View source for Fashoda Incident

{{Short description|1898 Anglo-French dispute in East Africa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Fashoda Incident
| partof            = the [[Scramble for Africa]]
| image             = Fashoda Incident map - en.svg
| image_size        = 300px
| alt               =
| caption           = Map of Central and East Africa during the incident
| date              = 10 July – 3 November 1898
| place             = [[Fashoda]], Sudan
| coordinates       = {{Coord|09|53|15|N|32|06|37|E|region:SS-NU_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| status            =
| territory         =
| result            = French withdrawal from Fashoda
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French Third Republic|France]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]<br />{{Flagicon|Khedivate of Egypt}} [[Khedivate of Egypt]]
| combatants_header =
| units2            =
| commander1        = {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand]]
| commander2        = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Herbert Kitchener]]
| strength1         = 132 soldiers
| strength2         = 1,500 British, Egyptian and Sudanese soldiers
| casualties1       = None
| casualties2       = None
| campaignbox       = {{Scramble for Africa}}
}} {{Events leading to World War I}}

The '''Fashoda Incident''', also known as the '''Fashoda Crisis''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Crise de Fachoda''), was the climax of [[imperialist]] territorial disputes between Britain and France in [[East Africa]], occurring between 10 July to 3 November 1898. A French expedition to [[Kodok|Fashoda]] on the [[White Nile]] sought to gain control of the [[Nile|Upper Nile river basin]] and thereby exclude Britain from [[Sudan (region)|Sudan]]. The French party and a British-Egyptian force (outnumbering the French by 10 to 1) met on friendly terms. However, in Europe, it became a war scare. Both empires stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure, the French withdrew, ensuring Anglo-Egyptian control over the area.

== Background ==
{{Page numbers needed|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|thumb|left|''[[The Rhodes Colossus]]'' – [[cartoon]] by [[Edward Linley Sambourne]], published in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' after Rhodes announced plans for a [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] line from [[Cape Town]] to [[Cairo]] in 1892.]]

During the late 19th century, Africa was rapidly being claimed and colonised by European colonial powers. After the 1885 [[Berlin Conference]] regarding [[West Africa]], Europe's great powers went after any remaining lands in Africa that were not already under another European nation's influence. This period in [[History of Africa|African history]] is usually termed the [[Scramble for Africa]] by modern historiography. The principal powers involved in this scramble were Britain, France, Germany, [[Belgian Congo|Belgium]], Italy, [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], and Spain.

The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the continent's [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast (modern-day Senegal) eastward, through the [[Sahel]] along the southern border of the [[Sahara]], a territory covering modern-day Senegal, Mali, Niger, and Chad. Their ultimate goal was to have an uninterrupted link between the [[Niger River]] and the [[Nile]], hence controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the [[Camel train|caravan]] routes through the Sahara. France also had an outpost near the mouth of the [[Red Sea]] in [[French Somaliland]] (now Djibouti), which could serve as an eastern anchor to an east–west belt of French territory across the continent at its widest point.<ref>William Roger Louis, and Prosser Gifford, eds. ''France and Britain in Africa: imperial rivalry and colonial rule'' (Yale University Press, 1971).</ref>

The British, on the other hand, wanted to link their possessions in [[Southern Africa]] ([[Cape Colony|South Africa]], [[Bechuanaland]] and [[Rhodesia]]), with their territories in [[East Africa]] (modern-day Kenya), and these two areas with the Nile basin. Sudan, which then included modern-day South Sudan and Uganda, was the key to the fulfilment of these ambitions, especially since Egypt was already under British control. This 'red line' (''i.e.'', a proposed [[railway]] or road, see [[Cape to Cairo Railway]]) through Africa was made famous by the British [[diamond magnate]] and politician [[Cecil Rhodes]], who wanted Africa "painted Red" (meaning under British control, since territories held by Britain were often coloured red on maps).<ref>Louis and Gifford, eds. ''France and Britain in Africa: imperial rivalry and colonial rule'' (1971).</ref>

If one draws a line from [[Cape Town]] to [[Cairo]] (Rhodes's dream) and another line from [[Dakar]] to [[French Somaliland]] by the Red Sea in the Horn (the French ambition), these two lines intersect in eastern South Suda near the town of Fashoda (present-day [[Kodok]]), explaining its strategic importance. The French east–west axis and the British north–south axis could not co-exist; the nation that could occupy and hold the crossing of the two axes would be the only one able to proceed with its plan.<ref name="JonesFash">Jones, Jim, "[http://www.mrtredinnick.com/uploads/7/2/1/5/7215292/the_fashoda_incident.pdf The Fashoda Incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162852/http://www.mrtredinnick.com/uploads/7/2/1/5/7215292/the_fashoda_incident.pdf |date=24 February 2021 }}" West Chester University, 2014; Web, 12 July 2014; accessed 2019.10.20.</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable as it's a worksheet made by teacher rather than a published paper or book and has a several visible errors ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}

[[File:Fashoda Egyptian fort ruins (1898).jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Egyptian fort at Fashoda, photographed in 1898.]]

Fashoda was founded by the Egyptian army in 1855 in a boggy area and was situated at one of the few places where a boat on the Nile could unload. The area was inhabited by the [[Shilluk people]], and by the mid-1870s, Fashoda was a market town. [[Wilhelm Junker]], one of the first Europeans to arrive in the region described the town in 1876 as "a considerable trading place ... the last outpost of civilization, where travelers plunging into or returning from the wilds of equatorial Africa could procure a few indispensable European wares from the local Greek traders." When [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand]] came to the town in 1898, he found the fort deserted and in ruins.<ref name="JonesFash" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable as it's a worksheet made by teacher rather than a published paper or book and has a several visible errors ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}

Fashoda was also bound up in the Egyptian Question, a long-running dispute between the United Kingdom and France over the [[British occupation of Egypt]]. Since 1882 many French politicians, particularly those of the ''parti colonial'', had come to regret France's decision not to join with Britain in occupying the country. They hoped to force Britain to leave, and thought that a colonial outpost on the Upper Nile could serve as a base for French gunboats. These in turn were expected to make the British abandon Egypt. Another proposed scheme involved a massive dam, cutting off the Nile's water supply and forcing the British out. These ideas were highly impractical, but they succeeded in alarming many British officials.<ref>Henri L. Wesseling, ''Divide and conquer: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (1996).</ref>

Other European nations were also interested in controlling the upper Nile valley. The Italians who had an outpost at [[Massawa]] on the Red Sea, made an attempt but their defeat at the [[Battle of Adwa]] in March 1896 ended it. In September 1896, King [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], the Sovereign of the [[Congo Free State]], sent a column of 5,000 [[Force Publique|Congolese troops]], with artillery, towards the White Nile from [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]] on the Upper Congo River. After five months they reached [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]], about {{convert|500|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} from Fashoda. The soldiers were upset at their treatment and mutinied on 18 March 1897. Many of the Belgian officers were killed and the rest fled.<ref name="JonesFash" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable as it's a worksheet made by teacher rather than a published paper or book and has a several visible errors ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}

==Crisis==
[[File:LeCommandantMarchand.jpg|thumb|upright|Contemporary illustration of Marchand's trek across Africa.]]

===Marchand expedition===
{{Page numbers needed|date=February 2025}}
France made its move by sending Captain [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand]], a veteran of the conquest of [[French Sudan]], back to West Africa. He embarked a force composed mostly of West African colonial troops from Senegal on a ship for central Africa.<ref name = "JonesFash" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable as it's a worksheet made by teacher rather than a published paper or book and has a several visible errors ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}} On 20 June 1896, he reached [[Libreville]] in the colony of [[Gabon]] with a force of only 120 [[Senegalese Tirailleurs|''tirailleurs'']] plus 12 French officers, non-commissioned officers and support staff—Captain Marcel Joseph Germain, Captain Albert Baratier, Captain [[Charles Mangin]], Captain Victor Emmanuel Largeau, Lieutenant Félix Fouqué, a teacher named Dyé, doctor Jules Emily Major, Warrant Officer De Prat, Sergeant George Dat, Sergeant Bernard, Sergeant Venail and the military interpreter Landerouin.<ref name = "Côte">Michel Côte, Mission de Bonchamps: ''Vers Fachoda à la rencontre de la mission Marchand à travers l'Ethiopie'', Paris, Plon, 1900.</ref>

Marchand's force set out from [[Brazzaville]] in a borrowed Belgian steamer with orders to secure the area around Fashoda and make it a French protectorate. They steamed up the [[Ubangi River]] to its [[head of navigation]] and then marched overland (carrying 100 tons of supplies, including a collapsible steel steamboat with a one-ton boiler<ref name = "JonesFash" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable as it's a worksheet made by teacher rather than a published paper or book and has a several visible errors ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}) through jungle and scrub to the deserts of Sudan. They travelled across Sudan to the Nile. They were to be met there by two expeditions coming from the east across [[Ethiopia]], one of which, from [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]], was led by [[Christian de Bonchamps]], veteran of the [[Stairs Expedition to Katanga]].<ref name =Côte />

Following a difficult 14-month trek across the heart of Africa, the Marchand Expedition arrived on 10 July 1898, but the de Bonchamps Expedition failed to make it after being ordered by the Ethiopians to halt, and then suffering accidents in the [[Baro River|Baro]] Gorge. Marchand's small force found itself alone, hundreds of miles from any support.{{Sfn|Lewis|1988|pp=133–135, 210}} The British, meanwhile, were engaged in the [[Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan]], moving upriver from Egypt. On 18 September a [[flotilla]] of five British [[gunboat]]s arrived at the isolated Fashoda fort. They carried 1,500 British, Egyptian and Sudanese soldiers, led by [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Sir Herbert Kitchener]] and including Lieutenant-Colonel [[Horace Smith-Dorrien]].{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|p=548}} Marchand had received incorrect reports that the approaching force consisted of [[Dervishes]]; he found himself facing a diplomatic rather than a military crisis.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|p=547}}

=== Standoff at Fashoda ===
[[File:Fashoda British arrival 1898.png|thumb|Arrival of the Anglo-Egyptian troops at Fashoda.]]

Both sides insisted on their right to Fashoda but agreed to wait for further instructions from home.{{Sfn|Moorehead|2002|p=78}} The two commanders behaved with restraint and even a certain humour. Kitchener toasted Marchand with whisky, the drinking of which the French officer described as "one of the greatest sacrifices I ever made for my country". Kitchener inspected a French garden commenting "Flowers at Fashoda. Oh these Frenchmen!" More seriously the British distributed French newspapers detailing the political chaos caused by the [[Dreyfus affair]], warning that France was in no condition to provide serious support for Marchand and his party.<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert and Isabelle |last=Tombs |page=429 |title=That Sweet Enemy. The French and the British From the Sun King to the Present |year=2006 |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-434-00867-2}}</ref> News of the meeting was relayed to [[Paris]] and [[London]], where it inflamed the pride of both nations. Widespread popular outrage followed, each side accusing the other of naked expansionism and aggression. The crisis continued throughout September and October 1898. The [[Royal Navy]] drafted war orders and mobilized its reserves.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|p=552}}

=== French withdrawal ===
As the commander of the Anglo-Egyptian army that had just defeated the forces of the [[Mahdi]] at the [[Battle of Omdurman]], Kitchener was in the process of reconquering the Sudan in the name of the [[Khedive|Egyptian Khedive]], and after the battle he opened sealed orders to investigate the French expedition. Kitchener landed at Fashoda wearing an [[Egyptian Army Uniform|Egyptian Army uniform]] and insisted in raising the Egyptian flag at some distance from the French flag.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In naval terms, the situation was heavily in Britain's favour, a fact that French deputies acknowledged in the aftermath of the crisis. Several historians have given credit to Marchand for remaining calm.{{Sfn|Giffen|1930|pp=79–98}} The military facts were undoubtedly important to [[Théophile Delcassé]], the newly appointed French foreign minister. "They have soldiers. We only have arguments," he said resignedly. In addition, he saw no advantage in a war with the British, especially since he was keen to gain their friendship in case of any future conflict with Germany. He therefore pressed hard for a peaceful resolution of the crisis although it encouraged a tide of nationalism and [[Anti-English sentiment|anglophobia]]. In an editorial published in ''[[L'Intransigeant]]'' on 13 October [[Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay|Victor Henri Rochefort]] wrote, "Germany keeps slapping us in the face. Let's not offer our cheek to England."{{Sfn|Vaïsse|2004|pp=15–16}} As Professor P. H. Bell writes,

{{Blockquote|Between the two governments there was a brief battle of wills, with the British insisting on immediate and unconditional French withdrawal from Fashoda. The French had to accept these terms, amounting to a public humiliation.{{Sfn|Bell|2014a|p=3}}}}

The French government quietly ordered its soldiers to withdraw on 3 November and the crisis ended peacefully.{{Sfn|Langer|1951|pp=537–580}} Marchand withdrew his small force by way of Abyssinia and Djibouti, rather than cross Egyptian territory by taking the relatively quick journey by steamer down the Nile.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|p=555}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="165">
File:No Fight - JM Staniforth.png|Francophobic cartoon: a French poodle begs for scraps from a British bulldog.
File:Illustration anglophobe dans La France illustrée (1898).png|Anglophobic illustration captioned "The British in Siam, Egypt, the Sudan and other places".
</gallery>

==Aftermath==
Fashoda was a major diplomatic defeat and a national humiliation for France.{{sfn|Brown|1970|p=119}} According to [[French nationalism|French nationalists]], the capitulation was clear evidence that the [[French Army|army]] had been severely weakened by the traitors who supported [[Alfred Dreyfus|Dreyfus]]. It also inspired intense anti-British sentiment, and some voiced that England might be preparing to attack France. The reopening of the [[Dreyfus affair]] in January the following year had done much to distract French public opinion from events in [[Sudan]] and people increasingly questioned the wisdom of a war over such a remote part of Africa. Nevertheless it put paid to French ambitions of an equatorial empire stretching from the West coast to the East.{{sfn|Kumar|2016|p=53}} Britain meanwhile relished in the success, and although wary of French retaliation her coercive policy had resolved the crisis.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|pp=128-31}}

The French also realized that in the long run they needed the friendship of Britain in case of a war between France and Germany.{{Sfn|Taylor|1954|pp=321–326}}

In March 1899, the [[Anglo-French Convention of 1898]] was signed and it was agreed that the source of the [[Nile]] and the [[Congo River|Congo]] rivers should mark the frontier between their [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The Fashoda Incident was the last serious colonial dispute between Britain and France, and its classic diplomatic solution is considered by most historians to be the precursor of the [[Entente Cordiale]] of 1904.{{Sfn|Horne|2006|pp=298–299}} The same year, Fashoda was officially renamed [[Kodok]]. It is located in modern-day [[South Sudan]].

===Legacy===
A French colonial officer [[George de Villebois-Mareuil]] saw the [[Second Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]] as a chance to avenge the French humiliation at Fashoda - he was however killed at the [[Battle of Boshof]].<ref>F. Chinier, ''La Presse Français et les Boërs'', memoire de maitrise, Université de Lyon III, 1988.</ref>

The two main individuals involved in the incident are commemorated in the {{Interlanguage link|Pont Kitchener-Marchand|fr|lt=Kitchener-Marchand bridge}}, a {{convert|116|m|adj=on}} road bridge over the [[Saône]], completed in 1959 in the French city of [[Lyon]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/kitchener-marchand-bridge |title=Kitchener-Marchand Bridge (Lyon, 1949) |website=Structurae |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227070204/https://structurae.net/en/structures/kitchener-marchand-bridge |url-status=live }}</ref>

The incident gave rise to the '[[Fashoda syndrome]]' in French foreign policy — a tendency to assert French influence in areas which might be becoming susceptible to British influence.{{Sfn|Langer|1951|pp=537–580}} As such it was used as a comparison to other later crises or conflicts such as the [[Levant Crisis]] of 1945,{{Sfn|Bell|2014b|p=76}} the [[Nigerian Civil War]] in [[Biafra]] in the 1970s and the [[Rwandan Civil War]] in 1994.{{Sfn|Schmidt|2013|p=181}}

== See also ==
* [[Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan]]
* [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|International relations of the Great Powers]]
** [[France–United Kingdom relations]]
* [[Pink Map]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Andrew |first1=G. |last2=Kanya-Forstner |first2=A. S. |display-authors=1 |date=1974 |title=Gabriel Hanotaux, the Colonial Party and the Fashoda Strategy |journal=[[The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|J. Imp. Commonw. Hist.]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=55–104 |doi=10.1080/03086537408582422}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bates |first=D. |date=1984 |title=The Fashoda Incident of 1898: Encounter on the Nile |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192117718 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fashodaincidento00bate }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bell |first=P. |date=2014a |title=France and Britain, 1900–1940: Entente and Estrangement |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317892731}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bell |first1=P. M. H |title=France and Britain, 1940–1994: The Long Separation |date=2014b |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317888413}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Berenson |first1=Edward H |title=Heroes of Empire: Five charismatic men and the conquest of Africa |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=R. |date=1970 |title=Fashoda Reconsidered: The Impact of Domestic Politics on French Policy in Africa, 1893–1898 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=9780801810985 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fashodareconside0000brow }}
* {{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=W. |date=1899 |title=[[The River War|The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan]] |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |oclc=2704682}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Eubank |first=K. |date=1960 |title=The Fashoda Crisis Re-Examined |journal=Historian |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=145–162 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1960.tb01649.x}}
* {{Cite book |last=Giffen |first=M. |date=1930 |title=Fashoda, the Incident and Its Diplomatic Setting |publisher=University of Chicago Press |oclc=993310905}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horne |first=A. |date=2006 |title=La Belle France: A Short History |location=New York |publisher=Vintage |isbn=9781400034871}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Krishan |title=The Idea of Englishness English Culture, National Identity and Social Thought |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317028154}}
* {{Cite book |last=Langer |first=W. |date=1951 |title=The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |oclc=787805}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=D. |date=1988 |title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism & African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9780747501138}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moorehead |first=A. |date=2002 |title=The White Nile |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780141391168}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pakenham |first=T. |date=1991 |title=The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=9780394515762 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Susan |title=Crisis Bargaining and the State The Domestic Politics of International Conflict By |date=1996 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472106288}}
* {{Cite book |last=Porter |first=C. |date=1975 |title=The Career of Théophile Delcassé |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=9780837177205 |pages=132–139}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Riker |first=T. |date=1979 |title=A Survey of British Policy in the Fashoda Crisis |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=54–78 |doi=10.2307/2142814 |jstor=2142814}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Elizabeth |title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror Issue 7 of New Approaches to African History |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521882385}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=A. |date=1950 |title=Prelude to Fashoda: The Question of the Upper Nile, 1894–5 |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=65 |issue=254 |pages=52–80 |doi=10.1093/ehr/lxv.ccliv.52}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=A. |date=1954 |title=The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt |url-access=registration |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |oclc=123580339 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Turton |first=E. R. |date=1976 |title=Lord Salisbury and the Macdonald Expedition |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03086537608582472 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/03086537608582472 |pages=35–52 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614030621/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03086537608582472 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Vaïsse |first=M. |date=2004 |title=L'Entente cordiale de Fachoda à la Grande Guerre: dans les archives du Quai d'Orsay |language=fr |location=Brussels |publisher=Éditions Complexe |isbn=9782804800062}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Wright |first=Patricia |date=August 1972 |title=The French Fashoda Expedition 1896–99 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/french-fashoda-expedition-1896-99 |magazine=[[History Today]] |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=564–575 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103072400/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/french-fashoda-expedition-1896-99 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Patricia |date=1972 |title=Conflict on the Nile: The Fashoda Incident of 1898 |location=London |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=9780434878307 |oclc=185779517}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=T. |date=2020 |title=The Comite de L'Afrique Francaise, the Chad Plan, and the Origins of Fashoda |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/comite-de-lafrique-francaise-the-chad-plan-and-the-origins-of-fashoda/16CF53C535971A91068592F2E753A387 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=310–331 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X20000023 |s2cid=219078894|url-access=subscription }}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Fashoda Incident}}

{{Upper Nile}}
{{French colonial campaigns}}
{{Great power diplomacy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1898 in Sudan]]
[[Category:1898 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1898 in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:British colonisation in Africa]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1898]]
[[Category:Diplomatic crises of the 19th century]]
[[Category:European colonisation of Africa]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:France–United Kingdom relations]]
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[[Category:Military history of South Sudan]]
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