidrikk/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=[[Norwegian Consumer Council]] |language=nn}}</ref>

===Poland===
Since 1 January 2024, the purchase of energy drinks has been prohibited for individuals under the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland bans energy drinks for underaged - English Section - polskieradio.pl |url=https://polskieradio.pl/395/7789/artykul/3308615,poland-bans-energy-drinks-for-underaged |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=polskieradio.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref>

Polish law defines an energy drink as a beverage containing a minimum 15 milligrams of caffeine or any drink containing taurine. Regulations ban advertising of these products, and require manufacturers to include a description of the product on each label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ustawa z dnia 17 sierpnia 2023 r. o zmianie ustawy o zdrowiu publicznym oraz niektórych innych ustaw |url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20230001718/T/D20231718L.pdf |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=isap.sejm.gov.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref>{{better source|date=July 2025}}

=== South Africa ===
Legislation is in place that requires manufacturers to label energy drinks with more than 150mg per liter of caffeine with a "clearly legible message" on the nutrition label declaring "high caffeine content" and says "Not recommended for children under 12 years of age, pregnant women, or persons sensitive to caffeine."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stacey |first1=Nicholas |last2=van Walbeek |first2=Corné |last3=Maboshe |first3=Mashekwa |last4=Tugendhaft |first4=Aviva |last5=Hofman |first5=Karen |date=2017-12-01 |title=Energy drink consumption and marketing in South Africa |journal=Preventive Medicine |series=Supplement: Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors in Developing Countries: Policy Perspectives |volume=105 |pages=S32–S36 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.011 |pmid=28526393 |issn=0091-7435|doi-access=free }}</ref> An issue with this legislation is that there is no prescribed color- or type-setting restrictions, allowing for producers of energy drinks to obscure this warning via package design.

=== Spain ===
The Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) recommends that children and adolescents, pregnant women, and women who are breastfeeding  refrain from consuming energy drinks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rubio Armendáriz |first1=Carmen |last2=Cámara Hurtado |first2=María Montaña |last3=Giner Pons |first3=Rosa Maria |last4=González Muñoz |first4=María José |last5=López García |first5=Esther |last6=Morales Navas |first6=Francisco Jose |last7=Moreno |first7=Victoria |last8=Portillo Baquedano |first8=María Puy |date=2021 |title=Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre los riesgos asociados al consumo de bebidas energéticas |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7956802 |journal=Revista del Comité Científico de la AESAN |issue=33 |pages=151–210 |issn=1885-6586}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
The sale of energy drinks to those under 15 is not allowed, and some energy drink products are restricted to pharmacies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Breda |first1=João Joaquim |last2=Whiting |first2=Stephen Hugh |last3=Encarnação |first3=Ricardo |last4=Norberg |first4=Stina |last5=Jones |first5=Rebecca |last6=Reinap |first6=Marge |last7=Jewell |first7=Jo |date=2014-10-14 |title=Energy Drink Consumption in Europe: A Review of the Risks, Adverse Health Effects, and Policy Options to Respond |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |page=134 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134 |doi-access=free |pmid=25360435 |pmc=4197301 |bibcode=2014FrPH....2..134B |issn=2296-2565}}</ref>

===Russia===
In November 2012, President [[Ramzan Kadyrov]] of [[Chechnya]] (Russian Federation) ordered his government to develop a bill banning the sale of energy drinks, arguing that as a form of "intoxicating drug", such drinks were "unacceptable in a Muslim society". Kadyrov cited reports of one death and 530 hospital admissions in 2012 due to "poisoning" from the consumption of such drinks. A similar view was expressed by [[Gennady Onishchenko]], Chief Sanitary Inspector of Russia.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kadyrov-vows-to-ban-energy-drinks/471749.html | title=Kadyrov Vows to Ban Energy Drinks | newspaper=The Moscow Times | date=21 November 2012 | access-date=24 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212015423/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kadyrov-vows-to-ban-energy-drinks/471749.html | archive-date=12 December 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
In 2001, the UK [[Committee on Toxicity]] investigated Red Bull, finding it safe but issuing a warning against its consumption by children and pregnant women.<ref name="MedNewsToday" />

In 2009, a school in [[Hove]], England, requested that local shops refrain from selling energy drinks to students. [[Headteacher]] Malvina Sanders added that "This was a preventative measure, as all research shows that consuming high-energy drinks can have a detrimental impact on the ability of young people to concentrate in class." The school negotiated for their local branch of the [[Tesco]] supermarket to display posters asking students not to purchase the products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/sussex/8295914.stm|title=Pupils facing energy drink 'ban'|work=BBC News|date=7 October 2009|access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref> Similar measures were taken by a school in [[Oxted]], England, which banned students from consuming drinks and sent letters to parents.

While not yet age-restricted by legislation, all major UK supermarkets have agreed to voluntarily stop the sale of energy drinks to under-16s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ending the sale of energy drinks to children |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/ending-the-sale-of-energy-drinks-to-children |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=GOV.UK |date=30 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The UK government plans to end the sale of energy drinks to under-16s in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advancing our health: prevention in the 2020s – consultation document |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/advancing-our-health-prevention-in-the-2020s/advancing-our-health-prevention-in-the-2020s-consultation-document |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2018, many UK supermarkets banned the sale of energy drinks containing more than 150&nbsp;mg of caffeine per liter to people under 16 years old;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/05/uk-supermarkets-ban-sales-energy-drinks-under-16s|title=UK supermarkets ban sales of energy drinks to under-16s|author=Smithers, Rebecca|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 March 2018|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305072245/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/05/uk-supermarkets-ban-sales-energy-drinks-under-16s|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> this was followed by the UK government announcing that it planned to ban all sales of energy drinks to minors in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/drink/uk-government-to-ban-the-sale-of-energy-drinks-to-minors/news-story/0bd8c51c0f8cf6e22ead8b164d35849b |title=UK Government to ban the sale of energy drinks to minors |last1=Deutrom |first1=Rhian |last2=Newton Dunn |first2=Tom| date=17 July 2019 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> However, in 2022 such plans were reported to have been scrapped by [[Secretary of State for Health and Social Care|Health Secretary]] [[Sajid Javid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iea.org.uk/media/governments-u-turn-on-energy-drink-ban-is-welcome/ |title=Government's U-turn on energy drink ban is welcome |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 June 2022 |website=Institute of Economic Affairs |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> 

In September 2025, it was reported that England is planning to ban under-16s from buying energy drinks.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c707074qdnko |title=Energy drinks to be banned for under-16s in England |last=Roberts |first=Michelle |website=[[BBC News]] |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

===United States===
{{main|Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States}}

As of 2013 in the United States, some energy drinks, including Monster Energy and Rockstar Energy, were reported to be rebranding their products as drinks rather than as dietary supplements. As drinks they would be relieved of FDA reporting requirements with respect to deaths and injuries and can be purchased with [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]], but must list [[ingredient]]s on the can.<ref name=NYT031913>{{cite news|title=In a New Aisle, Energy Drinks Sidestep Some Rules|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/in-a-new-aisle-energy-drinks-sidestep-rules.html|access-date=20 March 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 March 2013|author=Barry Meier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320024100/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/in-a-new-aisle-energy-drinks-sidestep-rules.html|archive-date=20 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some places ban the sale of prepackaged caffeinated alcoholic drinks, which can be described as energy drinks containing alcohol. In response to these bans, the marketers can change the formula of their products.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four Loko Changing Its Formula |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/FDA-Expected-to-Ban-Caffeinated-Alcoholic-Drinks--108665904.html |website=NBC Chicago |date=17 November 2010 |access-date=12 July 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712222515/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/FDA-Expected-to-Ban-Caffeinated-Alcoholic-Drinks--108665904.html |archive-date=12 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In terms of labeling, caffeine must be disclosed on the product label. The specific amount of caffeine, however, does not have to be specified.

In 2013, the US Senate Commerce Committee requested 16 energy drink manufacturers to voluntarily agree not to market to children under 18.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rostami |first1=Mohammadhassan |last2=Babashahi |first2=Mina |last3=Ramezani |first3=Shaghayegh |last4=Dastgerdizad |first4=Hadis |date=2024-08-26 |title=A scoping review of policies related to reducing energy drink consumption in children |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2308 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-19724-y |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=11346296 |pmid=39187818}}</ref> 

In 2014, the American Beverage Association published the "Guidelines for the Responsible Labeling and Marketing of EDs" encouraging companies that produce energy drinks to voluntarily report the total caffeine content from all sources, limit marketing to children, and report adverse health effects to the Food and Drug Administration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rostami |first1=Mohammadhassan |last2=Babashahi |first2=Mina |last3=Ramezani |first3=Shaghayegh |last4=Dastgerdizad |first4=Hadis |date=2024-08-26 |title=A scoping review of policies related to reducing energy drink consumption in children |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2308 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-19724-y |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=11346296 |pmid=39187818}}</ref>

===Uzbekistan===
In January 2019, President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] of Uzbekistan signed a law that imposes a number of restrictions on energy drinks. To protect the younger generation, a rule was introduced prohibiting the sale of energy drinks to persons under the age of 18. Advertising of energy drinks was prohibited on television and radio from 7:00 to 22:00. It was also completely banned in printed publications intended primarily for children and adolescents, in medical, sports and educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Продажу и рекламу "энергетиков" ограничили |url=https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2019/01/10/energy-drinks/ |website=Gazeta.uz |date=10 January 2019 |access-date=10 January 2019 |language=ru}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Was this only in the past? Has it changed?|date=June 2024}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Drink}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of energy drinks]]
* [[Sport drink]]
* [[Elixir]]
* [[Soft drink]] 
* [[Caffeinated alcoholic drinks]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Bagchi | first=D. | title=Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity | publisher=Elsevier Science | chapter=Chapter 26: Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks/Shots: Safety, Efficacy and Controversy | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-12-809332-0 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5epGDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA423 | access-date=23 October 2018 | pages=423–445}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

{{Dietary supplement}}
{{Energy drinks}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Energy drinks| ]]
[[Category:Caffeine]]
[[Category:Drinks]]
[[Category:Functional beverages]]