View source for Eric Kandel

{{Short description|American neuropsychiatrist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_name        = Erich Richard Kandel
| image             = Eric Kandel 01.JPG
| caption           = Kandel in 2013
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1929|11|7}}
| birth_place       = Vienna, Austria
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| fields            = [[Psychiatry]], [[Psychoanalysis]] and [[Neuroscience]]
| workplaces        = [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]]
| education         = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[New York University]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])
| notable_students  = [[James H. Schwartz (neurobiologist)|James H Schwartz]]<br />[[Thomas J. Carew|Tom Carew]]<br />[[Kelsey Martin|Kelsey C. Martin]]<br />[[Priya Rajasethupathy]]<br />[[Scott A. Small]]<br />[[Christopher Pittenger]]
| known_for         = [[Physiology]] of [[learning]] and [[memory]]
| awards            = [[Karl Spencer Lashley Award]] {{small|(1981)}}<br />[[Dickson Prize]] {{small|(1983)}}<br />[[Lasker Award]] <small>(1983)</small><br />[[National Medal of GSS]] <small>(1988)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://superstarsofscience.com/scientist/eric-r-kandel|title=Eric R. Kandel - A Superstar of Science|website=superstarsofscience.com|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810125950/http://superstarsofscience.com/scientist/eric-r-kandel|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref><br />[[Harvey Prize]] {{small|(1993)}}<br />[[Wolf Prize in Medicine]] {{small|(1999)}}<br />[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] {{small|(2000)}}
| spouse            = {{Marriage|[[Denise Kandel|Denise Bystryn]]|1956}}
| children          = 2
}}
'''Eric Richard Kandel''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkandəl|lang}}; born Erich Richard Kandel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eric R. Kandel |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Eric_R._Kandel |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at |language=de}}</ref> November 7, 1929<ref name="CV">{{cite web|title=Eric R. Kandel Curriculum Vitae|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2000/kandel/cv/|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>) is an Austrian-born American<ref name="CV"/> [[medical doctor]] who specialized in [[psychiatry]]. He was also a [[neuroscientist]] and a [[professor]] of [[biochemistry]] and [[biophysics]] at the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeons]] at [[Columbia University]]. He was a recipient of the 2000 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his research on the [[physiology|physiological]] basis of [[memory]] storage in [[neuron]]s. He shared the prize with [[Arvid Carlsson]] and [[Paul Greengard]].

Kandel was from 1984 to 2022 a Senior Investigator in the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/eric-r-kandel | title=Eric R. Kandel, MD &#124; Investigator Emeriti &#124; 1984-2022 }}</ref> He was in 1975 the founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/eric-r-kandel-md | title=Eric Kandel | date=6 March 2017 }}</ref> which is now the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vagelos.columbia.edu/departments-centers/neuroscience | title=Neuroscience | date=24 June 2022 }}</ref> He currently serves on the Scientific Council of the [[Brain & Behavior Research Foundation]]. Kandel's popularized account chronicling his life and research, ''In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind'',<ref name="ISOM">{{cite book|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=2006|title=In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmemory00kand|url-access=registration | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-32937-7}}</ref> was awarded the 2006 [[Los Angeles Times Book Prize|''Los Angeles Times'' Book Prize]] for Science and Technology.

==Early years==
Eric's mother, Charlotte Zimels, was born in 1897 in [[Kolomyia]], [[Pokuttya]] (modern [[Ukraine]]). She came from an [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish family. At that time Kolomyya was part of [[Austria-Hungary]]. His father, Hermann Kandel, was born in 1898 in [[Olesko]], [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (then part of Austria-Hungary). At the beginning of [[World War&nbsp;I]], his parents moved to [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], where they met and married in 1923.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Eric Kandel was born on November 7, 1929, in Vienna. Shortly after, Eric's father established a toy store. Although thoroughly assimilated and acculturated, the family sensed the Nazi danger and, unlike others, left Austria after the country had been [[Anschluss|annexed by Germany]] in March 1938 at great expense. As a result of [[Aryanization (Nazism)|Aryanization]] (''Arisierung''), attacks on Jews had escalated and Jewish property was being confiscated. When Eric was 9, he and his brother Ludwig, 14, boarded the ''Gerolstein'' at [[Antwerp, Belgium]], and joined their uncle in [[Brooklyn]] on May 11, 1939, to be followed later by his parents.<ref>Kandel, Eric R. 2006. In Search of Memory. New York: Norton, p. 31—32.</ref>

After arriving in the United States and settling in Brooklyn, Kandel was tutored by his grandfather in Judaic studies and was accepted at the [[Yeshiva of Flatbush]], from which he graduated in 1944. He attended Brooklyn's [[Erasmus Hall High School]] in the [[New York City Department of Education|New York City school system]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2000/kandel/biographical/ Eric R. Kandel: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000], [[Nobel Foundation]]. Retrieved December 27, 2019. "My grandfather and I liked each other a great deal, and he readily convinced me that he should tutor me in [[Hebrew]] during the summer of 1939 so that I might be eligible for a scholarship at the Yeshiva of Flatbush, an excellent Hebrew parochial school that offered both secular and religious studies at a very high level. With his tutelage I entered the Yeshiva in the fall of 1939. By the time I graduated in 1944 I spoke Hebrew almost as well as [[English language|English]], had read through the five books of Moses; the books of Kings, the Prophets and the Judges in Hebrew; and also learned a smattering of the [[Talmud]]&nbsp;... In 1944, when I graduated from the Yeshiva of Flatbush elementary school, it did not have a high school yet. So I went instead to Erasmus Hall High School, a local public high school in Brooklyn that was then academically very strong."</ref>

Kandel's undergraduate major at [[Harvard University|Harvard]] was History and Literature. He wrote an undergraduate honors thesis on "The Attitude Toward National Socialism of Three German Writers: [[Carl Zuckmayer]], [[Hans Carossa]], and [[Ernst Jünger]]". While at Harvard, a place where psychology was dominated by the work of [[B. F. Skinner]], Kandel became interested in [[learning]] and [[memory]]. However, while Skinner championed a strict separation of psychology, as its own level of discourse, from biological considerations such as neurology, Kandel's work is essentially centered on an explanation of the relationships between psychology and neurology.

The world of neuroscience was opened up to Kandel as a consequence of his favorite literature teacher at the time, [[Karl Viëtor]]'s, sudden passing in 1951 and leaving Kandel's next term schedule at Harvard, besides feeling "deep personal loss" over Viëtor's death, unexpectedly empty.<ref>Kandel, Eric R. 2006. In Search of Memory. New York: Notron, pp. 38—39.</ref> Around that time Kandel had met Anna Kris, whose parents [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Marianne Rie]] were psychoanalysts from [[Sigmund Freud]]'s Vienna-based circle. Freud was a pioneer in revealing the importance of unconscious neural processes, and his lines of thought are at the root of Kandel's interest in the biology of motivation and [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] and [[conscious]] memory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Eric Kandel Studies: (1) Sigmund Freud |url=https://erickandel.blogspot.com/2007/09/1-sigmund-freud.html#:~:text=Although%20Kandel%20never%20met%20Freud,%20a%20large%20part,and%20neuroanatomical%20work%20to%20abandon%20Freudian%20psychoanalysis%20itself. |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Center for Eric Kandel Studies}}</ref> Kandel changed his course to pursue and began his M.D. program at [[New York University]] in 1952.

== Medical school and early research ==
In 1952 he started at the [[NYU School of Medicine|New York University Medical School]]. By graduation he was firmly interested in the biological basis of the mind. During this time he met his future wife, [[Denise Kandel|Denise Bystryn]]. Kandel was first exposed to research in [[Harry Grundfest]]'s laboratory, for six months in 1955-56, at Columbia University.<ref>Kandel, Eric R. 2006. In Search of Memory. New York: Norton, p. 56</ref> Grundfest was known for using the [[oscilloscope]] to demonstrate that [[Nerve conduction velocity|conduction velocity]] during an  [[action potential]] depends on [[axon]] diameter. The researchers Kandel interacted with were contemplating the technical challenges of [[Electrophysiology#Intracellular recording|intracellular recording]]s of the electrical activity of the relatively small [[neuron]]s of the vertebrate brain.

After starting his neurobiological work in the difficult thicket of the [[electrophysiology]] of the [[cerebral cortex]], Kandel was impressed by the progress that had been made by [[Stephen Kuffler]] using a much more experimentally accessible system: neurons isolated from [[marine invertebrates]]. After becoming aware of Kuffler's work in 1955, Kandel graduated from medical school and learned from Stanley Crain how to make micro[[electrode]]s that could be used for intracellular recordings of [[crayfish]] giant [[axon]]s.

[[Karl Lashley]], a well-known American neuropsychologist, had tried but failed to identify an anatomical locus for memory storage in the cortex of the brain. When Kandel joined the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at the US [[National Institutes of Health]] in 1957, [[William Beecher Scoville]] and [[Brenda Milner]] had recently described the patient [[HM (patient)|HM]], who had lost the ability to form new memories after removal of his [[hippocampus]]. Kandel took on the task of performing electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal [[pyramidal neuron]]s. Working with [[Alden Spencer]], he found electrophysiological evidence for action potentials in the [[dendrite|dendritic]] trees of hippocampal neurons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larkin |first1=M. |title=The Lancet |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)73856-3/abstract |journal=Lancet |date=2000 |volume=356 |issue=9237 |page=1250 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)73856-3 |pmid=11072956 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The team also noticed the spontaneous pacemaker-like activity of these neurons, as well as a robust recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus. They provided the first intracellular records of the electrical activity that underlies the [[epilepsy|epileptic]] spike (the intracellular [[paroxysmal depolarizing shift]]) and the epileptic runs of spikes (the intracellular sustained depolarization). But, with respect to memory, there was nothing in the general electrophysiological properties of hippocampal neurons that suggested why the hippocampus was special for explicit memory storage.

Kandel began to realize that memory storage must rely on modifications in the [[Synapse|synaptic]] connections between neurons and that the complex connectivity of the hippocampus did not provide the best system for study of the detailed function of synapses. Kandel was aware that comparative studies of behavior, such as those by [[Konrad Lorenz]], [[Niko Tinbergen]], and [[Karl von Frisch]] had revealed that simple forms of learning were found even in very simple animals. Kandel felt it would be productive to select a simple [[animal model]] that would facilitate electrophysiological analysis of the synaptic changes involved in learning and memory storage. He believed that, ultimately, the results would be found to be applicable to humans. This decision was not without risk: many senior biologists and psychologists believed that nothing useful could be learned about human memory by studying invertebrate physiology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaiser Foundation |date=10 March 2020 |url=https://laskerfoundation.org/eric-kandel-learning-about-the-human-brain-from-sea-slugs/ |quote=Kandel's discoveries showed that a simple animal model could provide unparalleled insight into the mysteries of the human condition.}}</ref>

In 1962, after completing his residency in psychiatry, Kandel went to Paris to learn about the marine mollusk ''[[Aplysia californica]]'' from [[Ladislav Tauc]]. Kandel had realized that simple forms of learning such as habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning could readily be studied with [[Ganglion|ganglia]] isolated from ''Aplysia''. "While recording the behavior of a single cell in a ganglion, one nerve axon pathway to the ganglion could be stimulated weakly electrically as a conditioned [tactile] stimulus, while another pathway was stimulated as an unconditioned [pain] stimulus, following the exact protocol used for classical conditioning with natural stimuli in intact animals."{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Electrophysiological changes resulting from the combined stimuli could then be traced to specific synapses. In 1965 Kandel published his initial results, including a form of presynaptic [[Long-term potentiation|potentiation]] that seemed to correspond to a simple form of learning.

==Faculty member at New York University Medical School==
[[File:Eric Kandel 1978.jpg|thumb|Kandel in 1978]]
Kandel took a position in the Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry at the [[New York University Medical School]], eventually forming the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior. Working with [[Irving Kupferman]] and [[Harold Pinsker]], he developed protocols for demonstrating simple forms of learning by intact ''Aplysia''. In particular, the researchers showed that the now famous [[Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex|gill-withdrawal reflex]], by which the slug protects its tender gill tissue from danger, was sensitive to both habituation and sensitization. By 1971 [[Thomas J. Carew|Tom Carew]] had joined the research group and helped extend the work from studies restricted to [[short-term memory]] to experiments that included physiological processes required for [[long-term memory]].

By 1981, laboratory members including Terry Walters, Tom Abrams, and Robert Hawkins had been able to extend the ''Aplysia'' system into the study of [[classical conditioning]], a finding that helped close the apparent gap between the simple forms of learning often associated with invertebrates and more complex types of learning more often recognized in vertebrates.<ref name="By Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson">{{Cite web|author=Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson|title=A Nobel Prize with help from sea slugs|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/05/14/health/lifeswork-eric-kandel-memory/index.html|access-date=2020-11-16|website=CNN|date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Along with the fundamental behavioral studies, other work in the lab traced the neuronal circuits of [[sensory neuron]]s, [[interneuron]]s, and [[motor neurons]] involved in the learned behaviors. This allowed analysis of the specific synaptic connections that are modified by learning in the intact animals. The results from Kandel's laboratory provided solid evidence for the mechanistic basis of learning as "a change in the functional effectiveness of previously existing [[Excitatory synapse|excitatory]] connections."{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Kandel's winning of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was a result of his work with ''Aplysia'' on the biological mechanisms of memory storage.<ref name="By Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson"/>

==Molecular changes during learning==
Starting in 1966 [[James H. Schwartz (neurobiologist)|James Schwartz]] collaborated with Kandel on a biochemical analysis of changes in neurons associated with learning and memory storage. By this time it was known that long-term memory, unlike short-term memory, involved the synthesis of new proteins. By 1972 they had evidence that the [[second messenger]] molecule [[cyclic AMP]] (cAMP) was produced in ''Aplysia'' ganglia under conditions that cause short-term memory formation ([[sensitization]]). In 1974 Kandel moved his lab to Columbia University and became founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior. It was soon found that the neurotransmitter [[serotonin]], acting to produce the second messenger cAMP, is involved in the molecular basis of sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex. By 1980, collaboration with Paul Greengard resulted in demonstration that [[cAMP-dependent protein kinase]], also known as protein kinase A (PKA), acted in this biochemical pathway in response to elevated levels of cAMP. Steven Siegelbaum identified a potassium channel that could be regulated by PKA, coupling serotonin's effects to altered synaptic electrophysiology.

In 1983 Kandel helped form the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute|Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute]] at Columbia devoted to molecular neural science. The Kandel lab then sought to identify proteins that had to be synthesized to convert short-term memories into long-lasting memories. One of the nuclear targets for PKA is the transcriptional control protein [[CREB]] (cAMP response element binding protein).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kandel, Eric R.|date=May 14, 2012|title=The molecular biology of memory: cAMP, PKA, CRE, CREB-1, CREB-2, and CPEB|journal=Molecular Brain|volume=5|page=14|doi=10.1186/1756-6606-5-14|pmid=22583753|pmc=3514210|issn=1756-6606 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In collaboration with [[David Glanzman]] and Craig Bailey, Kandel identified CREB as being a protein involved in long-term memory storage. One result of CREB activation is an increase in the number of synaptic connections. Thus, short-term memory had been linked to functional changes in existing synapses, while long-term memory was associated with a change in the number of synaptic connections.

==Experimental support for Hebbian learning==
Some of the synaptic changes observed by Kandel's laboratory provide examples of [[Hebbian theory]]. One article describes the role of Hebbian learning in the ''Aplysia'' siphon-withdrawal reflex.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Antonov, Igor|author2=Antonova, Irina|author3=Kandel, Eric R.|author4=Hawkins, Robert D.|title=Activity-Dependent Presynaptic Facilitation and Hebbian LTP Are Both Required and Interact during Classical Conditioning in ''Aplysia''|year=2003|journal=Neuron|volume=37|issue=1|pages=135–147|doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01129-7|pmid=12526779|s2cid=7839933|issn=0896-6273|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Kandel lab has also performed important experiments using transgenic mice as a system for investigating the molecular basis of memory storage in the vertebrate hippocampus.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Huang, Yan-You|author2=Zakharenko, Stanislav S.|author3=Schoch, Susanne|author4=Kaeser, Pascal S.|author5=Janz, Roger|author6=Südhof, Thomas C.|author7=Siegelbaum, Steven A.|author8=Kandel, Eric R.|title=Genetic evidence for a protein-kinase-A-mediated presynaptic component in NMDA-receptor-dependent forms of long-term synaptic potentiation|year=2005|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]]|volume=102|issue=26|pages=9365–9370|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503777102|pmid=15967982|pmc=1166627|bibcode=2005PNAS..102.9365H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Kojima, Nobuhiko|author2=Wang, Jian|author3=Mansuy, Isabelle M.|author4=Grant, Seth G. N.|author5=Mayford, Mark|author6=Kandel, Eric R.|year=1997|title=Rescuing impairment of long-term potentiation in fyn-deficient mice by introducing Fyn transgene|journal=PNAS|volume=94|issue=9|pages=4761–4765|pmid=9114065|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.9.4761|pmc=20798|bibcode=1997PNAS...94.4761K|doi-access=free}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Brandon, E. P.|author2=Zhuo, M.|author3=Huang, Y. Y.|author4=Qi, M.|author5=Gerhold, K. A.|author6=Burton, E. R.|author7=Kandel, G. S.|author8=McKnight, R. L.|author9=Idzerda|year=1995|title=Hippocampal long-term depression and depotentiation are defective in mice carrying a targeted disruption of the gene encoding the RI beta subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase|journal=PNAS|volume=92|issue=19|pages=8851–8855|pmid=7568030|doi=10.1073/pnas.92.19.8851|pmc=41065|bibcode=1995PNAS...92.8851B|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kandel's original idea that learning mechanisms would be conserved between all animals has been confirmed. [[Neurotransmitter]]s, second messenger systems, protein [[kinase]]s, [[ion channel]]s, and [[transcription factor]]s like CREB have been confirmed to function in both vertebrate and invertebrate learning and memory storage.<ref>{{citation|author=Bailey, Craig H.|author2=Bartsch, Dusan|author3=Kandel, Eric R.|year=1996|title=Toward a molecular definition of long-term memory storage|journal=PNAS|volume=93|issue=24|pages=13445–13452|pmid=8942955|bibcode=1996PNAS...9313445B|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.24.13445|pmc=33629|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=2005|title=The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog Between Genes and Synapses|journal=Bioscience Reports|volume=24|issue=4–5|pages=475–522|doi=10.1007/s10540-005-2742-7|pmid=16134023|s2cid=17773633}}</ref>

==Continuing work at Columbia University==
Since 1974, Kandel actively contributes to science as a member of the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior at the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University. In 2008, he and Daniela Pollak discovered that conditioning mice to associate a specific noise with protection from harm, a behavior called "learned safety", produces a behavioral antidepressant effect comparable to that of medications. This finding, reported in ''[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pollak DD, Monje FJ, Zuckerman L, [[Christine Ann Denny|Denny CA]], Drew MR, Kandel ER|title=An animal model of a behavioral intervention for depression | journal = [[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]] |volume=60|issue=1|pages=149–61|date=October 2008|pmid=18940595|pmc=3417703|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.041}}</ref> may inform further studies of the cellular interactions between antidepressants and behavioral treatments.

Kandel is also well known for the textbooks he has helped write, such as ''[[Principles of Neural Science]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kandel, Eric R.|author2=Schwartz, James H.|author3=Jessell, Thomas M.|author4=Siegelbaum, Steven A.|author5=Hudspeth, A. J.|year=2012|title=Principles of Neural Science|edition=5th|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-139011-8}}</ref> First published in 1981 and now in its sixth edition, the book is often used as a teaching and reference text in medical schools and undergraduate and graduate programs. Kandel has been a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] since 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eric R. Kandel |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/53988.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
[[File:Eric Kandel autographed baseball SfN 2009.jpg|alt=Eric Kandel autographed baseball SfN 2009|thumb|Eric Kandel autographed baseball SfN 2009]]
He has also been at Columbia University since 1974 and lives in [[New York City]].

==Notable former members of his lab==
*James H. Schwartz 1964–1972: Coauthor of the influential textbook ''Principles of Neural Science''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/24/nyregion/dr-james-h-schwartz-73-who-studied-the-basis-of-memory-dies.html|title=Dr. James H. Schwartz, 73, Who Studied the Basis of Memory, Dies|author=Pearce, Jeremy|date=March 24, 2006|access-date=December 27, 2019|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
*John H. (Jack) Byrne 1970–1975: Professor and Director of the Neuroscience Research Center at UT Health Science Center (Mcgovern Medical School); founder and editor of the research journal ''Learning and Memory.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nba.uth.tmc.edu/Assets/pdf/cv/byrne_curriculum_vitae.pdf|title=CV John H. Byrne|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Thomas J. Carew|Tom Carew]] 1970–1983: Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at New York University, Center for Neural Science. Past President of the Society for Neuroscience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cns.nyu.edu/corefaculty/Carew.php|title=NYU/CNS : Faculty : Core Faculty: Thomas J. Carew|website=www.cns.nyu.edu|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002230657/http://www.cns.nyu.edu/corefaculty/Carew.php|archive-date=October 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Edgar T. Walters 1974–1980: Professor at the Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibp.med.uth.tmc.edu/crb/faculty/bio-Walters-Edgar.html|title=Edgar T. Walters, Ph.D. |access-date=August 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616130739/http://ibp.med.uth.tmc.edu/crb/faculty/bio-Walters-Edgar.html |archive-date=June 16, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Kelsey Martin|Kelsey C. Martin]] 1992–1999: Dean of the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA]] and Professor in the Departments of Biological Chemistry, Psychiatry, and Biobehavioral Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biolchem.ucla.edu/people/faculty/kelsey-c-martin|title=Kelsey C. Martin - Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA|website=www.biolchem.ucla.edu|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>

==Current views about Vienna==
When Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000, initially the media reported of an "Austrian" Nobel Prize winner, phrasing that Kandel found "typically Viennese: very opportunistic, very disingenuous, somewhat hypocritical". He also said it was "certainly not an Austrian Nobel, it was a Jewish-American Nobel". After that, he got a call from then Austrian president [[Thomas Klestil]] asking him, "How can we make things right?" Kandel said that first, Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed; [[Karl Lueger]] was an anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna, cited by Hitler in ''[[Mein Kampf]]''. The street was ultimately renamed in 2012 into Universitätsring.<ref name=AustrianTimes>{{cite news|url=http://austriantimes.at/news/General_News/2012-04-20/41095/Dr._Karl-Lueger-Ring_to_be_renamed|title=Dr. Karl-Lueger-Ring to be renamed|date=April 20, 2012|website=Austrian Times|access-date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307080816/http://austriantimes.at/news/General_News/2012-04-20/41095/Dr._Karl-Lueger-Ring_to_be_renamed|archive-date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> Second, he wanted the Jewish intellectual community to be brought back to Vienna, with scholarships for Jewish students and researchers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Newsmakers|journal=Science|date=June 6, 2008|volume=320|issue=5881|page=1269|doi=10.1126/science.320.5881.1269a|s2cid=220094511}}</ref> He also proposed a symposium on the response of Austria to Nazism,<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1wnSz3fs6vg Nobel Prize Winner Kandel Speaks of Brain, Snails, Memory Pill] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001193513/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1wnSz3fs6vg|date=October 1, 2015}}, Bloomberg April 7, 2006.</ref> which at that time had been wanting greatly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pick |first=Hella |title=Guilty Victim |year=2000}}</ref> Kandel has since accepted an honorary citizenship of Vienna and participates in the academic and cultural life of his native city,<ref name=jewishnews>{{cite news|url=https://www.jewishnews.at/jewish-news-from-austria-21/late-homage-nobel-prize-winner-eric-kandel-becomes-honorary.html|title=Late homage: Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel becomes honorary citizen of Vienna|work=Jewish News|date=December 24, 2008|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref> similar to [[Carl Djerassi]]. Kandel's 2012 book, ''The Age of Insight''—as expressed in its subtitle, ''The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present''<ref>{{cite book|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=2012|title=The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6871-5}}</ref>—represents a wide-ranging historical attempt to place Vienna at the root of cultural modernism by focussing on the personal interconnections between doctors such as [[Carl von Rokitansky]], [[Emil Zuckerkandl]], [[Sigmund Freud]], with artists such as [[Gustav Klimt]], [[Egon Schiele]] and [[Oskar Kokoschka]] and the writer [[Arthur Schnitzler]], all of whom engaged with the "unconscious" in one way or another and influenced, Kandel claims, one another in the tight-knit salon of [[Berta Zuckerkandl]] and related occasions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janik |first=Allan |year=2013 |title=Review of: The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain from 1900 to the Present. By Eric B. Kandel. New York: Random House. 2012. |journal=Central European History |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=913–916 |doi=10.1017/s0008938914000156 |issn=}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1976)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2019-10/ChapterK.pdf|title=Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Karl Spencer Lashley Award]] (1981)
*[[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] (1983)
*Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1984)<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Eric+R.+Kandel&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
*[[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] (1987)
*[[NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing]] of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] (1988)<ref name=Reviewing>{{cite web|title=NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_scirev|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=February 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318130922/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_scirev|archive-date=March 18, 2011}}</ref>
*[[National Medal of Science]] (1988)
*[[Pasarow Award]] (1988)
*Member of the [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]] (1989) (National Academy of Sciences, since 2008).
*[[Harvey Prize]] (1993)
*[[Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience]] (1997)
*[[Wolf Prize in Medicine]] (1999)
*[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (2000) (jointly with [[Arvid Carlsson]] and [[Paul Greengard]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2000/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000|publisher=Nobel Prize|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*Charles A Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health (1997)
*[[Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf|title=Reply to a parliamentary question|language=de|page=1709|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences]] of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/franklinscience|title=Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*Viktor Frankl Award of the City of Vienna ([[Viktor Frankl Institute]], 2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://viktorfrankl.org/vf_awardE.html|title=Viktor Frankl Award|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*Honorary citizen of the city of Vienna (2009)<ref name=jewishnews/>
*[[Honorary degree|Honorary doctor]] at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] (2011)
*[[Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (2012)
*[[Pour le Mérite for Arts and Sciences]] (Germany)
*[[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/new-fellows-2013/|title=New Fellows 2013|publisher=Royal Society|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*Member of the prize committee for the [[Kavli Prize]] in Neuroscience, 2007–2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prize Committee in Neuroscience 2007–2008|url=http://www.kavliprize.no//artikkel/vis.html?tid=27461|access-date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624164135/http://www.kavliprize.no//artikkel/vis.html?tid=27461|archive-date=24 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kavliprize.no/artikkel/vis.html?tid=49154 |title=Prize Committee in Neuroscience 2009–2010|access-date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617073031/http://www.kavliprize.no/artikkel/vis.html?tid=49154|archive-date=June 17, 2012}}</ref>
*Elected Honorary Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (2018)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rse.org.uk/fellow/eric-kandel/|title=Professor Eric Richard Kandel HonFRSE - The Royal Society of Edinburgh|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria|Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (2024)

==Filmography==
*[[Petra Seeger]], ''[[In Search of Memory]]'' (2008)

==Selected publications==

===Books===
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=1976|title=Cellular Basis of Behaviour: An Introduction to Behavioural Neurobiology|publisher=W.H. Freeman & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-716-70522-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cellularbasisofb0000kand}}
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=1978|title=A Cell - Biological Approach to Learning|publisher=Society for Neuroscience|location=New York|isbn=978-0-916-11007-9}}.
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=1979|title=Behavioural Bio of Aplysia: Origin & Evolution|publisher=W.H. Freeman & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-716-71070-7}}.
*{{citation|author1=Kandel, Eric R.|author2=Schwartz, James H.|author3=Jessell, Thomas M.|author4=Siegelbaum, Steven A.|author5=Hudspeth, A. J.|year=2012|orig-date=1981|edition=5th|title=Principles of Neural Science|location=New York|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|isbn=978-0-071-39011-8|title-link=Principles of Neural Science}}.
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=1987|title=Molecular Neurobiology in Neurology and Psychiatry|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-881-67305-0}}.
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|author2=Jessell, Thomas M.|author3=Schwartz, James H|year=1995|title=Essentials of Neural Science and Behaviour|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange|location=New York|isbn=978-0-838-52245-5}}.
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=2005|title=Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New Biology of Mind |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-585-62199-6}}.
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=2007|title=In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-32937-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmemory0000kand}}.
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=2012|title=The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6871-5}}.
*{{citation|author=Kandel, Eric R.|year=2016|title=Reductionism in Art and Brain Science: Bridging the Two Cultures |publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-17962-1}}.
*Kandel, Eric R. (2018), ''The Disordered Mind: What Unusual Brains Tell Us About Ourselves'', New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, {{ISBN|9780374287863}}.

===Articles===
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Malleret G, Alarcon JM, Martel G, Takizawa S, Vronskaya S, Yin D, Chen IZ, Kandel ER, Shumyatsky GP|title=Bidirectional regulation of hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and its influence on opposing forms of memory|journal=J. Neurosci.|volume=30|issue=10|pages=3813–25|date=March 2010|pmid=20220016|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1330-09.2010|pmc=6632240}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Akil H, Brenner S, Kandel E, Kendler KS, King MC, Scolnick E, Watson JD, Zoghbi HY|title=Medicine. The future of psychiatric research: genomes and neural circuits|journal=Science|volume=327|issue=5973|pages=1580–1|date=March 2010|pmid=20339051|pmc=3091000|doi=10.1126/science.1188654}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Simpson EH, Kellendonk C, Kandel E|title=A possible role for the striatum in the pathogenesis of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia|journal=Neuron|volume=65|issue=5|pages=585–96|date=March 2010|pmid=20223196|pmc=4929859|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.014}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Si K, Choi YB, White-Grindley E, Majumdar A, Kandel ER|title=Aplysia CPEB can form prion-like multimers in sensory neurons that contribute to long-term facilitation|journal=Cell|volume=140|issue=3|pages=421–35|date=February 2010|pmid=20144764|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.008|s2cid=14305206|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Kandel ER|title=The biology of memory: a forty-year perspective|journal=J. Neurosci.|volume=29|issue=41|pages=12748–56|date=October 2009|pmid=19828785|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3958-09.2009|pmc=6665299}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Muzzio IA, Levita L, Kulkarni J, Monaco J, Kentros C, Stead M, Abbott LF, Kandel ER|title=Attention enhances the retrieval and stability of visuospatial and olfactory representations in the dorsal hippocampus|journal=PLOS Biol.|volume=7|issue=6|article-number=e1000140|date=June 2009|pmid=19564903|pmc=2696347|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000140 |doi-access=free }}

==See also==
*[[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Eric Kandel}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.dradio.de/dkultur/sendungen/kulturinterview/506653/ Interview with Kandel June 2006 in German]
*[http://asp.cumc.columbia.edu/facdb/profile_list.asp?uni=erk5&DepAffil=Psychiatry Eric Kandel's Faculty Profile in the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University]
*[http://neuroscience.columbia.edu/profile/erickandel Eric Kandel's Columbia University website]
*[https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_11497065 Finding aid to the Eric Kandel Papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library]
*Science Friday: October 13, 2000 [https://www.npr.org/dmg/dmg.php?prgCode=TOTN&showDate=02-Jul-2004&segNum=4 NPR interview]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051119000755/http://mcmanweb.com/kandel.htm Eric Kandel – A Nobel's Life]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202327/http://www.patentgenius.com/inventor/KandelEricR.html Eric R. Kandel's United States Patents]
*{{Charlie Rose view|210}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.webofstories.com/play/eric.kandel/1|title=Eric Kandel interviewed on ''Web of Stories''|publisher=[[Web of Stories]]}}
*{{Nobelprize}}

{{Wolf Prize in Medicine}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{2000 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|biological}}
{{Heineken Prizes}}
{{FRS 2013}}
{{Memory}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandel, Eric Richard}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Austrian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Physicians from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States]]
[[Category:Cognitive neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Columbia Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Erasmus Hall High School alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)]]
[[Category:Memory researchers]]
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[[Category:Austrian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
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[[Category:New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Yeshivah of Flatbush alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]]
[[Category:Winners of the Heineken Prize]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Austrian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Society for Neuroscience]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]