View source for Eyjafjallajökull

{{short description|Glacier and volcano in Iceland}}
{{About||the 2013 French comedy film|Eyjafjallajökull (film)}}
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{{Infobox glacier
| name = Eyjafjallajökull
| photo = Þórsmörk Eyjafjallajökull 1 Iceland (cropped).jpg
| photo_caption = Aerial view of Eyjafjallajökull from the north-east
| type = Ice cap 
| area = {{convert|66|sqkm|abbr=on}}<ref name=Hannesdóttir2020>{{cite journal|last1 =Hannesdóttir|first1 =H.|last2 =Sigurðsson|first2 =O.|last3 =Þrastarson|first3 =R.H.|last4 =Guðmundsson|first4 =S.|last5 =Belart|first5 =J.M.|last6 =Pálsson|first6 =F.|last7 =Magnusson|first7 =E.|last8 =Víkingsson|first8=S.|last9 =Kaldal|first9 =I.|last10 =Jóhannesson|first10 =T.|year =2020|title =A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019|journal =Jökull|volume=12|pages =1–34|doi =10.33799/jokull2020.70.001|doi-access=free}}{{rp|2}}</ref>
| length = 
| elevation_max = {{convert|1666|m|ft}}<ref name=metreport>{{cite web|url=https://www.met.no/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2010/_/attachment/download/b8018feb-e0b5-4e3d-86b5-ca5f512ca864:efe249632179574e57a516af1bd5571a759c5ee9/MET-report-15-2010.pdf|page=6|title=Volcano Version of the SNAP Model|date=31 October 2010|last1=Bartnicki|last2=Haakenstad|last3=Hov|publisher=[[Norwegian Meteorological Institute]]}}</ref>
| elevation_min = 
| thickness = {{cvt|200|m}}<ref name=Tarasewicz2014/>
| terminus = 
| status = Retreating
| location = Southwestern [[Iceland]]
| coordinates = 
| mapframe = no
| embedded ={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=260|frame-height=150|frame-long=-19.6|frame-lat=63.617|zoom=10|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Vatnajökull}}|text=}}{{center|Map of Eyjafjallajökull glacier showing its named glacial catchments (light grey shading with white outline). Clicking on the map to enlarge it enables mouse over that allows identification of individual named glacial catchments in Iceland.}}
}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Eyjafjallajökull
| other_name = Guðnasteinn <br/> Hámundur
| photo = Eyjafjallajokull Gigjokull in ash.jpg
| photo_caption = Gígjökull, Eyjafjallajökull's largest [[outlet glacier]], covered in volcanic ash
| elevation = Mountain: {{convert|1651|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br/>(without ice cap)
| elevation_ref = <ref name=metreport/>
| listing = 
| location = [[Southern Region (Iceland)|Suðurland]], [[Iceland]]
| range = N/A
| map = Iceland
| map_caption = Iceland
| map_size =
| label_position = 
| coordinates = {{coord|63|37|12|N|19|36|48|W|type:mountain_region:IS_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates = 
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peakbagger">{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8834 |title=Eyjafjallajökull |publisher=Peakbagger.com |access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref>
| topo = 
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age = 
| volcanic_zone = East Volcanic Zone
| last_eruption = March to June 2010
| first_ascent = 
| easiest_route = 
| mapframe = no
| map_image = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=260|frame-height=250|frame-long=-19.6|frame-lat=63.6|zoom=8|raw=[{{Wikipedia:Map data/Askja}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Grímsvötn}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Öræfi volcanic belt}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Hofsjökull}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Katla}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Hengill}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Snæfellsnes volcanic belt}}]
|text=
}}
| map_image_caption = Selected geological features near the Eyjafjallajökull central volcano (red outline). {{Wikipedia:Map data/Askja/key}}
}}
[[File:Iceland volcano april 4 2010.JPG|thumb|right|North view of (from left to right) Mýrdalsjökull, Fimmvörðuháls and Eyjafjallajökull on 4 April 2010, taken from an altitude of 10,000&nbsp;metres (32,800&nbsp;ft)]]
'''Eyjafjallajökull''' ({{IPA|is|ˈeiːjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœːkʏtl̥|lang|Is-Eyjafjallajökull (3).oga}};<ref>{{cite news |title=Eyjafjallajökull |url=https://www.mbl.is/media/70/2070.pdf | work= [[Morgunbladid]] | location = [[Reykjavic]]}}</ref> "glacier of (the mountain) Eyjafjöll"), sometimes referred to by the [[numeronym]] '''E15''',<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Schleicher | first1 = N. | last2 = Kramar | first2 = U. | last3 = Dietze | first3 = V. | last4 = Kaminski | first4 = U. | last5 = Norra | first5 = S. | title = Geochemical characterization of single atmospheric particles from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption event collected at ground-based sampling sites in Germany | doi = 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.034 | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 48 | page = 113 | year = 2012 | bibcode = 2012AtmEn..48..113S }}</ref> is one of the smaller [[ice cap]]s of [[Iceland]], north of [[Skógar]] and west of [[Mýrdalsjökull]]. The ice cap covers the [[caldera]] of a [[volcano]] with a summit elevation of {{convert|1651|m|ft}}. The volcano has erupted relatively frequently since the [[Last Glacial Period]], most recently [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull|in 2010]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://scienceblogs.com/eruptions/2010/03/increasing_signs_of_activity_a.php |title=Increasing signs of activity at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland: Eruptions |journal=Journal of Geodynamics |volume=43 |pages=118–152 |doi=10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419024054/http://scienceblogs.com/eruptions/2010/03/increasing_signs_of_activity_a.php |archive-date=2010-04-19 |year=2007 |last1=Thordarson |first1=T. |last2=Larsen |first2=G. |issue=1 |citeseerx=10.1.1.454.7455 |bibcode=2007JGeo...43..118T }}</ref><ref name="BBC8621581">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8622978.stm |title=Iceland's volcanic ash halts flights in northern Europe |date=15 April 2010 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> when, although relatively small for a volcanic eruption, it caused [[Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|enormous disruption to air travel]] across northern and western Europe for a week.

==Geography==
Eyjafjallajökull consists of a volcano completely covered by an ice cap. The retreating ice cap covered an area of {{convert|66|sqkm|abbr=on}} in 2019,<ref name=Hannesdóttir2020/> but was previously more than {{convert|80|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|-1}},<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Möller|first1=Rebecca|last2=Dagsson-Waldhauserova|first2=Pavla|last3=Möller|first3=Marco|last4=Kukla|first4=Peter A.|last5=Schneider|first5=Christoph|last6=Gudmundsson|first6=Magnús T.|date=2019-11-01|title=Persistent albedo reduction on southern Icelandic glaciers due to ashfall from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425719304158|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment|volume=233|article-number=111396|doi=10.1016/j.rse.2019.111396|bibcode=2019RSEnv.23311396M |hdl=20.500.11815/1350 |s2cid=203116126 |issn=0034-4257|hdl-access=free}}</ref> with many [[outlet glacier]]s. The main outlet glaciers are to the north: Gígjökull, flowing into Lónið, and Steinsholtsjökull, flowing into Steinsholtslón.<ref name="vefur1">{{cite web|url=http://iceland.vefur.is/iceland_nature/glaciers_in_iceland/eyjafjallajokull.htm |title=Eyjafjallajokull – Iceland on the Web |publisher=Iceland.vefur.is |access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref> In 1967, there was a massive landslide on the Steinsholtsjökull glacial tongue. On 16 January 1967 at 13:47:55 there was an explosion on the glacier. It can be timed because the seismometers at [[Kirkjubæjarklaustur]] monitored the movement. When about {{convert|15000000|m3|cuft|abbr=off}} of material hit the glacier a massive amount of air, ice, and water began to move out from under the glacier into the lagoon at the foot of the glacier.<ref name="vefur1"/>

The mountain itself, a [[stratovolcano]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Venzke |first1=E |title=Eyjafjallajökull |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=372020 |publisher=Global Volcanism Program |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> stands {{convert|1651|m|ft}} at its highest point, and has a [[Volcanic crater|crater]] {{convert|3|to|4|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=off|spell=in}} in diameter, open to the north.<ref name=civ/> The crater rim has three main peaks (clockwise from the north-east): Guðnasteinn ({{IPA|is|ˈkvʏðnaˌsteitn̥|}}), {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}; Hámundur ({{IPA|is|ˈhauːˌmʏntʏr̥|}}), {{convert|1651|m|ft|abbr=on}}; and Goðasteinn ({{IPA|is|ˈkɔːðaˌsteitn̥|}}), {{convert|1497|m|ft|abbr=on}}<!-- ref>[https://atlas.lmi.is/kortasafn_kort/2001-540-qv.jpg Map of area]</ref see last ref in paragraph-->. The south face of the mountain was once part of Iceland's [[coastline]], from which, over thousands of years, the sea has retreated some {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. The former coastline now consists of sheer cliffs with many [[waterfall]]s, of which the best known is [[Skógafoss]]. In strong winds, the water of the smaller falls can even be blown up the mountain. The area between the mountain and the present coast is a relatively flat strand, {{convert|2|-|5|km|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name = Korska>{{cite web|url= https://kortasja.lmi.is/mapview/|title=National Landsurvey of Iceland|access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:L'Eyjafjallajökull sous les aurores boréales.jpg|thumb|Eyjafjallajökull and the aurora.]]
The name means "[[glacier]] of Eyjafjöll" (or more properly here "[[ice cap]]"). {{lang|is|Eyjafjöll}} is the name of the southern side of the volcanic [[massif]] together with the small mountains which form the foot of the volcano. The word {{lang|is|jökull}} {{IPA|is|ˈjœːkʏtl̥|}}, meaning glacier or ice cap, is a [[cognate]] with the [[Middle English]] word {{wikt-lang|enm|ikil}} surviving in the ''-icle'' of English ''[[wikt:icicle|icicle]]''.

The name {{lang|is|Eyjafjöll}} is made up of the words {{lang|is|eyja}} {{IPA|is|ˈeiːja|}} (genitive plural of {{lang|is|ey}}, meaning ''[[wikt:eyot|eyot]]'' or ''[[wikt:island|island]]''), and the plural word {{lang|is|fjöll}} {{IPA|is|ˈfjœtl̥|}}, meaning ''[[wikt:fell#Etymology 3|fells]]'' or ''[[wikt:mountain|mountains]]'', and together literally means: "the mountains of the islands". The name probably refers to the close by archipelago of [[Vestmannaeyjar]].

The word {{lang|is|fjalla}} {{IPA|is|ˈfjatla|}} is the genitive plural of {{lang|is|fjöll}}, and so {{lang|is|Eyjafjalla}} {{IPA|is|ˈeiːjaˌfjatla|}} is the genitive form of {{lang|is|Eyjafjöll}} and means: "of the Eyjafjöll".
A literal part-by-part translation of {{lang|is|Eyjafjallajökull}} would thus be "Islands' Mountains' glacier".

Hence the southern slopes of the mountain Eyjafjöll result in the sea side strip of land beyond being called ''Undir Eyjafjöllum''.<ref name = Korska/>

== Geology ==
[[File:Volcanic system of Iceland-Map-en.svg|thumb|right|Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland]]

The [[stratovolcano]], whose vents follow an east–west trend, is composed of [[basalt]] to [[andesite]] [[lava]]s. Most of its historical eruptions have been [[explosive eruption|explosive]].<ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp|title=Eyjafjallajökull|vn=372020|access-date=2010-04-18}}</ref> However, [[fissure vent]]s occur on both (mainly the west) sides of the volcano.<ref name="gvp"/> The volcano is 800,000 years old.<ref name=Pálmadóttir2016>{{cite thesis|last1 =Pálmadóttir|first1 =E.|year =2016|title =The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull summit eruption: Nature of the explosive activity in the initial phase (Doctoral dissertation)|publisher =University of Iceland|access-date=19 June 2024|pages= 1–93|url =https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/24907/1/The%202010%20Eyjafjallajokull%20summit%20eruption.%20Nature%20of%20the%20explosive%20activity%20in%20the%20inital%20phase..pdf}}</ref>{{rp|15}}

The volcano is fed by a [[magma chamber]] under the mountain, which in turn derives from the [[Plate tectonics|tectonic]] [[Divergent boundary|divergence]] of the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]]. It is part of a chain of volcanoes stretching across Iceland. Its nearest active neighbours are [[Katla volcano|Katla]], to the northeast, and [[Eldfell]], on [[Heimaey]], to the southwest.<ref name=civ>{{cite web|url =https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=EYJ|access-date=8 June 2024|title =Eyjafjallajökull|first1=Magnús T.|last1 =Guðmundsson|first2 =Ármann|last2 =Höskuldsson}}</ref>
The volcano is thought to be related to Katla geologically, in that eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have generally been followed by eruptions of Katla.<ref name=civEK>{{cite web|url =https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=EYJ|access-date=8 June 2024|title =Eyjafjallajökull|first1=Magnús T.|last1 =Guðmundsson|first2 =Ármann|last2 =Höskuldsson}}{{rp|loc=Detailed description:4. Eruption history and pattern}}</ref>
[[File:Iceland Eyjafjallajökull from Sólheimajökull.JPG|thumb|left|Eyjafjallajökull in March 2006, viewed from a recreation area on the Sólheimajökull, a glacier on the [[Katla volcano]]]]

Eyjafjallajökull erupted in the years 920, 1612, 1821, and 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=Ashley Gerard|last2=Chien|first2=Steve|last3=Doubleday|first3=Joshua|last4=Tran|first4=Daniel|last5=Thordarson|first5=Thorvaldur|last6=Gudmundsson|first6=Magnús T.|last7=Höskuldsson|first7=Ármann|last8=Jakobsdóttir|first8=Steinunn S.|last9=Wright|first9=Robert|last10=Mandl|first10=Daniel|year=2013|title=Observing Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions with the autonomous NASA Volcano Sensor Web|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jgrb.50141|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume=118|issue=5|pages=1936–1956|doi=10.1002/jgrb.50141|bibcode=2013JGRB..118.1936D |s2cid=54028024 |issn=2169-9356|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Skerin Ridge eruption in 920 was a [[Volcanic explosivity index|VEI]] 3 radial fissure eruption while the subsequent 1612 and 1821 eruptions were VEI 2 small summit eruptions.<ref name=Pálmadóttir2016/>{{rp|16}} In the case of the 1821 eruption, a short explosive phase in December 1821 was followed by a year of intermittent explosive to effusive activity.<ref name=":1" />

===1821 to 1823 eruptions===
Some damage was caused by a minor eruption in 1821.<ref name=larsen>{{cite book|last=Larsen|first=G.|year=1999|title=Gosið í Eyjafjallajökli 1821–1823|trans-title=The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 1821–1823|publisher=Science Institute|id=Research Report RH-28-99|page=13|location=Reykjavík|url=http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/swdocument/1015722/RH-28-1999_GLarsen-Eyj%C3%B6kull.pdf|archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20101122162525/http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/swdocument/1015722/RH-28-1999_GLarsen-Eyjökull.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-22|language=is}}</ref> Notably, the ash released from the eruption contained a large fraction of [[fluoride]], which in high doses may damage the bone structure of cattle, horses, sheep and humans. The eruption also caused some small and medium [[glacier run]]s ([[jökulhlaup]]s) and flooding in nearby rivers [[Markarfljót]] and {{ill|Hólsá|pl}} {{IPA|is|ˈhɔl̥(t)sˌauː|}}.<ref name=Pálmadóttir2016/>{{rp|16}} The eruptive phase started on 19 and 20 December 1821 by a series of explosive eruptions and continued over the next several days. The sources describe heavy [[ash fall]] in the area around the volcano, especially to the south and west.<ref name=larsen/>{{rp|2}}

After that event the sequence of eruptions continued on a more subdued level until June 1822.<ref name=larsen/>{{rp|3}}

From the end of June until the beginning of August 1822, another sequence of explosive eruptions followed. The eruption columns were shot to considerable heights, with ashfall in both the far north of the country, in [[Eyjafjörður]], and in the southwest, on the peninsula of [[Seltjarnarnes]] near [[Reykjavík]].<ref name=larsen/>{{rp|3}}

The period from August to December 1822 seemed quieter, but farmers attributed the death of cattle and sheep in the Eyjafjörður area to poisoning from this eruption, which modern analysis identifies as [[fluoride poisoning]]. Some small glacier runs occurred in the river Hólsá. A bigger one flooded the plains near the river Markarfljót. (The sources do not indicate the exact date.).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16567&ew_0_a_id=360723 |title="Last Eyjafjallajökull Eruption Lasted Two Years", Iceland Review |publisher=Icelandreview.com |access-date=2010-04-18 |archive-date=2011-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713001426/http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16567&ew_0_a_id=360723 }}</ref>

In 1823, some men went hiking up on Eyjafjallajökull to inspect the [[Volcanic crater|craters]]. They discovered a [[fissure vent]] near the summit [[caldera]] a bit to the west of ''Guðnasteinn''.<ref name=larsen/>{{rp|4}}

In early 1823, the nearby volcano [[Katla (volcano)|Katla]] under the [[Mýrdalsjökull]] ice cap erupted and at the same time steam columns were seen on the summit of Eyjafjallajökull.<ref name=larsen/>{{rp|5}}

The ash of Eyjafjallajökull's 1821 eruptions is to be found all over the south of Iceland. It is dark grey in colour, small-grained and [[dacite|dacitic]] [[intermediate rock]] containing about 28–40% [[silicon dioxide]].<ref name=Pálmadóttir2016/>{{rp|16}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Larsen|first1 =G.|last2 =Dugmore|first2 =A.|last3 =Newton|first3 =A.|year =1999|title =Geochemistry of historical-age silicic tephras in Iceland|journal =The Holocene|volume =9|issue =4|pages =463–471|doi =10.1191/095968399669624108}}{{rp|pp=466–7}}</ref>

===2010 eruptions===
{{Main|2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull|Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption}}
[[File:Eyjafjallajökull Glacier - 29.8.09.jpg|thumb|alt=A |A photo of Eyjafjallajökull taken from [[Route 1 (Iceland)|Route 1]] in August 2009]]
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On 26 February 2010, unusual seismic activity along with rapid expansion of the Earth's crust was registered by the [[Icelandic Meteorological Office]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fasteignaskrá measurement tools|url=https://skra.is/default.aspx?pageid=943|publisher=Skra.is|access-date=2015-11-24|archive-date=2015-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328095226/http://www.skra.is/default.aspx?pageid=943}}</ref> This gave [[geophysicist]]s evidence that magma was pouring from underneath the crust into the [[magma chamber]] of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano and that pressure stemming from the process caused the huge crustal displacement at Þorvaldseyri {{IPA|is|ˈθɔrval(t)sˌeiːrɪ|}} farm.<ref>Morgublaðið (26.02.2010) {{cite web |title=Innskot undir Eyjafjallajökli|work=Morgunblaðið|url=https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2010/02/26/innskot_undir_eyjafjallajokli/}}</ref> In March 2010, almost three thousand small [[earthquake]]s were detected near the volcano, all having a depth of {{convert|7|–|10|km|mi|abbr=off|frac=2}}.<ref>Veðurstofa Íslands (5 March 2010) {{cite web | title=Jarðskjálftahrina undir Eyjafjallajökli | work=Veðurstofa Ísland (The Meteorological Institute of Iceland)|url=https://www.vedur.is/um-vi/frettir/2010/nr/1831}}</ref> The seismic activity continued to increase and from 3–5 March, over a thousand earthquakes were measured at the epicenter of the volcano.<ref name=Tarasewicz2014>{{cite journal|last1 =Tarasewicz|first1 =J.|last2 =White|first2 =R.S.|last3 =Brandsdóttir|first3 =B.|last4 =Schoonman|first4 =C.M.|year =2014|title =Seismogenic magma intrusion before the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland|journal =Geophysical Journal International|volume = 198|issue =2|pages =906–921|doi =10.1093/gji/ggu169|doi-access =free|bibcode =2014GeoJI.198..906T}}</ref>

The eruption begun on 20 March 2010, about {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the top crater of the volcano, on [[Fimmvörðuháls]], the high neck between Eyjafjallajökull and the neighbouring icecap, Mýrdalsjökull.<ref name=Tarasewicz2014/> This first eruption, in the form of a 300-meter-long radial [[fissure vent]],<ref name=":1" /> did not occur under the glacier and was smaller in scale than had been expected by some geologists. The eruption consisted of 15 lava fountains reaching heights of up to {{cvt|185|m|ft}}.<ref name=":1" /> The fissure opened on the north side of Fimmvörðuháls, directly across the popular hiking trail between Skógar, south of the pass, and [[Þórsmörk]], immediately to the north.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 =Gudmundsson|first1 =M.T.|last2 =Pedersen|first2= R.|last3= Vogfjörd|first3 =K.|last4 =Thorbjarnardóttir|first4 =B.|last5 =Jakobsdóttir|first5 =S.|last6 =Roberts|first6 =M.J.|year =2010|title = Eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland.|journal=Eos|volume= 91|issue =21|pages =190–191|doi =10.1029/2010EO210002|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010EOSTr..91..190G
}}{{rp|loc=Fig. 2.}}</ref>
[[File:Fimmvorduhals 2010 03 27 dawn.jpg|thumb|left|The eruption on 27 March 2010]]
[[File:Eyjafjallajökull crater 2013.jpg|thumb|left|The crater three years post eruption in March 2013]]
[[File:Eyjafjallajökull, Suðurland, Islandia, 2014-08-17, DD 111.JPG|thumbnail|Eyjafjallajökull seen from the sea in summer 2014.]]
On 14 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull resumed erupting after a brief pause, this time from the top crater in the centre of the glacier, causing ''[[jökulhlaup]]'' ([[meltwater]] floods) to rush down the nearby rivers, and requiring 800 people to be evacuated.<ref name="BBC8621581"/> This eruption was explosive, due to meltwater getting into the volcanic vent. It was estimated to be ten to twenty times larger than the previous one in [[Fimmvörðuháls]]. Pulsating explosive activity on 17 April 2010 was later understood to be due to periodic clogging/plugging of the conduit associated with the rise and degassing of more magma.<ref name=Pálmadóttir2016/>{{rp|80}} This second eruption threw volcanic ash several kilometres up in the atmosphere, which led to [[Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|air travel disruption]] in northwest Europe for six days from 15 to 21 April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8636461.stm |title=Ash chaos: Row grows over airspace shutdown costs |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-04-22}}</ref> This disruption affected over 20 countries and as many as 10 million air travelers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griggs|first=Gary|title=Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge|date=2017|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-29361-8|edition=1|jstor=10.1525/j.ctv1xxx5h }}</ref> The volcano erupted again in May 2010, causing the closure of [[airspace]] over many parts of Europe.<ref name=Schumann2010>{{cite journal|last1 =Schumann|first1 =U.|last2 =Weinzierl|first2 =B.|last3 =Reitebuch|first3 =O.|last4 =Schlager|first4 =H.|last5 =Minikin|first5 =A.|last6 =Forster|first6 =C.|last7 =Baumann|first7 =R.|last8 =Sailer|first8 =T.|last9 =Graf|first9 =K.|last10 =Mannstein|first10 =H.|last11 =Voigt|first11 =C.|year =2011|title =Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010|journal =Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|volume =11|issue =5|pages =2245–2279|doi =10.5194/acp-11-2245-2011|doi-access =free|hdl =1956/12423|hdl-access =free}}{{rp|p=2246}}</ref> The eruptions also created [[dirty thunderstorm|electrical storms]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36645958 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222210859/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36645958 |archive-date=2019-12-22 |title='Dirty thunderstorm': Lightning in a volcano|publisher=[[NBC News]] }}</ref> The London [[Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre]] declared the eruption to have stopped on the 23rd of May 2010, but stated that they were continuing to monitor the volcano.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport/aviation/regulated/vaac/advisories/171f9d9e18c664b59a2441daa2b42a5d|title=Met Office: Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres|date=24 May 2010 |publisher=Metoffice.gov.uk|access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref> As a direct result of this disruption being viewed by some as excessive, new standards for the closure of airspace as a result of air contamination by dust/ash were agreed internationally.<ref name=Schumann2010/> The volcano continued to have several earthquakes daily, with [[volcanologist]]s watching the volcano closely.<ref name="en.vedur.is">{{cite web|url=https://en.vedur.is/earthquakes-and-volcanism/earthquakes/myrdalsjokull/ |title=Iceland Meteorological office – Earthquakes Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland |publisher=En.vedur.is |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> As of August 2010, Eyjafjallajökull was considered dormant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2010/volcano-pauses |title=Iceland volcano 'pauses' |publisher=Metoffice.gov.uk |access-date=2010-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714054616/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2010/volcano-pauses |archive-date=2011-07-14 }}</ref> [[Infrasound]] sensors have been installed around Eyjafjallajökull to monitor for future eruptions.<ref>{{cite journal |quote=Working with the Icelandic Meteorological Office in Reykjavik, the scientists have installed five sensor arrays across the island to monitor infrasound waves from multiple volcanoes. Among them is the infamous Eyjafjallajökull, whose last eruption, in 2010, shut down air traffic across northwestern Europe for weeks. |title=World's first automated volcano forecast predicts Mount Etna's eruptions |date=15 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=563 |issue=7732 |pages=456–457 |first=Shannon |last=Hall|bibcode=2018Natur.563..456H |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07420-y |pmid=30459379 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In total, the 2010 eruptions generated about 0.27 cubic km (270,000,000 cubic metres) of tephra, causing ash fallout over central southern Iceland and parts of continental Europe. Nearby areas saw an ash layer of up to several centimeters, and surrounding glaciers saw a significant albedo reduction due to the ash.<ref name=":0" />
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===Relationship to Katla===
[[File:Eyjafjallajökull en Katla.png|thumb|400px|right| Cross section through Eyjafjöll and Katla]]

Eyjafjallajökull lies {{convert|25|km|mi|frac=2|0|abbr=on}} west of another subglacial volcano, [[Katla volcano|Katla]], under the [[Mýrdalsjökull]] ice cap, which is much more active and known for its powerful [[subglacial eruption]]s and its large magma chamber.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2010/04/20/back-into-the-clouds |title=Green.view: Back into the clouds |newspaper=The Economist |date=2010-04-16}}</ref> Each of the eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in 920, 1612, and 1821–1823 has preceded an eruption of Katla.<ref name="icelandprepares">{{cite news|title=Iceland prepares for second, more devastating volcanic eruption|work=The Times|author=Roger Boyes|access-date=21 March 2010|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7070239.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629105520/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7070239.ece |archive-date=June 29, 2011 | location=London | date=21 March 2010}}</ref> Katla did not display any unusual activity (such as expansion of the crust or seismic activity) during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, though geologists have been concerned about the general instability of Katla since 1999. Some geophysicists in Iceland believe that the Eyjafjallajökull eruption may trigger an eruption of Katla, which would cause major flooding due to melting of glacial ice and send up massive plumes of ash.<ref name="icelandprepares"/><ref>Kastljósið 22.3.2010, Sjónvarpið, "Viðtal við Dr. Pál Einarsson, jarðeðlisfræðing"</ref> On 20 April 2010, Icelandic President [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson|Ólafur Grímsson]] said "the time for Katla to erupt is coming close...we [Iceland] have prepared...it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8631343.stm |title=Newsnight – Olafur Grimsson: Eruption is only 'small rehearsal' |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-04-20}}</ref>

Volcanologists continue to monitor Katla, aware that any eruption from Katla following an eruption from Eyjafjallajökull has historically occurred within months of an Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The Icelandic Meteorological Office updates its website with reports of quakes at both Eyjafjallajökull and Katla.<ref name="en.vedur.is"/> On 8 July 2011 there was a [[jökulhlaup]] that destroyed a bridge on the [[Ring Road (Iceland)|Ring Road]] and caused cracks to appear on Katla's glacier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=372020&vtab=Weekly|title=Weekly Reports|work=Katla|publisher=Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>

==Postage stamp ==

Icelandic Post issued three special [[Postage stamp|stamps]] in 2010 for the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano. All stamps contain real [[volcanic ash]] which fell on 17 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://findyourstampsvalue.com/news/stamps-created-from-eyjafjallajokull-volcano-ash-released-by-iceland-post-extraordinary-philatelic-items-to-collectors-attention|title=Stamps created from Eyjafjallajokull volcano ash|publisher=FindYourStampsValue.com |date=2010-07-30}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Volcanoes|Iceland}}
* [[List of glaciers of Iceland]]
* [[List of waterfalls of Iceland]]
* [[Ragnar Th. Sigurdsson]], who photographed the 2010 eruption
* [[Volcanism of Iceland]]
** [[List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland]]
** [[List of volcanoes in Iceland]]
* [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Eyjafjallajökull}}
{{Wikinews|Ash from Iceland volcano could affect UK flights | European airspace closed by volcanic ash | Volcanic eruption starts on top of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland | Icelandic volcanic eruption prompts evacuation, flight diversions | Europe's airline chaos: in depth}}
* [https://icelandicvolcanoes.is/?volcano=EYJ Eyjafjallajökull] in the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes

=== Photos ===
* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43252 Satellite image of 2010 eruption by NASA]
* [https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/5137 A collection of satellite images from the CIMSS Satellite Blog]
* [http://lostinstockholm.com/2010/04/16/amazing-photos-from-the-volcanic-eruption-in-iceland/ Best of Photo Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709151026/http://lostinstockholm.com/2010/04/16/amazing-photos-from-the-volcanic-eruption-in-iceland/ |date=2012-07-09 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html|title =More from Eyjafjallajökull – The Big Picture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209001510/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html|archive-date =9 February 2012}}

=== Videos and webcams ===
* [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull#Webcams|Webcams of the eruption]]
* [http://vimeo.com/11008464 A short time-lapse from April 17, 2010. About 30 minutes played in 18 second.]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/iriya/4526241556/ Video of the first 2010 eruption]
* [http://www.vimeo.com/10548285 Video of the first 2010 eruption by Raw Iceland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100718182351/http://www.helicoptericeland.com/volcano-tour-eyjafjallajokull/ Video of the aftermath of Eyjafjallajokull eruption. Shot on July 28, 2010]
* [http://www.vimeo.com/11122783 A film crew lands on Eyjafjallajokull during the 2010 eruption]

=== Geological articles ===
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1571-0866(09)01302-5|title= Geology of Katla and Eyjafjallajökull volcanoes, University of Iceland | year=2010 | journal=Developments in Quaternary Sciences|pages=5–21 | last1 = Sturkell | first1 = Erik | last2 = Einarsson | first2 = Páll | last3 = Sigmundsson | first3 = Freysteinn | last4 = Hooper | first4 = Andy | last5 = Ófeigsson | first5 = Benedikt G. | last6 = Geirsson | first6 = Halldór | last7 = Ólafsson | first7 = Halldór}}
* [https://www.vedur.is/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_013.pdf Magma pathways and earthquakes at Eyjafjallajökull, Icelandic Meteorological Institute (PDF)]
* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm#eyjafjol SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for Eyjafjallajökull]

=== Aviation ash forecasts ===
* [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/aviation/vaac/vaacuk_vag.html Volcanic Ash Advisory Graphical Forecast for the North Atlantic region]

=== Maps ===
* [https://atlas.lmi.is/kortasafn_kort/2001-540-qv.jpg Contour map]

{{Glaciers of Iceland}}
{{Volcanoes of Iceland}}
{{2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions}}

{{portal bar|Geography|Geology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eyjafjallajokull}}
[[Category:Eyjafjallajökull| ]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:Bodies of ice of Iceland]]
[[Category:Ice caps]]
[[Category:East Volcanic Zone of Iceland]]
[[Category:Southern Region (Iceland)]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Iceland]]
[[Category:VEI-4 volcanoes]]
[[Category:Subglacial volcanoes of Iceland]]
[[Category:Volcanic systems of Iceland]]
[[Category:Calderas of Iceland]]
[[Category:Central volcanoes of Iceland]]
[[Category:Jökulhlaups]]