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{{about|the novel|its screen adaptations and other uses|Fanny Hill (disambiguation)}}
{{short description| 1748-49 erotic novel by John Cleland}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name                 = Fanny Hill
| title_orig           = Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure
| translator           =
| image                = Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure Fanny Hill 1749 edition title page.jpg
| caption              = One of earliest editions, 1749 (MDCCXLIX)
| author               = [[John Cleland]]
| illustrator          =
| cover_artist         =
| country              = Great Britain
| language             = English
| genre                = [[Erotic novel]]
| release_date         = 21 November 1748; February 1749
| english_release_date =
| media_type           = Print (hardback and paperback)
| dewey                = 823/.6 19
| congress             = PR3348.C65 M45| oclc                 = 13050889
}}

'''''Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure''''' – popularly known as '''''Fanny Hill''''' – is an [[erotic novel]] by the English novelist [[John Cleland]] first published in [[London]] in 1748 and 1749. Written while the author was in [[debtors' prison]] in London,<ref name="Wagner">Wagner, "Introduction", in Cleland, ''Fanny Hill'', 1985, p. 7.</ref><ref>Lane, ''Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age,'' 2000, p. 11.</ref> it is considered "the first original English [[prose]] pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel".<ref>Foxon, ''Libertine Literature in England, 1660–1745'', 1965, p. 45.</ref> It is one of the most prosecuted and  [[banned]] books in history.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Browne| first1 = Ray Broadus| last2 = Browne| first2 = Pat|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetounitedsta0000unse/page/273| title = The Guide to United States Popular Culture| year = 2001| publisher = Popular Press| isbn = 978-0-87972-821-2| page = 273 }}</ref>

The book exemplifies the use of [[euphemism]]. The text has no swearing or explicit scientific terms for body parts, but uses many literary devices to describe genitalia. For example, the vagina is sometimes referred to as "the nethermouth".

A critical edition by Peter Sabor includes a bibliography and explanatory notes.<ref>Oxford World's Classics, 1985.</ref> The collection ''Launching "Fanny Hill"'' contains several essays on the historical, social and economic themes underlying the novel.<ref>Patsy S. Fowler and Alan Jackson, eds. ''Launching "Fanny Hill": Essays on the Novel and Its Influences''. New York: AMS Press, 2003.</ref>

==Publishing history==
The novel was published in two installments, on 21 November 1748 and in February 1749,  by Fenton Griffiths and his brother [[Ralph Griffiths|Ralph]] under the name "G. Fenton".<ref>Roger Lonsdale, "New attributions to John Cleland", ''[[The Review of English Studies]]'' 1979 XXX(119):268–290 {{doi|10.1093/res/XXX.119.268}}</ref> There has been speculation that the novel was at least partly written by 1740, when Cleland was stationed in [[Bombay]] as an employee of the [[East India Company]].<ref>Gladfelder, Hall, Fanny Hill in Bombay, The Making and Unmaking of John Cleland, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2012.</ref>

Initially, there was no governmental reaction to the novel. However, in November 1749, a year after the first installment was published, Cleland and Ralph Griffiths were arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects". In court, Cleland renounced the novel and it was officially withdrawn.
[[File:Fanny Hill 1910 cover.jpg|thumb|Cover of an undated American edition of ''Fanny Hill'', <abbr>c.</abbr> 1910]]
As the book became popular, [[Copyright infringement|pirate editions]] appeared. It was once believed that the scene near the end, in which Fanny reacts with disgust at the sight of two young men engaging in [[anal intercourse]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kopelson|first=K.|date=1992|title=Seeing sodomy: Fanny Hill's blinding vision|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|volume=23|issue=1–2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1300/J082v23n01_09|issn=0091-8369|pmid=1431071}}</ref> was an interpolation made for these pirated editions, but the scene is present in the first edition (p. xxiii). In the 19th century, copies of the book were sold [[Underground press|underground]] in the UK, the US and elsewhere.<ref name=globe/> In 1887, a French edition appeared with illustrations by [[Édouard-Henri Avril]].

The book eventually made its way to the United States. In 1821, a [[Massachusetts]] court outlawed ''Fanny Hill''. The publisher, Peter Holmes, was convicted for printing a "lewd and obscene" novel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noble|first=William|title=Bookbanning in America : who bans books?--and why?|year=1990|publisher=P.S. Eriksson|location=Middlebury, Vt.|isbn=0839710801|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bookbanninginame00nobl/page/64 64-65]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bookbanninginame00nobl/page/64}}</ref> Holmes appealed to the [[Massachusetts Supreme Court]]. He claimed that the judge, relying only on the prosecution's description, had not even seen the book. The state Supreme Court was not swayed. The Chief Justice wrote that Holmes was "a scandalous and evil disposed person" who had contrived to "debauch and corrupt" the citizens of Massachusetts and "to raise and create in their minds inordinate and lustful desires".

===Mayflower (UK) edition===
In 1963, after the 1960 court decision in ''[[R v Penguin Books Ltd]]'' that allowed the continuing publication of ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]'', [[Gareth Powell]]'s Mayflower Books published an [[Censorship|uncensored]] paperback version of ''Fanny Hill''. The police became aware of the 1963 edition a few days before publication, having spotted a sign in the window of the Magic Shop in [[Tottenham Court Road]] in London, run by Ralph Gold. An officer went to the shop, bought a copy, and delivered it to [[Bow Street Magistrates' Court|Bow Street magistrate]] Sir Robert Blundell, who issued a search warrant. At the same time, two officers from the [[Metropolitan Police]]'s [[Obscene Publications Branch]] visited Mayflower Books in [[Vauxhall Bridge Road]] to determine whether copies of the book were kept on the premises. They interviewed Powell, the publisher, and took away the five copies there. The police returned to the Magic Shop and seized 171 copies of the book, and in December, Gold was summonsed under section 3 of the [[Obscene Publications Act 1959]]. By then, Mayflower had distributed 82,000 copies of the book, but it was Gold who was being tried, although Mayflower covered the legal costs. The trial took place in February 1964. The defence argued that ''Fanny Hill'' was a historical source book and that it was a joyful celebration of normal non-perverted sex—bawdy rather than pornographic. The prosecution countered by stressing one atypical scene involving flagellation, and won. Mayflower elected not to appeal.

Luxor Press published a 9/6 edition in January 1964, using text "exactly the same as that employed for the de-luxe edition" in 1963. The back cover features praise from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' and from the author and critic [[Marghanita Laski]]. It went through many reprints in the first couple of years.

The Mayflower case highlighted the growing disconnect between the obscenity laws and the [[permissive society]] that was developing in late 1960s Britain, and was instrumental in shifting views to the point where in 1970 an uncensored version of ''Fanny Hill'' was again published in Britain.

===1960s US edition: prosecutions and court rulings===
In 1963, [[G. P. Putnam's Sons|Putnam]] published the book in the United States under the title ''John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure''. This edition led to the arrest of New York City bookstore owner [[Irwin Weisfeld]] and clerk John Downs<ref>{{cite news |title=Judges Convict Two for 'Fanny Hill' Sale |work=New York Daily News |date=15 November 1963}}</ref><ref name="Bates 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Stephen |title=Father Hill and Fanny Hill: an Activist Group's Crusade to Remake Obscenity Law |journal=UNC / First Amendment Law Review |date=1 March 2010 |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1117&context=falr}}</ref>{{rp|p. 49}} as part of an anti-obscenity campaign orchestrated by several major political figures.<ref name="Bates 2010"/>{{rp|p. 2}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Ronald K. L. |last2=Skover |first2=David M. |title=The Trials of Lenny Bruce |year=2002 |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |isbn=1570719861 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qc05AAAAQBAJ&q=irwin+weisfeld&pg=PT205}}</ref> Weisfeld's conviction<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bookcase, inc, defendant-appellant. |title=The people of the State of New York, respondent, against The Bookcase, inc., Irwin Weisfeld, and John Downs, defendants-appellants. |url=https://www.nypl.org/research/collections/shared-collection-catalog/bib/b10396585 |via=nypl.org |year=1964 |publisher=New York Public Library}}</ref> was eventually overturned in state court and the New York ban of ''Fanny Hill'' lifted.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Court Lifts 'Fanny Hill' Ban |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/11/archives/state-court-lifts-fanny-hill-ban-judges-also-rule-out-curb-on-the.html |work=New York Times |date=11 July 1964}}</ref> The new edition was also banned for obscenity in Massachusetts, after a mother complained to the state's Obscene Literature Control Commission.<ref name=globe>{{cite news|last1=Graham|first1=Ruth|title=How 'Fanny Hill' stopped the literary censors|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/07/06/how-fanny-hill-stopped-literary-censors/YEx9KPuHMv5O5avhB87MeI/story.html|work=Boston Globe|access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> The Massachusetts high court did rule ''Fanny Hill'' obscene<ref name="Bates 2010"/>{{rp|p. 59}} and the publisher's challenge to the ban then went up to the Supreme Court. In a landmark decision in 1966, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled in ''[[Memoirs v. Massachusetts]]'' that ''Fanny Hill'' did not meet the [[Roth v. United States|''Roth'' standard]] for obscenity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~ereading/MemoirsvMA.pdf |title=A Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" et al. v. Attorney General of Massachusetts |date=October 1965 |website=Princeton University |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622070343/https://www.princeton.edu/~ereading/MemoirsvMA.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2017 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref>

The art historian [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] recommended the work in a letter for "its delicate sensitivities and noble ideas" expressed in "an elevated [[Pindar]]ic style".<ref>Winckelmann, ''Briefe'', H. Diepolder and W. Rehm, eds., (1952–1957) vol. II:111 (no. 380) noted in Thomas Pelzel, "Winckelmann, Mengs and Casanova: A Reappraisal of a Famous Eighteenth-Century Forger", ''The Art Bulletin,'' '''54'''.3 (September 1972:300–315)  p. 306 and note.</ref>

==Illustrations==
The original work was not illustrated, but many editions of this book have contained illustrations, often depicting the novel's sexual content. Distributors of the novel such as John Crosby were imprisoned for "exhibiting [not selling] to sundry persons a certain lewd and indecent book, containing very lewd and obscene pictures or engravings". Sellers of the novel such as Peter Holmes were imprisoned and charged that they "did utter, publish and deliver to one [name]; a certain lewd, wicked, scandalous, infamous and obscene print, on paper, was contained in a certain printed book then and there uttered, [2] published and delivered by him said Peter Holmes intitled "Memoirs of a Woman Of Pleasure" to manifest corruption and subversion of youth, and other good citizens ... "<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCorison|first=Marcus A.|date=1 June 2010|title=Printers and the Law: The Trials of Publishing Obscene Libel in Early America|journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volume=104|issue=2|pages=181–217|doi=10.1086/680925|s2cid=152734843|issn=0006-128X}}</ref>

None of the story's scenes have been exempt from illustration. Illustrations of this novel vary from the first homosexual experience to the flagellation scene.

Although editions of the book have frequently featured illustrations, many have been of poor quality.<ref>Hurwood, p. 179</ref> An exception to this is the set of [[mezzotint]]s, probably designed by the artist [[George Morland]] and engraved by his friend [[John Raphael Smith]] that accompanied one edition.

==Plot==

The novel consists of two long letters (which appear as volumes I and II of the original edition) to an unnamed acquaintance identified only as 'Madam,' written by Frances 'Fanny' Hill,  a rich Englishwoman in her middle age, who leads a life of contentment with her loving husband Charles and their children. Fanny has been prevailed upon by 'Madam' to recount the 'scandalous stages' of her earlier life, which she proceeds to do with 'stark naked truth' as her governing principle.

The first letter begins with a short account of Fanny's impoverished childhood in a [[Lancashire]] village. At age 14, she loses her parents to [[smallpox]], arrives in [[London]] to look for domestic work, and gets lured into a brothel. She sees a sexual encounter between an ugly older couple and another between a young attractive couple, and participates in a lesbian encounter of masturbation with Phoebe, a bisexual prostitute. A customer, Charles, meets Fanny and the two fall in love at first sight, leading to Charles persuading her to escape, while paying a sum of money to secure Fanny's escape. She has sex with Charles and becomes his lover. Charles is sent away by deception to the South Seas, and Fanny is driven by desperation and poverty to become the kept woman of a rich merchant named Mr H—. After enjoying a brief period of stability, she sees Mr H— have a sexual encounter with her own maid, and goes on to seduce Will (the young footman of Mr H—) as an act of revenge. She is discovered by Mr H— as she is having a sexual encounter with Will. After being abandoned by Mr H—, Fanny becomes a prostitute for wealthy clients in a pleasure-house run by Mrs Cole. This marks the end of the first letter.

The second letter begins with a rumination on the tedium of writing about sex and the difficulty of driving a middle course between vulgar language and "mincing metaphors and affected circumlocutions". Fanny then describes her adventures in the house of Mrs Cole, which include a group orgy, an elaborately orchestrated bogus sale of her "virginity" to a rich dupe called Mr Norbert, and a sado-masochistic session with a man involving mutual flagellation with birch-rods. These are interspersed with narratives which do not involve Fanny directly; for instance, the three other girls in Mrs Cole's house (Emily, Louisa and Harriett) describe their own losses of virginity, and the nymphomaniac Louisa seduces the immensely endowed but imbecilic "good-natured Dick". Fanny also describes anal intercourse between two older boys (removed from several later editions). Eventually Fanny retires from prostitution and becomes the lover of a rich and worldly-wise man of 60, after coming to his aid during a fit of coughing whilst out for a morning walk. (The elder man is described by Fanny as a "rational pleasurist"). This phase of Fanny's life brings about her intellectual development, and leaves her wealthy when her lover dies of a sudden cold. Soon after, she has a chance encounter with Charles, who has returned as a poor man to England after being shipwrecked. Fanny offers her fortune to Charles unconditionally, but he insists on marrying her.

The novel's developed characters include Charles, Mrs Jones (Fanny's landlady), Mrs Cole, Will, Mr H— and Mr Norbert. The prose includes long sentences with many subordinate clauses. Its morality is conventional for the time, in that it denounces sodomy, frowns upon vice and approves of only heterosexual unions based upon mutual love.<ref>Cleland John, Memoirs of a woman of pleasure, ed. Peter Sabor, Oxford University Press, 1985.</ref>

==Analysis==
The plot was described as 'operatic' by [[John Hollander]], who said that "the book's language and its protagonist's character are its greatest virtues".<ref>Hollander, John: "The old last act: some observations on Fanny Hill", ''Encounter'', October 1963.</ref>

Literary critic [[Felicity A. Nussbaum]] describes the girls in Mrs Cole's brothel as {{"'}}a little troop of love' who provide compliments, caresses, and congratulation to their fellow whores' erotic achievements".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nussbaum |first=Felicity |date=1995 |title=One part of womankind: prostitution and sexual geography in 'Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure' |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA18018441&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=10407391&p=AONE&sw=w |journal= Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies|volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=16–41 |via=Academic OneFile}}</ref>

According to literary critic Thomas Holmes, Fanny and Mrs Cole see the homosexual act thus: "the act subverts not only the hierarchy of the male over the female, but also what they consider nature's law regarding the role of intercourse and procreation," while silmultaneously celebrating their own lives of wanton sexual behavior and prostitution.<ref>{{cite journal
  |title = Sexual Positions and Sexual Politics: John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure
  |last = Holmes
  |first = Thomas Alan
  |journal = [[South Atlantic Review]]
  |issn = 0277-335X
  |volume = 74
  |issue = 1
  |year = 2009
  |pages = 124–139
  |jstor = 27784834
}}</ref>

=== Metonymy ===
Numerous scholars claim that ''Fanny'' refers to a woman's [[vulva]] or that ''Hill'' refers to the ''[[mons pubis]]'', mound of Venus,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2017/aug/14/fanny-hill-ban-university-racy-novel-woman-pleasure |title=Fanny Hill: why would anyone ban the racy novel about 'a woman of pleasure'? |last=Sutherland |first=John |date=14 August 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=24 August 2017 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> but this interpretation lacks corroborating evidence: the term "[[Vulva#Terminology|fanny]]" is first known to have been used to mean female genitalia in the 1830s, and no 18th-century dictionary defines "fanny" this way.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spedding |first1=Patrick |last2=Lambert |first2=James |s2cid=161549305 |date=2011 |title=Fanny Hill, Lord Fanny, and the Myth of Metonymy |journal=Studies in Philology |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=108–132 |doi=10.1353/sip.2011.0001 |issn=1543-0383|url=https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/66a1dd9b-2050-40e9-b220-aa9c8dd4f97c }}</ref>

=== Disability ===

Later in the text when Fanny is with Louisa, they come across a boy nicknamed "Good-natured Dick" who is described as having some mental disability/handicap. Louisa brings the boy in anyway, as Dick's functioning physical state supersedes his poor mental one. This scene also leads into an issue within the text of rape (for both Dick and Louisa) and how the possible label of rape is removed by resistance transitioning into pleasure.<ref>{{cite journal
  |title = What Happens When Pornography Ends in Marriage: The Uniformity of Pleasure in "Fanny Hill"
  |last = Haslanger
  |first = Andrea
  |s2cid = 32906838
 |journal = [[ELH]]
  |issn = 0013-8304
  |eissn = 1080-6547
  |volume = 78
  |issue = 1
  |year = 2011
  |pages = 163–188
  |jstor = 41236538
|doi = 10.1353/elh.2011.0002
 |pmid = 21688452
 }}</ref>

=== ''Fanny Hill'' as a ''Bildungsroman'' ===
One scholar, David McCracken, writes about ''Fanny Hill'' as a ''[[bildungsroman]]''. Her sexual development contains three life stages: innocence, experimentation, and experience.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCracken |first=David |date=October 2016 |title=A Burkean Analysis of the Sublimity and the Beauty of the Phallus in John Cleland's Fanny Hill |journal=ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews |volume=29|issue=3 |pages=138–141 |via=MLA Bibliography |doi=10.1080/0895769X.2016.1216388 |s2cid=164429385}}</ref> McCracken specifically addresses how Fanny's word selections on describing the phallus change throughout the stages. Fanny sees the phallus as both an object of terror and of delight. McCracken relates her changing view of the phallus to Burke's theory of the sublime and beautiful.

=== Shame ===

[[Patricia Spacks]] discusses how Fanny has been previously deprived by her rural environment of what she can understand as real experience, and how she welcomes the whores' efforts to educate her.<ref>{{cite journal
  |title = Female Changelessness; Or, What Do Women Want?
  |last = Spacks
  |first = Patricia Meyer
  |journal = [[Studies in the Novel]]
  |issn = 0039-3827
  |volume = 19
  |issue = 3, Women and Early Fiction
  |year = 1987
  |pages = 273–283
  |jstor = 29532507
}}</ref> Since Fanny is so quickly catapulted into her new life, she has had little time to reflect on the shame and regret that she feels for leading a life of adultery, and replaces this shame with the pleasure of sexual encounters with men and women. Even though these feelings may have been replaced or forgotten, she still reflects on her past: "...and since I was now bent over the bar, I thought by plunging over head and ears into the stream I was hurried away by, to drown all sense of shame or reflection".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Memoirs of a woman of pleasure|last=Cleland|first=John|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|year=2008|pages=78}}</ref> Having little time to think about how she feels about her transition, she masks her thoughts with sexual pleasure, yet this is not a total fix to forget her emotions.

=== Narrative voice ===<!-- this image is forced to infobox width - if the infobox width changes, please change this width -->

Andrea Haslanger argues in her dissertation how the use of first-person narrative in the 18th century "undermines, rather than secures, the individual" in classic epistolary novels like [[Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress|''Roxana'']] by [[Daniel Defoe]], ''[[Evelina]]'' by [[Fanny Burney]], ''[[Frankenstein]]'' by [[Mary Shelley]] and specifically ''Fanny Hill''. Haslanger claims that "the paradox of pornographic narration is that it mobilizes certain aspects of the first person (the description of intimate details) while eradicating others (the expression of disagreement or resistance)" (19).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Story of I: First Persons and Others In Eighteenth-Century Narrative|last=Haslanger|first=Andrea|publisher=UMI|year=2011}}</ref> With this in mind, she raises the question of "whether 'I' denotes consciousness or body or both" (34).

=== ''Fanny Hill'' versus the traditional conduct novel ===
With sexual acts being viewed as taboo within 18th-century England, ''Fanny Hill'' strayed far away from the norm in comparison to other works of its time. A large portion of books that focused on the idea of sex were written in the form of conduct novels: books that would focus on teaching women the proper ways to behave and live their lives in as virtuous a manner as possible.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sachidananda|first=Mohanty|date=2004|title=Female Identity and Conduct Book Tradition in Orissa: The Virtuous Woman in the Ideal Home.|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|pages=333–336}}</ref> These novels encouraged women to stay away from sexual deviance, for if they were to remain virtuous then they would ultimately be rewarded. One example of this is [[Samuel Richardson]]'s conduct novel ''[[Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded]]'', in which the character of Pamela is able to resist sexual temptation, thus maintaining her virtue and being rewarded in the end with a prosperous life.

However, ''Fanny Hill'' was widely considered to be the first work of its time to focus on the idea of sexual deviance being an act of pleasure, rather than something that was simply shameful. This can be seen through Fanny's character partaking in acts that would normally be viewed as deplorable by society's standards, but then is never punished for them. In fact, Fanny is ultimately able to achieve her own happy ending when she is able to find Charles again, marrying him and living in a life of wealth. This can be viewed in sharp contrast to a work like ''Pamela'', where sexual acts are avoided for the sake of maintaining virtue. Meanwhile, within ''Fanny Hill'', normally deplorable acts can be conducted with little to no consequence. {{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==Film, literary and other adaptations== <!-- This section is linked from [[B movie]] -->
{{Further|Fanny Hill (disambiguation)}}
Because of the book's notoriety (and [[public domain]] status), numerous adaptations have been produced. Some of them are:
* ''[[Fanny Hill (1964 film)|Fanny Hill]]'' (US/West Germany, 1964), starring [[Letícia Román]], [[Miriam Hopkins]], [[Ulli Lommel]], [[Chris Howland]]; directed by [[Russ Meyer]], [[Albert Zugsmith]] (uncredited)<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q824818|title=Fanny Hill (1964)}}</ref>
* ''The Notorious Daughter of Fanny Hill'' (US, 1966), starring Stacy Walker, Ginger Hale; directed by Peter Perry (Arthur Stootsbury).
* ''[[Fanny Hill (1968 film)|Fanny Hill]]'' (Sweden, 1968), starring [[Diana Kjær]], [[Hans Ernback]], [[Keve Hjelm]], [[Oscar Ljung]]; directed by [[Mac Ahlberg]]<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q10493985|title=Fanny Hill (1968)}}</ref>
* ''Fanny, Being the True History of the Adventures of Fanny Hackabout-Jones'' (1980) (a retelling of 'Fanny Hill' by [[Erica Jong]] purports to tell the story from Fanny's point of view, with Cleland as a character she complains fictionalised her life).
* ''[[Fanny Hill (1983 film)|Fanny Hill]]'' (West Germany/UK, 1983), starring [[Lisa Foster]], [[Oliver Reed]], [[Wilfrid Hyde-White]], [[Shelley Winters]]; directed by [[Gerry O'Hara]]<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q5434035|title=Fanny Hill (1983)}}</ref>
* ''[[Paprika (1991 film)|Paprika]]'' (Italy, 1991), starring [[Debora Caprioglio]], [[Stéphane Bonnet]], [[Stéphane Ferrara]], [[Luigi Laezza]], [[Rossana Gavinel]], [[Martine Brochard]] and [[John Steiner]]; directed by [[Tinto Brass]].<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q771069|title=Paprika}}</ref>
* ''Fanny Hill'' (UK, 1995), directed by [[Valentine Palmer]].<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q123563682|title=Fanny Hill (1995)}}</ref>
* ''Fanny Hill'' (Off-Broadway Musical, 2006), libretto and score by [[Ed Dixon]], starring [[Nancy Anderson]] as Fanny.
* ''[[Fanny Hill (2007 serial)|Fanny Hill]]'' (UK, 2007), written by [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]] for the [[BBC]] and starring [[Samantha Bond]] and [[Rebecca Night]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/may/08/broadcasting.bbc2|title=Davies turns to raunchy 18th century classic|date=8 May 2006|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* [[Erich von Götha de la Rosière]] adapted the novel into a comic book version.

== Illustrations based on ''Fanny Hill'' ==
<gallery>
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (11).jpg|Illustration I: The Ceremonial of Fanny's initiation, [[Édouard-Henri Avril]], 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril.jpg|Illustration II: Mr Croft's attempt to seduce Fanny, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (1).jpg|Illustration III: Polly Philips and the young Italian, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (2).jpg|Illustration IV: Charles plucks Fanny's virgin flower, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (3) crop.JPG|Illustration V: Fanny emboldens William, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (4).jpg|Illustration VI: Mr. H... surprises Fanny and William, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (5).jpg|Illustration VII: Louisa and the lodger's son, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (6).jpg|Illustration VIII: Fanny's beauties displayed, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (7).jpg|Illustration IX: Fanny and the sailor, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (8).jpg|Illustration X: Fanny whips Mr. Barville, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (9).jpg|Illustration XI: The bathing party, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Édouard-Henri Avril (10).jpg|Illustration XII: Charles and Fanny, Édouard-Henri Avril, 1907
File:Mrs Brown, the Horse Grenadier, and Fanny Hill (BM 2011,7084.13).jpg|''Mrs Brown, the Horse Grenadier, and Fanny Hill'', between 1748 and 1800
File:Fanny Hill, Louisa, and the Nosegay Boy (BM 2010,7081.527).jpg|''Fanny Hill, Louisa, and the Nosegay Boy'', circa 1787
File:Fanny Hill and Phoebe (BM 2010,7081.526).jpg|''Fanny Hill and Phoebe'', circa 1787
</gallery>

==See also==
* {{anl|Banned in Boston}}
* {{anl|Book censorship}}
* {{anl|Erotic literature}}
* {{anl|Index Librorum Prohibitorum|''Index Librorum Prohibitorum''}}
* {{anl|Josephine Mutzenbacher|''Josephine Mutzenbacher''}}
* {{anl|Kama Sutra|''Kama Sutra''}}
* [[Libertinism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Browne |first1=Ray Broadus |author-link1=Ray B. Browne |last2=Browne |first2=Pat |title=The Guide to United States Popular Culture |publisher=Popular Press |publication-place=Bowling Green, Ohio |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-87972-821-2 |oclc=1285580241 |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetounitedsta0000unse |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Foxon |first=David F. |author-link=David Foxon |title=Libertine Literature in England, 1660-1745 |publisher=University Books |publication-place=New Hyde Park, N.Y. |year=1966 |orig-year=1964 |oclc=988209650 |url=https://archive.org/details/libertineliterat0000foxo |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Gladfelder |first=Hal |title=Fanny Hill in Bombay: The Making and Unmaking of John Cleland |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |publication-place=Baltimore, Md. |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4214-0526-1 |oclc=809317398}} [{{GBurl |id=-OrNKHZZV04C}} Partial preview] at [[Google Books]].
* {{cite book |last=Hurwood |first=Bernhardt J. |title=The Golden Age of Erotica |publisher=Sherbourne Press |publication-place=Los Angeles |year=1965 |oclc=1432636}}
* {{cite book |last=Kendrick |first=Walter M. |title=The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture |publisher=University of California Press |publication-place=Berkeley, Calif. |year=1996 |orig-year=1987 |isbn=978-0-520-20729-5 |oclc=1108971658 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretmuseumporn0000kend |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Lane |first=Frederick S. |title=Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=New York |year=2001 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=978-1-135-11571-5 |oclc=813844846}} [{{GBurl |id=DfwNl9KuC5EC}} Partial preview] at [[Google Books]].
* {{cite book |last=Sutherland |first=John |author-link=John Sutherland (author) |title=Offensive Literature: Decensorship in Britain, 1960-1982 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |publication-place=Totowa, N.J. |year=1983 |orig-year=1982 |isbn=978-0-389-20354-4 |oclc=9083752 |url=https://archive.org/details/offensiveliterat0000suth/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links
 |wikt=no |c= |n=no |q=no |s= |b=no |v=no
}}
* {{cite book |title=''Formats and editions of ''Fanny Hill'' ordered by publication date at WorldCat.org'' |url=https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/969007594?limit=50&offset=1&orderBy=publicationDateAsc}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=25305|name=Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure}}
* {{Internet Archive|fannyhillormemoi0000clel_r0y7}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060523072544/http://www.dickens-theme.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/dombeyallusion.html Charles Dickens's Themes] A surprising allusion to ''Fanny Hill'' in ''Dombey and Son.''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/fanny-hill.shtml BBC TV Adaptation] First Broadcast October 2007
* {{librivox book | title=Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure | author=John CLELAND}}

{{Sexual revolution}}
{{Fanny Hill}}
{{British pornography}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1748 British novels]]
[[Category:British bildungsromans]]
[[Category:British erotic novels]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Female characters in literature|Hill, Fanny]]
[[Category:Fictional prostitutes|Hill, Fanny]]
[[Category:Lesbian fiction]]
[[Category:Literature related to the sexual revolution]]
[[Category:Novels about British prostitution]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Novels about gay topics]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in literature]]
[[Category:Pornography in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Prison writings]]
[[Category:United States pornography law]]