View source for Escort carrier

{{short description|Type of WWII aircraft carrier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
[[Image:HMS Audacity (D10).jpg|thumb|300px|Escort carrier {{HMS|Audacity|D10|6}}]]

The '''escort carrier''' or '''escort aircraft carrier''' (U.S. [[hull classification symbol]] CVE), also called a "jeep carrier" or "baby flattop" in the [[United States Navy]] (USN) or "Woolworth Carrier" by the [[Royal Navy]], was a small and slower type of [[aircraft carrier]] used by the Royal Navy, the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], the United States Navy, the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] and [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force#Army Escort-Aircraft Carriers|Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] in [[World War II]]. They were typically half the length and a third the [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of larger [[fleet carrier]]s, more-lightly armed and armored, and carried fewer planes.  Escort carriers were most often built upon a commercial ship hull, so they were cheaper and could be built quickly. This was their principal advantage as they could be completed in greater numbers as a stop-gap when fleet carriers were scarce. However, the lack of protection made escort carriers particularly vulnerable, and several were sunk with great loss of life. The [[Light aircraft carrier|light carrier]] (U.S. hull classification symbol CVL) was a similar concept to the escort carrier in most respects, but was fast enough to operate alongside fleet carriers.

Escort carriers were too slow to keep up with the main forces consisting of fleet carriers, battleships, and cruisers. Instead, they were used to escort merchant ship [[convoy]]s, defending them from enemy threats such as submarines and planes. In the invasions of mainland Europe and Pacific islands, escort carriers provided [[air support]] to ground forces during [[amphibious operation]]s. Escort carriers also served as backup aircraft transports for fleet carriers, and ferried aircraft of all military services to points of delivery.

In the [[Battle of the Atlantic]], escort carriers were used to protect convoys against [[U-boat]]s. Initially escort carriers accompanied the merchant ships and helped to fend off attacks from aircraft and submarines. As numbers increased later in the war, escort carriers also formed part of hunter-killer groups that [[Anti-submarine warfare#Second World War|sought out submarines]] instead of being attached to a particular convoy.

In the Pacific theater, CVEs provided air support of ground troops in the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]]. They lacked the speed and weapons to counter enemy fleets, relying on the protection of a [[Fast Carrier Task Force]]. However, at the [[Battle off Samar]], one U.S. task force of escort carriers and destroyers managed to successfully defend itself against a much larger Japanese force of battleships and cruisers. The Japanese met a furious defense of carrier aircraft, screening destroyers, and destroyer escorts.

Of the 151 aircraft carriers built in the U.S. during World War II, 122 were escort carriers, though no examples survive. The {{sclass|Casablanca|escort carrier|4}} was the most numerous class of aircraft carrier, with 50 launched. Second was the {{sclass|Bogue|escort carrier|4}}, with 45 launched.

==Development==
In the early 1920s, the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] imposed limits on the maximum size and total tonnage of aircraft carriers for the five main naval powers. Later treaties largely kept these provisions. As a result, construction between the World Wars had been insufficient to meet operational needs for aircraft carriers as World War II expanded from Europe. Too few fleet carriers were available to simultaneously transport aircraft to distant bases, support amphibious invasions, offer carrier landing training for replacement pilots, conduct anti-submarine patrols, and provide defensive air cover for deployed battleships and cruisers. The foregoing mission requirements limited use of fleet carriers' unique offensive strike capability demonstrated at the [[Battle of Taranto]] and the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]. Conversion of existing ships (and hulls under construction for other purposes) provided additional aircraft carriers until new construction became available.

Conversions of cruisers and passenger liners with speed similar to fleet carriers were identified by the U.S. as "[[light aircraft carrier]]s" ([[hull classification symbol]] CVL) able to operate at battle fleet speeds. Slower conversions were classified as "escort carriers" and were considered naval auxiliaries suitable for pilot training and transport of aircraft to distant bases.

The Royal Navy had recognized a need for carriers to defend its trade routes in the 1930s.<ref>{{harvnb|Hague|1998|p=83}}</ref> While designs had been prepared for "trade protection carriers" and five suitable liners identified for conversion, nothing further was done – mostly because there were insufficient aircraft for even the fleet carriers under construction at the time. However, by 1940 the need had become urgent and {{HMS|Audacity|D10|6}} was converted from the captured German merchant ship MV ''Hannover'' and commissioned in July 1941.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2000|pp=62–63}}</ref> For defense from German aircraft, convoys were supplied first with [[fighter catapult ship]]s and [[CAM ship]]s that could carry a single (disposable) fighter. In the interim, before escort carriers could be supplied, they also brought in [[merchant aircraft carrier]]s that could operate four aircraft.

In 1940, U.S. Admiral [[William F. Halsey, Jr.|William Halsey]] recommended construction of naval auxiliaries for pilot training.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedman|1983|p=162}}</ref> In early 1941 the British asked the U.S. to build on their behalf six carriers of an improved ''Audacity'' design, but the U.S. had already begun their own escort carrier.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2000|p=63}}</ref> On 1 February 1941, the United States Chief of Naval Operations gave priority to construction of naval auxiliaries for aircraft transport.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedman|1983|p=165}}</ref> U.S. ships built to meet these needs were initially referred to as '''auxiliary aircraft escort vessels''' ('''AVG''') in February 1942 and then '''auxiliary aircraft carrier''' ('''ACV''') on 5 August 1942.<ref name="proceedings">{{cite magazine |last=Evans |first=Robert L. |date=August 1976 |title=Cinderella Carriers |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]] |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |pages=53–60}}</ref> The first U.S. example of the type was {{USS|Long Island|AVG-1|6}}. [[Operation Torch]] and North Atlantic anti-submarine warfare proved these ships capable aircraft carriers for ship formations moving at the speed of trade or amphibious invasion convoys. U.S. classification revision to '''escort aircraft carrier''' ('''CVE''') on 15 July 1943 reflected upgraded status from auxiliary to combatant.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedman|1983|pp=159–160}}</ref> They were informally known as "Jeep carriers" or "baby flattops". It was quickly found that the escort carriers had better performance than light carriers, which tended to pitch badly in moderate to high seas. The {{sclass|Commencement Bay|escort carrier|4}} was designed to incorporate the best features of American CVLs on a more stable hull with a less expensive propulsion system.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedman|1983|p=159}}</ref>

Among their crews, CVE was sarcastically said to stand for "Combustible, Vulnerable, and Expendable", and the CVEs were called "Kaiser coffins" in honor of Casablanca-class manufacturer [[Henry J. Kaiser]].<ref>{{cite web |title=In defense of Henry J. Kaiser's World War II ship quality |url=https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/in-defense-of-henry-j-kaisers-world-war-ii-ship-quality |url-status=live |website=about.kaiserpermanente.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001204526/https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/in-defense-of-henry-j-kaisers-world-war-ii-ship-quality |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry Kaiser's escort carriers and the Battle of Leyte Gulf |url=https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/henry-kaisers-escort-carriers-and-the-battle-of-leyte-gulf |url-status=live |website=about.kaiserpermanente.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113313/https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/henry-kaisers-escort-carriers-and-the-battle-of-leyte-gulf |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |language=en}}</ref> Magazine protection was minimal in comparison to fleet aircraft carriers.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedman|1983|p=176}}</ref> {{HMS|Avenger|D14|6}} was sunk within minutes by a single torpedo, and {{HMS|Dasher|D37|6}} exploded from undetermined causes with very heavy loss of life. Three escort carriers—{{USS|St. Lo|CVE-63|6}}, {{USS|Ommaney Bay|CVE-79|2}} and {{USS|Bismarck Sea|CVE-95|2}}—were destroyed by [[kamikaze]]s, the largest ships to meet such a fate.

Allied escort carriers were typically around {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} long, not much more than half the length of the almost {{convert|900|ft|m|abbr=on}} fleet carriers of the same era, but were less than {{frac|1|3}} of the weight. A typical escort carrier displaced about {{convert|8000|LT|t|lk=on|abbr=on}}, as compared to almost {{convert|30000|LT|t|abbr=on}} for a full-size fleet carrier. The aircraft [[hangar]] typically ran only {{frac|1|3}} of the way under the flight deck and housed a combination of 24–30 fighters and bombers organized into one single "composite squadron". By comparison, a late [[Essex-class aircraft carrier|''Essex''-class fleet carrier]] of the period could carry 103 aircraft organized into separate fighter, bomber and torpedo-bomber squadrons.

The island (superstructure) on these ships was small and cramped, and located well forward of the [[Funnel (ship)|funnel]]s (unlike on a normal-sized carrier, where the funnels were integrated into the island). Although the first escort carriers had only one aircraft elevator, having two elevators (one fore and one aft), along with the single aircraft catapult, quickly became standard. The carriers employed the same system of arresting cables and tail hooks as on the big carriers, and procedures for [[launch and recovery cycle|launch and recovery]] were the same as well.

The crew size was less than {{frac|1|3}} of that of a large carrier, but this was still a bigger complement than most naval vessels. U.S. escort carriers were large enough to have facilities such as a permanent canteen or snack bar, called a [[gedunk bar]], in addition to the mess. The bar was open for longer hours than the mess and sold several flavors of [[ice cream]], along with cigarettes and other consumables. There were also several [[vending machine]]s available on board.

In all, 130 Allied escort carriers were launched or converted during the war. Of these, six were British conversions of merchant ships: {{HMS|Audacity|D10|6}}, {{HMS|Nairana|D05|2}}, {{HMS|Campania|D48|2}}, {{HMS|Activity|D94|2}}, {{HMS|Pretoria Castle|F61|2}} and {{HMS|Vindex|D15|2}}. The remaining escort carriers were U.S.-built. Like the British, the first U.S. escort carriers were converted merchant vessels (or in the {{sclass|Sangamon|escort carrier|4}}, converted military oilers). The ''Bogue''-class carriers were based on the hull of the [[Type C3 ship|Type C3 cargo ship]]. The last 69 escort carriers of the {{sclass|Casablanca|escort carrier|5}} and ''Commencement Bay'' classes were purpose-designed and purpose-built carriers drawing on the experience gained with the previous classes.

==Royal Navy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2011}}
Originally developed at the behest of the United Kingdom to operate as part of a North Atlantic [[convoy]] escort, rather than as part of a naval strike force, many of the escort carriers produced were assigned to the Royal Navy for the duration of the war under the [[Lend-Lease]] act. They supplemented and then replaced the converted [[merchant aircraft carrier]]s that were put into service by the British and Dutch as an emergency measure until dedicated escort carriers became available. As convoy escorts, they were used by the Royal Navy to provide air scouting, to ward off enemy long-range scouting aircraft and, increasingly, to spot and hunt submarines. Often additional escort carriers joined convoys, not as fighting ships but as transporters, ferrying aircraft from the U.S. to Britain; twice as many aircraft could be carried by storing aircraft on the flight deck as well as in the hangar.

The ships sent to the Royal Navy were slightly modified, partly to suit the traditions of that service. Among other things the ice-cream making machines were removed, since they were considered unnecessary luxuries on ships which provided a [[grog]] ration. The heavy duty [[washing machine]]s of the laundry room were removed, since "all a British sailor needs to keep clean is a bucket and a bar of soap" (quoted from Warrilow).

Other modifications were due to the need for a completely enclosed hangar when operating in the [[North Atlantic]] and in support of the [[Arctic convoys]].

==Royal Canadian Navy==

Of the U.S.-built escort carriers, [[HMS Nabob (D77)|Nabob]] and [[HMS Puncher (D79)|Puncher]] sailed on launch from [[Tacoma]] to the port of [[Vancouver]], where they were lightly refitted to Royal Navy standard and then crewed by [[Royal Canadian Navy]] personnel. Both ships served in the North Atlantic while nominally under the British fleet and carrying aircraft of the [[Fleet Air Arm]].

==U.S. Navy service==

The [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] brought up an urgent need for [[aircraft carrier]]s, so some [[T3 tanker]]s were converted to escort carriers; {{USS|Suwannee}} is an example of how a T3 tanker [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]], AO-33, was rebuilt to be an escort carrier. The T3 tanker size and speed made the T3 a useful escort carrier. There were two classes of T3 hull carriers: ''Sangamon'' class and ''Commencement Bay'' class.<ref>{{cite web |last=Toppan |first=Andrew |date=1 January 1998 |title=World Aircraft Carriers List: U.S. Escort Carriers, T3 Hulls |work=HazeGray.org |url= https://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/us_esc3.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200815035520/https://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/us_esc3.htm |archive-date=15 August 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Krueger-Kopiske |first=Karsten-Kunibert |date=2007 |title=Outboard Profiles of Maritime Commission Vessels – The Tanker Designs and her Conversions |url= https://drawings.usmaritimecommission.de/drawings_tanker.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200221115219/http://drawings.usmaritimecommission.de/drawings_tanker.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Priolo |first=Gary P. |date=15 January 2021 |title=USS Mispillion (T-AO-105) |website=NavSource |url= http://www.navsource.net/archives/09/19/19105.htm |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

The U.S. discovered their own uses for escort carriers. In the North Atlantic, they supplemented the escorting [[destroyer]]s by providing air support for anti-submarine warfare. One of these escort carriers, {{USS|Guadalcanal|CVE-60|6}}, was instrumental in the capture of {{GS|U-505||2}} off North Africa in 1944.

In the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]], escort carriers lacked the speed to sail with fast carrier attack groups, so were often tasked to escort the landing ships and troop carriers during the [[Leapfrogging (strategy)|island-hopping]] campaign. In this role they provided air cover for the troopships and flew the first wave of attacks on beach fortifications in amphibious landing operations. On occasion, they even escorted the large carriers, serving as emergency airstrips and providing fighter cover for their larger sisters while these were busy readying or refueling their own planes. They also transported aircraft and spare parts from the U.S. to remote island airstrips.

===Battle off Samar===

{{Main|Battle off Samar}}
[[File:LeyteGambierBayStraddle.jpg|right|thumb|{{USS|Gambier Bay|CVE-73|6}}, burning from earlier gunfire damage, is bracketed by a salvo from a Japanese [[heavy cruiser]] (faintly visible in the background, center-right) shortly before sinking during the Battle off Samar.]]
A battle in which escort carriers played a major role was the Battle off Samar in the Philippines on 25 October 1944. The Japanese lured Admiral [[William Halsey, Jr.]] into chasing a decoy fleet with his powerful [[United States Third Fleet|3rd Fleet]]. This left about 450 aircraft from 16 small and slow escort carriers in three task units ("Taffies"), armed primarily to bomb ground forces, and their protective screen of destroyers and slower [[destroyer escort]]s to protect undefended troop and supply ships in Leyte Gulf. No Japanese threat was believed to be in the area, but a force of four [[battleship]]s, including the formidable {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato||2}},<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=L. R. |date=Spring 1977 |title=COMINT and the Torpedoing of the Battleship Yamato |journal=Cryptologic Spectrum |pages=20–23 |url= https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/comint_and_the_torpedoing.pdf |publisher=[[National Security Agency]] |location=Fort Meade, Maryland |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> eight [[cruiser]]s, and 11 destroyers, appeared, sailing towards Leyte Gulf. Only the Taffies were in the way of the Japanese attack.

The slow carriers could not outrun {{convert|30|knot|mph km/h|adj=on}} cruisers. They launched their aircraft and maneuvered to avoid shellfire, helped by smoke screens, for over an hour. "Taffy 3" bore the brunt of the fight. The Taffy ships took dozens of hits, mostly from armor-piercing rounds that passed right through their thin, unarmored hulls without exploding. {{USS|Gambier Bay|CVE-73|6}}, sunk in this action, was the only U.S. carrier lost to enemy surface gunfire in the war; the Japanese concentration of fire on this one carrier assisted the escape of the others. The carriers' only substantial armament—aside from their aircraft—was a single {{convert|5|inch|mm|adj=on|0}} [[dual-purpose gun]] mounted on the stern, but the pursuing Japanese cruisers closed to within range of these guns. One of the guns damaged the burning Japanese heavy cruiser {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Chōkai||2}}, and a subsequent bomb dropped by an aircraft hit the cruiser's forward machinery room, leaving her dead in the water. A ''[[kamikaze]]'' attack sank {{USS|St Lo|CVE-63|6}}; ''kamikaze'' aircraft attacking other ships were shot down. Ultimately the superior Japanese surface force withdrew, believing they were confronted by a stronger force than was the case. Most of the damage to the Japanese fleet was inflicted by torpedoes fired by destroyers, and bombs from the carriers' aircraft.

The U.S. Navy lost a similar number of ships and more men than in the [[Battle of the Coral Sea|battles of the Coral Sea]] and [[Battle of Midway|Midway]] combined (though major fleet carriers were lost in the other battles).

[[File:Gambierbaymodel.jpg|thumb|Model of the [[Casablanca-class escort carrier|''Casablanca''-class]] ''[[USS Gambier Bay|Gambier Bay]]'' at [[USS Midway (CV-41)|USS ''Midway'' museum]]]]

==The ships==
{{main|list of escort carriers by country}}
Many escort carriers were [[Lend-Lease]]d to the United Kingdom, this list specifies the breakdown in service to each navy.
* {{sclass|Long Island|escort carrier|4}}: Two ships, one in USN service ({{USS|Long Island|CVE-1|6}}) and one in British service ({{HMS|Archer|D78|6}}).
* {{sclass|Avenger|escort carrier|4}}: Four ships, one mainly in USN service (as {{USS|Charger|CVE-30|6}}) and three in British service.
* {{sclass|Sangamon|escort carrier|4}}: Four ships, all in USN service.
* {{sclass|Bogue|escort carrier|4}}: 45 ships, 11 in USN service, 34 in British service as ''Attacker'' class (first group) and ''Ruler'' class (second group, of which 2 were crewed by Royal Canadian Navy personnel).
* {{sclass|Casablanca|escort carrier|4}}: 50 ships, all in USN service.
* {{sclass|Commencement Bay|escort carrier|4}}: 19 ships, all in USN service, including two that were accepted but not commissioned and laid up for many years after the war. Four more units were canceled and scrapped on the building slips. The ''Commencement Bay''-class ships were seen as the finest escort carriers ever built,<ref>{{harvnb|Friedman|1983|p=199}}</ref> and several units continued in service after the war as training carriers, aircraft ferries and other auxiliary uses.

In addition, six escort carriers were converted from other types by the British during the war.

The table below lists escort carriers and similar ships performing the same missions. The first four were built as early fleet aircraft carriers. [[Merchant aircraft carrier]]s (MAC) carried trade cargo in addition to operating aircraft. Aircraft transports carried larger numbers of planes by eliminating accommodation for operating personnel and storage of fuel and ammunition.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Nation
! scope="col" | Displacement
! scope="col" | Speed
! scope="col" | Aircraft
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Argus|I49|6}}
|1918
|UK
|14,000 tons (net)
|{{cvt|20|kn}}
|18
|converted liner
|-
! scope="row" | {{USS|Langley|CV-1|6}}
|1922
|United States
|11,500 tons
|{{cvt|15|kn}}
|30
|converted collier
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hōshō||2}}
|1923
|Japan
|7,500 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|25|kn}}
|12
|early fleet carrier
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Hermes|95|6}}
|1924
|UK
|10,850 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|25|kn}}
|12
|early fleet carrier
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Audacity|D10|6}}
|1941
|UK
|11,000 tons
|{{cvt|15|kn}}
|6
|merchant conversion<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1995|p=173}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{USS|Long Island|CVE-1|6}}, {{HMS|Archer|D78|6}}
|1941
|United States and UK
|9,000 tons
|{{cvt|17|kn}}
|15–21
|merchant conversions
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Avenger|D14|6}}, {{HMS|Biter|D97|2}}, {{HMS|Dasher|D37|2}}, {{USS|Charger|CVE-30|6}}
|1941
|United States and UK
|8,200 tons
|{{cvt|17|kn}}
|15–21
|merchant conversions
|-
! scope="row" | {{sclass|Taiyō|escort carrier|4}} ({{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Taiyō||2}}, {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Unyō||2}}, {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Chūyō||2}})
|1941
|Japan
|17,830 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|21|kn}}
|27
|converted liners
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Activity|D94|6}}
|1942
|UK
|11,800 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|18|kn}}
|10–15
|merchant conversion
|-
! scope="row" | {{sclass|Bogue|escort carrier|4}}
|1942
|United States, Canada, and UK
|9,800 tons
|{{cvt|18|kn}}
|15–21
|45 conversions of C-3 merchant hulls
|-
! scope="row" | {{USS|Sangamon|CVE-26|6}}, {{USS|Suwanee|CVE-27|2}}, {{USS|Chenango|CVE-28|2}}, {{USS|Santee|CVE-29|2}}
|1942
|United States
|11,400 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|18|kn}}
|31
|converted oilers
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akitsu Maru||2}}
|1942
|Japan ([[Imperial Japanese Army|Army]])
|11,800 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|20|kn}}
|8
|liners converted to [[landing craft carrier#Hei-type|Type-C landing craft carriers]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Campania|D48|2}}
|1943
|UK
|12,400 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|18|kn}}
|18
|merchant conversion
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Vindex|D15|2}}
|1943
|UK
|13,400 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|16|kn}}
|15–20
|merchant conversion
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Nairana|D05|2}}
|1943
|UK
|14,000 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|16|kn}}
|15–20
|merchant conversion
|-
! scope="row" | ''Rapana'' class ({{MV|Acavus||2}}, {{MV|Adula||2}}, {{MV|Alexia||2}}, {{MV|Amastra||2}}, {{MV|Ancylus||2}}, {{MV|Gadila||2}}, {{MV|Macoma||2}}, {{MV|Miralda||2}}, {{MV|Rapana||2}})
|1943
|UK
|12,000 tons
|{{cvt|12|kn}}
|3
|tankers converted to [[merchant aircraft carrier]]s
|-
! scope="row" | {{sclass|Casablanca|escort carrier|4}}
|1943
|United States
|7,800 tons
|{{cvt|19|kn}}
|28
|50 built as escort aircraft carriers
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kaiyō||2}}
|1943
|Japan
|13,600 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|23|kn}}
|24
|converted liner
|-
! scope="row" | {{HMS|Pretoria Castle|F61|6}}
|1943
|UK
|17,400
tons (standard)
|{{cvt|18|kn}}
|21
|merchant conversion
|-
! scope="row" | {{MV|Empire MacAlpine||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacAndrew||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacRae||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacKendrick||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacCallum||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacDermott||2}}
|1943
|UK
|8,000 tons (gross)
|{{cvt|12|kn}}
|4
|grain carrying merchant aircraft carriers
|-
! scope="row" | {{MV|Empire MacCabe||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacKay||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacMahon||2}}, {{MV|Empire MacColl||2}}
|1943
|UK
|9,000 tons (gross)
|{{cvt|11|kn}}
|3
|tanker merchant aircraft carriers
|-
! scope="row" | {{sclass|Commencement Bay|escort carrier|4}}
|1944
|United States
|10,900 tons
|{{cvt|19|kn}}
|34
|19 built as escort aircraft carriers
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shin'yō||2}}
|1944
|Japan
|17,500 tons
|{{cvt|22|kn}}
|33
|converted liner
|-
! scope="row" | {{sclass|Shimane Maru|escort carrier|4}}
|1945
|Japan
|11,989 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|18.5|kn}}
|12
|converted tanker
|-
! scope="row" | {{sclass|Yamashio Maru|escort carrier|4}}
|1945
|Japan (Army)
|16,119 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|15|kn}}
|8
|converted tanker
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kumano Maru||2}}
|1945
|Japan (Army)
|8,258 tons (standard)
|{{cvt|19|kn}}
|8–37
|Type M cargo ship converted to [[landing craft carrier#Hei-type|Type-MC landing craft carrier]]
|}

==Relative carrier sizes in World War II==
{{See also|List of aircraft carriers of the Second World War}}
{| class="wikitable"
!
! span="col" | {{sclass|Bogue|escort carrier|0}} escort carrier
! span="col" | {{sclass|Independence|aircraft carrier|0}} light carrier<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1977|p=63}}</ref>
! span="col" | {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|0}} fleet carrier<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1977|p=61}}</ref>
! span="col" | {{sclass|Illustrious|aircraft carrier|0}} fleet carrier
|-
! span="row" | Length:
| {{cvt|495|ft|m|0}}
| {{cvt|625|ft|m|0}}
| {{cvt|875|ft|m|0}}
| {{cvt|740|ft|m|0}}
|-
! span="row" | Beam:
| {{cvt|69|ft|m|0}}
| {{cvt|72|ft|m|0}}
| {{cvt|92|ft|m|0}}
| {{cvt|95|ft|m|0}}
|-
! span="row" | Displacement:
|9,800 t
|11,000 t
|27,100 t
|23,000 t
|-
! span="row" | Armament
|1× [[5-inch/38-caliber gun]], light AA
|light AA
|12× [[5-inch/38-caliber gun]]s, light AA
|16× [[QF 4.5-inch Mk I – V naval gun]]s
|-
! span="row" | Armor
|None
|50–125&nbsp;mm
|150–200&nbsp;mm
|75&nbsp;mm deck
|-
! span="row" | Aircraft:
|24
|33
|90
|57
|-
! span="row" | Speed:
| {{cvt|18|kn|0|adj=ri0}}
| {{cvt|31.5|kn|0|adj=ri0}}
| {{cvt|32.7|kn|0|adj=ri0}}
| {{cvt|30.5|kn|0|adj=ri0}}
|-
! span="row" | Crew:
|850
|1,569
|3,448
|817 + 390
|}

==Post-World War II==
The years following World War II brought many revolutionary new technologies to naval aviation, most notably the [[helicopter]] and the [[Fighter aircraft#1940s–1950s: First-generation|jet fighter]], and with this a complete rethinking of its strategies and ships' tasks. Although several of the latest ''Commencement Bay''-class CVE were deployed as floating airfields during the [[Korean War]], the main reasons for the development of the escort carrier had disappeared or could be dealt with better by newer weapons. The emergence of the helicopter meant that helicopter-deck equipped [[frigate]]s could now take over the CVE's role in a convoy while also performing their usual role as submarine hunters. Ship-mounted [[guided missile]] launchers took over much of the aircraft protection role, and [[in-flight refueling]] eliminated the need for floating stopover points for transport or patrol aircraft. Consequently, after the ''Commencement Bay'' class, no new escort carriers were designed, and with every downsizing of the navy, the CVEs were the first to be mothballed.

Several escort carriers were pressed back into service during the first years of the [[Vietnam War]] because of their ability to carry large numbers of aircraft. Redesignated AKV (air transport auxiliary), they were manned by a civilian crew and used to ferry whole aircraft and spare parts from the U.S. to Army, Air Force and Marine bases in [[South Vietnam]]. However, CVEs were useful in this role only for a limited period. Once all major aircraft were equipped with refueling probes, it became much easier to fly the aircraft directly to its base instead of shipping it.

The last chapter in the history of escort carriers consisted of two conversions: as an experiment, {{USS|Thetis Bay|CVE-90|6}} was converted from an aircraft carrier into a pure [[helicopter carrier]] (CVHA-1) and used by the Marine Corps to carry assault helicopters for the first wave of [[amphibious warfare]] operations. Later, ''Thetis Bay'' became a full amphibious assault ship (LHP-6). Although in service only from 1955 (the year of her conversion) to 1964, the experience gained in her training exercises greatly influenced the design of today's [[amphibious assault ship]]s.

In the second conversion, in 1961, {{USS|Gilbert Islands|CVE-107|6}} had all her aircraft handling equipment removed and four tall radio antennas installed on her long, flat deck. In lieu of aircraft, the hangar deck now had 24 military radio transmitter trucks bolted to its floor. Rechristened {{USS|Annapolis|AGMR-1|6}}, the ship was used as a communication relay ship and served dutifully through the Vietnam War as a floating radio station, relaying transmissions between the forces on the ground and the command centers back home. Like ''Thetis Bay'', the experience gained before ''Annapolis'' was stricken in 1976 helped develop today's purpose-built [[amphibious command ship]]s of the {{sclass|Blue Ridge|command ship|4}}.

Unlike almost all other major classes of ships and patrol boats from World War II, most of which can be found in a museum or port, no escort carrier or American [[Light aircraft carrier|light carrier]] has survived; all were destroyed during the war or broken up in the following decades. The [[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]] records that the last former escort carrier remaining in naval service—USS ''Annapolis''—was sold for scrapping 19 December 1979. The last American light carrier (the escort carrier's faster sister type) was {{USS|Cabot|CVL-28|6}}, which was broken up in 2002 after a decade-long attempt to preserve the vessel.

Later in the [[Cold War]] the U.S.-designed [[Sea Control Ship]] was intended to serve a similar role;{{sfn|Canaday|1990|pages=13–20}} while none were actually built, the {{ship|Spanish aircraft carrier|Principe de Asturias}} and the Thai {{HTMS|Chakri Naruebet}} are based on the concept.

==See also==
For complete lists see:
* [[List of escort carriers by country]]
* [[List of escort carriers of the United States Navy]]
* [[List of sunken aircraft carriers]]
* [[List of escort carriers of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of World War II]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book  |last=Brown |first=David |date=1977 |title=Aircraft Carriers |publisher=Arco Publishing Company |isbn=0-668-04164-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=David |date=1995 |title=Warship Losses of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=David K. |date=2000 |title=Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development 1923–1945 |series=British Warship Development |publisher=Chatham Publishing |isbn=1-86176-136-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |date=1983 |title=U.S. Aircraft Carriers |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-739-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Hague |first=Arnold |date=1998 |title=Convoy Rescue Ships 1940–1945 |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-88-6}}
* {{cite report |last1=Canaday |first1=John L. |title=The Small Aircraft Carrier: A Re-Evaluation of the Sea Control Ship |date=1990 |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA227420 |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Adcock |first=Al |date=1996 |title=Escort Carriers in Action |location=Carrollton, Texas |publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications |isbn=978-0-89747-356-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Gallery |first=Daniel V. |date=1965 |title=20 Million Tons Under The Sea |location=New York |publisher=Ballantine}}
* {{cite book |last=Galuppini |first=Gino |date=1981 |title=Le Guide des Porte-Avions |language=fr |trans-title=The Aircraft Carrier Guide |location=Paris |publisher=Fernand Nathan}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Mark H. |date=1992 |title=Caviar & Cargo: The C3 Passenger Ships |series=American Merchant Marine History Series |volume=II |publisher=North American Maritime Books}}
* {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel E. |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |orig-date=1958 |date=2001 |title=Leyte: June 1944 – January 1945 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] Vol. XII |publisher=Castle Books |location=Edison, New Jersey |isbn=0-7858-1313-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Poolman |first=Kenneth |date=1972 |title=Escort Carrier 1941–1945: An Account of British Escort Carriers in Trade Protection |location=London |publisher=Ian Allan}}
* {{cite book |last=Warrilow |first=Betty |date=1989 |title=Nabob, the First Canadian-manned Aircraft Carrier |location=Owen Sound, Ontario |publisher=Escort Carriers Association}}
* {{cite book |last=Y'Blood |first=William T. |date=1987 |title=The Little Giants: U.S. Escort Carriers Against Japan |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=0-87021-275-3|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/littlegiantsuses00yblo}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Escort carriers}}

{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}

[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers]]
[[Category:Escort carriers| ]]