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{{Short description|Imaginary sport teams ownership game}}

A '''fantasy sport''' (also known less commonly as '''rotisserie''' or '''roto''') is a game, often played using the internet, where participants assemble imaginary or virtual teams composed of proxies of real players of a professional sport. These teams compete based on the statistical performance of those players in actual games. This performance is converted into points that are compiled and totaled according to a roster selected by each fantasy team's manager. These point systems can be simple enough to be manually calculated by a "league [[Commissioner#Sports|commissioner]]" who coordinates and manages the overall league, or points can be compiled and calculated using computers tracking actual results of the professional sport. In fantasy sports, as in real sports, team owners draft, trade, and cut (drop) players.

==History==

===Early simulations===
The history of fantasy games can be traced to the 19th century. The [[tabletop game]] ''Sebring Parlor Base Ball'', introduced in 1866, allowed participants to [[simulation|simulate]] games by propelling a coin into slots on a wooden board.<ref name="Burton">{{cite web|first=Rick|last=Burton|title=Start of a Fantasy|website=baseballhall.org|url=https://baseballhall.org/discover/start-of-fantasy-baseball|access-date=June 28, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181837/https://baseballhall.org/discover/start-of-fantasy-baseball|url-status=live}}</ref> Later games featured outcomes determined by dice rolls or spinners.<ref name="Burton"/> In 1930, Clifford Van Beek designed the board game ''National Pastime'', which contained customized [[baseball card]]s of [[Major League Baseball|Major League Baseball (MLB)]] players.<ref name="Burton"/> After rolling a pair of dice, participants would consult the card of the MLB player "[[at bat]]" to determine an outcome, which could range from a [[Single (baseball)|single]], [[Double (baseball)|double]], [[Triple (baseball)|triple]], or [[home run]] to a [[strikeout]], [[putout]], [[Walk (baseball)|walk]], or [[Error (baseball)|error]]. Players with better statistics in the previous season were more likely to receive favorable outcomes; this allowed ''National Pastime'' to become one of the first games to try to simulate the performances of real-life MLB players.<ref name="Burton"/>

An example of such games was [[APBA]], which was first released in 1951 and also contained cards of MLB players with in-game outcomes correlated to their stats from past seasons. Participants could compose fantasy teams from the cards and play against each other or recreate previous seasons using the statistics on the cards.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Franz|last=Lidz|title=APBA Is the Name, Baseball Is the Game, and Obsession Is the Result|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=December 8, 1980|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1980/12/08/825223/sideline-apba-is-the-name-baseball-is-the-game-and-obsession-is-the-result}}</ref> Individual player cards and dice roll simulations were also emulated in the [[Strat-O-Matic]] game, which was first released in 1961.<ref name="Lemire">{{cite magazine|first=Joe|last=Lemire|title=Strat-O-Matic more than a game for its founder and devotees|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=February 10, 2011|url=https://www.si.com/more-sports/2011/02/10/strat-omatic}}</ref> [[Daniel Okrent]], who would later be credited with developing modern [[fantasy baseball]], was an avid Strat-O-Matic player, telling ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' in 2011 that "if there hadn't been Strat-O-Matic, I still think I would have come up with [[Fantasy baseball#Rotisserie League Baseball|rotisserie]], but unquestionably it helped."<ref name="Lemire"/>

In 1961, another early form of fantasy baseball was coded for the [[IBM 1620]] computer by [[John Burgeson]], then working for [[IBM]].<ref name="Kalb"/> A user would select a team from a limited roster of retired players to play against a team randomly chosen by the computer. The computer would then use random number generation and player statistics to simulate a game's outcome and print a play-by-play description of it.<ref name="Kalb"/><ref>A paper on this is available on Wikipedia under the name [[:File:1620 baseball.pdf]] and also at the website http://www.burgy.50megs.com/bbc.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013449/http://www.burgy.50megs.com/bbc.htm |date=2022-01-25 }}.</ref>

While some of these fantasy games produced outcomes based on the performances of real athletes, they were not designed to be played out over the course of a season, nor did they take current statistics into account, relying instead on those from previous years.

===The first leagues===
In the 1950s, [[Oakland, California]] businessman and future limited partner in the [[Oakland Raiders]] Wilfred "Bill" Winkenbach developed a fantasy golf game in which participants would select a roster of professional golfers and compare their scores at the end of a given tournament, with the lowest combined total of strokes winning.<ref name="Esser">{{cite web|first=Luke|last=Esser|title=The Birth of Fantasy Football|website=Fantasy Index|url=https://fantasyindex.com/resources/the-birth-of-fantasy-football|access-date=January 22, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013450/https://fantasyindex.com/resources/the-birth-of-fantasy-football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Tim|last=Baker|title=Fantasy Sports Before the Internet Were a Total Pain in the Ass|date=April 15, 2016|website=[[Thrillist]]|url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/fantasy-sports-before-the-internet|access-date=January 20, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125014955/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/fantasy-sports-before-the-internet|url-status=live}}</ref> He also created a baseball game in which players drafted hitters and pitchers, comparing their real-life statistics against each other.<ref name="Esser"/> These early experiments, however, failed to spread to the general public.

In 1960, sociologist [[William A. Gamson]] developed the Baseball Seminar league, in which participants would draft rosters of active MLB players and compare results at the end of the season based on the players' final [[batting average (baseball)|batting averages]], [[earned run average]]s, [[runs batted in]], and [[Win–loss record (pitching)|win]] totals.<ref name="Kalb">{{cite web|first=Bess|last=Kalb|title=The Lost Founder of Baseball Video Games|work=Grantland|date=April 16, 2012|url=http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7793059/john-burgeson-ibm-computer-start-baseball-video-games|access-date=June 23, 2021|archive-date=November 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104034813/http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7793059/john-burgeson-ibm-computer-start-baseball-video-games|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schwarz">{{cite book|title=The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics|author=Alan Schwarz|page=175|publisher=[[Thomas Dunne Books]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-312-32222-9}}</ref> Gamson would go on to play the game as a professor at the University of Michigan, where another competitor was Bob Sklar. One of Sklar's students was Daniel Okrent. According to [[Alan Schwarz]]'s ''The Numbers Game: Baseball’s Lifelong Fascination with Statistics'', Sklar told Okrent about the Baseball Seminar league.<ref name="Kalb"/><ref name="Schwarz"/>

Two years later, in a [[New York City]] hotel room during a [[1962 Oakland Raiders season|1962 Raiders]] cross-country trip, Winkenbach, along with Raiders public relations employee Bill Tunnel and ''[[Oakland Tribune]]'' reporter [[Scotty Stirling]], developed the rules that would eventually be the basis of modern [[fantasy football (gridiron)|fantasy football]].<ref name="Brown">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Eddie|date=July 28, 2014|title=The history of fantasy football|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/chargers/sdut-the-history-of-fantasy-football-cure-2014jul28-story.html|access-date=July 24, 2020|archive-date=July 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214919/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/chargers/sdut-the-history-of-fantasy-football-cure-2014jul28-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The inaugural league was called the Greater Oakland Professional Pigskin Prognosticators League (GOPPPL), and the first draft took place at Winkenbach's home in Oakland in August 1963.<ref>{{cite web| title=Fantasy Football 101| first=Michael| last=Fabiano| date=August 15, 2007| publisher=[[National Football League]]| url=http://www.nfl.com/fantasy/story/09000d5d80021ece/article/fantasy-football-101| access-date=October 15, 2020| archive-date=April 26, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426054308/http://www.nfl.com/fantasy/story/09000d5d80021ece/article/fantasy-football-101| url-status=live}}</ref> One of the league's original members, Andy Mousalimas, owned a sports bar in Oakland called the King's X, where the first public fantasy football league was founded in 1969.<ref name="Brown"/> The idea spread by [[word of mouth]] when the patrons of other [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]] bars visited the King's X for trivia contests.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIRTH OF FANTASY FOOTBALL|url=http://www.oulala.com/en/birth-of-fantasy-football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208063546/http://www.oulala.com/en/birth-of-fantasy-football|archive-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref>

===Rotisserie League Baseball===
Modern fantasy baseball was developed and popularized in the 1980s by a group of journalists who created Rotisserie League Baseball in 1980. The league was named after the New York City restaurant La Rotisserie Française, where its founders met for lunch and first played the game.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite web|first=Jonathan|last=Kelly|title=Q&A: Fantasy Baseball Creator Daniel Okrent|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=March 21, 2008|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2008/03/qa-fantasy-base|access-date=June 26, 2021|archive-date=January 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127085710/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2008/03/qa-fantasy-base|url-status=live}}</ref> Magazine writer-editor [[Daniel Okrent]] is credited with introducing the rotisserie league concept to the group and inventing the scoring system.<ref name="Behe">{{cite news|first=Regis|last=Behe|title=Fantasy sports leagues put armchair quarterbacks in the game|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|website=triblive.com|date=December 14, 2002|url=https://archive.triblive.com/news/fantasy-sports-leagues-put-armchair-quarterbacks-in-the-game/|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182225/https://archive.triblive.com/news/fantasy-sports-leagues-put-armchair-quarterbacks-in-the-game/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Briggs">{{cite web|first=Graham|last=Briggs|title=Explaining the History of Rotisserie Baseball to Fantasy Football Players|date=February 15, 2015|website=socalledfantasyexperts.com|url=https://socalledfantasyexperts.com/explaining-history-rotisserie-baseball-fantasy-football-players/|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183014/https://socalledfantasyexperts.com/explaining-history-rotisserie-baseball-fantasy-football-players/|url-status=live}}</ref> Players in the Rotisserie League drafted teams of active MLB players and tracked their statistics during the season to compile their scores.<ref name="Briggs"/> Like the Baseball Seminar league, rather than using statistics for seasons whose outcomes were already known to simulate in-game outcomes, team owners would have to make predictions about the statistics that MLB players would accumulate during the upcoming season.

Rotisserie baseball, nicknamed ''roto'',<ref name="ESPNscoring">{{cite web|title=Scoring Formats|website=ESPN|url=https://support.espn.com/hc/en-us/articles/360003913972-Scoring-Formats|access-date=July 3, 2021|archive-date=July 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714155630/https://support.espn.com/hc/en-us/articles/360003913972-Scoring-Formats|url-status=live}}</ref> proved to be popular despite the difficulties of compiling statistics by hand, which was an early drawback to participation.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dennis|last=Lynch|title=Software Helps Handle Hassles of Running a Fantasy League|date=September 17, 1998|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/169283055/?terms=software%20helps%20handle%20hassles&match=1|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181836/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/169283055/?terms=software%20helps%20handle%20hassles&match=1|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Okrent credits the idea's rapid spread to the fact that the initial league was created by sports journalists, telling ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' in 2008 that "most of us in the league were in the media, and we got a lot of press coverage that first season. The second season, there were rotisserie leagues in every Major League [[press box]]."<ref name="Kelly"/> According to Okrent, rotisserie baseball afforded sportswriters the opportunity to write about baseball-related material during the  [[1981 Major League Baseball strike]], saying "the writers who were covering baseball had nothing to write about, so they began writing about the teams they had assembled in their own leagues. And that was what popularized it and spread it around very, very widely."<ref name="Kelly"/>

===Growth and early participants===
Before the advent of the [[Internet]], fantasy sports grew through print publications, such as magazines and newspapers. In 1987, ''Fantasy Football Index'', the first national magazine dedicated to fantasy football, was launched by Ian Allan and Bruce Taylor.<ref name=mccormick>{{Cite web|title=Rise of fantasy football played big part in league's growth|url=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/en/Journal/Issues/2019/09/02/Media/Fantasy.aspx|access-date=2020-07-24|website=www.sportsbusinessdaily.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725060808/https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/en/Journal/Issues/2019/09/02/Media/Fantasy.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1990, a pair of nationwide fantasy games, Dugout Derby and Pigskin Playoff, were launched in a variety of newspapers across the United States, including the ''[[Arizona Republic]]'',<ref name=azrepublic>{{cite news|date=September 2, 1990|title=Epson's Pigskin Playoff Game. It's a Snap to Play. It's a Kick to Win|work=Arizona Republic|url=https://azcentral.newspapers.com/image/122396364|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013452/http://azcentral.newspapers.com/image/122396364/|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> the ''[[Hartford Courant]]'',<ref name="Hartford">{{cite news|date=April 29, 1990|title=Manage Your Way to the Hall of Fame in the Dugout Derby Contest|work=Hartford Courant|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/374402518/|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212144/https://www.newspapers.com/image/374402518/|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news|date=April 23, 1990|title=Manage Your Way to the Hall of Fame in the Dugout Derby Contest|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/175905013/|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204348/https://www.newspapers.com/image/175905013/|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=September 9, 1990|title=The Pigskin Playoff Game. It's a Snap to Play. It's a Kick to Win|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/175274006|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013456/http://www.newspapers.com/image/175274006/|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> and the ''[[Miami Herald]]''.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 12, 1990|title=The Pigskin Playoff Contest. It's a Snap to Play. It's a Kick to Win|work=Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/635776547/|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184552/https://www.newspapers.com/image/635776547/|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Players chose their teams by calling a toll-free phone number and entering four-digit codes for each of their player selections. The games served as an early version of today's daily fantasy sports by rewarding each week's highest-scoring participants with prizes.<ref name=azrepublic/><ref name="Hartford"/>

In 1993, the magazine ''Fantasy Football Weekly'' was launched.<ref name="Martyka">{{cite news | first=Jim | last=Martyka | title=Fantasy fans get new outlet | date=February 28, 2000 | publisher=American City Business Journals | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/1999/09/13/story3.html | work=Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal | access-date=October 28, 2007 | archive-date=October 30, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030165120/http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/1999/09/13/story3.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Sedlacek|title=Interview: Paul Charchian Reflects on Life as a Fantasy Analyst, Entrepreneur and Gamer|date=July 2, 2019|website=Outside is Overrated|url=https://outsideisoverrated.com/paul-charchian-intervew/|access-date=January 21, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013456/https://outsideisoverrated.com/paul-charchian-intervew/|url-status=live}}</ref> Also that year, ''[[USA Today]]'' added a weekly fantasy baseball columnist, John Hunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netshrine.com/jhunt.html |title=NetShrine was privileged to interview USA Today Baseball Weekly Fantasy Insider columnist John Hunt |access-date=July 28, 2007 |date=June 25, 2000 |work=NetShrine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024943/http://www.netshrine.com/jhunt.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hunt started a league among sports personalities called the [[LABR|League of Alternate Baseball Reality]], which first included [[Peter Gammons]], [[Keith Olbermann]] and [[Bill James]], among others.<ref name="LABR">{{cite news| first=Jonah| last=Keri| title='Tis the season to project stats| url=https://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=keri/070214| work=ESPN.com| year=2007| access-date=2007-07-28| archive-date=2016-01-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141523/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=keri%2F070214| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Internet expansion===

The growth of the Internet during the 1990s brought a "broad demographic shift in fantasy sports participation"<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Bo|last1=Bernhard|first2=Vince|last2=Eade|title=Gambling in a Fantasy World: An Exploratory Study of Rotisserie Baseball Games|journal=UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal|year=2005|volume=9|issue=1|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1165&context=grrj|access-date=2022-01-25|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013453/https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1165&context=grrj|url-status=live}}</ref> because it enabled fantasy sports participants to instantaneously download tabulated statistics, rather than having to search for [[box score]]s of individual games in newspapers and keep track of cumulative statistics on paper.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Market Study Finds Fantasy Sports a Booming Business|publisher=University of Mississippi|date=September 16, 2003|url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/first-market-study-finds-fantasy-sports-a-booming-business|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181745/https://www.newswise.com/articles/first-market-study-finds-fantasy-sports-a-booming-business|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Marc|last=Edelman|title=A Short Treatise on Fantasy Sports and the Law: How America Regulates its New National Pastime|journal=Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law|publisher=Harvard Law School|date=January 2012|volume=3|url=https://journals.law.harvard.edu/jsel/wp-content/uploads/sites/78/2012/03/1-54.pdf|access-date=2025-06-06|archive-date=2025-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328074408/https://journals.law.harvard.edu/jsel/wp-content/uploads/sites/78/2012/03/1-54.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1995, [[ESPN]] launched its first entirely Internet-based fantasy baseball game, with other major sports and entertainment companies following suit in the ensuing years.<ref name="Behe"/> In October of that year, a [[fantasy hockey]] website was released by [[Molson|Molson Breweries]] as part of the company's "I am Online" marketing strategy centered around its [[I am Canadian]] advertising campaign.<ref name="Summerfield">{{cite web|url=http://strategyonline.ca/1995/10/16/11295-19951016/|title=Hockey Net in Canada: Molson scores with fantasy league|last=Summerfield|first=Patti|publisher=strategy (Brunico Communications)|date=October 16, 1995|access-date=March 27, 2003|archive-date=September 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913113059/http://strategyonline.ca/1995/10/16/11295-19951016/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McHutchion">{{cite news|title=Molson uncaps Internet site aimed at young adults|last=McHutchion|first=John|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers| date=July 20, 1995}}</ref> The site focused on music, entertainment and hockey in general in addition to fantasy competitions.<ref name="McHutchion"/> It allowed users to register accounts and participate in fantasy leagues of nine teams.<ref name="Summerfield"/> The site included updates of [[National Hockey League|National Hockey League (NHL)]] statistics and provided content from the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]].<ref name="Summerfield"/>

[[CBS Sports]] began offering fantasy football leagues in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|last=Towers|first=Chris|title=Fantasy Football: The history of Fantasy football, the biggest seasons and the future|date=May 11, 2020|url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/fantasy-football-the-history-of-fantasy-football-the-biggest-seasons-and-the-future/|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024041930/https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/fantasy-football-the-history-of-fantasy-football-the-biggest-seasons-and-the-future/|url-status=live}}</ref> the same year that the fantasy news website now known as [[RotoWire]] was launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rotowire.com/blog/20-years-ago-today/|title=It was 20 years ago today|last=Schoenke|first=Peter|publisher=RotoWire|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041157/https://www.rotowire.com/blog/20-years-ago-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 1999, [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] began offering its fantasy football product for free, a decision that gave the site an advantage over its competitors.<ref name="Brown"/> The creators of ''Fantasy Football Weekly'' launched Fanball.com later that year.<ref name="Martyka"/> While some sites abandoned a paid model in the wake of Yahoo's decision, some smaller sites, such as RotoWire, began offering paid products as they started losing business to larger competitors.<ref>{{cite news|first=Joe|last=Salkowski|title=Cybersense—Subscription Model Creeps Into More Cash-Needy Sites|url=https://labusinessjournal.com/news/2001/nov/05/cybersense-subscription-model-creeps-into-more/|date=November 5, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625052044/https://labusinessjournal.com/news/2001/nov/05/cybersense-subscription-model-creeps-into-more/|archive-date=June 25, 2021|access-date=June 25, 2021|work=[[Los Angeles Business Journal]]}}</ref> CBS, which had transitioned to a free model for its league commissioner services, switched back to a paid model before the 2002 MLB season.<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Hunt|title=You might have to pay to help you play|date=March 12, 2002|publisher=Gannett|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/bbw/2002-03-13/getting-started.htm|work=USA Today|access-date=October 28, 2007|archive-date=October 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030061403/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/bbw/2002-03-13/getting-started.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

A trade group for the industry, the [[Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association|Fantasy Sports Trade Association]], was formed in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefsga.org/history/|title=FSGA History|date=17 February 2019|access-date=January 19, 2022|publisher=Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119185058/https://thefsga.org/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Now known as the Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association (FSGA), the organization estimates that in 2003, there were 15.2 million fantasy sports players in the United States and Canada.<ref name="FSGADemo">{{cite web|title=Industry Demographics|url=https://thefsga.org/industry-demographics/|publisher=Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref>

During the first decade of the 2000s, fantasy sports started to become a mainstream hobby. In 2002, the [[National Football League|National Football League (NFL)]] found that while the average male surveyed on its website spent 6.6 hours a week watching the league on television, fantasy players surveyed said they watched 8.4 hours of NFL football per week.<ref name="Lefton">{{cite news|first=Terry|last=Lefton|title=Survey results push nfl.com to increase fantasy content|date=September 9, 2002|publisher=Street & Smith's Sports Group|url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/en/Journal/Issues/2002/09/09/This-Weeks-Issue/Survey-Results-Push-Nflcom-To-Increase-Fantasy-Content|work=Sports Business Journal|access-date=January 21, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013454/https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/en/Journal/Issues/2002/09/09/This-Weeks-Issue/Survey-Results-Push-Nflcom-To-Increase-Fantasy-Content|url-status=live}}</ref> "This is the first time we've been able to demonstrate specifically that fantasy play drives TV viewing," said Chris Russo, the NFL's senior vice president at the time. As a result of the survey's findings, the league made fantasy offerings more prominent on its website and produced television ads for fantasy football featuring   active players.<ref name="Lefton"/> Prior to these developments, fantasy sports were largely viewed negatively by major sports leagues, with Russo later recalling that "there were concerns about whether it would be right for the fans or could it be construed as [[gambling]]."<ref name="Purdum">{{cite web|first=David|last=Purdum|title=Inside how sports betting went mainstream|url=http://www.espn.com/chalk/story/_/id/24310393/gambling-how-media-daily-fantasy-new-thinking-us-pro-sports-commissioners-helped-sports-betting-become-accepted|website=ESPN|date=August 9, 2018|access-date=January 21, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125033035/https://www.espn.com/chalk/story/_/id/24310393/gambling-how-media-daily-fantasy-new-thinking-us-pro-sports-commissioners-helped-sports-betting-become-accepted|url-status=live}}</ref> However, leagues began to embrace fantasy sports as their value towards increasing fans' consumption of sports became more evident.<ref name="Purdum"/>

====Daily fantasy sports====
{{main|Daily fantasy sports}}

[[Daily fantasy sports]] are accelerated versions of the traditional fantasy format in which contests are conducted over shorter periods than a full season, often lasting one week or even a single day. Daily fantasy games are typically subject to an entry fee, a portion of which funds a prize pool that is distributed among the game's winner or winners.<ref name=kilgore>{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Kilgore|title=Daily fantasy sports Web sites find riches in Internet gaming law loophole|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/daily-fantasy-sports-web-sites-find-riches-in-internet-gaming-law-loophole/2015/03/27/92988444-d172-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 27, 2015|access-date=January 22, 2022|archive-date=November 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130105020/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/daily-fantasy-sports-web-sites-find-riches-in-internet-gaming-law-loophole/2015/03/27/92988444-d172-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2007, Fantasy Sports Live, one of the first daily fantasy sites, was launched.<ref name="rotogrinders.com">{{cite web |url=https://rotogrinders.com/static/daily-fantasy-sports-timeline |title=The evolution of the daily fantasy sports industry |access-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119152527/https://rotogrinders.com/static/daily-fantasy-sports-timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2008, [[NBC]] launched a daily fantasy site called SnapDraft, and [[FanDuel]] was founded in 2009 as a spin-off of a Scottish [[prediction market]] [[Hubdub|company]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Butcher|title=FanDuel turns fantasy sports betting into a social game|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/07/21/fanduel-turns-fantasy-sports-betting-into-a-social-game/|work=TechCrunch|date=21 July 2009|access-date=July 7, 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714155629/https://techcrunch.com/2009/07/21/fanduel-turns-fantasy-sports-betting-into-a-social-game/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[DraftKings]] was founded in 2012.<ref name="rotogrinders.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2012/02/two_local_companies_starstreet.html|title=Two local companies, StarStreet and DraftKings, prepare to launch new fantasy sports sites|work=Boston.com|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners|date=February 27, 2012|access-date=July 7, 2021|archive-date=October 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028152337/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2012/02/two_local_companies_starstreet.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following venture capital investments from various firms, including from professional sports leagues such as MLB and the [[National Basketball Association|National Basketball Association (NBA)]],<ref name=kilgore/> DraftKings and FanDuel launched an aggressive marketing campaign prior to the 2015 NFL season.<ref name="Purdum"/> At its peak, the two companies collectively ran an ad on national television in the United States once every 90 seconds.<ref name="Purdum"/> In addition to receiving direct investments from sports leagues, the two companies have reached sponsorship deals with several leagues and teams. In November 2014, DraftKings entered into a multi-year sponsorship deal with the NHL.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHL announces partnership with DraftKings|date=November 10, 2014|website=NHL.com|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-announces-partnership-with-draftkings/c-738520|access-date=January 22, 2022|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122175246/https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-announces-partnership-with-draftkings/c-738520|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, after the NFL began to allow daily fantasy providers to sign multi-year team sponsorship deals, FanDuel reached deals with sixteen teams for placements on team-oriented digital properties, radio broadcasts, and within their stadiums.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2015/04/21/daily-fantasy-sports-fanduel-draftkings-nfl-mlb-nhl-nba/26149961/|title=FanDuel signs deals with 15 NFL teams, escalating daily fantasy integration|author=Schrotenboer, Brent|date=April 21, 2015|work=USA Today|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|access-date=January 25, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013448/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2015/04/21/daily-fantasy-sports-fanduel-draftkings-nfl-mlb-nhl-nba/26149961/|url-status=live}}</ref> DraftKings has also received investments from [[Jerry Jones]] and [[Robert Kraft]], who own the [[Dallas Cowboys]] and [[New England Patriots]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|first1=David|last1=Purdum|first2=Darren|last2=Rovell|title=Patriots' Robert Kraft, Cowboys' Jerry Jones retain DraftKings stakes amid shift to sportsbooks|date=August 28, 2018|website=ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/chalk/story/_/id/24502023/nfl-owners-robert-kraft-jerry-jones-retain-investments-draftkings-amid-sportsbook-shift|access-date=January 22, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013453/https://www.espn.com/chalk/story/_/id/24502023/nfl-owners-robert-kraft-jerry-jones-retain-investments-draftkings-amid-sportsbook-shift|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Justin|last=Byers|title=Jerry Jones, Robert Kraft Among Investors in Drive by DraftKings|date=October 20, 2021|website=Front Office Sports|url=https://frontofficesports.com/nfls-jerry-jones-robert-kraft-among-investors-in-sports-tech-fund/|access-date=January 22, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013459/https://frontofficesports.com/nfls-jerry-jones-robert-kraft-among-investors-in-sports-tech-fund/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The legality of daily fantasy sports has been questioned, with critics arguing that it more closely resembles [[proposition bet|proposition]] [[sports betting|wagering]] on athlete performance than a traditional fantasy sports game.<ref>{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=Black|title=Will Canada shut down daily fantasy sports sites? Don't bet on it|date=January 31, 2016|website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/fantasy-sports-betting-1.3426158|access-date=January 24, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013453/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/fantasy-sports-betting-1.3426158|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew|last=Visnovsky|title=Is Daily Fantasy Sports Legal? An Analysis Of The Debate In Nevada, New York And Illinois - Part 1|date=February 22, 2016|website=LawInSport|url=https://www.lawinsport.com/topics/item/is-daily-fantasy-sports-legal-an-analysis-of-the-debate-in-nevada-new-york-and-illinois-part-1|access-date=January 24, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013455/https://www.lawinsport.com/topics/item/is-daily-fantasy-sports-legal-an-analysis-of-the-debate-in-nevada-new-york-and-illinois-part-1|url-status=live}}</ref> However, following the 2018 [[United States Supreme Court]] decision in ''[[Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'', which allowed states to legalize sports betting, questions surrounding the legality of daily fantasy sports, as well as fantasy sports in general, within the United States have largely been settled.{{efn|As of July 2025, sports betting is legal in 46 US states,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interactive Map: Sports Betting in the U.S.|publisher=[[American Gaming Association]]|date=February 27, 2025|url=https://www.americangaming.org/research/state-gaming-map/|access-date=July 29, 2025|archive-date=June 8, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608080742/https://www.americangaming.org/web/20250608080742/https://www.americangaming.org/research/state-of-play-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> while daily fantasy sports sites operate in 45 states.<ref name="legalDFS">{{cite web|title=Where Is DFS Legal? Tracking All 50 States for DraftKings, FanDuel|publisher=[[The Action Network]]|date=March 14, 2025|url=https://www.actionnetwork.com/legal-online-sports-betting/where-is-daily-fantasy-sports-legal|access-date=July 29, 2025|archive-date=April 27, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427134052/https://www.actionnetwork.com/legal-online-sports-betting/where-is-daily-fantasy-sports-legal|url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Montana]] is the only US state to officially ban online fantasy sports.<ref name="Griffin">{{cite journal|first=Jonathan|last=Griffin|title=The Legality of Fantasy Sports|journal=LegisBrief|volume=23|issue=33|date=September 2015|url=https://www.ncsl.org/documents/legisbriefs/2015/lb_2333.pdf|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109214302/https://www.ncsl.org/documents/legisbriefs/2015/lb_2333.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|[[Louisiana]] and [[Arizona]], states with bans previously not explicitly outlined by law, launched online fantasy offerings in their states in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|first=Timothy|last=Boone|title=Fantasy sports betting in Louisiana could start today after first company gains approval|newspaper=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]]|date=July 15, 2021|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_6fbf441c-e589-11eb-8e0c-f753dff372a9.html|access-date=October 15, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174750/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_6fbf441c-e589-11eb-8e0c-f753dff372a9.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ryan|last=Butler|title=Arizona Finally Gets Daily Fantasy Sports Sites with DraftKings, FanDuel Launches|date=September 23, 2021|publisher=[[The Action Network]]|url=https://www.actionnetwork.com/legal-online-sports-betting/draftkings-fanduel-launch-in-arizona-as-first-daily-fantasy-sports-sites|access-date=October 15, 2021|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165257/https://www.actionnetwork.com/legal-online-sports-betting/draftkings-fanduel-launch-in-arizona-as-first-daily-fantasy-sports-sites|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==Industry overview==

===Size of the industry===

In May 2015, Australian [[market research]] firm IBISWorld reported that fantasy sports comprised a $2 billion industry in the United States, experiencing 10.7% annual growth and employing 4,386 people in 292 businesses.<ref name=IBISWorld>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/fantasy-sports-services.html|title=Fantasy Sports Services in the US: Market Research Report|publisher=IBISWorld.com|access-date=September 18, 2015|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009091303/http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/fantasy-sports-services.html|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

According to the Fantasy Sports Trade Association, in 2017, the size of the fantasy sports industry reached $7.22 billion, per research by [[Ipsos]].<ref name="FSTApressRelease">{{cite press release |url=https://thefsga.org/press-release-fantasy-sports-now-a-7-billion-industry/ |title=Fantasy Sports Now a $7 Billion Industry |publisher=Fantasy Sports Trade Association |date=June 20, 2017 |access-date=January 19, 2022}}</ref> The study estimated that there were 59.3 million fantasy sports players in the United States and Canada as of that year.<ref name="FSTApressRelease"/>

===Industry growth===

The [[Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association]] estimates that the number of fantasy sports players in the US and Canada grew from 500,000 in 1988 to 15.2 million in 2003, declining slightly over the next few years before growing to 29.9 million in 2008 and 62.5 million in 2022.<ref name="FSGADemo"/> In 2015, ''[[Forbes]]'' estimated that the number of yearly non-betting fantasy sports users had grown 25% since 2011.<ref name="Heitner">{{cite web|first=Darren|last=Heitner|title=The Hyper Growth Of Daily Fantasy Sports Is Going To Change Our Culture And Our Laws|date=September 16, 2015|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/darrenheitner/2015/09/16/the-hyper-growth-of-daily-fantasy-sports-is-going-to-change-our-culture-and-our-laws/|website=Forbes|access-date=October 11, 2015|archive-date=October 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010101431/http://www.forbes.com/sites/darrenheitner/2015/09/16/the-hyper-growth-of-daily-fantasy-sports-is-going-to-change-our-culture-and-our-laws/|url-status=live}}</ref> This growth encouraged hundreds of millions of dollars in investments into emerging daily fantasy sports leagues, such as [[FanDuel]] and [[DraftKings]].<ref name="Heitner"/>

Outside of North America, the fantasy industry has also experienced a recent period of growth. The development of daily fantasy sports has encouraged growth in European markets.<ref>{{cite web|first=Marc|last=Saba|title=There's a Perfect Storm Brewing for European Daily Fantasy Sports|url=http://www.legalsportsreport.com/1966/european-daily-fantasy-sports-growth/|website=Legal Sports Report|date=February 12, 2016|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=October 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005165639/http://www.legalsportsreport.com/1966/european-daily-fantasy-sports-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=George|last=Miller|title=Fantasy sports betting growing in popularity across Europe|date=September 23, 2020|website=European Gaming|url=https://europeangaming.eu/portal/latest-news/2020/09/23/78234/fantasy-sports-betting-growing-in-popularity-across-europe/|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227063525/https://europeangaming.eu/portal/latest-news/2020/09/23/78234/fantasy-sports-betting-growing-in-popularity-across-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ESPN Super Selector]] launched in 2001 for fantasy cricket and had 500,000 users during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/the-future-of-fantasy-sports-in-india/ |title=The future of Fantasy Sports in India |last=Azad |first=Imtiaz |date=March 11, 2019 |access-date=March 12, 2019 |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405185445/https://thebridge.in/the-future-of-fantasy-sports-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2017, there were 40 million fantasy sports players in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Manas |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/fantasy-sports-to-have-100-million-users-in-india-by-2019-the-journey-has-just-begun-harsh-jain-chairman-ifsg-ceo-dream11/1207258/ |title=Fantasy Sports to have 100 million users in India by 2019 |work=Financial Express |date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=March 12, 2019 |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429161834/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/fantasy-sports-to-have-100-million-users-in-india-by-2019-the-journey-has-just-begun-harsh-jain-chairman-ifsg-ceo-dream11/1207258/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the number had grown to 90 million,<ref>{{cite web|first=Kashif|last=Ansari|title=A breakdown of India's fantasy sports industry|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=October 31, 2021|url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/a-breakdown-of-india-s-fantasy-sports-industry-11635699153058.html|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=December 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205135552/https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/a-breakdown-of-india-s-fantasy-sports-industry-11635699153058.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2020, an estimated 100 million Indians participated in fantasy sports.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Massive Boom Of Fantasy Sports|website=India Education Diary|date=June 2, 2021|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/the-massive-boom-of-fantasy-sports/|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095831/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/the-massive-boom-of-fantasy-sports/|url-status=live}}</ref> The market leader in fantasy sports in India, [[Dream11]], signed a four-year sponsorship deal for the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports Betting Trends in a Mobile-First India |url=https://env.media/sports-betting-trends-in-mobile-first-india/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Env Media |date=25 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714230102/https://env.media/sports-betting-trends-in-mobile-first-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Fantasy_Sports_User_Growth.png|400x400px|Fantasy Sports User Growth]]

===Trade associations===

The [[Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association|Fantasy Sports Trade Association]] was formed in 1998 to represent the growing industry in the United States and Canada. Now known as the Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association, the organization aims to support fantasy sports, sports gambling in general, and its associated businesses and participants.<ref>{{cite web|title=About The FSGA|date=17 February 2019|publisher=Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association|access-date=January 19, 2022|url=https://thefsga.org/about-the-fsga/|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119200043/https://thefsga.org/about-the-fsga/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Fantasy Sports Writers Association]] was formed in 2004 to represent the growing numbers of journalists covering fantasy 
sports exclusively.<ref name="bizj">{{cite news | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2007/05/28/focus4.html | title=Growing fantasy sports scene is big business | work=[[The Business Review (Albany)|The Business Review]] | date=May 28, 2007 | access-date=February 6, 2013 | archive-date=February 15, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215060725/http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2007/05/28/focus4.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Fantasy Sports Association]] was formed in 2006 as a rival trade group.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Eric |title=New group aims to be voice of fantasy sports |url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/en/Journal/Issues/2006/05/08/This-Weeks-News/New-Group-Aims-To-Be-Voice-Of-Fantasy-Sports |website=Sports Business Journal |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505194303/https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/en/Journal/Issues/2006/05/08/This-Weeks-News/New-Group-Aims-To-Be-Voice-Of-Fantasy-Sports |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the organization folded in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefsga.org/fantasy-sports-hall-of-fame/ |website=Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association |access-date=5 May 2022 |title=Fantasy Sports Hall of Fame - Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association |date=17 February 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526225938/https://thefsga.org/fantasy-sports-hall-of-fame/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Demographics===
According to the [[Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association|Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association (FSGA)]], an estimated 62.5 million people played fantasy sports in the US and Canada in 2022.<ref name="FSGADemo"/> The FSGA estimated that 19% of American adults played fantasy sports in 2023, compared to 13% in 2014.<ref name="FSGADemo"/> A 2023 FSGA survey found that 64% of fantasy sports players were male, 48% were between the ages of 18 and 34, and 84% had a college degree or higher.<ref name="FSGADemo"/> A 2015 analysis found that 89.8% were white and 51.5% were unmarried.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jimmie|last=Kaylor|title=Fantasy Sports Statistics: Facts About The Players|website=sportscasting.com|date=September 7, 2015|url=https://www.sportscasting.com/so-who-actually-plays-fantasy-sports/|access-date=January 21, 2021|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307083719/https://www.sportscasting.com/so-who-actually-plays-fantasy-sports/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the FSGA, the most popular fantasy sport in the US and Canada is [[gridiron football]], which is played by approximately 79% of fantasy participants. The next most popular sports are [[basketball]] (32%), [[baseball]] (22%), [[ice hockey]] (12%), [[association football]] (11%), and [[college football]] (11%).<ref name="FSGADemo"/>

Research has shown that fantasy players are also generally stronger consumers of alcoholic beverages, fast food, airline travel, video games, sports periodicals, athletic shoes, and cell phones relative to the general population.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burton|first1=Rick|last2=Hall|first2=Kevin|last3=Paul|first3=Rodney|title=The Historical Development and Marketing of Fantasy Sports Leagues|journal=The Journal of Sport|volume=2|issue=2|pages=185–215|date=2013|url=https://oaks.kent.edu/sport/vol2/iss2/historical-development-and-marketing-fantasy-sports-leagues|doi=10.21038/sprt.2013.0225|doi-access=free|access-date=2022-01-19|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119121037/https://oaks.kent.edu/sport/vol2/iss2/historical-development-and-marketing-fantasy-sports-leagues|url-status=live}}</ref> The FSGA reported in 2019 that fantasy players were also far more likely to use [[Instagram]] or [[Snapchat]], visit a sports bar, and get food delivered than the general population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Industry Demographics|url=https://thefsga.org/industry-demographics/|publisher=Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association|archive-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203224032/https://thefsga.org/industry-demographics/|access-date=September 15, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Fantasy sports television programming===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2022}}
Due to the popularity of fantasy sports, major sports networks such as [[ESPN]], [[NFL Network]], and [[Fox Sports 1|Fox Sports]] have created dedicated weekly fantasy programming to analyze player performance and predict outcomes in relation to particular scoring systems. ESPN's on-demand streaming platform [[ESPN+]] offers a fantasy program called ''[[The Fantasy Show]]'' hosted by long time staff writer [[Matthew Berry]]. ''The Fantasy Show'' utilizes puppets and comedy to present statistical information about [[NFL]] players.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kevin|last=Ota|title=The Fantasy Show with Matthew Berry Reaches 250 Episodes|website=ESPN Press Room|date=September 11, 2020|url=https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2020/09/the-fantasy-show-with-matthew-berry-reaches-250-episodes/|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=April 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412093107/https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2020/09/the-fantasy-show-with-matthew-berry-reaches-250-episodes/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ESPN]] also aires a show on Sunday mornings during the NFL season called Fantasy Football Now. "Fantasy Football Now" airs live on Sunday mornings during the [[National Football League|NFL]] season, a time when fans are making last-minute roster moves and need the latest news from around the league. Providing the latest info are analysts [[Matthew Berry]], [[Field Yates]] and licensed physical therapist [[Stephania Bell]], who gives injury updates.

NFL Network aires ''NFL Fantasy Live'' as an hour long program containing a consistent weekly segment list that viewers can count on to help them manage their team. ''NFL Fantasy Live'' is hosted by Cole Wright and features Michael Fabiano, Adam Rank, Marcas Grant, [[Akbar Gbaja-Biamila]], Graham Barfield and statistics analytics expert [[Cynthia Frelund]]. [[Fox Sports Networks|Fox Sports Net]] aires Fantasy Football Hour on a weekly basis during the NFL season hosted by Katy Winge and features industry experts Brad Evans and Nate Lundy.

==Legal issues in the United States==

Fantasy sports are generally considered to be a form of [[gambling]], though they are far less strictly regulated than other forms of [[sports betting]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kupfer|first1=Alexander|last2=Anderson|first2=Jamie|date=2021-02-22|title=Expert Analysis: The Reciprocal Relationship between Sports Gambling and Fantasy Football on Television|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2021.1876673|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|volume=38|pages=60–78|doi=10.1080/09523367.2021.1876673|s2cid=233898610|issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Unlike traditional sports betting, fantasy sports are generally viewed as "games of skill," rather than "games of chance," thus exempting them from gambling bans and regulations in many jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Isidore|title=Why fantasy football is legal|date=October 6, 2015|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/06/news/companies/fantasy-sports-legal/index.html|website=CNN Business|access-date=December 27, 2020|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110092520/https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/06/news/companies/fantasy-sports-legal/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Alex|last1=Samuels|first2=Catherine|last2=Marfin|title=Texas House passes bill defining fantasy sports as legal game of skill|date=May 1, 2019|publisher=[[The Texas Tribune]]|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2019/05/01/texas-fantasy-sports-not-gambling-should-not-be-illegal-lawmakers-say/|access-date=December 27, 2020|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109210706/https://www.texastribune.org/2019/05/01/texas-fantasy-sports-not-gambling-should-not-be-illegal-lawmakers-say/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Rebecca|last=Anzel|title=Fantasy sports betting a game of skill, not chance, state Supreme Court rules|date=April 16, 2020|newspaper=[[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois)|Daily Herald]]|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/news/20200416/fantasy-sports-betting-a-game-of-skill-not-chance-state-supreme-court-rules|access-date=December 27, 2020|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042659/https://www.dailyherald.com/news/20200416/fantasy-sports-betting-a-game-of-skill-not-chance-state-supreme-court-rules|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

===Federal law related to fantasy gaming===

The [[Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006]] (UIGEA), was enacted as part of the "American Values Agenda" of 2006 and was added as an amendment to the unrelated [[SAFE Port Act]].<ref name="CNN">{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/06/28/mg.thu/| title=House GOP promotes its "American Values Agenda"| publisher=cnn.com| date=June 28, 2006| access-date=October 19, 2015| archive-date=October 11, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011043300/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/06/28/mg.thu/| url-status=live}}</ref>  The UIGEA generally prohibits funds transfers to businesses engaged in unlawful internet wagering.<ref name="law.cornell.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5361 |title=31 U.S. Code § 5361 – Congressional findings and purpose |access-date=2015-10-20 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906052632/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5361 |url-status=live }}</ref>  However the UIGEA does not itself define unlawful internet wagering, and expressly refrains from altering the legality of any underlying conduct other than funds transfers.<ref name="https">{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5361 |title=31 U.S. Code § 5361(b)- No modification of existing law |access-date=2015-10-20 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906052632/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5361 |url-status=live }}</ref>

While the act does not alter the legality of any particular activity permitted or prohibited under other laws, it does contain some express exemptions to its funds transfer prohibitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5362 |title=31 U.S. Code § 5362- Definitions – Bet or Wager |access-date=2015-10-20 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016162006/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5362 |url-status=live }}</ref>  One of these exemptions from the UIGEA prohibitions is for fantasy sports that meet certain criteria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5362 |title=31 U.S. Code § 5362(1)(E)(vii)- Definitions – Bet or Wager – Fantasy excluded from definition |access-date=2015-10-20 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016162006/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5362 |url-status=live }}</ref> Specifically, fantasy sports that are based on teams of real multiple athletes from multiple real world teams, that have prizes established before the event starts, that use the skill of participants to determine the outcome, are exempted from the definition of a bet or wager that is the basis for requiring banks to identify and block funds transfers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5364 |title=31 U.S. Code § 5364 – Policies and procedures to identify and prevent restricted transactions |access-date=2015-10-20 |archive-date=2015-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230043309/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5364 |url-status=live }}</ref>  According to Congressman [[Jim Leach]], an author of the UIGEA, exemptions, particularly one for fantasy sports, were included to relieve the burden of enforcement on banks and the UIGEA does not make fantasy sports legal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2015/10/12/former-congressman-says-dfs-is-cauldron-of-daily-betting |title=Author of anti-gambling law says "sheer chutzpah" for daily fantasy sites to claim legitimacy |publisher=usnews.com |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024332/http://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2015/10/12/former-congressman-says-dfs-is-cauldron-of-daily-betting |archive-date=November 17, 2015 }}</ref>

Because the UIGEA exempted fantasy sports from its definition of a bet or wager, there is a misconception that fantasy sports were made legal by the UIGEA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/06/fantasy-sports-vs-illegal-gambling-wheres-the-line-commentary.html | title=Fantasy Sports vs Illegal Gambling Where is the Line | publisher=cnbc.com | date=April 6, 2015 | access-date=October 19, 2015 | archive-date=August 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824191808/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/06/fantasy-sports-vs-illegal-gambling-wheres-the-line-commentary.html | url-status=live }}</ref>  However the UIGEA is not a criminal gambling statute, and it specifically does not alter any criminal gambling laws and thus does not make fantasy sports legal.<ref name="https"/> Federal criminal gambling statutes are found in Title 18 of U.S. Code, such as the Federal Wire Act 18 U.S. Code § 1084 (which prohibits interstate sports wagering) and the Illegal Gambling Business Act 18 U.S. Code § 1955 (which prohibits the interstate conduct of wagering activity prohibited under state law).<ref name="cornell1">{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1084 |title=18 U.S. Code § 1084 |access-date=2015-10-20 |archive-date=2015-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913090740/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1084 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1955 |title=18 U.S. Code § 1955 |access-date=2015-10-20 |archive-date=2015-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003051537/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1955 |url-status=live }}</ref> By contrast, the UIGEA is found in Title 31 with other anti-money laundering and financial crimes statutes.<ref name="law.cornell.edu"/>

===State laws related to fantasy gaming===

Whether state laws can regulate fantasy sports conducted across state lines depends on whether fantasy sports are a form of sports wagering under federal law.  This is because the Federal Wire Act prohibits the conduct of sports wagering in interstate or foreign commerce.<ref name="cornell1"/>  With regard to intrastate sports wagering, in 2018 the [[United States Supreme Court]] in ''[[Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'' struck down the [[Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992]] (PASPA), which had prohibited states from authorizing any wagering, lottery, betting, sweepstakes or other wagering scheme that is based directly or indirectly on games in which professional or amateur athletes participate or on the performance of any athletes in such games.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/3702 |title= 28 U.S. Code § 3702 – Unlawful sports gambling |access-date= 2015-10-20 |archive-date= 2015-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151230043309/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/3702 |url-status= live }}</ref>

Where states have not expressly authorized fantasy sports contests, usually general gambling laws prohibit lotteries or wagering if three elements are present: an entry fee (known as "consideration"), a prize (a "reward," in legal terms) and chance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Determines if a Game is one of Skill or Chance?|url=https://calgaminglaw.com/what-determines-if-a-game-is-one-of-skill-or-chance/|last=Fried|first=David|date=April 14, 2020|website=Cal Gaming Law|access-date=May 24, 2020|archive-date=February 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223043522/https://www.calgaminglaw.com/what-determines-if-a-game-is-one-of-skill-or-chance/|url-status=live}}</ref>  Whether fantasy sports are legal under these laws hinges on the definition of "chance" that the state applies. For some states, if skill dominates the outcome of the event, then the contest is legal, and passes what is called the "dominant factor test." Other states with a stricter definition of chance, called "any chance test," have made fantasy football illegal.<ref name=forbes1>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcedelman/2013/09/03/is-it-legal-to-play-fantasy-football-for-money/ |title=Is It Legal To Play Fantasy Football For Money? |work=forbes.com |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180205/http://www.forbes.com/sites/marcedelman/2013/09/03/is-it-legal-to-play-fantasy-football-for-money/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several states have clarified that paid fantasy sports contests are games of skill and exempt from gambling laws, beginning with Maryland in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gouker |first=Dustin |url=https://www.legalsportsreport.com/12544/maryland-comptroller-dfs-reguation/ |title=Maryland Comptroller Officially Implements Fantasy Sports Regulations |work=Legal Sports Report |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100208/https://www.legalsportsreport.com/12544/maryland-comptroller-dfs-reguation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dew-Becker v. Wu, No. 124472 (Supreme Court of Illinois, April 16, 2020).|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/illinois/supreme-court/2020/124472.html|last=The Illinois Supreme Court held that fantasy sports contests were predominately decided by skill and not prohibited under Illinois law.|website=Justia|access-date=May 24, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814125040/https://law.justia.com/cases/illinois/supreme-court/2020/124472.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

One exception is the state of Nevada, which was exempted from PASPA. The Nevada attorney general issued an opinion that found Daily Fantasy Sports to be a form of sports wagering, similar to the current wagering offered by Nevada Sports Books.<ref name="gaming.nv.gov">{{cite web |url=http://gaming.nv.gov/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=10487 |title=Legality of Daily Fantasy Sports Under Nevada Law |date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |archive-date=November 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119110736/http://gaming.nv.gov/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=10487 |url-status=live }}</ref>  The opinions states that Daily Fantasy Sports are not illegal in Nevada; however, a sports pool license is required to conduct the activity in Nevada.<ref name="gaming.nv.gov"/>

Several Attorneys General have also issued opinions that Daily Fantasy Sports are a form of sports wagering. A Florida state attorney general's opinion in 1991 called into doubt the legality of fantasy football contests, but companies have operated in the state without any legal action. Since then nine other AGs have issued options, statements or formal opinions that equate DFS with gambling.

However, several other  Attorneys General have issued opinions that DFS are legal games of skill. In August 2015 in Kansas, due to uncertainty with the state's Racing and Gaming Commission position,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article1318033.html#/tabPane=tabs-2e561a63-1 |title=Fantasy sports betting always has been illegal in Kansas, gaming commission counsel says |newspaper=The Wichita Eagle |date=August 28, 2014 |access-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925101325/http://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article1318033.html#/tabPane=tabs-2e561a63-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> the state's attorney general issued an opinion that daily fantasy sports was a skill game and thus permitted under state law.  Kansas Gov. [[Sam Brownback]] signed legislation a month later authorizing fantasy gaming.<ref name=calvinayre>{{cite web |url=http://calvinayre.com/2015/09/02/business/michigan-gaming-regulator-says-fantasy-sports-illegal/ |title=Michigan gaming regulator says fantasy sports are illegal |publisher=calvinayre.com |date=September 2, 2015 |access-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115629/http://calvinayre.com/2015/09/02/business/michigan-gaming-regulator-says-fantasy-sports-illegal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Attorneys General of West Virginia and Rhode Island have also issued opinions that clarified the legality of DFS and paid fantasy sports.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gouker |first=Dustin |url=https://www.legalsportsreport.com/10703/fantasy-sports-west-virginia-legality/ |title=West Virginia Attorney General On Fantasy Sports: State 'Does Not Prohibit' Contests |work=Legal Sports Report |date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-date=December 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015511/https://www.legalsportsreport.com/10703/fantasy-sports-west-virginia-legality/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of July 2025, online fantasy sports are legal in 49 of the 50 [[List of states and territories of the United States|US states]]. The only state with a ban on online fantasy sports that is codified in statute is [[Montana]].<ref name="Griffin"/> As of July 2025, daily fantasy sports sites operate in 45 US states.<ref name="legalDFS"/>

===Legal cases related to use of player statistics===

There have been other legal cases involving fantasy sports and the use of professional athletes' statistics for purposes of scoring.

====STATS, Inc. vs. NBA====

In 1996, [[STATS, Inc.]], a major statistical provider to fantasy sports companies, won a court case, along with [[Motorola]], on appeal against the NBA in which the NBA was trying to stop [[STATS, Inc.|STATS]] from distributing in game score information via a special wireless device created by Motorola. The victory played a large part in defending other cases where sports leagues have tried to suppress live in-game information from their events being distributed by other outlets.<ref>[http://legal.web.aol.com/decisions/dldecen/nba.html NBA Lawsuit – AOL.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702231859/http://legal.web.aol.com/decisions/dldecen/nba.html |date=July 2, 2007 }}</ref> The victory also accelerated the demand for real-time statistics amid the growth of the fantasy sports industry.<ref name="Schwarz"/>

====CDM vs. MLBAM====

The development of fantasy sports produced tension between fantasy sports companies and professional leagues and players associations over the rights to player profiles and statistics. The players associations of the major sports leagues believed that fantasy games using player names were subject to licensing due to the right of publicity of the players involved. Since the player names were being used as a group, the players had assigned their publicity rights to the players association who then signed licensing deals. During the 1980s and 1990s many companies signed licensing deals with the player associations, but some companies did not. The issue came to a head with the lawsuit of [[MLBAM|Major League Baseball Advanced Media (MLBAM)]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]]'s Internet company, vs. St. Louis-based CBC Distribution and Marketing Inc., the parent company of CDM Sports. When CBC was denied a new licensing agreement with MLBAM (they had acquired the rights from the baseball players' association) for its fantasy baseball game, CBC filed suit.

CBC argued that intellectual property laws and so-called "right of publicity" laws don't apply to the statistics used in fantasy sports.<ref name="MLBstats">{{cite news|title=Fantasy leagues permitted to use MLB names, stats|date=August 8, 2006|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=2543720|website=ESPN|access-date=July 28, 2007|archive-date=November 5, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105001816/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2543720|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Fantasy Sports Trade Association|FSTA]] filed an [[amicus curiae]] in support of CBC, also arguing that if MLBAM won the lawsuit it would have a dramatic impact on the industry, which was largely ignored by the major sports leagues for years while a number of smaller entrepreneurs grew it into a multibillion-dollar industry, and a ruling could allow the MLBAM to have a monopoly over the industry.

"This will be a defining moment in the fantasy sports industry," said Charlie Wiegert, executive vice president of CBC. "The other leagues are all watching this case. If MLB prevailed, it just would have been a matter of time before they followed up. Their player unions are just waiting for the opportunity."<ref>{{cite news | first=Michael | last=McCarthy | title=Fantasy leagues can use baseball stats | date=August 8, 2006 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2006-08-08-fantasy-statistics_x.htm | work=USA Today | access-date=July 28, 2007 | archive-date=August 11, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811023110/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2006-08-08-fantasy-statistics_x.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

CBC won the lawsuit as US District Court Judge Mary Ann Medler ruled that statistics are part of the public domain and can be used at no cost by fantasy companies. "The names and playing records of major-league baseball players as used in CBC's fantasy games are not copyrightable," Medler wrote. "Therefore, federal copyright law does not pre-empt the players' claimed right of publicity."<ref name="MLBstats"/>

The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision in October 2007.  "It would be strange law that a person would not have a First Amendment right to use information that is available to everyone," a three-judge panel said in its ruling.<ref>{{cite news | title=Fantasy Sports Win Right to Player Names, Statistics | date=October 16, 2007 | url =https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601079&sid=aVMAY0beLSoA&refer=home | work =Bloomerberg| access-date = July 28, 2007 }}</ref> The Supreme Court upheld the circuit court's decision by declining to hear the case in June 2008.<ref>{{cite news | first=Greg | last=Stohr | title=Baseball Rebuffed by U.S. Supreme Court on Fantasy Rights | date=June 2, 2008 | url =https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601079&sid=a.5jCrvS31Uo&refer=home | work =Bloomberg | access-date = June 2, 2008 }}</ref> In 2009,  CBS Interactive won a lawsuit against the NFL Players’ Association over whether CBS had a First Amendment right to use players’ names and playing records in its fantasy sports offerings without paying licensing fees.<ref>{{cite news |last= Shea |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.vanguardlawmag.com/case-studies/thomas-knapp-paramount/ |title=Thomas Knapp – Paramount |work=Vanguard Law Magazine |publisher=Vanguard Law Magazine |date=2023-05-16 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Esports]]
*[[Phygital sport]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.linestarapp.com/ LineStar DFS Fantasy Sports]

{{Fantasy sports}}

[[Category:Fantasy sports| ]]
[[Category:Sports by type]]