View source for Evens

{{Short description|Tungusic ethnic group}}
{{other uses}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Evenks]]}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group            = Evens
| native_name      = эвэсэл{{·}}эвены
| image            = [[File:Even women.jpg|none|270px]] Group of Even (Lamut) women with national costumes. Okhotsk okrug. Beginning of the 20th century.
| population       = ''' {{circa}} 20,017''' <ref name=Russiancensus>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref>
| genealogy        = 
| regions          = <!-- for e.g. a list of regions (countries), especially if regionN etc below not used -->
| region1          = {{flag|Russia}}:
* {{flag|Sakha}}
* {{flag|Chukotka}}
* {{flag|Magadan Oblast}}
* {{flag|Kamchatka Krai}}
* {{flag|Khabarovsk Krai}}
| pop1             = 19,913
| ref1             = <ref name="Russiancensus"/>
| region2          = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop2             = 104
| ref2             = <ref name="auto"/>
| region3          = 
| pop3             = 
| ref3             = 
| rels             = [[Shamanism]], [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]
| langs            = [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Even language|Even]], [[Sakha language|Sakha]]
| related          = [[Evenks]]
}}
[[File:Расселение эвенов 2010.png|thumb|250px|The settlement of the Evens in the Russian Federation for 2010 in % of the total number of this nation in the Russian Federation]]
[[File:Расселение эвенов в ДФО по городским и сельским поселениям, в %.png|thumb|400px|Settlement of Evens in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census]]

The '''Evens''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|v|ɛ|n|z}} {{respell|ə|VENZ}}; {{langx|eve|эвэн}}; {{abbr|pl.|plural}} {{lang|eve|эвэсэл}}; {{langx|ru|эвены}}; formerly called ''Lamuts'') are a people in [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. They live in regions of the [[Magadan Oblast]] and [[Kamchatka Krai]] and northern parts of [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] east of the [[Lena River]], although they are a nomadic people. According to the 2002 [[census]], there were 19,071 Evens in Russia. According to the 2010 census, there were 22,383 Evens in Russia. They speak their own [[language]] called [[Even language|Even]], one of the [[Tungusic languages]]; it is heavily influenced by their lifestyle and [[reindeer herding]]. It is also closely related to the language of their neighbors, the Evenks. The Evens are close to the [[Evenks]] by their origins and [[culture]], having migrated with them from central China over 10,000 years ago. Officially, they have been considered to be of [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox faith]] since the 19th century, though the Evens have retained some pre-[[Christianity|Christian]] practices, such as [[shamanism]]. Traditional Even life is centered upon nomadic pastoralism of domesticated reindeer, supplemented with hunting, fishing and animal-trapping. Outside of Russia, there are 104 Evens in Ukraine, 19 of whom spoke Even. (Ukr. Cen. 2001)

== Origins ==

=== Migration ===
The Evens people are part of the Eastern Siberians that migrated out of central China around 10,000 years ago. They are located in extreme northeast Siberia, and they are somewhat isolated from the rest of the indigenous groups in Siberia, with the closest groups being the Yakuts and the Evenks who are over 1,000 kilometers away.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Emily H. M. |last2=Khrunin |first2=Andrey |last3=Nichols |first3=Larissa |last4=Pushkarev |first4=Dmitry |last5=Khokhrin |first5=Denis |last6=Verbenko |first6=Dmitry |last7=Evgrafov |first7=Oleg |last8=Knowles |first8=James |last9=Novembre |first9=John |last10=Limborska |first10=Svetlana |last11=Valouev |first11=Anton |date=January 2017 |title=Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations |journal=Genome Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1101/gr.202945.115 |issn=1549-5469 |pmc=5204334 |pmid=27965293}}</ref>

=== Name and Language ===
Before the beginning of the Soviet reign the Evens were referred to as the Lamut by other groups, originally coined by the Yakut people, a nearby Siberian indigenous group. The word Lamu refers to the [[Okhotsk Sea]] in the languages spoken in eastern Siberia, thus it is reasonable to assume that this is where the name Lamut originates. The name Even came from the Evens people themselves.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Fitzhugh |first=William W.; Crowell |title=Crossroads of continents |url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/crossroadsofcont00wash |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=library.si.edu}}</ref> The Evens had yet to distinguish themselves as a separate group from the Evenk even up until the 1800s. As such, Evenk culture and language heavily influenced that of the Evens. However, there are some key differences in language that made the two separate. In the Even language the last vowel and consonant of each word is dropped, while in the Evenk language the last vowel and consonant are spoken.<ref name=":02"/>

=== Etymology and Vocabulary ===
The Even language has a multitude of words relating to their nomadic lifestyle and reindeer herding, and a good portion of words in the Even language have to do with actions relating to these things. For example, "oralchid'ak", "nulgän", "nulgänmäj", and "nulgädäj", are their words for the concept of a nomadic lifestyle and moving from one place to another. All of these words come from the word "nulgä", which can be a measure of distance - in this case the distance one can travel in a single night - or it can also describe a group of reindeer herders. There are fourteen words in the Even language that describe very similar actions and people relating to herding and grazing, including daytime grazing and herdsmen, as well as reindeer drivers; reindeer are economically and culturally crucial to the Evens people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krivoshapkina and Prokopieva |first=Ekaterina and Svetlana |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Ethno-Cultural Concept 'Reindeer Breeding' in the Even Language |url=https://rupkatha.com/V8/n3/03_Even_Language.pdf |journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=16–17|doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v8n3.03 }}</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Эвенский мужской костюм (Аяно-Майский район).JPG|thumb|Traditional Even clothing]]In the 17th century, the people today known as the Eveni were divided into three main tribes: the Okhotsk reindeer Tungus (Lamut), the Tiugesir, Memel' and Buiaksir clans as well as a sedentary group of Arman' speakers. Today, they are all known as Eveni.<ref>B. O. Dolgikh and [[Chester S. Chard]] (trans.), "The Formation of the Modern Peoples of the Soviet North" ''Arctic Anthropology'' 9(1) (1972): 17-26</ref>

=== Housing ===
The traditional lodgings of the Evens were conical tents which were covered with animal skins. In the southern coastal areas, fish skins were used.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/crossroadsofcont00wash |title=Crossroads of continents : cultures of Siberia and Alaska |date=1988 |publisher=Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press |others=Smithsonian Libraries |isbn=978-0-87474-442-2}}</ref> Settled Evens used a type of earth and log dugout.<ref name="archive.org"/> Sheds were erected near the dwellings in order to house stocks of frozen fish and meat. Their economy was supplemented by winter hunts to obtain wild game. Hunters sometimes rode reindeer, and sometimes moved along on wooden skis.

=== Soviet Era ===
During the Soviet reign the government collectivized reindeer herding, which drastically changed the lives of the Evens and other indigenous groups in Siberia. With the rise of Communism after 1917, the new government aimed to "civilize" the nomadic tribes of Siberia by constructing permanent housing, and by standardizing and collectivizing reindeer herding, their main occupation and lifestyle. The Soviet government seized and redistributed the reindeer of the Evens people and forced the Evens people to use specific migration routes and dates. The Soviets created a [[written language]] in the 1930s. Many [[nomad]]ic Evens were forced to settle down, join the [[kolkhoz]]es, and engage in [[cattle]]-[[Reproduction|breeding]] and [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vitebsky |first=Piers |date=February 11, 2006 |title=Life Among 'The Reindeer People' |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5199713 |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=NPR}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The economy of the Evens people, both historically and now, is largely based around reindeer herding and migration, as well as hunting. The Evens kept smaller herds of reindeer than other indigenous groups in eastern Siberia, such as the Chukchi, Koryak, and the Yakut; these other groups used reindeer as food sources and trade goods, while the Evens mainly used them as a mode of transportation. Reindeer herding in this area is believed to have begun around the start of the Common Era by the ancestors of the Evens. Around this time, the ancient Tungus people had come into contact with the Mongols and Turks who introduced them to horses and horse breeding culture. The Tungus experimented with riding horses, but this failed because of the harsh climate of the Tundra. However, the saddles that they used for the horses also worked on reindeer, and a new method of transportation was born. While large scale reindeer breeding was commonplace in other parts of Siberia, it did not become a common practice where the Evens live in the north and east of Siberia until the 1600s-1700's, with the Evens not practicing it until the late 1800s into the 1900s. Because the Evens did not raise reindeer specifically for their skins and meat, they relied mostly on hunting small game such as reindeer they had not domesticated and other animals in the Tundra.<ref name="Fitzhugh">{{Cite web |last=Fitzhugh |first=William W.; Crowell |title=Crossroads of continents |url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/crossroadsofcont00wash |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=library.si.edu}}</ref>

=== Post Contact Economy ===
Hunting animals for their fur, squirrel in particular, became a large source of income after the indigenous groups of Siberia came into contact with the Russians. The fur trade was extremely lucrative, and as such reindeer herding became less important to the economy of the Evens than it had been previously, however it is still the primary venture of the mainland Evens. While the Evens that lived further inland focused more on herding and the fur trade, the Evens that lived on Okhotsk Sea relied heavily on fishing in order to sustain themselves.<ref name="Fitzhugh"/>

== Culture ==
The traditional clothing worn by the Evens people consists of a coat with an apron, as well as pants and boots; both genders wear the same type of clothing. Their clothing is usually made using reindeer hides and skins, as well as moose hair. Evens are known to be very enthusiastic about smoking, and as such, most Evens also wear a pouch on their coat to keep a pipe and tobacco in. The Evens' housing and clothes are unique from the indigenous groups around them, with the Evens wearing open coats and aprons, as well as living in somewhat small conical tents called churns, while indigenous groups such as the Chukchi and the Koryak lived in a type of larger circular tent called a chorama-diu. These tents were usually made out of reindeer hides, although the Evens that lived by the sea used fish skins in addition to the hides. Since the Evens were and still are largely a nomadic people, everyone in the group shared with one another, and people were forbidden from hoarding meat from hunts, even if they were the one that had killed the game or were in the family of the hunter; this principle is called nimat. This principle also sometimes applied to smaller game such as birds and fish. Another aspect of nimat was that whenever two hunters were hunting together for animals who had pelts, the one who killed the animal got the meat and the other hunter received the skin of the animal. Even culture also includes folklore, which consists of stories and songs that usually feature ground animals, birds, and cliché ideas or stereotypes of people.<ref name=":02"/>

==Notable Evens==
*[[Varvara Belolyubskaya]], linguist and poet
*[[Viktor Lebedev]], freestyle wrestler
*[https://evens.pk/ Evens], Pakistani company for Social Media & E-Commerce Services.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*James Forsyth, "A History of the Peoples of Siberia",1992
* {{cite book | first=Piers | last=Vitebsky | author-link=Piers Vitebsky | title=Reindeer People: Living with Animals and Spirits in Siberia | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2005 | isbn=0-00-713362-6 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/evens.shtml The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire: The Evens]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051026153303/http://www.yukoncollege.yk.ca/~agraham/nost202/aboppsru.htm Aboriginal Peoples of the Russian North: Links to On-Line Resources]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925040037/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/ewenkiewen.htm Notes on the Evens and Evenks]

{{Indigenous peoples of Russia}}
{{Tungusic peoples}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Tungusic peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Siberia]]
[[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]
[[Category:Even people|*]]