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{{Short description|Chess game won by Adolf Anderssen against Jean Dufresne in 1852}}
[[File:Evergreen Game, 1852.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Game animation]]

The '''Evergreen Game''' is a famous [[chess]] game won by [[Adolf Anderssen]] against [[Jean Dufresne]] in 1852.

This was probably an {{chessgloss|friendly game|informal game}}. At the time, there was no formal title of "World Champion", but the German mathematics professor Anderssen was widely considered the best player in the world after winning the [[London 1851 chess tournament|first major international chess tournament]] in London in 1851. Though not in the same class as Anderssen, Dufresne, a popular author of chess books, was also a strong player. It is usually assumed that the game was played in Berlin, where Dufresne lived and Anderssen often visited, but no details of the game's circumstances were given in the original publication in the September and October 1852 issues of the Berlin-based ''[[Deutsche Schachzeitung]]''.<ref name=Winter>[[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Winter, Edward]], [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/evergreen.html ''Anderssen v Dufresne: The Evergreen Game'']</ref><ref name=SZ>{{Cite book |last=Anderssen |first=Adolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U61AAAAAcAAJ |title=Deutsche Schachzeitung |date=September 1852 |pages=338–339 |language=de |chapter=Gespielte Partieen 450, Zwischen Anderssen und Dufresne |author-link=Adolf Anderssen}}</ref><ref name=SZe>{{Cite book |last=Anderssen |first=Adolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U61AAAAAcAAJ |title=Deutsche Schachzeitung |date=October 1852 |page=383 |language=de |chapter=Schluss der Partie 450 |author-link=Adolf Anderssen}}</ref>

Beginning with [[Howard Staunton]] in 1853,<ref name=Staunton>{{Cite book |last=Staunton |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yy4CAAAAYAAJ&q=Chess+Player%27s+Chronicle |title=Chess Player's Chronicle |year=1853 |pages=4–11 |language=en |author-link=Howard Staunton}}</ref> the game has been extensively analysed over the years, particularly the critical positions before and after White's remarkable 19th move, Rad1. Although defensive resources for Black have since been found, Anderssen's [[Combination (chess)|combination]] remains much admired.

After Anderssen's death in 1879, [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] published a tribute in ''[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]]'' in which he annotated Anderssen's two most famous games, the Evergreen and the [[Immortal Game]] against [[Lionel Kieseritzky]]. Annotating 19.Rad1, Steinitz wrote, "An evergreen in the laurel crown of the departed chess hero", thus giving this game its name.<ref name=Winter />
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}

==The game==
[[White and Black in chess|White]]: Adolf Anderssen {{pad|2}} Black: Jean Dufresne {{pad|2}} [[Chess opening|Opening]]: [[Evans Gambit]] (''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings|ECO]]'' C52)

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4'''
:The Evans Gambit, an opening popular in the 19th century and still occasionally seen today. White gives up {{chessgloss|material}} to gain an advantage in {{chessgloss|development}}.

{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
 |
 |rd|  |bd|qd|kd|  |nd|rd
 |pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
 |  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |
 |bd|  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |
 |  |  |pl|pd|  |nl|  |
 |pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
 |rl|nl|bl|ql|  |rl|kl|
 |Position after 7...d3
}}
'''4... Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. d4 exd4''' 
:A solid alternative, unknown to theory at the time, is 6...d6 7.Qb3 Qd7 8.0-0 Bb6 with the idea of ...Na5, driving White's bishop off the dangerous a2-g8 diagonal. ([[Rudolf Spielmann|Spielmann]]-[[Gersz Salwe|Salwe]], [[Vienna 1908 chess tournament|Vienna 1908]])<ref name=Sadler />

'''7. 0-0 d3''' (diagram)
:Black attempts to slow White's rapid development by depriving the {{chessgloss|queen's knight}} of its preferred c3 square and forcing White to spend a [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]] capturing the [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]]. This move was favoured by Dufresne, but is today considered inferior. Most popular today is 7...Nge7, in order to answer 8.cxd4 or 8.Ng5 with 8...d5. Other alternatives include 7...dxc3, (the risky "Compromised Defence"), 7...Nf6, and 7...d6.

'''8. Qb3'''
:Immediately attacking the f7-pawn. [[FIDE Master]] [[Graham Burgess]] suggests 8.Re1 instead.<ref name=Burgess>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Graham |author-link=Graham Burgess |last2=Nunn |first2=John |author-link2=John Nunn |last3=Emms |first3=John |author-link3=John Emms (chess player) |title=The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games |year=2004 |edition=2nd |publisher=Carroll & Graf |isbn=978-0-7867-1411-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/mammothbookofwor0000burg }}</ref>

'''8... Qf6 9. e5 Qg6'''
:White's e5-pawn cannot be taken: if 9...Nxe5, then 10.Re1 d6 11.Bg5, when 11...Qf5 (11...Qg6 12.Nxe5 dxe5 13.Rxe5+ wins the bishop) 12.Nxe5 wins the [[Knight (chess)|knight]] (if the knight is recaptured with 12...dxe5, then 13.Qb5+ followed by 14.Rxe5+ wins).

{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
 |
 |rd|  |bd|  |kd|  |nd|rd
 |pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
 |  |  |nd|  |  |  |qd|
 |bd|  |  |  |pl|  |  |
 |  |  |bl|  |  |  |  |
 |  |ql|pl|pd|  |nl|  |
 |pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
 |rl|nl|bl|  |rl|  |kl|
 |Position after 10.Re1
}}
'''10. Re1''' (diagram)
:In his 2023 book ''Re-Engineering the Chess Classics'', in which he analyzes 35 classic chess games with the aid of modern [[chess engines]], Grandmaster [[Matthew Sadler]] criticizes this move, preferring 10.Rd1, with the idea of regaining the pawn after the inevitable ...d6.<ref name=Sadler>[[Matthew Sadler]], ''Re-Engineering the Chess Classics - A Silicon Reappraisal of Thirty-Five Classic Games'', pp15-20, [[New In Chess]], 2023</ref>

'''10... Nge7 11. Ba3'''
:Consistent with the previous move, but 11.Qd1 and 11.Re3, eliminating the d3-pawn, are preferred by engines.<ref name=Sadler />

'''11... b5{{chesspunc|?}}'''
:Rather than defending his own position, Black offers a counter-[[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]] to activate his a8 [[Rook (chess)|rook]] with tempo. Sadler considers that White should be "somewhat worse" after 11...d5 12.exd6 cxd6 13.Re3 0-0 14.Bxd3 Qh6 15.Nbd2 Be6.<ref name=Sadler /> Burgess suggests 11...a6, to allow the b-pawn to advance later with tempo.<ref name=Burgess />

'''12. Qxb5 Rb8 13. Qa4 Bb6'''
:Black cannot [[castling|castle]] because 14.Bxe7 would win a piece, as the [[Knight (chess)|knight]] on c6 cannot simultaneously protect the knight on e7 and the bishop on a5.

'''14. Nbd2 Bb7{{chesspunc|?}}'''
:Black must castle without delay.

'''15. Ne4 Qf5?'''
:A poor move that loses a tempo. 15...0-0 16.Bxd3 also gives White a very dangerous attack (Neishtadt, 1961).<ref name=Neishtadt>[[Yakov Neishtadt|Neishtadt, Yakov]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=DaUAnQEACAAJ&q=%22%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%22 ''Shakhmaty do Steinitsa''], [[Fizkultura i sport]], Moscow 1961</ref> Better was 15...d2! 16.Nexd2 0-0 ([[Emanuel Lasker|Lasker]]), although White still has a clear advantage.<ref name="Harding_p45">{{cite book |last1=Harding |first1=Tim |author-link1=Tim Harding (chess player) |last2=Botterill |first2=G. S. |title = The Italian Game |publisher=[[Anova Books|B.T. Batsford Ltd]] |year=1977 |page=45 |isbn=0-7134-3261-6}}</ref>

'''16. Bxd3 Qh5 17. Nf6+?'''
:A dramatic sacrifice, but this move is objectively bad, turning a won position into an equal one.<ref name=Sadler /> 17.Ng3 Qh6 18.Bc1 Qe6 19.Bc4 wins material in a simpler way.<ref name=Burgess /><ref name=Lipke /> 18.Nf5 is also winning.<ref name=Harding_p45 />

{{Chess diagram small
 |tright
 |
 |  |rd|  |  |kd|  |rd|
 |pd|bd|pd|pd|nd|pd|  |pd
 |  |bd|nd|  |  |pl|  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |qd
 |ql|  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |bl|  |pl|bl|  |nl|  |
 |pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
 |  |  |  |rl|rl|  |kl|
 |Position after 19.Rad1!
}}
'''17... gxf6 18. exf6 Rg8 19. Rad1!''' (diagram)
:A somewhat controversial move, which has been both exulted and criticised over the years. It sets a deep {{chessgloss|trap}}, which Black walks into. In ''Common Sense in Chess'' (1895), the then-[[World Chess Championship|world champion]] [[Emanuel Lasker]] praised it as "one of the most subtle and profound moves on record". However, probably influenced by the analysis of [[Paul Lipke]] which revealed defensive possibilities for Black, he later criticised the move, saying that 19.Be4 would have won relatively easily.<ref>Lasker, Emanuel [https://books.google.com/books?id=tIPAQfcTk7kC&q=editions:eiYkijTkBkoC ''Lasker's Manual of Chess''], Dover, 1960, pp. 271–72 (originally published in 1925)</ref> Lasker's analysis turned out to be faulty, however. Analysis by [[Jacob Murey]] and German Fridshtein published in the Soviet magazine ''[[64 (magazine)|64]]'' in 1975 found that after 19.Be4 Qh3! 20.g3 Rxg3+ 21.hxg3 Qxg3+ 22.Kh1 Bxf2 23.Bxe7! (Lasker's 23.Re2? is refuted by 23...Nd4!) 23...Qh3+! 24.Nh2 Bxe1 25.Rxe1 Qh4! 26.Qd1! Nxe7 27.Bxb7 Qxf6 the game will likely end in a draw. Subsequent analysts such as [[Igor Zaitsev|Zaitsev]] and [[Garri Kasparov|Kasparov]] have agreed with this assessment.<ref name="Murey">[[Jacob Murey|Murey, Jacob]]; Fridshtein, German;''[[64 (magazine)|64]]'', ''"Poistine Neuvyadayemaya"'' (''"Truly Evergreen "''), 1975, No. 38 page 11</ref><ref name=Kasparov>{{cite web |url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparovs-great-predeceors-follow-up-1-030413 |title=Garry Kasparov's Great Predecessors: Follow-up #1 |publisher=Chessbase |date=2 Nov 2003 |access-date=11 February 2013 |author=Kasparov, Garry |author-link=Garry Kasparov }}</ref>

'''19... Qxf3?'''
:"Who would have played anything else here?!" (Lipke, 1898). White cannot play 20.gxf3 since the g2-pawn is [[Pin (chess)|pinned]] by the rook on g8. Black now threatens to take either on f2 or g2, both major threats to the white king, but Anderssen has a shattering resource available.
:Dissatisfied with the lack of analysis in the game's original publication, [[Howard Staunton]] published a detailed analysis of several of Black's alternatives in the ''[[Chess Player's Chronicle]]'' in 1853. Staunton analysed 19...Ne5, 19...d6, 19...Bc5, 19...Rxg2+ and 19...Qh3, concluding that Black was lost in all lines.<ref name="Staunton" />
:This was the accepted view for many years, until the German master Paul Lipke published analysis in the May and June 1898 issues of the ''Deutsche Schachzeitung''.<ref name="Lipke">[[Paul Lipke|Lipke, Paul]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=xy8CAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Deutsche+Schachzeitung,+Volumes+52-53%22 ''Ein Blick in die Tiefen Anderssen'scher Combinationen''], ''Deutsche Schachzeitung'' Vol 52, May 1898 pp. 129–34 & June 1898 pp. 161–63</ref> Lipke recommended 19...Rg4!? for Black, concluding that it offered Black excellent drawing chances with {{chessgloss|optimal play|best play}}. Lipke's main line went 19...Rg4 20.Bc4 Qf5! 21.Rxd7! Kxd7 22.Ne5+ Kc8 23.Nxg4 Nd5 24.Qd1 Nd8 25.Re5 Bxf2+ 26.Kh1 Nf4 27.h3 and now either 27...Qb1 or 27...Nxg2 will probably draw for Black.<ref name="Lipke" /> Analysis published in the early 1930s by O. Hoppe and H. Heckner found a win for White after 25.Bd3! (instead of 25.Re5), but Black can also improve with 24...Nxf6 (Kasparov).<ref name="Kasparov" /> Zaitsev's 21...Rxg2+ (rather than 21...Kxd7) also appears to be sufficient for a draw.<ref name="Kasparov" /><ref name="Zaitsev" /> Hoppe and Heckner also found a win for White after 20.c4 Rf4? (Lipke) 21.Bg6!!. Better is 20...Bd4 (Zaitsev, ''64'', 1976)<ref name="Zaitsev">[[Igor Zaitsev|Zaitsev, Igor]], ''[[64 (magazine)|64]]'', ''V Teni "Vechnozelenoy"'' (''In the Shadow of the "Evergreen"''), 1976, No. 5 pp. 8–9 & No. 6 pp. 6–7</ref><ref name="Hooper_p108">{{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=David |author-link1=David Vincent Hooper |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |author-link2=Kenneth Whyld |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1987 |contribution=Evergreen Game |page=108 |isbn=0-19-281986-0}}</ref> or 20...Rxg2+! (Kasparov).<ref name="Kasparov" /> 20.Re4 has also received renewed attention as an attempt for White to gain the advantage. The final assessment of 19...Rg4 remains unclear;<ref name="Kasparov" /><ref name="Zaitsev" /> according to Burgess in the 2021 edition of ''The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games'', White has a slightly better endgame after 20.Re4 Rxe4 21.Qxe4 d6 22.Re1 Qg6! 23.Qxc6+ Bxc6 24.Rxe7+ Kf8 25.Bxg6 hxg6 26.Ne5! Be8.<ref>Wesley So, Michael Adams, Graham Burgess, John Nunn, John Emms, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5fwBEAAAQBAJ ''The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games''], Game 3 Anderssen-Dufresne, pp 14-21,Little Brown Book (ebook), 2021</ref>
:Most analysts have followed Staunton in rejecting 19...Rxg2+?! on account of 20.Kxg2 Ne5 21.Qxd7+!!, but [[I.J. Good]] contended that after 21...Kxd7 22.Bg6+ Ke6 23.Bxh5 Rg8+ 24.Kh3! N7g6 25.Bg4+ Kxf6 26.Nxe5 Nxe5 27.Be7+ Kxe7 28.Rxe5+ Kf6 White does not have a clear win in the [[Chess endgame|endgame]].<ref>[[I.J. Good|Good, I.J.]], ''The "Evergreen Game," 130 years later'', ''Chess'', August 1984, pp. 96–97</ref>
:In 1958, analysis by readers of the ''Schach-Echo'' came to the conclusion that 19...Bd4 and 19...Qh3 are even better than 19...Rg4 and sufficient to force a draw.<ref>[[Karsten Müller|Müller, Karsten]] [http://en.chessbase.com/post/our-readers-reply-to-kasparov-030413-1 ChessBase – Our Readers reply to Kasparov], ChessBase, 9 Jan 2004</ref> (19...Bd4 was also found independently by Zaitsev.<ref name="Zaitsev" />) This view is endorsed by Burgess, who quotes the lines (a) 19...Bd4 20.cxd4 Qxf3 21.Be4 Rxg2+ 22.Kh1 Rxh2+ 23.Kxh2 Qxf2+ and (b) 19...Qh3 20.Bf1 Qf5! (not analysed by Staunton) 21.Bd3 Qh3, [[Draw by repetition|repeating moves]] in each case.<ref name="Burgess" />

'''20. Rxe7+! Nxe7?'''
:This loses instantly to a very attractive mate in four. 20...Kd8 would put up more resistance, but White should still win after 21.Rxd7+ Kc8 22.Rd8+!! Kxd8 (if 22...Rxd8 23.gxf3; if 22...Nxd8 23.Qd7+ Kxd7 24.Bf5+ Ke8 25.Bd7{{chessAN|#}}) (Staunton, 1853)<ref name=Staunton /> 23.Bf5+ Qxd1+ ([[Akiba Rubinstein|Rubinstein]], 1921).<ref name=Hooper_p108 /> Another way is 23.Be2+,<ref name=Kasparov /> but White must play accurately: 23...Nd4! 24.Bxf3 Bxf3 25.Rxd4+? leads to a probable draw after 25...Bxd4 26.Qxd4+ Kc8 27.Qd3 Bxg2 28.f3 Bh3+ 29.Kf2 Rb6 30.Qxh7 Rg2+ 31.Ke3 Be6 (Levenfish, 1959).<ref>[[Grigory Levenfish|Levenfish, Grigory]], ''Kniga Nachinayushchego Shakhmatista'', 2nd Edition, Fizikultura i Sport, Moscow, 1959, page 168</ref> White must instead play 25.g3! (Neishtadt, 1961)<ref name=Neishtadt /> Bxd1 26.Qxd1 "with a boring but winning endgame" (Kasparov).<ref>Kasparov, Garry; ChessBase Magazine 59, 1997</ref>
:It is unclear whether the following moves were actually played, or whether Anderssen simply "announced mate", a common practice at the time. The ''Deutsche Schachzeitung'' where the game was originally published simply said "White mates in 4 moves", without providing the actual moves.<ref name="SZe" />

'''21. Qxd7+{{chesspunc|!!}} Kxd7 22. Bf5+''' <!-- "++" is not modern algebraic notation but used in older books; see Algebraic notation (chess)#Check and checkmate -->
:[[Double check]]s like 22.Bf5+ are powerful because they force the king to move. In this position, the double check was vital as it prevented the queen from capturing the bishop and ruining white's attack and also white's rook, which would have resulted in checkmate. Here it is decisive.

'''22... Ke8'''
:Or 22...Kc6 23.Bd7{{chessAN|#}}.

'''23. Bd7+ Kf8'''
:Some sources give 23...Kd8 as Black's move, with the same reply.

'''24. Bxe7# {{chessAN|1–0}}'''

{{Chess diagram
 |tleft
 |
 |  |rd|  |  |  |kd|rd|
 |pd|bd|pd|bl|bl|pd|  |pd
 |  |bd|  |  |  |pl|  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |pl|  |  |qd|  |
 |pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
 |  |  |  |rl|  |  |kl|
 |Final position after 24.Bxe7# (a [[pure mate]])
}}
{{clear left}}
[[Savielly Tartakower]] commented, "A combination second to none in the literature of the game."<ref>{{harvcol|Tartakower|du Mont|1975|p=35}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Immortal Game]] – also won by Anderssen
* [[List of chess games]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
*[[James Eade|Eade, James]]. ''Chess for Dummies''.  1996. Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. {{ISBN|0-7645-5003-9}}.
*{{cite book
 |last1 = Tartakower
 |first1 = Savielly
 |author-link = Savielly Tartakower
 |last2 = du Mont
 |first2 = Julius
 |author-link2 = Julius du Mont
 |title = 500 Master Games of Chess
 |year = 1975
 |orig-year = 1952
 |publisher = Dover Publications
 |isbn = 0-486-23208-5
 |url = https://archive.org/details/500mastergamesof00tart
 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018961 Adolf Anderssen vs. Jean Dufresne "The Evergreen Partie"] [[Chessgames.com]]

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