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{{short description|Opera by Giuseppe Verdi}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox opera 
| name              = ''Ernani''
| genre_header      = Opera
| composer          = [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
| native_name       = 
| native_name_lang  =
| image             = Silva sounds the horn to summon Hernani-act 4.png
| caption           = When all seems to be well, Silva sounds the trumpet call to Ernani to surrender.
| other_name        = 
| librettist        = [[Francesco Maria Piave]]
| language          = Italian
| based_on          = {{based on|''[[Hernani (drama)|Hernani]]''|[[Victor Hugo]]}}
| premiere_date     = {{Start date|1844|03|09|df=y}}
| premiere_location = {{Nowrap|[[Teatro La Fenice]], Venice}}
}}

'''''Ernani''''' is an [[opera]]tic ''dramma lirico'' in four acts by [[Giuseppe Verdi]] to an Italian [[libretto]] by [[Francesco Maria Piave]], based on the 1830 play ''[[Hernani (drama)|Hernani]]'' by [[Victor Hugo]].

Verdi was commissioned by the [[Teatro La Fenice]] in Venice to write an opera, but finding the right subject took some time, and the composer worked with the inexperienced Piave in shaping first one and then another drama by Hugo into an acceptable libretto. As musicologist [[Roger Parker]] notes, the composer "intervened on several important points, insisting for example that the role of Ernani be sung by a tenor (rather than by a contralto as had originally been planned)".<ref name="PARK">Parker, p. 71</ref>

''Ernani'' was first performed on 9 March 1844, and it was "immensely popular, and was revived countless times during its early years".<ref name="PARK"/>

It became Verdi's most popular opera until it was superseded by ''[[Il trovatore]]'' after 1853. In 1903, it became [[Ernani (1903 La voce del padrone recording)|the first opera to be recorded completely]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dearling|first1=Robert|last2=Dearling|first2=Celia|last3=Rust|first3=Brian A. L.|title=Guinness Book of Music|publisher=Sterling Publishing|year=1981|edition=2nd|isbn=9780851124605|page=267|quote=1903 First complete opera recording: Verdi's ''Ernani'' by [[La voce del padrone]], issued on 40 single-sided discs.}}</ref><ref>Occasional papers, nos. 174–179 (1986) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Graduate School of Library and Information Science. "The first complete opera, Verdi's ''Ernani'', was recorded in 1903. It took up 40 single-sided discs and was issued on the [[La voce del padrone]] label."</ref>

==Composition history==
[[File:Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg#file|thumb|upright|Verdi]]

Following the success of both ''[[Nabucco]]'' and ''[[I Lombardi alla prima crociata|I Lombardi]]'', Verdi was approached by many opera companies wanting to commission him to write an opera for their houses. Rather than prepare another for La Scala, he was interested in a commission for two operas for the 1843–44 season (one of which would be ''I Lombardi'') which came from the President of the [[Teatro la Fenice]] in Venice, Marquis Nanni Mocenigo.

However, the composer was only willing to accept the terms which he proposed: 12,000 Austrian lire to be paid after the first performance, not the third as proposed by Venice (Verdi recalled what had happened to ''[[Un giorno di regno]]'' with its one and only performance). Amongst other stipulations, he demanded the right to choose his own subject and his own librettist, and also to pay him directly, as well as refusing to accept the requirement that a full orchestral score be available in advance. In addition, he had the right to choose the singers from the assembled company for that season.<ref name="BUDD">Budden (1984), pp. 139–141</ref> David Kimbell notes one additional demand:

<blockquote>He explains [to Mocenigo at La Fenice]—and this was rare at the time—that he began to compose only when the libretto was completed to his satisfaction because "when I have a general conception of the whole poem, the music comes of its own accord"<ref name="KIMB">Kimbell, in Holden 2001, pp. 980–981</ref></blockquote>

Once this agreement was settled upon, the next step was to choose a subject, something which took some time. Several subjects came to Verdi's attention: for example, Byron's ''[[The Corsair]]'' was considered, but the right baritone was not available. In thinking about an opera about the Venetian [[Francesco Foscari|Foscari]] family, he found that it was forbidden by the censor in order to avoid upsetting any of the descendants of that family who were then living in Venice. (Both of these subjects were to become later Verdi operas, ''[[Il corsaro]]'' and ''[[I due Foscari]]'', the latter opening in Rome later in 1844.)

An unsolicited manuscript from the unknown Francesco Piave (who was La Fenice's resident poet and stage manager in addition to being a friend of Brenna, the company's Secretary) proposed an opera, ''Cromwell,'' based on [[Victor Hugo]]'s [[Cromwell (play)|play]], and on which he had started work. Mocenigo assured the composer of Piave's sense of the theatre and of musical forms, and so they agreed to proceed, although by the time of its approval by the Fenice authorities, it had become ''Allan Cameron'', a story set in the time just prior to the accession of Britain's [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Immediately, Verdi took control and made it clear to Piave what he wanted in the way of a theatrical experience:<ref name="BUDD"/> "...Let's have as few words as possible ... Remember that brevity is never a fault ... But I do insist on brevity because that's what the public wants..."<ref>Verdi to Piave, 8 August 1843, in Budden (1984), p. 141</ref>

=== The idea for ''Hernani'' ===
The ''Cromwell'' libretto arrived from Piave in pieces, and Verdi put it away until he had the complete version to work from. However, when the composer and La Fenice's president met in Venice in late August, Verdi expressed some dissatisfaction at how the libretto had turned out. Then Mocenigo's casual reference to Hugo's successful 1830 drama ''Hernani'' as an idea for a libretto caught Verdi's imagination, as seen in a letter which the latter wrote to Mocenigo in early September which expressed concerns about ''Allan Cameron'' and the way it had turned out, though noting that this was "the fault of the subject and not the poet".<ref name="VtoM">Verdi to Mocenigo, in Budden (1984), pp. 141–142</ref> He continues:

<blockquote>But oh, if only we could do ''Hernani'' instead that would be tremendous. I know that it would mean a great deal of trouble for the poet but my first task would be to try and compensate him... all he would have to do would be to condense and tighten up; the action is already there ready made, and it's all immensely good theatre. Tomorrow I'll write at length to Piave setting out all the scenes from ''Hernani'' which seem to me suitable.<ref name="VtoM"/></blockquote>

At this point he continues with suggestions for the poet. For Verdi, the appeal of Hugo's work – which the latter described as "Romanticism or the Liberalism in literature" – was "the struggle between love and honour", and Budden sums up this appeal as "Within Hugo's scheme each illogical action follows logically from the one that precedes it, giving Verdi the pace, the eventfulness and above all the dramatic unity that he has been looking for."<ref>Budden (1984), p. 142</ref>

=== Setting the play as the opera, ''Ernani'' ===
[[File:Hernani.gif|thumb|Act 1, sc. 1 of ''Hernani'': the king steps from the cupboard to confront Hernani and Doña Sol (Elvira)]]

However, Piave was not at all pleased by this turn of events and felt that an opera based on ''Hernani'' could not be staged because of censorship. For instance, the King's first appearance in the play is from a cupboard where he has been hiding since some time after his arrival and before he meets Elvira. Thus he overhears much of the interaction between Elvira and Ernani before finally revealing himself. Verdi must have realized that no king "would ever be allowed to hide in a cupboard", according to Budden.<ref name="BUDD2"/>

But the La Fenice directorate did approve the concept and the librettist was offered compensation, although he saved his ''Allan Cameron'' in reserve in case of mishap. As it evolved, the opera – originally titled ''Don Ruy Gomez de Silva'' in synopsis form – came more and more "to reflect the unique character of the parent drama"<ref name="BUDD2"/> as Verdi wished to stick as closely as possible to the original play. For Budden, this "marks a new outlook in Italian opera", because this would never have occurred to either [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] or [[Donizetti]], for whom plots were interchangeable.<ref name="BUDD2">Budden (1984), p. 143</ref>

Although Verdi had agreed to try to accommodate the contralto Carolina Vietti when the opera was ''Allan Cameron'', he was against making the leading character of Ernani a musico contralto. However, he compromised somewhat and, by the end of October, it appeared that the four voice types were to be soprano (Elvira), contralto (Ernani), tenor (Don Carlo), and baritone (de Silva), but after the acceptance of the libretto by the Venetian police, Verdi was able to hold firm and ultimately get what he wanted: a soprano, a tenor, a baritone, and – although Rosi was not an experienced enough singer – a bass in the role of de Silva. Thus it became a [[comprimario]] role, one to be sung by a second-rung singer in the company. But, as Budden notes, Verdi's "difficulties with singers were not yet over".<ref>Budden (1984), p. 145</ref>

The season opened with ''I Lombardi'' in December 1843. It was a disaster, with terrible singing from the tenor Domenico Conti. Two other operas early in the 1843/44 season were equally poorly received. Having heard one other potential tenor, Vitali, as a possible replacement, the composer presented an ultimatum: either be released from his contract or the company would engage [[Carlo Guasco]] in the role of Ernani. With a premiere set for March, two final glitches were overcome: the bass Rosi had disappeared from consideration as de Silva but was replaced by Meini, who then withdrew because he found the part too low. Verdi then engaged a member of the chorus, the bass [[Antonio Selva]] who went on to a distinguished career. And, in spite of complaints from the soprano, [[Sophie Löwe]], that she was not to be front and centre for the finale, she became part of the final trio.

==Verdi and theatre==
[[File:Ernani (tenore), figurino di Alfredo Edel per Ernani (1881) - Archivio Storico Ricordi ICON001147.jpg|thumb|Ernani, costume design for Ernani, act 3 (1881)]]
Budden notes the following in regard to the specific relationship between this opera and the work of Victor Hugo:

<blockquote>...from the first the spirit of Hugo is there. Verdi [ten years younger than the playwright] was part of that youthful audience to which the play ''Hernani'' is addressed. The bounding energy of Hugo's [[alexandrine]]s is reflected in the spirit of Verdi's music, which is far more forceful than anything he had written so far. Victor Hugo, one might say, was good for Verdi; and it significant that both the operas that he based on Hugo's plays (the other was of course ''[[Rigoletto]]'') were landmarks in his career.</blockquote>

But it is the composer himself who, in a letter to Brenna, the La Fenice secretary and a friend of Piave's, sums up his own sense of theatre, of what works and what does not. This was written at a time when Piave was unhappy about the shift from his original libretto to the one for what became ''Ernani''. With this shift came many changes of direction as issues such as casting came into consideration, and Verdi asks Brenna to communicate his feelings to the librettist:

<blockquote>However little experience I may have had, I do go to the theatre [Verdi is referring to the opera house] all the year round and I pay the most careful attention to what I see and hear. I've been able to put my finger on so many works which wouldn't have failed if the pieces had been better laid out, the effects better calculated, the musical forms clearer, etc... in a word, if either the composer or the poet had been more experienced.<ref>Verdi to Brenna, 15 November 1843, in Budden (1984), p. 145</ref></blockquote>

In effect, Verdi is taking control over all aspects of the piece, which includes the condensation of the sprawling play into his four acts. (The first two acts of Hugo's play become act 1 of the opera). Rather than allow the librettist a free hand in composing his verses, "this would have perpetuated in a diminished form the word-music division that Verdi precisely wanted to get away from. The composer's desire to take charge of every aspect of an opera implied that he had the power to decide what weight to give the text and the music, respectively, depending upon the "moment" of the action.<ref>De Van (1998), p. 77</ref>

==Performance history==
=== 19th century ===
[[File:Antonio Selva-bass.png|upright|thumb|[[Antonio Selva]], the first Silva]]
[[File:Sophie Löwe.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sophie Löwe]], the first Elvira]]

Budden sums up the opening night success of ''Ernani'': nothing "prevented [the opera] from being a tremendous success. With it, Verdi's fame took a new leap which carried it at once across the boundaries of Italy. For better or worse, he was now a world composer ... [and] wherever there was an Italian opera house, ''Ernani'' arrived sooner or later."<ref name="BUDD3">Budden (1984), p. 146</ref> However, it was not all smooth sailing: due to Hugo's opposition, the first performances in Paris at the [[Théâtre des Italiens]] two years later required a change of title – to ''Il proscritto'' – and a change of characters' names: "The practice was followed in other cities where the names Victor Hugo and ''Hernani'' smacked of revolution."<ref name="BUDD3"/> In Palermo in 1845 it became ''Elvira d'Aragona'' and in Messina in 1847 the title became ''Il proscritto ossia Il corsaro di Venezia''. Overall, ''Ernani'' was staged in one form or another up to the mid-1850s, with "32 theatres [giving] the work in 1844, 60 in 1845, and at least 65 in 1846, not including revivals in houses that had already presented it."<ref>Phillips-Matz 1997, pp. 163–164, referencing Marcello Conati, "''Ernani'' di Verdi; le critiche del tempo" in ''Ernani ieri e oggi''.</ref>

The United Kingdom premiere, the first of Verdi's operas to be translated into English, took place at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]] in London on 8 March 1845 followed on 13 April 1847 by its US premiere in New York City.<ref name="KIMB"/>

=== 20th century and beyond ===
''Ernani'' appeared on the roster of the [[Metropolitan Opera]] as early as 1903 and has been given many times since then. The opera was revived in a series of new productions at the [[San Francisco Opera]] (1982), the Met (1983), the [[Lyric Opera of Chicago]] (1984), and at [[La Scala]] (1984). It was given as part of the 1997 season of the [[Sarasota Opera]]'s "Verdi Cycle". The [[Teatro Regio di Parma]], another company with the aim of presenting every Verdi opera, gave it in October 2005.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teatroregioparma.org/verdifest2005/index.htm |title=Parma's 2005 "Festival Verdi" |access-date=2009-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307141439/http://www.teatroregioparma.org/verdifest2005/index.htm |archive-date=2009-03-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Today ''Ernani'' receives numerous performances at opera houses around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://operabase.com/oplist.cgi?id=none&lang=en&is=Ernani&by=&loc=&stype=abs&sd=1&sm=1&sy=2011&etype=abs&ed=&em=&ey= |title=Operabase |website=operabase.com |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

==Roles==
[[File:Carlo Guasco.jpg|thumb|[[Carlo Guasco]], the first Ernani]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast, 9 March 1844<ref>List of singers taken from Budden, p. 138.</ref><br />Conductor: [[Gaetano Mares]]
|-
|Ernani, ''the bandit''
|[[tenor]]
|[[Carlo Guasco]]
|-
|Don Carlo, ''later [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]''
|[[baritone]]
|[[Antonio Superchi]]
|-
|Don Ruy Gomez de Silva
|[[bass (voice type)|bass]]
|[[Antonio Selva]]
|-
|Elvira, ''his niece and fiancée''
|[[soprano]]
|[[Sophie Löwe]]
|-
|Giovanna, ''her nurse''
|soprano
|Laura Saini
|-
|Don Riccardo, ''Don Carlo's equerry''
|tenor
|Giovanni Lanner
|-
|Jago, ''Don Ruy's equerry''
|bass
|[[Andrea Bellini (singer)|Andrea Bellini]]
|-
| colspan="3"|''Rebels, brigands, attendants, knights, servant, nobles, ladies – Chorus''
|}

== Synopsis ==
[[File:Francesco_Maria_Piave_-_Granger.jpg|thumb|upright|Francesco Maria Piave, the librettist]]
:Time: 1519.
:Place: [[Aragon]], [[Aachen]], and [[Zaragoza]].

===Act 1===
''Mountains of Aragon''

The bandits demand the reason for Ernani's gloom (Chorus: ''Evviva! Beviam! Beviam!'' / "To you we drink"; ''Ernani pensoso!'' / "Ernani, so gloomy? Why, oh strong one, does care sit on your brow?"). Ernani replies that he loves Elvira (Recitative: "Thanks, dear friends"; Cavatina: ''Come rugiada al cespite'' / "As the flower turns to the sun"), who is about to be married against her will to old Gomez de Silva (''O tu che l'alma adora''). He asks the bandits to abduct her.

''In Elvira's chamber''

Elvira worries about her upcoming marriage (Scena: "Now sinks the sun and Silva does not return"; [[Cavatina]]: ''Ernani, Ernani involami'' / "Ernani, Ernani, save me") as servants deliver Silva's wedding presents to her. She reaffirms her love for Ernani (''Tutto sprezzo che d'Ernani'' / "I scorn everything which does not speak to my heart of Ernani"). King Carlo enters, declaring his love for Elvira, who rejects it, admitting she is in love with another man. As Carlo attempts to use force, she grasps a dagger, while Ernani suddenly arrives to defend her. Carlo recognizes Ernani as the leader of the bandits. (Trio: "Tu se' Ernani! Me 'l dice lo sdegno" / "You are Ernani! The scorn that invades this soul tells that to me"). Ernani replies that Carlo killed his father, robbed him of his lands and forced him into a life of banditry. As he invites Carlo to fight, Silva appears and sees them both, guessing correctly that they are trying to seduce Elvira (''Infelice!... e tu credevi''... ''che mai vegg'io!'' / "Dreadful sight"; Silva's cavatina: "Unhappy man! You thought this lovely...was yours").

:[''La Scala, Autumn 1844,<ref name="PARK"/> Silva's cabaletta added'': "Infin che un brando vindice" ''using music originally written for Verdi's first opera, [[Oberto (opera)|Oberto]]'']<ref>Budden notes: "the cabaletta is a thoroughly undistinguished piece and it offers the ultimate absurdity of an 'exit aria' with no exit to follow", pp. 167-168</ref><ref>Parker notes that there is no direct evidence that Verdi sanctioned this addition, p. 71.</ref>

Silva wants to fight both the seductors to restore his honour, when Riccardo approaches and recognises the king. Silva is horrified and apologizes to the king, who in turn decides to save Ernani, saying that is one of his servants. Ernani whispers to Elvira to prepare to flee, while Carlo starts talking with Silva about his rights for the Holy Roman Empire.

===Act 2===
''A hall in Silva's palace''
[[File:Hernani-Hugo play-act 3.jpg|thumb|upright|Scene from Hugo's play: Ernani seeks shelter]]
Ernani enters disguised as a pilgrim. He asks for shelter, which Silva grants him, and then learns from Silva that he is about to marry Elvira, who believes Ernani to be dead. Ernani reveals his true identity to everyone, begging to be handed to the king. Silva however decides to keep his word and protect Ernani. The bandit then confronts Elvira, who tells him that she was planning to kill herself at the altar (Duet: ''Ah, morir potessi adesso'' / "Ah, if I could die now"). Silva walks in, discovering the pair,  and furiously decides to kill Ernani. However, he is stopped by one of his men, Jago, who tells of the impending arrival of the king. Silva decides to hide Ernani and exact his vengeance on him later. (Trio: ''No, vendetta più tremenda'' / "No, I want to keep a greater revenge"). Carlo arrives and wishes to know why the castle is barred. Silva refuses to surrender Ernani (Carlo's aria: ''Lo vedremo, veglio audace'' / "We shall see, you bold old man") and Don Carlo's men cannot find Ernani's hiding place. Silva keeps his word, even when the king secures Elvira as a hostage. Finally alone, Silva releases Ernani, challenging him to a duel. Ernani refuses to fight, pleading to see on last time Elvira and die. After Silva reveals that the king has taken her as hostage, Ernani reveals that Carlo loves Elvira, too. After that, Silva is convinced to posticipate again his revenge on Ernani. They join forces to retrieve Elvira and kill Carlo. Therefore, Ernani swears to die whenever Silva will sound a horn he gives to him. ("Se uno squillo intenderà, tosto Ernani morirà" / "If Ernani will hear a sound, Ernani will die at moment")

[''Added for Parma, 26 December 1844: "at Rossini's request, Verdi wrote a grand aria for the tenor {{ill|Nicola Ivanoff|it|Nicola Ivanoff (tenore)}}".<ref>Budden, p. 169</ref> Ernani gathers his men to him. His aria of vengeance: ''Sprezzo la vita né più m'alletta'' / "Life means nothing to me, only hope of vengeance" concludes the act]''.

===Act 3===
{{Listen|image=none|help=no
|title=Act 3: "O sommo Carlo"
|filename=Mattia_Battistini,_Emilia_Corsi,_Luigi_Colazza,_Aristodemo_Sillich,_Giuseppi_Verdi,_O_sommo_Carlo_(Ernani).ogg
|description=Sung by Mattia Battistini, Emilia Corsi, Luigi Colazza, Aristodemo Sillich, and the La Scala chorus in 1906
}}
[[File:Aken dom.jpg|thumb|Shrine of Charles at Aachen]]
''In the burial vault of [[Charles the Great]] at Aachen''

Carlo visits the grave of the emperor [[Charlemagne]] (Carlo Magno), whose successor, the new Holy Roman Emperor, is being elected by delegates from the relevant countries. Carlo resolves to change his life if he is crowned (Cavatina: ''Oh, de' verd'anni miei''/ "Oh, the dreams and deceits of my youth"). Hiding behind the vault, he overhears a gathering of conspirators including Silva and Ernani. Ernani swears to murder Carlo. (Choir: "Si ridesti il leon di Castiglia" / "Let the lion of Castille awaken") The conspiracy is foiled when Carlo's attendants enter and surprise the conspirators. The king commands that all the traitorous noblemen be executed. Ernani steps forward, declaring that thus he must die too; he is not the bandit Ernani, but Don Juan of Aragon, whose lands were taken from him. Elvira, who had been brought to Carlo as his intended empress, begs mercy for her lover, and Carlo, whose mood has changed, forgives all the conspirators and places Elvira's hand in that of Ernani. Silva is furious.

===Act 4===
''Ernani's Castle''

Elvira and Ernani have just been married, when, in consternation, Ernani hears a bugle call. Silva arrives, wearing a mask, and hands him a cup of poison and a dagger. Ernani asks for time to "sip from the cup of love" (''Ascolta, ascolta un detto ancor''/ "Listen, just one word...") but, cursed by Silva as a coward, Ernani keeps his oath and stabs himself in the heart (Trio with Silva: ''È vano, o donna, il piangere, è vano'' / "Your weeping is in vain, woman"). He dies in Elvira's arms, telling her to live.

==Orchestration==
''Ernani'' is scored for one [[piccolo]], one [[Western concert flute|flute]], two [[oboe]]s, two [[clarinet]]s, one [[bass clarinet]], two [[bassoon]]s, four [[horn (music)|horn]]s, two [[trumpet]]s, three [[trombone]]s, one [[cimbasso]], one [[harp]], [[timpani]], [[bass drum]] and [[cymbal]]s, [[snare drum]], on-stage band with on-stage bass drum, one offstage horn, six offstage trumpets, and [[string section|strings]].

==Music==
Noting that the dramatic structure of this opera "brought about a fresh consideration of the fixed forms of Italian opera, in particular an expansion and enrichment of the solo aria and duet together with a more flexible approach to the musical sequences that bind together lyrical pieces", Roger Parker continues by stating that of greatest importance was "Verdi's gathering sense of musical drama's larger rhetoric, his increasing control over the dynamics of entire acts rather than merely of entire numbers. In this respect, the third act of ''Ernani'' sets up an imposing standard of coherence, one that is rarely equalled until the operas of the early 1850s."<ref>Parker (1998), pp. 72–73</ref>

However, it is writer Gabriele Baldini (whose specialization was in English literature) who in 1980 points to one of the most significant aspects of ''Ernani'''s dramatic and musical structure, the concept of male vocal archetypes, something which is echoed in Budden's 1984 chapter on this opera.<ref>Budden (1984), p. 147</ref> Baldini writes of the musical conflicts inherent in the drama as a result of the use of certain voice types:

<blockquote>A youthful, passionate female voice is besieged by three male voices, each of whom establishes a specific relationship with her. The siege is fruitless. The male voices, or rather registers, meet with various fates, and each is granted a relationship with the woman, although on different levels. This relationship varies in intensity of passion according to the distance between the soprano register and the particular male voice.<ref name="BALD">Baldini (1980), p. 74</ref></blockquote>

Therefore, it is the lowest voice [the bass, de Silva], which is "farthest away, and thus his relationship is the coldest and most retrained".<ref name="BALD"/> The baritone [the King, Don Carlo] "manages to draw somewhat closer, although indirectly and ambiguously",<ref name="BALD"/> but Baldini continues by noting that it the highest male voice [the tenor, Ernani] who "gets near a relationship which if not complete ... is at least reciprocated for long periods".<ref name="BALD"/>

Finally, while Baldini agrees with Parker that it is act 3 of ''Ernani'' which is the strongest – "in my opinion it marks the first occasion on which Verdi enclosed within a fairly extended musical space (about twenty five minutes) a perfect structural unit"<ref>Baldini (1980), p. 83</ref> – he also echoes Budden and De Van in noting the importance of the opening horn motif and references to the horn which recur throughout the opera and which ends with the final horn call, the fatal summons to Ernani by de Silva.

==Recordings==
The first complete recording of an opera was the 1904 recording of ''Ernani'', [[Ernani (1903 La voce del padrone recording)|on 40 single-sided discs]], by the [[Gramophone Company]] in England.<ref>[http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html#cylinder Steven Schoenherr, Recording Technology History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html |date=2010-03-12 }}</ref> Later recordings include:

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Cast <br />(Ernani, Elvira,<br />Don Carlo, Silva)
!Conductor,<br />opera house and orchestra
!Label<ref>[http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLVEERNA.HTM Recordings on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk]</ref>
|-
|1930||[[Antonio Melandri]],<br />[[Iva Pacetti]],<br />[[Gino Vanelli (Italian tenor)|Gino Vanelli]],<br />[[Corrado Zambelli]] || [[Lorenzo Molajoli]],<br />Orchestra e Coro del Teatro alla Scala di Milano ||78 rpm: Columbia GQX 10069-10073<br />LP: Cat: 4407
|-
|1950||[[Gino Penno]],<br />[[Caterina Mancini]],<br />[[Giuseppe Taddei]],<br />[[Giacomo Vaghi]] || [[Fernando Previtali]],<br />Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro di Roma della Rai || CD: Warner Fonit <br />Cat: 8573 82650-2
|-
|1957||[[Mario Del Monaco]],<br />[[Anita Cerquetti]],<br />[[Ettore Bastianini]]<br />[[Boris Christoff]] || [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]],<br />Orchestra e Coro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino<br />(Recording of a performance at the [[Maggio Musicale Fiorentino]],<br />[[Teatro Comunale Florence|Teatro Comunale]], 14 June)<ref>Note: this recording does not include Silva's act 1 cabaletta.</ref> || CD: Hr 4400 <br />Cat: HR 4400/01
|-
|1962||[[Carlo Bergonzi (tenor)|Carlo Bergonzi]],<br />[[Leontyne Price]],<br />[[Cornell MacNeil]],<br />[[Giorgio Tozzi]] || [[Thomas Schippers]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] Chorus and Orchestra<br />(Recorded live 1 December 1962) || CD: FREQUENZ,<br />Cat: 051-016
|-
|1967||[[Carlo Bergonzi (tenor)|Carlo Bergonzi]],<br />[[Leontyne Price]],<br />[[Mario Sereni]],<br />[[Ezio Flagello]] || [[Thomas Schippers]],<br />RCA Italiana Opera Chorus and Orchestra || CD: [[RCA Victor]]<br />Cat: GD 86503 (UK); 6503-2 (USA)
|-
|1968||[[Bruno Prevedi]],<br />[[Montserrat Caballé]],<br />[[Peter Glossop]],<br />[[Boris Christoff]] || [[Gianandrea Gavazzeni]],<br />RAI Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Milan<br />(Recording of 26 November 1968 which was broadcast on 25 March 1969)|| CD: Opera d'Oro <br />Cat: OPD 7051 ''Grand Tier''
|-
|1969||[[Plácido Domingo]]<br />[[Raina Kabaivanska]]<br />[[Carlo Meliciani]]<br />[[Nicolai Ghiaurov]]|| [[Antonino Votto]],<br />[[Teatro alla Scala]] Orchestra and Chorus ||CD: Opera D'Oro<br /> Cat: ODO 1468
|-
| 1983 ||[[Luciano Pavarotti]]<br />[[Leona Mitchell]]<br />[[Sherrill Milnes]]<br />[[Ruggero Raimondi]]|| [[James Levine]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus<br />(Recorded live on 12 and 17 December)<ref>Recording details for the 1983 Met Ernani DVD: {{OCLC|212394683}}.</ref>
||DVD: Pioneer Classics<br /> Cat: PC-99-102-D
|-
| 1983 ||[[Plácido Domingo]]<br />[[Mirella Freni]]<br />[[Renato Bruson]]<br />[[Nicolai Ghiaurov]]|| [[Riccardo Muti]],<br />[[Teatro alla Scala]] Orchestra and Chorus <br />(Production by [[Luca Ronconi]])<br />(Recording of a performance in the Teatro alla Scala, 4 January)<ref>Note: this recording does not include Silva's act 1 cabaletta nor Ernani's final aria and cabaletta at the end of act 2</ref>||DVD: Kultur Video <br /> Cat: D72913
|-
| 1987 ||[[Luciano Pavarotti]]<br />[[Joan Sutherland]]<br />[[Leo Nucci]]<br />[[Paata Burchuladze]]
|| [[Richard Bonynge]],<br /> Orchestra and Chorus of [[Welsh National Opera]] || CD: [[Decca Records|Decca]]/London
|-
| 2005 ||Marco Berti<br />Susan Neves<br />Carlo Guelfi<br />[[Giacomo Prestia]]|| Antonello Allemandi,<br />[[Teatro Regio di Parma]]<br />(Production by Pier' Alli, Video direction by Matteo Ricchetti)<br />(Audio and video recordings of a performance(s) May) ||DVD: [[Dynamic (record label)|Dynamic]] 33496<br />University of Chicago Critical Edition
|-
|}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Cited sources ===
*Baldini, Gabriele, (trans. [[Roger Parker]]) (1980), ''The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera''. Cambridge, ''et al.'': Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-29712-5}}
*[[Julian Budden|Budden, Julian]] (1984), ''The Operas of Verdi, Volume 1: From'' Oberto ''to'' Rigoletto. London: Cassell. {{ISBN|0-304-31058-1}}.
*De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), ''Verdi’s Theater: Creating Drama Through Music''. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-14369-4}} (hardback), {{ISBN|0-226-14370-8}}
*Kimbell, David, in [[Amanda Holden (writer)|Holden, Amanda]] (ed.) (2001), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam. {{ISBN|0-14-029312-4}}
*Melitz, Leo (1921), opera synopsis in ''The Opera Goer's Complete Guide''
*[[Roger Parker|Parker, Roger]] (1998), "''Ernani''{{-"}} in [[Stanley Sadie]], (ed.), ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', vol. 2, pp.&nbsp;70–73. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. {{ISBN|0-333-73432-7|1-56159-228-5}}
*Verdi, Giuseppe, ''Ernani'', full score critical edition, ed. Claudio Gallico, Chicago & Milan: University of Chicago Press & G. Ricordi, 1985. {{ISBN|0-226-85307-1}}.

=== Other sources ===
*[[Philip Gossett|Gossett, Philip]] (2006), ''Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-30482-5}}
*Martin, George, '' Verdi: His Music, Life and Times'' (1983), New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. {{ISBN|0-396-08196-7}}
*[[Charles Osborne (music writer)|Osborne, Charles]] (1969), ''The Complete Opera of Verdi'', New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. {{ISBN|0-306-80072-1}}
*[[Roger Parker|Parker, Roger]] (2007), ''The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas'', Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-531314-7}}
*[[Danièle Pistone|Pistone, Danièle]] (1995), ''Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini'', Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-82-9}}
*[[Mary Jane Phillips-Matz|Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane]] (1993), ''Verdi: A Biography'', London & New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-313204-4}}
*[[Francis Toye|Toye, Francis]] (1931), ''Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works'', New York: Knopf
*Walker, Frank, ''The Man Verdi'' (1982), New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-87132-0}}
*[[Franz Werfel|Werfel, Franz]] and [[Paul Stefan|Stefan, Paul]] (1973), ''Verdi: The Man and His Letters'', New York, Vienna House. {{ISBN|0-8443-0088-8}}

==External links==
* {{IMSLP|work=Ernani (Verdi, Giuseppe)|cname=''Ernani'' (Verdi)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131222011443/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/visInglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=3648&IDSezione=25333 Verdi: "The story" and "History"] on giuseppeverdi.it {{in lang|en}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070315102352/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/stampabile.asp?IDCategoria=162&IDSezione=581&ID=19851 Libretto], giuseppeverdi.it {{in lang|it}}

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