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{{short description|Austrian conductor (1890–1956)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Erich Kleiber
| image       = Erich Kleiber 01.jpg
| caption     = Kleiber in 1930
| birth_date  = {{birth-date|5 August 1890}}
| birth_place = [[Vienna]], Austria
| death_date  = {{death-date and age|27 January 1956|5 August 1890}}
| death_place = [[Zürich]], Switzerland
| alma_mater  = [[Prague Conservatory]]
| occupation  = conductor
| children    = [[Carlos Kleiber]] (son)
}}
'''Erich Kleiber''' (5 August 1890 – 27 January 1956)  was an Austrian, later Argentine, conductor, known for his interpretations of the classics and as an advocate of [[Neue Musik]].

Kleiber was born in Vienna, and after studying at the [[Prague Conservatory]], he followed the traditional route for an aspiring conductor in German-speaking countries of the time, starting as a [[répétiteur]] in an opera house and moving into conducting in increasingly senior positions. After holding posts in [[Darmstadt]] (1912), [[Wuppertal|Barmen-Elberfeld]] (1919), [[Düsseldorf]] (1921) and [[Mannheim]] (1922) he was appointed in 1923 to the important post of musical director of the [[Berlin State Opera]].

In Berlin, Kleiber's scrupulous musicianship and enterprising programming won him a high reputation, but after the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in Germany in 1933, he resigned in protest against its oppressive policies, and left the country, basing himself and his family in Buenos Aires. For the rest of his career he was a [[freelance]], guest conducting internationally in opera houses and concert halls. He played an important part in the creation of [[The Royal Opera]] in London, but a plan for him to return to the Berlin State Opera in the 1950s fell foul of politics.

Kleiber was regarded as an outstanding conductor of [[Mozart]], [[Beethoven]] and [[Richard Strauss]] and encouraged modern composers, including [[Alban Berg]], whose ''[[Wozzeck]]'' he premiered. He died suddenly in [[Zürich]] at the age of 65.

==Life and career==
=== Early years ===
Kleiber was born in [[Wieden]], Vienna, on 5 August 1890, the second of the two children of Dr Franz Otto Kleiber, a teacher, and his wife Vroni, ''née'' Schöppl.{{sfn|Russell|1957|pp=20–21}} Kleiber's father died in 1895 and his mother died the following year. Kleiber and his sister went to live with his maternal grandparents in Prague. In 1900, after the death of his grandfather, Kleiber returned to Vienna to live with an aunt and study at a [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]. He was able to attend performances at the [[Musikverein]], the [[Vienna Volksoper|Volksoper]] and [[Vienna State Opera|Hofoper]] where [[Gustav Mahler]] was the musical director. With his friend [[Hans Gál]], Kleiber heard a performance of Mahler's [[Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)|Sixth Symphony]], conducted by the composer; at the end, Kleiber told Gál that he intended to be a conductor.{{sfn|Russell|1957|pp=28–29}} Gál pointed out that the traditional route to becoming a conductor was to start as a Korrepetitor ([[répétiteur]]) in one of the many opera houses in German-speaking countries, but Kleiber had never been taught to play the piano.{{sfn|Russell|1957|pp=25, 28–29}}

In July 1908 Kleiber left Vienna and studied art, philosophy, and art history at the [[Charles University]] in Prague.<ref name=grove/> On the strength of some compositions of his which he submitted to the [[Prague Conservatory]] he was admitted, with the proviso that unless he could reach the required standard within the year he would have to leave. He bought a piano and taught himself to play it, took organ lessons, and mastered the curriculum well enough to pass the conservatory's examinations.{{sfn|Russell|1957|p=33}} He was taken on as a coach at the [[State Opera (Prague)|New German Theatre]] in 1911, and began to get work as an accompanist, working in 1912 with [[Alfred Piccaver]].{{sfn|Russell|1957|p=37}} The intendant of the [[Staatstheater Darmstadt|Darmstadt Court Theatre]] spotted Kleiber's potential and invited him to conduct there. He worked at Darmstadt for seven years. Further appointments followed at [[Wuppertal|Barmen-Elberfeld]] in 1919, [[Düsseldorf]] in 1921 and [[Mannheim]] in 1922.<ref name=grove>Brunner, Gerhard. [https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000015119 "Kleiber, Erich"], ''Grove Music Online'', Oxford University Press 2001. Retrieved 25 May 2020 {{subscription required}}</ref>

=== Berlin ===
{{multiple image|total_width=220
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = Berlin, Mitte, Unter den Linden, Staatsoper 02.jpg
| image2 = WP Alban Berg.jpg
| image3 = Darius Milhaud b Meurisse 1923.jpg
| footer = As the music director of the [[Berlin State Opera]] he championed works of [[Alban Berg]] and [[Darius Milhaud]]
}}

In 1923 [[Leo Blech]] resigned as musical director of the [[Berlin State Opera]] after 17 years in charge. [[Bruno Walter]] and [[Otto Klemperer]] had been approached to succeed him, but the approaches were inconclusive. Kleiber, invited to conduct a single performance of ''[[Fidelio]]'' in August 1923, made a highly favourable impression, and three days later he was appointed to succeed Blech with a five-year contract.{{sfn|Russell|1957|pp=62–63}}

''[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'' describes Kleiber's Berlin years as "exceptionally productive":
{{blockindent|In 1924 he conducted [[Leoš Janáček|Janáček's]] ''[[Jenůfa]]'' in a production regarded as decisive for the composer's wider success. [[Ernst Krenek|Krenek]]'s ''Die Zwingburg'' was presented in the same year, followed in 1925 by the première of [[Alban Berg|Berg]]'s ''[[Wozzeck]]''. Other new works he performed included [[Franz Schreker|Schreker]]'s ''[[Der singende Teufel]]'' (1928) and [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]]'s ''[[Christophe Colomb]]'' (1930), and he also conducted Wagner's ''[[Das Liebesverbot]]'' and various operettas.<ref name=grove/>|}}

In 1926, Kleiber married an American, Ruth Goodrich (1900–1967). They had two children, Veronica (1928–2017), later assistant to [[Claudio Abbado]],{{sfn|Hart|1980|p=86}} and a son [[Carlos Kleiber|Karl]], later known as Carlos, (1930–2004), who became a celebrated conductor.<ref name=who>[https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-239522 "Kleiber, Erich, (5 Aug. 1890–27 Jan. 1956), orchestral conductor, professor, general music director]", ''Who's Who & Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2020 {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>Barber, Charles [https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000015118 "Kleiber, Carlos"], ''Grove Music Online'', Oxford University Press. 2001. Retrieved 25 May 2020 {{subscription required}}</ref>

During his Berlin years Kleiber began an international career, conducting concerts in Buenos Aires (1926, 1927) and Moscow (1927); in New York he worked for six or seven weeks in the 1930–31 and 1931–32 seasons, giving between 20 and 30 concerts.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2012|p=423}} and {{harvnb|Russell|1957|p=136}}</ref>

Kleiber's time in Berlin came to end in 1934, the year after the [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]] (Nazi Party) came to power in Germany. Kleiber, who was not Jewish, politically active, or otherwise ''persona non grata'' with the Nazis, could have continued his career under their régime, but he would not accept their racial policies or their stifling of artistic freedom. When Berg's new opera ''[[Lulu (opera)|Lulu]]'' was banned as ''Entartete Musik'' ([[degenerate music]]) Kleiber resigned from his post at the State Opera. He was outraged when Berg – a close friend – assumed that he had joined or would join the Nazi Party to safeguard his career. He wrote to Berg, "I was never a member of the NSDAP – and never had any intention of becoming one!!! Despite several requests!"{{sfn|Notley|2010|p=224}}

Prevented from performing ''Lulu'', Kleiber made a gesture of defiance to the régime by putting the world premiere of the suite from the opera in the programme of the last concert he gave in Nazi Germany. The event attracted international attention. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported
{{blockindent|For nearly fifteen minutes a huge audience numbering many members of the diplomatic corps, which listened with straining intensity cheered, stamped and applauded, recalling to the platform time and again Erich Kleiber, who prepared and conducted the stirring performance, the orchestra of the State Opera, and the Viennese light soprano Lillie Claus.{{sfn|Notley|2010|p=257}}}}
Kleiber conducted the final opera performances to which he was contractually committed and then left Germany with his wife and children in January 1935.{{sfn|Russell|1957|pp=148, 159}}

=== Emigré ===
Kleiber's biographer [[John Russell (art critic)|John Russell]] entitles his chapter covering the years 1935 to 1939 "Vagabondage".{{sfn|Russell|1957|p=159}} Kleiber made his British début with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] in 1935, and was a frequent visitor to Amsterdam, Brussels and other European cities. In 1938, at the invitation of [[Thomas Beecham|Sir Thomas Beecham]], he appeared for the first time at [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], conducting ''Der Rosenkavalier'' with a starry cast headed by [[Lotte Lehmann]].{{efn|1=Kleiber also conducted ''[[Der fliegende Holländer]]'' with [[Herbert Janssen]] in the title role during this season; [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] conducted ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' and Beecham conducted operas by Mozart, Beethoven and Wagner.<ref>"Opera and Ballet", ''[[The Times]]'', 18 April 1938, p. 8, and 12 May 1938, p. 14</ref>}} He repudiated his contract with [[La Scala]], [[Milan]] in April 1939, shortly after [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s [[fascist]] régime enacted its own [[Antisemitism|anti-semitic]] legislation. Kleiber said:
{{blockindent|I hear that access to the Scala is denied to Jews. Music, like air and sunlight, should be for all. When, in these hard times, this consolation is denied to human beings for reasons of race and religion, then I both as Christian and artist, feel that I can no longer co-operate.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/923078 "Musical Notes from Abroad"], ''The Musical Times'', April 1939, p. 306 {{subscription required}}</ref>|}}

Insofar as Kleiber had a base during these years it was in Buenos Aires; he became an Argentine citizen in 1936.<ref name=who/> He took charge of the German opera seasons at the [[Teatro Colón]] between 1937 and 1949, and conducted in Chile, Uruguay, Mexico and Cuba.<ref name=grove/>

At the [[Teatro Colón]] in Buenos Aires, Kleiber conducted 29 different operas (a total of 181 performances) during 10 seasons (1937–41, 1943, and 1946–49). The operas he conducted the most were [[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]] and [[Der Rosenkavalier]]. The performances he conducted featured some of the world's top singers of German opera at the time, including for example [[Kirsten Flagstad]], [[Astrid Varnay]], [[Rose Bampton]], [[Max Lorenz (tenor)|Max Lorenz]], [[Set Svanholm]], [[René Maison]], [[Hans Hotter]] and [[Alexander Kipnis]]. Kleiber conducted the Western Hemisphere's premiere of [[Die Frau ohne Schatten]] in Buenos Aires in 1949. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.operas-colon.com.ar/index.html|title = Base de datos de las óperas en el Teatro Colon de Buenos Aires}}</ref> 

===Post-war===
After the [[Second World War]], Kleiber resumed his European activities, first with the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] in 1948, and at Covent Garden from 1950 to 1953. The post-war Covent Garden was very different from the star-studded international pre-war seasons. The new company, built from scratch with largely British singers, was not then of international calibre or even approaching it.{{sfn|Haltrecht|1975|p=145}} Kleiber's contribution was of crucial importance to the development of the company.<ref name=grove/>  The record producer [[John Culshaw]] wrote:
{{blockindent|No one present will ever forget the transformation in the Covent Garden pit when, in the early nineteen-fifties, Erich Kleiber plunged into the ''Carmen'' prelude. Kleiber had not imported the [[Philharmonia Orchestra|Philharmonia]] for the occasion, nor had he filled the orchestra with specialist deputies; he had simply made the orchestra play precisely, rhythmically, and with a strict dynamic gradation. The effect of this, after years of sloppy, routine performances of ''Carmen'', was a revelation.{{sfn|Culshaw|1967|p=22}}}}

The Covent Garden management hoped Kleiber would become the company's musical director, but he was not willing to commit himself.{{sfn|Haltrecht|1975|p=173}} There were many competing demands for his services in Europe. At the 1951 [[Maggio Musicale]] in Florence, he conducted a celebrated production of ''[[Les vêpres siciliennes]]'', starring [[Maria Callas]],  and the world premiere of [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]'s ''[[L'anima del filosofo|Orfeo ed Euridice]]'' (also with Callas), written 160 years earlier.<ref name=grove/> There were plans for his appointment to the [[Vienna Staatsoper]], but they fell through, and his only operatic engagement in his native city was ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' in 1951. In 1953 he conducted the complete ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen|Ring]]'' cycle in Rome; it was broadcast, but the recordings are thought to be lost.{{sfn|Brown|2012|p=441}} Between 1948 and 1955 he recorded a range of works for the [[Decca Classics|Decca]] record company.<ref>Stuart, Philip. [http://images.cch.kcl.ac.uk/charm/liv/pubs/DeccaComplete.pdf ''Decca Classical 1929–2009'']. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref>

Almost at the end of Kleiber's career there was a debacle after he accepted an invitation to resume his pre-war post at the Berlin Staatsoper. Following the post-war division of the city, the house was in [[East Berlin]]. The old building had been bombed and was slowly being restored. In 1951 the East German authorities invited Kleiber to become musical director when the rebuilding was complete. At the time, hostility between the [[Soviet bloc]] and the western allies was intense, and some ardent democrats thought Kleiber wrong to work for the totalitarian East German régime. The [[Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra]] withdrew his invitation to conduct at its concerts, but he felt he was building bridges between east and west.{{sfn|Russell|1957|p=220}} The reopening was scheduled for 1955, but as the time approached, Kleiber became increasingly aware of state interference in the running of the house. Matters came to a head when the authorities removed an old monument to [[Frederick the Great]] that was a key feature of the building. Kleiber wrote, "I have had to acknowledge that the spirit of the old theatre cannot reign in the new building", and he resigned before the re-opening. Feeling that the West Germans had been mean-minded in their attempt to stop him conducting in East Berlin, he left the city and never returned.{{sfn|Russell|1957|p=228}}
[[File:GraveErichAndRuthKleiber-HoenggerbergCemetery RomanDeckert11112023.jpg|thumb|The grave of Kleiber and his wife at the cemetery of [[Hönggerberg]]]]
In Russell's view the collapse of Kleiber's hopes for the Staatsoper was a blow from which he did not recover.{{sfn|Russell|1957|p=227}} He died suddenly in [[Zürich]] on 27 January 1956, aged 65.{{sfn|Russell|1957|p=245}}

==Reputation,  honours and legacy ==
In the view of ''Grove'', Kleiber was:
{{blockindent|outstanding as a conductor of Mozart, Beethoven and Richard Strauss, refusing to indulge in romantic interpretation as a means of self-projection, ignoring false performing traditions and studying the scores assiduously. He never lost his whole view of a work, and his approach was strictly non-sentimental. He won the lasting devotion of orchestral players as well as singers.<ref name=grove/>|}}

Among the honours awarded to Kleiber were Commandeur [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Ordre de Léopold, Belgium]]; [[Order of the Crown of Italy|Commendatore della Corona d’ Italia]]; [[Order of the Sun of Peru|Orden el Sol de Peru]]; and [[Order of Merit (Chile)|Comendador del Merito, Chile]].<ref name=who/>

Kleiber was a composer; among his works are a Violin Concerto, Piano Concerto, orchestral variations, Capriccio for Orchestra, numerous chamber music works, piano pieces, and songs.<ref name=grove/>

===Recordings===

''Grove'' comments that Kleiber's recordings of ''Der Rosenkavalier'', ''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]'' and Beethoven's symphonies "all demonstrate his extraordinary rhythmic control and dynamic flexibility".<ref name=grove/> For more information on his ''Figaro'' recording, see [[Le nozze di Figaro (Kleiber recording)|''Le nozze di Figaro'' (Kleiber recording)]]. His recordings include the following, many of which have been reissued in digital transfers:

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: left; margin-right: 0;"
|+{{sronly|Recordings}}
! scope="col" |Composer
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Orchestra
! scope="col" |Date
|-
| Beethoven
| ''Fidelio''
| [[WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne|Cologne Radio Symphony]]
| 1956
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 3
| [[Vienna Philharmonic]]
| 1953
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 3
| [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra|Concertgebouw]]
| 1950
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 5
| Concertgebouw
| 1953
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 6
| Concertgebouw
| 1953
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 6
| [[London Philharmonic Orchestra|London Philharmonic]]
| 1948
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 7
| Concertgebouw
| 1950
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 9
| Vienna Philharmonic
| 1952
|-
| Dvořák
| Carnival Overture
| London Philharmonic
| 1948
|-
| Handel
| ''Berenice'', Andante Larghetto
| London Philharmonic
| 1949
|-
| Mozart
| [[Le nozze di Figaro (Erich Kleiber recording)|''Le nozze di Figaro'']]
| Vienna Philharmonic
| 1955
|-
| Mozart
| Symphony No. 39
| Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
| 1956
|-
| Mozart
| Symphony No. 40
| London Philharmonic
| 1949
|-
| Mozart
| Four German Dances
| Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
| 1956
|-
| Schubert
| Symphony No. 5
| [[NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra|North German Radio Symphony]]
| 1953
|-
| Schubert
| Symphony No. 8
| [[Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra|Berlin Philharmonic]]
| 1953
|-
| Schubert
| Symphony No. 9
| Cologne Radio Symphony
| 1953
|-
| Strauss, Johann II
| ''Der Zigeunerbaron''  Overture
| London Philharmonic
| 1948
|-
| Strauss, Josef
| ''Sphären-Klänge''
| London Philharmonic
| 1948
|-
| Strauss, Richard
| ''Till Eulenspiegel''
| North German Radio Symphony
| 1951
|-
| Strauss, Richard
| ''Der Rosenkavalier''
| Vienna Philharmonic
| 1954
|-
| Strauss, Richard
| ''Daphne''
| [[Teatro Colón]]
| 1948
|-
| Tchaikovsky
| Symphony No. 4
| [[Paris Conservatoire Orchestra|Paris Conservatoire]]
| 1949
|-
| Tchaikovsky
| Symphony No. 6
| Paris Conservatoire
| 1953
|-
| Various
| "Orchestral showpieces"
| Berlin Philharmonic
| 1930–1934
|-
| Various
| Concert recordings
| [[NBC Symphony]]
| 1947–48
|-
| Verdi
| ''I vespri siciliani''
| [[Maggio Musicale Fiorentino]]
| 1951
|-
| Wagner
| ''Tristan und Isolde''
| [[Teatro Colón]]
| 1948
|-
| Weber
| ''[[Der Freischütz]]''
| Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
| 1955
|-
| Weber
| Symphony No. 1
| Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
| 1956
|}

===Filmography===
{| class = "wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Filmography<ref>{{cite book |last=Barber |first=Charles |year=2013 |title=Corresponding with Carlos: A Biography of Carlos Kleiber |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1442231177 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=csJfojzOX_UC}} |page=313 }}</ref>
! scope="col" |Composer
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Orchestra
! scope="col" |Date
! scope="col" |Label
|-
| Mozart
| [[Three German Dances|German Dances, K. 605, No. 3]]
| [[Berlin State Opera]]
| 1931 
| {{n/a|–}}
|-
| Strauss, Johann II
| ''[[An der schönen, blauen Donau]]''
| [[Staatskapelle Berlin]]
| 1932
| [[Teldec]] (1997) 0927.42668.2
|-
| [[Vítězslav Novák|Novák, Vítězslav]]
| ''South Bohemian Suite''
| [[Czech Philharmonic]]
| {{circa|1949}}
| {{n/a|–}}
|-
| Strauss, Johann II
| ''Künstlerleben''
| [[Staatskapelle Berlin]]
| 1949
| {{n/a|–}}
|-
| Beethoven
| Symphony No. 9
| [[Czech Philharmonic]]
| 23 August 1949
| [[Hearst Metrotone News]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Austrians in music]]

== Notes, references and sources ==

===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book | last= Brown | first= Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNO7AgAAQBAJ&q=Great+Wagner+Conductors| title= Great Wagner Conductors: A Listener's Companion| year= 2012| location= Canberra | publisher= Parrot Press | isbn= 978-0-9871556-0-3}}
* {{cite book|last= Culshaw |first= John |author-link=John Culshaw|year= 1967|title= Ring Resounding |location= London |publisher= Secker & Warburg |isbn= 978-0-436-11800-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Haltrecht |first=Montague |author-link=Montague Haltrecht|year=1975 |title=The Quiet Showman&nbsp;– Sir David Webster and the Royal Opera House |location=London |publisher=Collins |isbn=0-00-211163-2 }}
* {{cite book | last= Hart| first= Philip | title= Conductors: A New Generation| year= 1980|url=https://archive.org/details/conductorsnewgen00hartrich/page/86/mode/2up/search/kleiber|location= London | publisher= Robson | isbn= 978-0-86051-098-7|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book | last= Notley | first= Margaret | title= Alban Berg and His World | url= https://archive.org/details/albanberghisworl00hail | url-access= limited |chapter= 1934, Alban Berg, and the Shadow of Politics: Documents of a Troubled Year | year= 2010 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/albanberghisworl00hail/page/n239 223]–268 | editor= Christopher Hailey| location=Princeton and Oxford | publisher= Princeton University Press | doi= 10.2307/j.ctt7rg0g.11 | jstor= j.ctt7rg0g.11 |isbn= 978-0-691-14855-7|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book | last= Russell | first= John |author-link= John Russell (art critic)|title=Erich Kleiber: A Memoir| year= 1957| url=https://archive.org/details/erichkleibermemo0000russ/page/n5/mode/2up |location= London | publisher= Andre Deutsch | oclc=752812140|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.thrsw.com/ekdisc/ Discography] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216082036/http://www.thrsw.com:80/ekdisc/ |date=16 February 2020 }}) 
* {{PM20|FID=pe/009721}}

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{{succession box|title=[[Berlin State Opera|Music Director, Berlin State Opera]]|before=[[Leo Blech]]|years=1923&ndash;1934|after=[[Clemens Krauss]]
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{{succession box|title=[[Berlin State Opera|Music Director, Berlin State Opera]]|before=[[Joseph Keilberth]]|years=1954&ndash;1955|after=[[Franz Konwitschny]]
}}
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{{Berlin State Opera conductors}}
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{{Portal bar|Biography|Opera|Classical music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kleiber, Erich}}
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[[Category:20th-century Austrian conductors (music)]]
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[[Category:20th-century German conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Austrian male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Argentine conductors (music)]]
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