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{{Short description|Japanese video game publisher}}
{{for|the Spanish municipality|Enix, Spain}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Enix Corporation
| native_name = {{lang|ja|株式会社エニックス}}
| romanized_name = Kabushiki gaisha Enikkusu
| former_name = Eidansha Boshu Service Center Co., Ltd. (1975–1982)
| logo = Enix.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| type = [[Kabushiki gaisha]]
| fate = Merged with [[Square (video game company)|Square]]
| successor = [[Square Enix]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1975|9|22}}
| defunct = {{start date and age|2003|4|1}}
| founder = [[Yasuhiro Fukushima]]
| hq_location_city = [[Shibuya]], [[Tokyo]]
| hq_location_country = Japan
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Video game industry|Video games]]
*[[Publishing]]
*[[Anime]]
*[[Manga]]
}}
| operating_income = ¥7,459 million
| income_year = March 2002
| net_income = ¥ 4,276 million
| net_income_year = March 2002
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[List of Enix games]]
*[[List of Enix home computer games]]}}
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*[[Yasuhiro Fukushima]] (CEO)
*[[Keiji Honda]] (president)
}}
| num_employees = 134
| num_employees_year = March 2002
| subsid = See [[#Company structure and affiliates|Company structure and affiliates]]
| website = {{url|https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.enix.co.jp/|www.enix.co.jp}}
| footnotes = <ref name="profile"/><ref name="financial data"/>
}}
{{Nihongo foot|'''Enix Corporation'''|株式会社エニックス|Kabushiki gaisha Enikkusu|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} was a Japanese multimedia publisher which handled and oversaw [[video game]]s, [[manga]], guidebooks, and merchandise. It was founded in 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima as Eidansha Boshu Service Center, initially as a tabloid publisher and later attempting to branch into real estate management. Beginning in 1982, Enix began publishing video games. Three notable early collaborators were designers [[Yuji Horii]] and [[Koichi Nakamura]], and composer [[Koichi Sugiyama]]; all worked on the 1986 [[role playing video game]] (RPG) ''[[Dragon Quest (video game)|Dragon Quest]]'' for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Family Computer]]. ''Dragon Quest'' was one of the earliest successful RPGs for consoles, spawning a [[Dragon Quest|franchise of the same name]] which remains Enix's best-known product.

They would gain notoriety as a publisher for several studios and their properties including [[tri-Ace]], [[Tose (company)|Tose]], [[Chunsoft]] and [[Quintet (company)|Quintet]]. It also founded the ''[[Gangan Comics]]'' imprint family, and created international subsidiaries or partnerships related to technology development, publishing, and education. In the early 2000s, due to rising game development costs, Enix entered discussions about merging with [[Square (video game company)|Square]], a rival company known for the ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' franchise. The merger eventually went ahead in 2003 forming [[Square Enix]], with Enix as the surviving corporate entity.

==History==
===1975–1989: Origins, ''Dragon Quest''===
Enix was founded under the name Eidansha Boshu Service Center on September 22, 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima.<ref name="profile"/> An architect-turned-business entrepreneur, Fukushima initially founded Eidansha as a publishing company focused on advertising [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloids]] for real estate.<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|77–81}} On February 5, 1980, Eidansha Boshu created a wholly owned subsidiary Eidansya Fudousan for the purpose of specializing in real estate trading and brokerage, being renamed Eidansha Systems the following year.<ref name="SQEX2019"/> It was based in [[Shinjuku]], [[Tokyo]].<ref name="profile"/> During 1982 Eidansha Boshu made an unsuccessful attempt to become a nationwide chain. Fukushima decided to invest his capital into the emerging video game market; during this period on August 30, Eidansya Fudousan was renamed Enix Corporation.<ref name="paper"/><ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|77–81}} The name Enix was a play on both the mythological [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]], and the early computer [[ENIAC]].<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|77–81}}<ref name="Name"/>

Seeking game proposals, Fukushima organized a competition dubbed the "Enix Game Hobby Program Contest" in both computer and manga magazines, offering a prize of [[Japanese yen|¥]]1 million (US$10,000) for a game prototype which could be published by Enix.<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|77–81}}<ref name="Chun30th"/> Among the winners were [[Yuji Horii]], then a writer for ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'', with the sports game ''Love Match Tennis'';<ref name="HoriiAutomaton"/> designer [[Koichi Nakamura]] with the puzzle game ''[[Door Door]]'';<ref name="Chun30th"/> and self-trained programmer [[Kazuro Morita]] with the [[simulation video game]] ''Morita's Battlefield''.<ref name="MoritaBook"/> During the next few years, Enix would publish titles for both the PC market and the fledgling Japanese console market.<ref name="HighScore"/><ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|77–81}} Using his royalties, Morita established the developer Random House and developed several PC and console titles including the ''Morita's Shogi'' series.<ref name="MoritaBook"/><ref name="ASCIIbook"/> In collaboration with Nakamura's new company [[Chunsoft]], Horii notably created the [[adventure game]] ''[[The Portopia Serial Murder Case]]'' (1983), then during discussions around a port of the game to the Famicom ([[Nintendo Entertainment System]]) Horii and Nakamura decided to develop a [[role-playing video game]] (RPG) for the platform.<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|84–89}}

The RPG, titled ''[[Dragon Quest (video game)|Dragon Quest]]'', began development in 1985.<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|84–89}}<ref name=Essential50/> Horii and Nakamura acted as designers, composer [[Koichi Sugiyama]] created the score for the game, and ''[[Dragon Ball]]'' artist [[Akira Toriyama]] was brought on board for art design.<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|84–89}}<ref name="ToriyamaArtwork"/> While meeting with initially slow sales, ''Dragon Quest'' became a critical and commercial success, selling over one million copies in Japan.<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|84–89}}<ref name=Essential50/> The success of ''Dragon Quest'' spawned a [[Dragon Quest|franchise of the same name]], which would become Enix's highest-grossing property.<ref name="HighScore"/><ref name="profile"/> Horii, Sugiyama and Toriyama remained mainstays with the series.<ref name="DQIXcomments"/> Chunsoft developed the next five ''Dragon Quest'' titles.<ref name="Chun30th"/> While the ''Dragon Quest'' series proved successful, Enix continued publishing PC titles to maintain financial stability.<ref name="powerup"/>{{Rp|77–81}} The company also began selling merchandise themed after ''Dragon Quest'' in 1988 with character statues and toys, expanding to board and card games the following year.<ref name="EnixMerch"/>

In October 1983, Enix co-founded Konishiroku Enix with [[Konica|Konishiroku Photo Company]], later purchasing all shares in January 1989. A second subsidiary, Enix Products, was established in March 1988 for the sale of publications and character merchandise. Both subsidiaries along with the original Enix were merged into their parent company Eidansha Boshu in April 1989, which renamed itself Enix Corporation.<ref name="SQEX2019"/><ref name="Timeline"/>

===1990–1999: Publishing and collaborations===
In 1990, Enix published their first third-party console title ''[[ActRaiser]]'' for the Super Famicom. The game was developed by [[Quintet (company)|Quintet]], a Japanese independent developer made up of former [[Nihon Falcom]] staff.<ref name="Untold"/> Enix acted as publisher for all of Quintet's subsequent Super Famicom games in Japan.<ref name="gamefan97"/> Enix had begun publishing guidebooks for the ''Dragon Quest'' series,<ref name="EnixMangaC"/> between 1988 and 1991 the company decided to make print publication their second major business section alongside video game publishing. This was to ensure their income did not entirely depend on ''Dragon Quest''.<ref name="EnixMangaA"/><ref name="EnixMangaB"/> This eventually led to Enix launching the ''[[Gangan Comics]]'' imprint family, beginning with ''Monthly Shonen Gangan'' March 1991.<ref name="EnixMangaC"/><ref name="EnixPubEng"/>  Following its first publication with ''Monthly Shonen Gangan'' in March 1991, several other manga imprints with magazine and ''[[tankōbon]]'' editions were created for different genres including ''Monthly G-Fantasy'' and ''Monthly Shonen Gag-OU''.<ref name="EnixPubEng"/> The company also expanded their merchandise range to include other notable series including ''[[Mario (franchise)|Mario]]'' and ''[[Pokémon]]''.<ref name="EnixMerch"/> In February 1991, Enix registered with the Japan Securities Dealers Association to offer shares for public purchase.<ref name="SQEX2019"/>

Following ''[[Dragon Quest V]]'' (1992), Chunsoft left as main series developer, wanting to create their own titles.<ref name="Chun30th"/> In the years following, Chunsoft continued collaborating with Enix on spin-off ''Dragon Quest'' titles including early entries in their ''[[Mystery Dungeon]]'' franchise.<ref name="Chun30th"/><ref name="Maestro"/> The next two entries were developed by [[Heartbeat (company)|Heartbeat]], a company founded by former Chunsoft staff dedicated to developing ''Dragon Quest'' titles.<ref name="HBpage"/><ref name="HeartEnd"/> Heartbeat would handle main series production until going on sabbatical in 2002.<ref name="HeartEnd"/><ref name="Remake"/> From 1994, Enix acted as publisher for Horii's ''[[Itadaki Street]]'' series, taking over the series from ASCII.<ref name="Street"/> They also frequently acted as publisher for titles from Tamtam,<ref name="Tamtam"/> and created the ''[[Dragon Quest Monsters]]'' spin-off series with developer [[Tose (company)|Tose]].<ref name="ToseFamitsu"/>

Enix were initially pitched unsuccessfully by [[Namco Tales Studio|Wolf Team]] with ''[[Tales of Phantasia]]'', which was ultimately published by [[Namco]] in 1995.<ref name="LevelInterview"/> Enix later acted as publisher for ''[[Star Ocean (video game)|Star Ocean]]'' (1996), developed by former ''Tales of Phantasia'' staff members who split from Wolf Team to form [[tri-Ace]].<ref name="SO5interview"/><ref name="SOinterviews"/> In partnership with Enix, tri-Ace developed three further ''Star Ocean'' titles,<ref name="TriSO2"/><ref name="BlueSphere"/><ref name="SO3interview"/> and the [[Norse mythology]]-inspired RPG ''[[Valkyrie Profile (video game)|Valkyrie Profile]]'' (1999).<ref name="TriVP"/> Enix also notably helped publish two Western console titles; ''[[Riven]]'' (1998) and ''[[Tomb Raider III]]'' (1999).<ref name="EnixRiven"/><ref name="EnixTR3"/> In August 1996, Enix moved from Shinjuku to offices in [[Shibuya]].<ref name="SQEX2019"/> In contrast to other companies at the time, which were leaving behind cartridge-based [[Nintendo 64]] for the disc-based [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], Enix announced in 1997 that they would publish titles for both platforms.<ref name="EnixNintendo"/> They later stated their intention to develop for the [[GameCube]].<ref name="EnixGC"/> In August 1999, Enix was listed on [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]]'s first section, which includes the largest companies on the exchange.<ref name="SQEX2019"/>

===2000–2003: Internal troubles, merger===
Beginning in the early 2000s, Enix's manga publishing division went through a period of turbulence as several editors expressed dissatisfaction with Enix's focus on ''Dragon Quest'' media and the ''[[Shōnen manga|shōnen]]'' demographic, a growing lack of creative freedom, and rising tensions between authors and editors.<ref name="MatsuzakiA"/><ref name="MatsuzakiB"/> Editor Yoshihiro Hosaka and a number of other ''Gangan'' associates founded [[Mag Garden]] in 2001, which became a market rival through the ''[[Monthly Comic Blade]]'' magazine.<ref name="GardenHistoryA"/> Mag Garden's foundation triggered a mass departure of creatives and legal battles with Enix over manga copyright ownership. The issues were resolved in 2003 when Enix agreed to partially invest in Mag Garden.<ref name="GardenHistoryA"/><ref name="GardenHistoryB"/> The manga division's troubles were lessened with the beginning of ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'', which proved highly popular.<ref name="MatsuzakiB"/> Enix also suffered from financial losses due to the delayed releases of ''[[Dragon Quest VII]]'' (2000) and ''[[Dragon Warrior Monsters 2|Dragon Quest Monsters 2]]'' (2001).<ref name="paper"/><ref name="Losses1"/><ref name="Losses2"/> Some notable titles begun or announced during the 2000s were [[PlayStation 2]] titles in the ''[[Grandia]]'' series,<ref name="Remake"/><ref name="G2enix"/> the [[massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]] ''[[Fantasy Earth Zero|Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion]]'' from [[Vanillaware|Puraguru]],<ref name="4GvanillaInterview2"/> and the [[action role-playing game]] ''[[Drakengard (video game)|Drakengard]]'' from [[Cavia (company)|Cavia]].<ref name="DrakengardEnix"/>

In 2001, citing the rising cost of game development, Enix expressed interest in merging with either [[Square (video game company)|Square]] or [[Namco]].<ref name="EnixMerger"/> They ultimately began talks with Square, a market rival and developer of the ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' franchise. Talks were temporarily halted when Square suffered financially due to the failure of the 2001 feature film ''[[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]''.<ref name="hesitant"/> Following the commercial success of ''[[Final Fantasy X]]'' (2001) and ''[[Kingdom Hearts (video game)|Kingdom Hearts]]'' (2002), talks went ahead on the merger with Enix as Square's finances stabilized; Square's then-CEO [[Yoichi Wada]] described it as a merger of two companies "at their height".<ref name="ua89H" /> Despite this, some shareholders had doubts about the merger, notably Square's founder [[Masafumi Miyamoto]], who would find himself holding significantly less shares and having a smaller controlling stake if the deal went ahead as initially planned.<ref name="RPGFmiyamoto"/> Miyamoto's issue was resolved by altering the exchange ratio to one Square share for 0.85 Enix shares, and the merger was greenlit.<ref name="3i4VG" /> The merger resulted in [[Square Enix]] being formed on April 1, 2003, with Enix as the surviving corporate entity and Square dissolving its departments and subsidiaries into the new company.<ref name="3i4VG" /><ref name="EnixSurvive"/> Enix's last two published titles were ''[[Star Ocean: Till the End of Time]]'' and ''[[Dragon Quest Monsters: Caravan Heart]]'', both in 2003.<ref name="EnixSO3"/><ref name="EnixLast"/> ''Fantasy Earth'' and ''Drakengard'' were published after the merger.<ref name="4GvanillaInterview2"/><ref name="DrakengardSQEX"/>

==Company structure and affiliates==
{{see also|List of Enix video games|List of Enix home computer games}}
During reports on the merger with Square, Takashi Oya of Deutsche Securities described Enix as  "[outsourcing] game development and [having] few in-house creators" compared to Square's focus on internal development.<ref name="OyaComments"/> At the time of the merger, Enix had two development divisions; one managing the ''Dragon Quest'' series led by Yuu Miyake, and a supervisory division made up of producers.<ref name="RPGFsqex"/> Speaking in 1997, Quintet staff described their company as a "subcontractor" for Enix, being involved in its projects even when not acting as a publisher.<ref name="gamefan97"/> Horii notably created Armor Project as a company to oversee ''Dragon Quest'' for Enix, with him comparing the relationship to that between an editor and an artist. Armor Project survived as an associate of Square Enix, growing into a larger entity over the years.<ref name="HoriiArmor"/>

Enix Webstar Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. was a company formed between Enix and Mauritius Webstar Inc. in 2001 to develop online and mobile phone games in China and, later, other parts of Asia. The subsidiary was carried over after the merger between Square and Enix, but was dissolved in 2005 after the establishment of Square Enix China.<ref name="HistoryDetail"/><ref name="China">{{Cite web|title=Square Enix enhanced a presence in the Chinese online and mobile game market with a 100% Square Enix subsidiary based in Beijing. |publisher=Square Enix staff |date=February 28, 2005 |url=http://www.square-enix.com/jp/company/e/news/2005/download/0302-200502281500-01.pdf |access-date=July 27, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506032627/http://www.square-enix.com/jp/company/e/news/2005/download/0302-200502281500-01.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2006 }}</ref> Digital Entertainment Academy Co., Ltd. was established as a partially owned subsidiary in 1991.<ref name="Timeline"/> Originally called Toshima Ku Hokkaido University, the school was founded to teach [[game development]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Digital Entertainment Academy history | url=http://www.d-e-a.co.jp/school/history.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219111346/http://www.d-e-a.co.jp/school/history.html | archive-date=December 19, 2007 | publisher=Digital Entertainment Academy | language=ja | access-date=July 21, 2008}}</ref>

Enix America Corporation was the corporation's first [[United States|American]] localization subsidiary based in [[Redmond, Washington]].<ref name=GamaSutra>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/135112/selecting_save_on_the_games_we_.php?print=1|title=Gamasutra - Selecting Save on the Games We Make, Part 1|website=www.gamasutra.com|date=February 23, 2012|access-date=September 23, 2017|archive-date=September 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095515/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/135112/selecting_save_on_the_games_we_.php?print=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was organized after the release of ''Dragon Warrior'' by [[Nintendo|Nintendo of America]] in 1989. The subsidiary came into existence in 1990, but closed in November 1995 when the parent company decided to no longer release products in North America<ref>{{cite magazine | title=Enix on a Quest |magazine=[[Nintendo Power]] | publisher=[[Nintendo|Nintendo of America]]| series=Epic Center |issue=80 | page=58 |date = January 1996}}</ref> due to poor sales.<ref>{{cite news | title=Enix Corp. | date=November 1, 1999 | newspaper=Japan-U.S. Business Report}}</ref> One of the games they published, ''[[King Arthur & the Knights of Justice (video game)|King Arthur & the Knights of Justice]]'', was Enix's first and only North America exclusive game.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Averill | first=Alan |date = March 1995| title=King Arthur & the Knights of Justice |magazine=Nintendo Power | series=Epic Center | publisher=Nintendo of America | issue=70 | page=36}}. "Our first Epic Center developer focus zooms in on ''King Arthur & the Knights of Justice'' from Enix. Manley & Associates is breaking ground with this game as the first American developer of a major adventure for Enix."</ref> Enix America, Inc., Enix's last American localization subsidiary, was organized in 1999,<ref>{{cite web|last=Tidwell|first=Mike|date=August 3, 1999|title=News from Enix|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-1999/080399a.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310202538/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-1999/080399a.html|archive-date=March 10, 2005|access-date=July 29, 2008|website=RPGamer}}</ref> and was based in [[Seattle]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enix.com/About.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991129011053/http://www.enix.com/About.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 1999|title=About Enix|date=November 29, 1999}}</ref> Paul Handelman, who was part of Enix America Corporation's staff, returned to lead Enix America, Inc. as president. The corporation was in existence until 2003, ceasing to exist after the merger with Square Co., Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone|first=Cortney|year=2003|title=Enix America Shuts Down|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q1-2003/020203a.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106180303/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q1-2003/020203a.html|archive-date=November 6, 2006|access-date=September 11, 2007|website=RPGamer}}</ref> Several of Enix's localized games were published by other companies including [[Nintendo]] and [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]];<ref name="PSMocean"/> the last was ''[[Dragon Warrior Monsters (video game)|Dragon Warrior Monsters]]'', which was through a publishing deal with [[Eidos Interactive|Eidos]].

==Legacy==
The ''Dragon Quest'' series became one of the most popular video game series in Japan, spinning off into a multimedia franchise, and entering mainstream popular culture in the country.<ref name="DQphenomenon"/><ref name="DQCEDEC"/> Several publications have cited the original game as a pioneer for the genre on home consoles, influencing the development of other popular series.<ref name="DQlegacyA"/><ref name="DQlegacyB"/><ref name="DQlegacyC"/> Enix's ''Gangan Comics'' imprint, in addition to publishing a number of successful series, was credited by critic Tsuyoshi Ito with helping manga appeal to a wider cross-demographic audience that blending the ''shōnen'' and ''[[Shōjo manga|shōjo]]'' manga styles.<ref name="Ito"/> Hosaka also credited Enix with introducing fantasy into the wider mainstream market, and as a pioneer of publishers directly investing in and having creative input into anime adaptations of their work.<ref name="Hosaka"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.enix.co.jp/company/about/profile_e.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603082920/http://www.enix.co.jp/company/about/profile_e.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 3, 2002|title=ENIX-OUTLINE OF THE COMPANY-|date=June 3, 2002}}</ref>

<ref name="financial data">{{cite web|title=Consolidated Financial Data|url=http://www.enix.co.jp/company/finance/020624_18-22_zaimu_renketu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030308061706/http://www.enix.co.jp/company/finance/020624_18-22_zaimu_renketu.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 8, 2003|date=March 8, 2003}}</ref>

<ref name="HistoryDetail">{{cite web|url=https://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/company/history.html|title=History: 1975-2003|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414093051/https://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/company/history.html|archive-date=2023-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="paper">{{cite report|first=Daiji|last=Fujii|title= Entrepreneurial choices of strategic options in Japan's RPG development|publisher=Faculty of Economics, [[Okayama University]]|date=January 2006|url=http://www.e.okayama-u.ac.jp/~dfujii/Option.pdf|access-date=April 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008024010/http://www.e.okayama-u.ac.jp/~dfujii/Option.pdf|archive-date=October 8, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="SQEX2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/assets/pdf/ar_2019en.pdf |title=Square Enix 2019 Annual Report |date=2019 |publisher=[[Square Enix]] |access-date=December 3, 2019|page=29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204022146/https://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/assets/pdf/ar_2019en.pdf|archive-date=2019-12-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="HighScore">{{Cite book|last1=DeMaria|first1=Rusel|title=High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games|last2=Wilson|first2=Johnny L.|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill|McGraw-Hill Professional]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-07-223172-4|edition=2nd|pages=374|chapter=Across the Pacific}}</ref>

<ref name="powerup">{{cite book|last=Koehler|first=Chris|title=Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley#Brady Games|Brady Games]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7440-0424-3|location=United States}}</ref>

<ref name="MoritaBook">{{cite book|script-title=ja:コンピュータ新人類の研究|publisher=[[Bungeishunjū]]|date=1994|isbn=4-1674-4102-0|pages=162–168}}</ref>

<ref name="ASCIIbook">{{cite book|script-title=ja:蘇るPC-8801伝説永久保存版|publisher=[[ASCII Corporation]]|date=2006|isbn=4-7561-4730-5|pages=86–93}}</ref>

<ref name="Maestro">''Game Maestro, Vol. 2: Producer/Director Edition (2)'' by Hidekuni Shida, 2000, p.24</ref>

<ref name="EnixMangaA">{{cite news|author =<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|script-title=ja:出版事業に参入、エニックス、まず「ドラクエ」関連本|work = [[Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun]]|publisher = [[The Nikkei]]|language = ja|date = September 1, 1988|page=7}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixMangaB">{{cite news|author =<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|script-title=ja:エニックス、"ドラクエ攻略"の次は…一般書籍を拡充―漫画単行本・小説など。|work = [[Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun]]|publisher = [[The Nikkei]]|language = ja|date = August 3, 1991|page=4}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixMangaC">{{cite news|author =<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|script-title=ja:エニックス社長福嶋康博―「ドラクエ」すそ野広がる（インタビュー流通）|work = [[Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun]]|publisher = [[The Nikkei]]|language = ja|date = May 19, 1990|page=11}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixPubEng">{{cite web|url=http://www2.marinet.or.jp/~enix/Whats/publish/publish.html|title=Enix Publications|publisher=Enix|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991117214808/http://www2.marinet.or.jp/~enix/Whats/publish/publish.html|archive-date=1999-11-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixMerch">{{cite web|url=http://www2.marinet.or.jp/~enix/Whats/goods/goodsJ.html|script-title=ja:Enixグッズ事業|language=ja|publisher=Enix|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990505224617/http://www2.marinet.or.jp/~enix/Whats/goods/goodsJ.html|archive-date=1999-05-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Name">{{cite web | author=Smith, David | date=2005-06-26 | title=What's in a Name?|page=3 | url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=2&cId=3141379 | website=[[1UP.com]] | access-date=2008-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426195019/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=2&cId=3141379|archive-date=2006-04-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ToriyamaArtwork">{{cite web |last=Oxford |first=Nadia |title=Getting to Know ''Dragon Warrior'' Again (and Again) |website=[[1UP.com|1up]] |date=May 26, 2010 |access-date=July 7, 2011 |url=http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9031782 |archive-date=May 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531150130/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9031782 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Essential50>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-dragon-warrior|title=20. ''Dragon Warrior'': Though Art a Hero|access-date=March 26, 2011|last=Gifford|first=Kevin|work=The Essential 50 Archives: The Most Important Games Ever Made|publisher=1UP.com|archive-date=January 2, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102043453/http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-dragon-warrior|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="OyaComments">{{Cite web |last=Jim |date=November 26, 2002 |title=Japan Game Software Firms Square, Enix to Merge |url=http://www.gamecubicle.com/news-nintendo_gamecube_square_enix_merger.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060205062924/http://www.gamecubicle.com/news-nintendo_gamecube_square_enix_merger.htm |archive-date=February 5, 2006 |access-date=December 28, 2013 |publisher=GameCubicle.com}}</ref>

<ref name="DQIXcomments">{{cite web|url=https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20061212/dq.htm|script-title=ja:スクウェア・エニックス、DS「ドラゴンクエストIX 星空の守り人」発表Wi-Fiで4人同時プレイに対応したオンラインアクションRPG|language=ja|website=Game Watch Impress|date=2006-12-12|access-date=2022-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201235620/https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20061212/dq.htm|archive-date=2008-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RPGFsqex">{{Cite web|last=Winkler |first=Chris|date=September 20, 2003|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1934.html|title=Square Enix Talks Current Status|website=RPGFan|access-date=August 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152544/http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1934.html|archive-date=March 22, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="LevelInterview">{{cite journal | last1= Villner | first1=Pär | last2= Schaufelberger| first2=Fredrik |date=September 2009 | title=Square Enix | journal=Level | issue=29 | pages=44–59|language=sv | location=Sweaden}}</ref>

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<ref name="Untold">{{cite book|date=2014-08-04|title=The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers|volume=1|author=Szczepaniak, John|publisher=SMG Szczepaniak}}</ref>

<ref name="PSMocean">{{cite magazine|title=Star Ocean: The Second Story|magazine=[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]]|volume=2|issue=8|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=May 1999|page=46}}</ref>

<ref name="Tamtam">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamtam.co.jp/work.htm|script-title=ja:作品一覧|language=ja|publisher=Tamtam|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020205073327/http://www.tamtam.co.jp/work.htm|archive-date=2002-02-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Chun30th">{{cite web|url=https://shmuplations.com/chunsoft30th/|title=Chunsoft 30th Anniversary – 2014 Interview|website=Shmuplations|access-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307205843/https://shmuplations.com/chunsoft30th/|archive-date=2022-03-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HoriiAutomaton">{{cite web|url=https://automaton-media.com/articles/interviewsjp/20171215-59185/|script-title=ja:「堀井雄二」調査団: アドベンチャーゲームは如何に日本のストーリーゲームを発展させていったか？ （前編）|language=ja|author=|website=Automaton Media|date=2017-12-20|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530034439/https://automaton-media.com/articles/interviewsjp/20171215-59185/|archive-date=2020-05-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixNintendo">{{cite web|date=January 9, 1997|title=Enix To Develop Titles For The PlayStation|url=http://psx.ign.com/articles/062/062196p1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125133/http://psx.ign.com/articles/062/062196p1.html|archive-date=June 6, 2011|access-date=July 19, 2008|website=IGN}}</ref>

<ref name="Remake">{{cite web |author1=Eric Malenfant |author2=Eve C. |author3=Nicole Kirk |date=2002 | title=Enix Interview With Justin Lucas | url=http://www.rpgfan.com/features/e32k2-enix/index2.html| website=RPGFan | access-date=2008-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022134526/http://www.rpgfan.com/features/e32k2-enix/index2.html|archive-date=2002-10-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="HeartEnd">{{cite web | author=Feena | date=December 26, 2002 | title=Enix Comments On DQVIII As Heart Beat Steps Away | url=http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2002/1102.html | website=RPGFan| access-date=2009-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020221105030/http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2002/1102.html|archive-date=2002-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="HBpage">{{cite web|url=http://www.heartbeat.co.jp/main/|script-title=ja:ホーム|language=ja|publisher=[[Heartbeat (company)|Heartbeat]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205194015/http://www.heartbeat.co.jp/main/|archive-date=1998-12-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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<ref name="4GvanillaInterview2">{{cite web|url=http://www.4gamer.net/games/310/G031027/20160118067/|script-title=ja:ヴァニラウェア神谷盛治氏，大西憲太郎氏インタビュー。マフィア梶田が「オーディンスフィア レイヴスラシル」の魅力について聞いた|language=Japanese|website=[[4Gamer.net]]|date=2016-01-23|access-date=2016-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217051531/http://www.4gamer.net/games/310/G031027/20160118067|archive-date=2016-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DrakengardEnix">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.famitsu.com/game/coming/2002/12/12/104,1039675837,9427,0,0.html|script-title=ja:エニックスが放つ新作アクションRPG!! 『ドラッグ オン ドラグーン』|language=ja|magazine=[[Famitsu]]|date=2002-12-12|access-date=2022-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034408/https://www.famitsu.com/game/coming/2002/12/12/104,1039675837,9427,0,0.html|archive-date=2018-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="DrakengardSQEX">{{Cite web |url=http://dengekionline.com/data/news/2003/7/3/468d3589087be0f2a8da7dd2fbb9cc91.html |script-title=ja:注目のA・RPG『ドラッグオンドラグーン』の発売が9月11日に！価格は6,800円に決定 | website=[[ASCII Media Works|Dengeki Online]] | date = 2018-02-26 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20180226161907/http://dengekionline.com/data/news/2003/7/3/468d3589087be0f2a8da7dd2fbb9cc91.html | archive-date = 2018-02-26 |access-date=2003-07-03}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixSO3">{{cite web|url=https://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q1-2003/020903d.html|title=Star Ocean 3 to Have Fight Simulator|author=Harwood, Justin|website=RPGamer|date=February 9, 2003|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405035233/https://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q1-2003/020903d.html|archive-date=2003-04-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixLast">{{cite web | author=Wollenschlaeger, Alex | date=March 28, 2003 | title=Japandemonium - From Safety to Where | url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/japan/aw032803.html | website=RPGamer | access-date=2009-01-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907162020/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/japan/aw032803.html | archive-date=September 7, 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="EnixRiven">{{cite web|url=https://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/article/game9712/d_4.htm|script-title=ja:超美麗グラフィックで構築された謎の島を冒険する - Riven: The Sequel to Myst|language=ja|website=Game Watch Impress|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030426205143/https://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/article/game9712/d_4.htm|archive-date=April 26, 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixTR3">{{cite web|url=https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=18641|script-title=ja:(PS) トゥームレイダー3|language=ja|website=[[Famitsu]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124185635/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=18641|archive-date=2015-11-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="TriSO2">{{cite web|url=http://www.tri-ace.co.jp/starocean2nd.html|script-title=ja:スターオーシャン セカンドストーリー|language=ja|publisher=[[tri-Ace]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001006235619/http://www.tri-ace.co.jp/starocean2nd.html|archive-date=2000-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="TriVP">{{cite web|url=http://www.tri-ace.co.jp/valkyrie.html|script-title=ja:ヴァルキリープロファイル|language=ja|publisher=[[tri-Ace]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001007075614/http://www.tri-ace.co.jp/valkyrie.html|archive-date=2000-10-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="BlueSphere">{{cite web|url=https://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q1-2000/030900a.html|title=Star Ocean Sequel Headed for Game Boy|last=Bilyk|first=Andrew P.|publisher=RPGamer|date=2000|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055926/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q1-2000/030900a.html|archive-date=2015-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SO3interview">{{cite web|publisher=IGN|access-date=2016-04-03|author=IGN Staff|date=2003-05-16|title=E3 2003: Star Ocean: Till the End of Time Interview|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/05/16/e3-2003-star-ocean-till-the-end-of-time-interview}}</ref>

<ref name="SO5interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.ffworld.com/2016/05/16/interview-avec-shuichi-kobayashi-producteur-de-star-ocean-5/|title=Interview avec Shûichi Kobayashi, producteur de Star Ocean 5|website=FFWorld|date=2016-03-16|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129071518/https://www.ffworld.com/2016/05/16/interview-avec-shuichi-kobayashi-producteur-de-star-ocean-5/|archive-date=2020-11-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SOinterviews">{{cite web|url=https://shmuplations.com/starocean/|title=Star Ocean – Developer Interviews|website=Shmuplations|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412125237/https://shmuplations.com/starocean/|archive-date=2023-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixGC">{{cite web|url=http://cube.ign.com/news/41385.html|title=Enix Supports Cube|website=[[IGN]]|date=January 31, 2002|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201231345/http://cube.ign.com/news/41385.html|archive-date=2002-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ToseFamitsu">{{cite magazine|script-title=ja:トーセの謎|trans-title=Mystery of Tose | date=March 30, 2017 | magazine=[[Famitsu]] | issue=1478| publisher=[[Kadokawa Corporation]] | language=ja}} [https://www.onemillionpower.com/famitsu-special-report-the-mystery-of-tose/ Translation]</ref>

<ref name="Losses1">{{cite web|date=April 28, 2000|title=Dragon Quest VII Sells Like Crazy|url=http://psx.ign.com/articles/084/084151p1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122102512/http://psx.ign.com/articles/084/084151p1.html|archive-date=January 22, 2007|access-date=June 1, 2008|website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Losses2">{{cite web|last=Long|first=Andrew|date=November 14, 2001|title=Enix Announces Figures|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q4-2001/111401f.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311035020/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q4-2001/111401f.html|archive-date=March 11, 2005|access-date=July 29, 2007|website=RPGamer}}</ref>

<ref name="hesitant">{{Cite web |last=Long, Andrew |year=2003 |title=Square-Enix Gives Chrono Break Trademark Some Playmates |url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q2-2003/042503e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113044027/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q2-2003/042503e.html |archive-date=November 13, 2014 |access-date=June 1, 2008 |website=RPGamer}}</ref>

<ref name="ua89H">{{Cite web |title=Square and Enix to merge |url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2002/11/25/square-and-enix-merge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124034916/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/11/25/square-and-enix-merge |archive-date=November 24, 2013 |access-date=December 25, 2013 |website=[[IGN]]|date=November 25, 2002 }}</ref>

<ref name="3i4VG">{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2003 |title=Square Enix Merger gets greenlight |url=http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1034.html |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213173938/http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1034.html |archive-date=February 13, 2003 |access-date=December 25, 2013 |publisher=RPGFan}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixMerger">{{cite web|date=June 18, 2001|title=Square, Enix and Namco Reveal First Tie-up Details|url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/095/095904p1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604124652/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/095/095904p1.html|archive-date=June 4, 2011|access-date=July 19, 2008|website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EnixSurvive">{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2002 |title=Game software firms Enix, Square to merge on April 1 |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/11/27/business/game-software-firms-enix-square-to-merge-on-april-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713015547/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/11/27/business/game-software-firms-enix-square-to-merge-on-april-1/ |archive-date=July 13, 2017 |access-date=March 11, 2017 |website=[[Japan Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RPGFmiyamoto">{{cite web|title=Square Founder Complains About Planned Merger|date=January 10, 2003|last=Winkler |first=Chris|url= http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1023.html|website=RPGFan|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030214020639/http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1023.html|archive-date=February 14, 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="MatsuzakiA">{{cite web|url=https://mangabox.ink/blog/20200207-matsuzaki_interview_1|script-title=ja:マンガ家の力、編集者の意義・第1回：松崎武吏の「編集道」（上）|language=ja|author=Matsuzaki, Takeshi|website=MangaBox|date=2020-02-07|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626060226/https://mangabox.ink/blog/20200207-matsuzaki_interview_1|archive-date=2022-06-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MatsuzakiB">{{cite web|url=https://mangabox.ink/blog/20200212-matsuzaki_interview_2|script-title=ja:マンガ家の力、編集者の意義・第2回：松崎武吏の「編集道」（下）|language=ja|author=Matsuzaki, Takeshi|website=MangaBox|date=2020-02-12|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626043053/https://mangabox.ink/blog/20200212-matsuzaki_interview_2|archive-date=June 26, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Hosaka">{{cite web|url=https://animeanime.jp/article/2005/03/04/157.html|script-title=ja:『マンガ出版を核にコンテンツビジネスを展開』|language=ja|website=AnimeAnime.jp|date=2005-03-04|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103011926/https://animeanime.jp/article/2005/03/04/157.html|archive-date=2012-11-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GardenHistoryA">{{cite web|url=http://www.animaxis.com/en/zine/newsletter/view.asp?id=N001139|title=Mag Garden to be Enlisted on the Tokyo Stock Exchange's "Mothers" Market|website=Animaxis|date=September 19, 2003|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015112225/http://www.animaxis.com/en/zine/newsletter/view.asp?id=N001139|archive-date=2007-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="GardenHistoryB">{{cite web|url=http://www.mata-web.com/japon/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=263&catid=37&Itemid=20&e63c1b9e72b92f5a8e41a41855e396a9=7b9dee21c27a46c4bfcc80ae4bb95413|title=Mag Garden : l'effondrement des ventes de prépublication et la piste des adaptations|language=French|website=Mata Web|date=|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714045758/http://www.mata-web.com/japon/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=263&catid=37&Itemid=20&e63c1b9e72b92f5a8e41a41855e396a9=7b9dee21c27a46c4bfcc80ae4bb95413|archive-date=2011-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|author=Square Enix |title=Square Enix History (timeline) |url=http://www.square-enix.com/jp/company/e/history/ |publisher=Square Enix |access-date=August 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530053804/http://www.square-enix.com/jp/company/e/history/#top |archive-date=May 30, 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="HoriiArmor">{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/9/20/17876714/yuji-horii-dragon-quest-11-interview|title=Yuji Horii on the legacy of Dragon Quest|author=Haywald, Justin|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=2018-09-20|access-date=2022-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161019/https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/9/20/17876714/yuji-horii-dragon-quest-11-interview|archive-date=2018-09-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Ito">{{cite book|script-title=ja:テヅカ・イズ・デッド - ひらかれたマンガ表現論へ|author=Ito, Tsuyoshi|publisher=[[NTT Publishing]]|language=ja|date=2005|pages=13–28|isbn=4-7571-4129-7}}</ref>

<ref name="DQphenomenon">{{cite web |url=http://plaza.bunka.go.jp/museum/meister/entertainment/vol2/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614061622/http://plaza.bunka.go.jp/museum/meister/entertainment/vol2/ | archive-date=2010-06-14 | title=エンターテインメント – Vol.2 堀井 雄二 インタビュー | publisher=Japan Media Arts Plaza | access-date=October 15, 2011 | author=Kishida, Maya |trans-title=Entertainment Vol. 2 – Interview of Yuji Horii}}</ref>

<ref name="DQCEDEC">{{cite web|url=http://news.dengeki.com/elem/000/000/191/191872/|title=【CEDEC 2009】『ドラクエ』は藤子さんになれたらいい――堀井氏が基調講演|trans-title=[CEDEC 2009] ''Dragon Quest''Fuji's Good Time——Horii Keynote|date=2009-09-01|access-date=2011-02-14|publisher=[[Famitsu]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709012116/http://news.dengeki.com/elem/000/000/191/191872/|archive-date=July 9, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DQlegacyA">{{cite magazine|title=Top 100 Games of All Time |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=21 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |date=September 1996|page=51}}</ref>

<ref name="DQlegacyB">{{cite web | url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/the-gamasutra-quantum-leap-awards-role-playing-games | title=The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards: Role-Playing Games | access-date=2011-03-28 | publisher=[[Gamasutra]] | date=2006-10-06 | work=Honorable Mention: Dragon Warrior | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313052025/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1809/the_gamasutra_quantum_leap_awards_.php | archive-date=March 13, 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="DQlegacyC">{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/features/rpgs-inspired-by-dragon-quest|title=Clone Warriors: RPGs Inspired by Dragon Quest|work=The 25th Anniversary of Dragon Quest|publisher=[[1up.com|1up]]|access-date=2011-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027193242/http://www.1up.com/features/rpgs-inspired-by-dragon-quest|archive-date=October 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

}}

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.enix.com/ Official website] {{in lang|en}} (archives)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.enix.co.jp Official website] {{in lang|ja}} (archives)

{{Square Enix}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Enix| ]]
[[Category:Video game publishers]]
[[Category:Video game companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Video game companies disestablished in 2003]]
[[Category:Defunct video game companies of Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Japanese companies disestablished in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:1999 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]