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{{Short description|Ruling dynasty of the Fatimid Caliphate}}
{{for|the state ruled by the dynasty|Fatimid Caliphate}}
{{Infobox dynasty
| name = Fatimid dynasty
| native_name = {{lang|ar|الفاطميون}}
| parent_family = [[Husaynids]]
| country = [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
| etymology = [[Fatima]]
| founded = 909
| founder = [[Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah]]
| dissolution = 1171
| final_ruler = [[Al-Adid|Al-Adid li-Din Allah]]
| historic_seat = [[Raqqada]] (909–921)<br>[[Mahdia|al-Mahdiya]] (921–948)<br>[[Mansouria, Tunisia|al-Mansuriya]] (948–973)<br>[[Cairo]] (973–1171)
| titles = [[List of Isma'ili imams|Imam]] and [[List of Fatimid caliphs|Caliph]]
}}
{{History of the Arab States}}
The '''Fatimid dynasty''' ({{Langx|ar|الفاطميون|al-Fāṭimiyyūn}}) was an [[Arabs|Arab]] [[dynasty]] that ruled the [[Fatimid Caliphate]], between 909 and 1171 CE. Descended from [[Fatima]] and [[Ali]], and adhering to [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'ism]], they held the Isma'ili [[imamate in Ismaili doctrine|imamate]], and were regarded as the rightful leaders of the Muslim community. The line of [[List of Isma'ili imams#Nizari|Nizari Isma'ili imams]], represented today by the [[Aga Khan]]s, claims descent from a branch of the Fatimids. The [[Alavi Bohras]], predominantly based in [[Vadodara]], also claim descent from the Fatimids.

The Fatimid dynasty emerged as the leaders of the clandestine early Isma'ili missionary movement ({{transliteration|ar|[[da'wa]]}}) in the ninth century CE, ostensibly acting on behalf of a hidden imam, implied at the time to be [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il]]. The Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}} spread widely across the Islamic world, then ruled by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. In 899, the future first Fatimid caliph, [[Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah|Abdallah]], proclaimed himself to be the expected imam, causing a rift in the Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}} as the [[Qarmatians]], who did not recognize his imamate, split off. In the meantime, Isma'ili agents had managed to conquer large parts of [[Yemen]] and [[Ifriqiya]], as well as launch uprisings in Syria and Iraq. Fleeing Abbasid persecution to Ifriqiya, Abdallah proclaimed himself openly and established the Fatimid Caliphate in 909. From there, the Fatimid imam–caliphs extended their rule over most of the [[Maghreb]] as well as [[Sicily]], before [[Fatimid conquest of Egypt|conquering]] Egypt in 969. Founding [[Cairo]] as their new capital, for the next two centuries, the Fatimids would be based in Egypt and identified with the country. At their height, the Fatimids claimed control or suzerainty over much of North Africa, Sicily, Egypt, the [[Levant]], the [[Hejaz]], Yemen, and [[Multan]].

The Fatimids' claimed pedigree of descent from Fatima and Ali was central to their legitimacy as the legitimate imams in an unbroken, divinely ordained line from Ali onwards. Their initial obscurity, and the publication of conflicting and incorrect genealogies by the first Fatimid caliph, [[Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah]] (known by the diminutive Ubayd Allah by his detractors), cast doubt on the accuracy of these claims, which were usually rejected by contemporary [[Sunni]] and [[Twelver Shi'a]] alike, who considered them impostors and usurpers. As a result, many sources into the 20th century referred to the Fatimids by the derogatory name Ubaydids.

Fatimid expansion into the Levant, and the ideological challenge that the [[Shi'a Century|ascendancy of Shi'a regimes]] represented, resulted in the Sunnis rallying around the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in response, triggering the [[Sunni revival]] of the 11th century. Faced with internal turmoil, and the arrival of the [[Seljuk Turks]] and then the [[Crusades]], Fatimid power began to decline in the later 11th century. the dynasty was saved by passing power to powerful military [[vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|viziers]], but this also meant that the imam–caliphs often were mere puppet rulers. The initial dynamism of the {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}} was diminished by bitter succession disputes, which resulted in large parts of the Isma'ili community, such as the [[Druze]], [[Nizaris]], and [[Tayyibis]], breaking off from the Fatimid allegiance, and tarnished the prestige and authority of the dynasty. The last of the Fatimid imam–caliphs were powerless child rulers that were pawns in the hands of their viziers. The last of these viziers, [[Saladin]], deposed the dynasty in 1171, after the death of Caliph [[al-Adid]]. The remaining members of the dynasty and their offspring were placed under house arrest in Cairo until their deaths; the last members of the dynasty died in the mid-13th century.

==Origin==
===Background: early Shi'ism===
Since the death of [[Caliph]] [[Ali]] ({{Reign|656|661}}) in 661, which led to the establishment of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], a part of the [[Muslim community]] rejected the Umayyads as usurpers and called for the establishment of a regime led by a member of the {{Transliteration|ar|[[ahl al-bayt]]}}, the family of Muhammad. The [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasids]], who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and thus claimed membership of the wider family, profited from this during their [[Abbasid Revolution|rise to power]] against the Umayyads; but their claim was rejected by the [[Shia Islam|Shia]], who insisted on the exclusive right of the descendants of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] ({{Died in|670}}) and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] ({{Died in|680}}), Ali's sons by Muhammad's daughter [[Fatimah|Fatima]].{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=18}} A line of [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|imams]] emerged from the offspring of Husayn, who did not openly lay claim to the caliphate, but were considered by their followers as the true representatives of God on earth.{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=18}} This doctrine was founded on the designation ({{Transliteration|ar|[[nass (Islam)|nass]]}}) of Ali by Muhammad at [[Ghadir Khumm]], and later pro-Fatimid scholars held that an unbroken chain of designated imams would follow until the end of the world; indeed, these scholars argued that the imams' existence was an inevitable necessity.{{sfn|Brett|2001|p=31}}

The sixth of these imams, [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], appointed ({{transliteration|ar|[[nass (Islam)|nass]]}}) his son [[Isma'il al-Mubarak]] as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. One faction of al-Sadiq's followers held that he had designated another son, [[Musa al-Kazim]], as his heir. Others followed other sons, [[Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq|Muhammad al-Dibaj]] and [[Abdallah al-Aftah|Abd Allah al-Aftah]]—as the latter died soon after, his followers went over to Musa's camp—or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as a [[messiah]].{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=88–89}} Musa's adherents, who constituted the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, followed his line down to a twelfth imam who supposedly [[Occultation (Islam)|vanished]] in 874. Adherents of this line are known as the [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelvers]].{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=18}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=89}} Another branch believed that Ja'far al-Sadiq was followed by a seventh imam, who also had gone into hiding; hence this party is known as the Seveners. The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late ninth century had commonly been identified with [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il|Muhammad]], son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect receives its name of 'Isma'ili'.{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=18}}{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=27–28}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=89–90}} Neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's reported death during the reign of [[Harun al-Rashid]] ({{reign|786|809}}), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=90–96}}

===<span class="anchor" id="Maymun al-Qaddah"></span>Fatimid genealogies and controversies===<!-- [[Maymun al-Qaddah]] and [[Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Qaddah]] redirect here; when one of them gets an article the other should be redirected to it and this anchor removed -->
Official Fatimid doctrine claimed an uninterrupted line of succession between the first Fatimid caliph, [[Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah|Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah]] ({{reign|909|934}}), and Ali and Fatima, via Muhammad ibn Isma'il.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=850}} This descent was both accepted and challenged already in the Middle Ages, and remains a topic of debate among scholars today.<ref>cf. {{harvnb|Andani|2016|pp=199–200}} for a summary.</ref> As the historian of Shi'a Islam [[Heinz Halm]] comments, "The alleged descent of the dynasty from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima has been called into question by contemporaries from the very beginning and cannot be proven",{{sfn|Halm|2014}} while Michael Brett, an expert on the Fatimids, asserts that "a factual answer to the question of their identity is impossible".{{sfn|Brett|2001|p=29}}

The main problem arises with the succession linking al-Mahdi with Ja'far al-Sadiq. According to Isma'ili doctrine, the imams that followed Muhammad ibn Isma'il were in concealment ({{transliteration|ar|satr}}), but early Isma'ili sources do not mention them, and even later, official Isma'ili genealogies diverge on the number, names and identities of these 'hidden imams' ({{transliteration|ar|al-a'imma al-masturin}}), a problem complicated by the Isma'ili claims that the hidden imams assumed various aliases for safety.{{sfn|Canard|1965|pp=850–851}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=99–100, 104}} Thus the pro-Isma'ili Prince Peter Hagop Mamour, in his 1934 apologetic work ''Polemics on the Origin of the Fatimi Caliphs'', lists no fewer than fifty variations of the line of the four hidden imams between Isma'il ibn Ja'far and al-Mahdi, claiming that the various names represent pseudonyms.{{sfn|Brett|2001|p=34}} Early Isma'ili sources tend to be silent on the matter, from a mixture of both religious imperative—since God has decreed his imams to be hidden, they should remain so—and apparent ignorance.{{sfn|Brett|2001|p=35}} Al-Mahdi himself, in a letter sent to the Isma'ili community in Yemen, even claimed not to be descended from Isma'il ibn Ja'far, but from his older brother Abdallah al-Aftah, who is generally held to not have had any descendants at all. Notably, later official Fatimid genealogies rejected this version.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=851}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=101}}{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=146–147}} In addition, it appears that the first known ancestor of the Fatimid line, [[Ahmad al-Wafi|Abdallah al-Akbar]], the great-grandfather of the first Fatimid caliph, initially claimed descent not from Ali at all, but from his brother [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]], and was accepted as such by the Aqilids of Basra.{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=19–20}} According to Brett, the line of descent claimed by the Fatimid between Ja'far al-Sadiq and al-Mahdi reflects "historical beliefs rather than historical figures, for which there is little or no independent confirmation",{{sfn|Brett|2001|p=29}} as even Isma'il ibn Ja'far is an obscure figure, let alone his supposed hidden successors.{{sfn|Brett|2001|p=30}}

While pro-Fatimid sources emphasize their [[Alid]] descent—the dynasty named itself simply as the 'Alid dynasty' ({{transliteration|ar|al-dawla al-alawiyya}})—many [[Sunni]] sources instead refer to them as the 'Ubaydids' ({{langx|ar|بنو عبيد|Banu Ubayd}}), after the diminutive form Ubayd Allah for al-Mahdi's name, commonly used in Sunni sources with an apparently pejorative intent.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=852}}{{sfn|Halm|2014}} Medieval anti-Fatimid polemicists, starting with [[Ibn Rizam]] and [[Akhu Muhsin]], were keen to discredit Isma'ilism as an [[antinomian]] heresy and generally considered Fatimid claims to Alid descent fraudulent. Instead, they put forth a counter claim that al-Mahdi descended from Abdallah, the son of a certain [[Maymun al-Qaddah]] from [[Khuzistan]],{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=8, 101–103}} that al-Mahdi's real name was Sa'id, or that al-Mahdi's father was in reality a Jew (a common antisemitic trope among medieval Arab authors).{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=850}} While several medieval Sunni authors and contemporary potentates—including the impeccably Alid [[sharif]]s of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]—accepted or appeared to accept Fatimid claims at face value,{{sfn|Andani|2016|pp=199–200}} this anti-Isma'ili 'black legend', as the modern scholar [[Farhad Daftary]] calls it, influenced Sunni historiographers throughout the following centuries, and became official doctrine with the [[Baghdad Manifesto]] of 1011.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=8–9, 24–25}} Due to the paucity of actual Isma'ili material until Isma'ili sources started to become available and undergo scholarly examination during the 20th century, the Sunni version was adopted even by some early modern [[Orientalists]].{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=101–103}}

Early Isma'ili sources ignore the existence of Maymun al-Qaddah, but later, Fatimid-era sources were forced to confront their opponents' claims about his person, and tried to reconcile the conflicting genealogies accordingly.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=851}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=105}} Some sectarian Isma'ili—especially [[Druze]]—sources even claimed that during the period of concealment of the Isma'ili imams, the Isma'ili movement was actually led by the descendants of Maymun al-Qaddah, until the restoration of the true line with the Fatimid caliphs.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=105}} Later [[Tayyibi]] Isma'ili authors also used the figures of Maymun al-Qaddah and his son Abdallah to argue for the legality of there being a substitute or representative of the imam, whenever the latter was underage.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=105–106}} A further controversy that emerged already in medieval times is whether the second Fatimid caliph, [[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|Muhammad al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah]], was the son of al-Mahdi, or whether the latter was merely usurping the position of a still-hidden imam; that would mean that al-Qa'im was the first true Fatimid imam-caliph.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=851}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=105}}

Modern authors have tried to reconcile the genealogies. In ''Origins of Ismāʿı̄lism'', the Arabist [[Bernard Lewis]] suggested the existence of two parallel series of imams: trustee ({{transliteration|ar|mustawda'}}) imams, descended from Maymun al-Qaddah, whose task was to hide and protect the existence of the real ({{transliteration|ar|mustakarr}}, {{lit.|permanent}}) imams. Lewis posited that al-Mahdi was the last of that line, and that al-Qa'im was the first of the {{transliteration|ar|mustakarr}} imams to sit on the throne.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=851}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=107}} Research by [[Vladimir Ivanov (orientalist)|Vladimir Ivanov]], on the other hand, has conclusively shown that the supposed Qaddahite descent of the Fatimids is a legend, likely invented by Ibn Rizam himself: the historical Maymun al-Qaddah is now known to have been a disciple of [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] (recognized by both Isma'ilis and Twelvers as an imam), and both he and his son Abdallah hailed from the [[Hejaz]]. For reasons of chronology alone, Ibn Rizam's version is thus proven to be untenable.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=103}} Access to more sources has furthermore led to the partial reconciliation of the conflicting accounts by positing that some of the variant names in the genealogies were indeed cover names for the Isma'ili imams: thus Maymun ('the Fortunate One') is suggested as the sobriquet for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, especially since a source connects him with a sect known as the Maymuniyya. This explanation is also present in an epistle by the fourth Fatimid caliph, [[al-Mu'izz]], in 965. This would make the  claim of al-Mahdi's descent from an 'Abdallah ibn Maymun' actually correct, and lead hostile sources to confuse him with the earlier Shi'a figure.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=104–105}} Another suggestion, by Abbas Hamdani and F. de Blois, is that the officially published genealogies represent a compromise between two different lines of descent from Ja'far al-Sadiq, one from Isma'il and another (per al-Mahdi's letter to the Yemenis) from Abdallah al-Aftah.{{sfn|Brett|2001|p=36}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=107}} Other scholars, such as Halm, remain skeptical, while Omert Schrier and Michael Brett dismiss the Fatimid claims of Alid descent entirely as a pious fiction.{{sfn|Andani|2016|p=200}}

===The Fatimids and the early Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}}===
{{Ismailism|collapsed=1}}
Both the Twelvers and the Seveners held that their final imams were not dead, but had simply gone into concealment, and that they would soon return as a messiah, the {{transliteration|ar|[[mahdi]]}} ('the Rightly Guided One') or {{transliteration|ar|[[Qa'im Al Muhammad|qa'im]]}} ('He Who Arises'), to [[Islamic eschatology|usher in the end times]].{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=18}}{{sfn|Halm|1991|p=28}} The {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}} would rapidly overthrow the usurping Abbasids and destroy their capital [[Baghdad]], restore the unity of the Muslims, conquer [[Constantinople]], ensure the final triumph of Islam and establish a reign of peace and justice.{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=28–29}} The Isma'ilis in particular believed that the {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}} would reveal the true, 'inner' ({{transliteration|ar|[[Batin (Islam)|batin]]}}) meaning of religion, which was until then reserved for a few select initiates. The {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}} would abolish the 'outer' ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]}}) forms and strictures of Islam, since henceforth the true religion, the religion of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], would be manifested without the need for symbols and other mediating devices.{{sfn|Halm|1991|p=29}}

While the {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}} Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word ({{transliteration|ar|[[Dawah|da'wa]]}}, 'invitation, calling'), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, the {{transliteration|ar|[[hujja]]}} ({{lit.|seal}}).{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=29–30}} The first known {{transliteration|ar|hujja}} was Abdallah al-Akbar, a wealthy merchant from [[Askar Mukram]], in what is now southwestern [[Iran]]. Apart from improbable stories circulated by later anti-Isma'ili polemicists, his exact origin is unknown.{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=16–18}} His teachings led to his being forced to flee his native city to escape persecution by the Abbasid authorities, and seek refuge in [[Basra]]. Once again, his teachings attracted the attention of the authorities, and he moved on to the small town of [[Salamiyah]] on the western edge of the [[Syrian Desert]].{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=17–20}} There he settled as a merchant from Basra, and had two sons, [[Muhammad al-Taqi (Isma'ili)|Ahmad]] and Ibrahim. When Abdallah died {{circa|827/8}}, Ahmad succeeded his father as the head of the Isma'ili movement, and was in turn succeeded by his younger son, Muhammad, known as Abu'l-Shalaghlagh.{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=22–24}} In later Fatimid doctrine, Abdallah al-Akbar was presented as the eldest son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, and his successor as imam, followed by Ahmad.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=99–100}} While Muhammad Abu'l-Shalaghlagh was the head of the {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}}, however, the imamate passed to another son, [[Radi Abdullah|al-Husayn]] (d. 881/2), and thence to al-Husayn's son, Abdallah or Sa'id, the future Caliph al-Mahdi, who was born in 873/4.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=100}} Isma'ili texts suggest that Abu'l-Shalaghlagh was the guardian and tutor of al-Mahdi, but also that he tried to usurp the succession for his own sons but failed, as the latter all died prematurely.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=100}}

During the late ninth century, [[Millenarianism|millennialist]] expectations increased in the Muslim world, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long [[Anarchy at Samarra]], the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale [[Zanj Rebellion]], whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}}.{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=17}} In this chaotic atmosphere, and with the Abbasids preoccupied with suppressing the Zanj uprising, the Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}} spread rapidly, aided by dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the [[Political quietism in Islam|political quietism]] of their leadership and the recent disappearance of their twelfth imam.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=108}} Missionaries ({{transliteration|ar|[[da'i]]}}s) like [[Hamdan Qarmat]] and his brother-in-law [[Abu Muhammad Abdan]] spread the network of agents to the area round [[Kufa]] in the late 870s, and from there to [[Yemen]] ([[Ibn Hawshab]], 882) and thence India (884), [[Eastern Arabia|Bahrayn]] ([[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi]], 899), [[Persia]], and [[Ifriqiya]] ([[Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i]], 893).{{sfn|Halm|1991|p=47}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=108–110}} The real leadership of the movement remained hidden at Salamiyah, and only the chief {{transliteration|ar|da'i}}s of each region, such as Hamdan Qarmat, knew and corresponded with it.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=116}} The true head of the movement remained hidden even from the senior missionaries, however, and a certain Fayruz functioned as chief missionary ({{transliteration|ar|[[da'i al-du'at]]}}) and 'gateway' ({{transliteration|ar|[[bab (Shia Islam)|bab]]}}) to the hidden leader.{{sfn|Halm|1991|p=61}}

===Qarmatian schism and flight to the Maghreb===
In about 899, Abdallah ibn al-Husayn assumed the leadership of the {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}}. Soon, he began making alterations to the doctrine, which worried Hamdan Qarmat. Abdan went to Salamiyah to investigate the matter, and learned that Abdallah claimed that the expected {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}} was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, as commonly propagated, but Abdallah himself, and that Abdallah's ancestors, far from being simply the {{transliteration|ar|hujja}}s of the imams, were actually the imams themselves. In a letter to the Yemeni community, Abdallah claimed that 'Muhammad ibn Isma'il' was actually a cover name assumed by each incumbent imam, and denied any particular role of Muhammad ibn Isma'il as the expected {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}} who was to usher in the end times.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=116–119}} These doctrinal innovations caused a major rift in the movement, as Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiyah, gathered the Iraqi {{transliteration|ar|da'i}}s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after this Hamdan "disappeared" from his headquarters, and Abdan was assassinated by [[Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh]], who had remained loyal to Salamiyah.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=117}}

The schism left the early Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}} divided into two factions: those who accepted Abdallah's claims, and continued to follow him, and became the Isma'ilis proper, and those who rejected them and continued to believe in the return of Muhammad ibn Isma'il as {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}}, who became known as the [[Qarmatians]] (although anti-Fatimid sources also used the label for the Fatimids themselves).{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=120}} In Iraq and Persia, the community was split between the two factions, but in Bahrayn, the local {{transliteration|ar|da'i}}s split off from Salamiyah and established an independent Qarmatian state that lasted into the 1070s.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=120}} On the other hand, Zakarawayh and his loyalists now began a series of anti-Abbasid uprisings in Iraq and Syria in 902–907, with the support of the [[Bedouin]] tribes. Calling themselves the {{transliteration|ar|Fatimiyyun}}, the uprisings enjoyed some ephemeral success, but were eventually suppressed by the still potent Abbasid army. Zakarawayh apparently moved without Abdallah's authorization or prior knowledge, and thus placed him in danger: the Abbasid authorities began a crackdown on the {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}}, and Zakarawayh's sons unwittingly revealed the location and identity of Abdallah to the Abbasids, who launched a man-hunt against him.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=122–124}} Already in 902, Abdallah with his household left Salamiyah for [[Ramla]]. As the revolts instigated by Zakarawayh were suppressed, Abdallah moved to [[Tulunid]] Egypt in early 904. As the Abbasids recovered control of Egypt in the next year, the small party fled again. While his companions expected to head to Yemen, where the Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}} had enjoyed great success, Abdallah turned westward, and established himself at the oasis town of [[Sijilmasa]], in what is now southwestern [[Morocco]], in August 905.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=852}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=123, 125}}

==Ruling an empire==
===Establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate===
In the meantime, in Ifriqiya, the {{transliteration|ar|da'i}} Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i had managed to convert the [[Berbers|Berber]] tribe of the [[Kutama]] to the Isma'ili cause. From 902 on, the Kutama had gradually conquered the region from its Abbasid clients, the [[Aghlabids]]. On 25 March 909, Abu Abdallah and his Kutama entered the Aghlabid palace city of [[Raqqada]] in triumph.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=126–127}} The {{transliteration|ar|da'i}} proclaimed a Shi'a regime, but kept the name of his master secret as yet, only using the title {{transliteration|ar|hujjat Allah}}, 'God's proof'; and soon set out westward, at the head of a large army, to bring his imam to Ifriqiya.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=127}} The Kutama army destroyed the Kharijite [[Rustamid]] emirate on its way, and arrived at Sijilmasa in August 909. There Abdallah was acclaimed caliph by the troops.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=127–128}} On 4 January 910, Abdallah entered Raqqada, where he publicly proclaimed himself caliph with the [[laqab|regnal title]] of {{transliteration|ar|al-imam al-mahdi bi'llah}}, 'the imam rightly guided by God'.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=128}}

The first crisis of the new regime occurred quickly. Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i and his brother demanded proof of Abdallah being the {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}}, or resented the limitations on their authority placed by the new ruler. Al-Mahdi Billah was able to eliminate them in 911, but this led to a Kutama revolt, led by a child {{transliteration|ar|mahdi}} as a figurehead. The uprising was defeated, and the Fatimid control over the Kutama consolidated.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=852}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=141}} Nevertheless, Fatimid power remained fragile, as it was based almost exclusively on the—often truculent—Kutama, and later the [[Sanhaja]] tribe as well.{{sfn|Halm|2014}} Conversely, the local Arabs of Ifriqiya were [[Maliki]] Sunnis, while most Berber tribes further west—notably the [[Zenata]] confederation—adhered to various forms of [[Kharijism]], and thus opposed to the Isma'ili regime of the Fatimids.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=852}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=141–142}}

===Imperial expansion===
Given the semi-divine status they claimed as the rightful imams of Islam, the Fatimids' ambitions were not limited to Ifriqiya. The Fatimid caliphs aimed to overthrow not only the rival Muslim monarchs—the Abbasids of Baghdad and the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] of [[Caliphate of Cordoba|Cordoba]]—but also the [[Byzantine Empire]], claiming a divine right to universal sovereignty.{{sfn|Canard|1942–1947}}

Fatimid power quickly expanded across the sea to [[Sicily]], which had been [[Muslim conquest of Sicily|conquered]] by the Aghlabids from the Byzantines,{{sfn|Halm|2014}} but Fatimid rule was established there only after a series of revolts by the local Muslims, who at times declared for the Abbasids, were suppressed.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=853}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=143–144}} Sicily was also important as a battleground against the Byzantines, which among other things allowed the Fatimids to present themselves as champions of Islam, engaged in [[jihad|holy war]] against the infidels. In practice, relations were often more pragmatic, and warfare alternated with periods of truce.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=853}}{{sfn|Lev|1995|pp=191–192}} From 948 on, a series of hereditary governors, the [[Kalbid dynasty]], governed Sicily on the Fatimids' behalf.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=853}}

The Fatimids also expanded west to the rest of the Maghreb, where [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and Sijilmasa were captured in 920–921, although these conquests were difficult to hold, and brought the Fatimids into conflict with the Umayyads of Cordoba.{{sfn|Canard|1965|pp=852–853}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=142}} In an attempt to supplant the Abbasids, al-Mahdi's son and heir, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, led campaigns eastward to capture Egypt in [[Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)|914]] and [[Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)|919]]. Both endeavours failed, leaving only the [[Cyrenaica]] in Fatimid hands.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=142}}

===Revolt of Abu Yazid===
[[File:Connjunt de la Skifa Kahla.jpg|thumb|right|The fortified entrance to al-Mahdiyya today]]
Between 916 and 921, al-Mahdi built a new residence, the fortified palace city of [[Mahdia|Mahdiyya]], on a rocky promontory on the Ifriqiyan coast.{{sfn|Halm|2014}} When Al-Mahdi died in 934, he was succeeded by his son, al-Qa'im ({{reign|934|946}}), who continued his father's policies.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=145}} Another attempted invasion of Egypt in 935 was defeated by the country's new strongman ruler, [[Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid]].{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=143}}

The most notable event of al-Qa'im's reign was the revolt of the Zenata Berbers under the Khariji preacher [[Abu Yazid]] in 943/44: almost all of Ifriqiya succumbed to the rebels, and in January 945, the rebels laid siege to Mahdiyya itself.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=146}} Al-Qa'im died during the siege, and was succeeded by his son, Abu Tahir Isma'il ({{reign|946|953}}). The new caliph concealed his father's death, took to the field, and in a series of battles defeated the rebel armies and captured Abu Yazid in August 947.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=146–147}} The victory over the rebel leader, who had almost destroyed the Fatimid state and was symbolically called the {{transliteration|ar|[[Dajjal]]}} ('the false Messiah') by the Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}}, was the moment when Abu Tahir declared himself as the imam and caliph in succession to his father, with the name of [[al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah]] ('The Victor with the Help of God').{{sfn|Halm|2014}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=147}}  Al-Mansur moved the Fatimid court to a new palace city, [[Mansouria, Tunisia|al-Mansuriyya]] near [[Kairouan]], but died soon after, and was succeeded by his son, [[al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah]] ({{reign|953|975}}).{{sfn|Halm|2014}}

===Conquest of Egypt and move of the capital to Cairo===
Al-Mu'izz was an excellent planner and organizer, and the state he inherited had regained internal stability, after the turmoils of Abu Yazid's revolt.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=156}} His early reign saw successes against the Byzantines, where the last remaining Byzantine strongholds were extinguished with the [[Siege of Rometta|Fall of Rometta]] in 965,{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=144–145}} as well as the reconquest of the western Maghreb by the Fatimid general [[Jawhar (general)|Jawhar]] in 958–960, temporarily expelling Umayyad influence from the region and extending Fatimid rule to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=156–157}}

After these successes, al-Mu'izz once again turned to the abandoned project of the conquest of Egypt. Meticulous military and political preparations were undertaken, and the agents of the Isma'ili {{transliteration|ar|da'wa}} engaged to promote the Fatimid cause in Egypt and suborn officials of the weakened [[Ikhshidid]] regime.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=853}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=158}} As a result, when the Fatimid army under Jawhar [[Fatimid conquest of Egypt|arrived in Egypt]] in summer 969, it faced little organized resistance. Jawhar entered the Egyptian capital, [[Fustat]], in July 969, and claimed the country for his master.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=159}} Immediately he began establishing a new capital city near Fustat, which came to be known as {{transliteration|ar|al-Qahira al-Mu'izziyya}} ('the Victorious One of al-Mu'izz'), modern [[Cairo]].{{sfn|Halm|2014}}

Jawhar governed Egypt for the next four years as viceroy of al-Mu'izz, restoring the country's finances.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=161}} It was not until August 972 that al-Mu'izz left Ifriqiya, appointing the Berber [[Buluggin ibn Ziri]] as his viceroy there. In June 973, the Fatimid court arrived in Egypt and al-Mu'izz took up residence in Cairo.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=162}}

===Expansion into Syria===
In the meantime, immediately after the conquest if Egypt Jawhar had tried to extend Fatimid rule into [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]. The first Fatimid invasion failed largely due to the opposition of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, who did not hesitate to align themselves with the Abbasid caliph and denounce al-Mu'izz in public. The Qarmatian leader [[al-Hasan al-A'sam]] led two invasions of Egypt in 971 and again, despite al-Mu'izz's efforts to win him over, in 974. Both invasions were beaten back at the gates of Cairo, forcing the Qarmatians to retreat to Bahrayn, and opening the path for a renewed Fatimid attempt to conquer Syria.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=162–164}} At the same time, around 970/71, the two holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], recognized Fatimid suzerainty, an important symbolic victory for the Fatimids.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=854}}

In 978, Caliph [[al-Aziz]] ({{reign|975|996}}) captured Damascus, but Fatimid power in Syria continued to be challenged, whether by powerful generals or by the restive Bedouin of Palestine under the [[Jarrahids]].{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=854}} Al-Aziz's attempts to capture the [[Hamdanid]] emirate of [[Aleppo]] brought the Fatimids into conflict with the Byzantines, who considered the city their protectorate.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=855}} Attempts to take Aleppo failed in 983, 992/3 and 994/5,{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=854}} and effective Fatimid power reached little past [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] in the north.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=854}} In 987, the Fatimid suzerainty was recognized by the [[Ya'furids]] in Yemen,{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=854}} but Fatimid attempts to induce the fellow Shi'a rulers of Iraq, the [[Buyids]], to recognize their suzerainty, failed; the Buyids rejected the Fatimids' claims of Alid descent.{{sfn|Canard|1965|pp=855–856}} Al-Aziz's reign saw also a transformation in the structure and nature of the Fatimid state: the Kutama, who had been the main pillar of the early Fatimid regime, were now complemented by Turkish military slaves ({{Transliteration|ar|[[ghilman]]}}) as well as Black African slave soldiers, while under the guidance of [[Ya'qub ibn Killis]], the Fatimid administration became organized and regularized.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}

===Reign of al-Hakim===
Al-Aziz died in 996, while preparing a major campaign against the Byzantines and Hamdanids. He was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son, [[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Hakim]]  ({{reign|996|1021}}).{{sfn|Halm|2014}} Initially under the tutelage of powerful officials, al-Hakim managed to seize the reins of power for himself in 1000.{{sfn|Halm|2014}} The early years of his reign saw the conclusion of peace with Byzantium in 1001,{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=855}} as well as the great tribal revolts of [[Abu Rukwa]] in [[Cyrenaica]] in 1005, and of [[Mufarrij ibn Daghfal]] in Palestine in 1012–13.{{sfn|Halm|2014}} In the north, the [[Uqaylids]] of [[Mosul]] briefly acknowledged Fatimid suzerainty in 1010, and in 1015, Aleppo did the same, with Fatimid troops entering the city and imposing direct control in 1017.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=854}} Relations with the Zirids, who quickly had begun distancing themselves from Cairo's authority, became more strained under al-Hakim due to disputes over Cyrenaica and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]],{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=855}} and in 1016/7, the new Zirid emir, [[al-Mu'izz ibn Badis]], launched a pogrom against the remaining Isma'ilis in Ifriqiya.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}

From 1015 on, the Fatimid Caliphate, and the Isma'ili community, were confronted by a rise in sectarianism: a series of preachers who propagated extremist versions of Isma'ilism appeared, preaching the imminence of the end times, the divinity of al-Hakim, and the abolition of the [[Sharia]]. The Fatimid religious establishment opposed such [[antinomian]] views, but al-Hakim seems to have tolerated, if not encouraged them. Although al-Hakim never officially espoused their views, the teachings of men such as [[al-Darzi]] and [[Hamza ibn Ali]] resulted in the birth of the [[Druze]] faith.{{sfn|Halm|2014}} At the same time, al-Hakim made curious innovations in the succession, by splitting up his office in two: one to succeed the caliphate, i.e. the secular office, and one to succeed as imam, i.e. as leader of the Isma'ili community. Furthermore, he sidelined his own son and appointed two cousins to the posts, thereby arousing the hostility of the Fatimid elites. As a result of a conspiracy among the latter, al-Hakim was murdered during one of his night rides outside Cairo, and his corpse disposed of, never to be found.{{sfn|Halm|2014}}

==The dynasty in power==
Members of the dynasty were carefully kept out of public affairs; even princes and princesses of the blood did not have a special position at court, let alone being entrusted with the governance of provinces or the command of armies as in other medieval states, which might result in an independent power base that could threaten the orderly father-to-son succession of the imamate and caliphate.{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=149}} The sole exception was the designated successor, such as al-Qa'im, al-Mansur and Abdallah ibn al-Mu'izz, and that only in the early decades of the dynasty; as the caliphs increasingly ascended the throne as children, this practice was also dropped.{{sfn|Halm|2015|p=93}} This did not remove inter-family feuds, however, most notably in the sidelining of Nizar and the other sons of al-Mustansir at the accession of al-Musta'li, which was followed by repeated attempts by Nizar's descendants to raise a revolt and reclaim power.{{sfn|Halm|2015|pp=93–94}} This led to differences in rank: a detailed list of court precedence from 1122, during the reign of al-Amir, the caliph's single full brother ({{Transliteration|ar|shaqiq}}), Ja'far, is accorded first place in the hierarchy, while their half-brothers from other women are listed much lower, after the caliph's own concubines, followed by the "sons and daughters of cousins".{{sfn|Halm|2015|pp=94–95}}

For similar reasons, Fatimid princesses were usually not wed outside the family, and the caliphs themselves did not usually engage in a [[Marriage in Islam|full marriage]], but had slave concubines, who could rise to the high status of an {{Transliteration|ar|[[umm walad]]}} upon the birth of a son.{{sfn|Halm|2014|pp=149–150}} Several caliphal daughters are not even known by name, and for those that are, it is likely that they never married at all as a matter of policy, even though they are often mentioned only by their [[Kunya (Arabic)|teknonym]]s.{{sfn|Halm|2015|pp=95–96}}

Although politically inactive, the members of the dynasty enjoyed immense riches, founded on the possession of properties in the capital, Cairo, and its environs, as well as commerce.{{sfn|Lev|1991|pp=65–67}} The caliph himself was not above such enrichment, and owned extensive parts of Cairo; according to the mid-11th traveller [[Nasir Khusraw]], all 20,000 shops in the city, as well as its [[caravanserais]] and baths, and 8,000 other buildings that paid a monthly rent to the caliph's private purse ({{Transliteration|ar|diwan al-khass}}) or the private treasury ({{Transliteration|ar|khizana al-khass}}).{{sfn|Lev|1991|p=65}} Fatimid princesses are likewise recorded as being extremely wealthy, in part from estates allocated to them, and in part due to their own commercial and entrepreneurial activities. Thus at their death in 1050/51, two daughters of Caliph al-Mu'izz left estates of about 1.7 million gold dinars each, while Sitt al-Mulk is known to have employed an extensive staff of able administrators of both sexes for her far-flung economic interests.{{sfn|Lev|1991|pp=68–69}}

==Family trees==
{{See also|List of Fatimid caliphs}}

===Descent from Ali as accepted by the later Isma'ilis===
{{Fatimid descent from Ali|state=collapsed}}

===Genealogy according to al-Mahdi's letter to the Yemeni community===
{{chart top|Descent according to a letter sent to the Isma'ili community in Yemen by al-Mahdi bi'llah, which was reproduced by [[Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman]]{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=101, 118–119}}{{sfn|Halm|1991|pp=145–147}}}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 22 boxes}}
{{tree chart| |ALI|~|y|~|FATIM|ALI=[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]|boxstyle_ALI=background-color: #dfd;|FATIM=[[Fatimah bint Muhammad]]}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|HASAN| | | | | |HUSAY|HASAN=[[al-Hasan ibn Ali]]|boxstyle_HASAN=background-color: #dfd;|HUSAY=[[al-Husayn ibn Ali]]|boxstyle_HUSAY=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | |ALI2 |ALI2=[[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]]|boxstyle_ALI2=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| }}
{{tree chart|ZAYD | | | | | |MUHAM|ZAYD=[[Zayd ibn Ali]]|MUHAM=[[Muhammad al-Baqir]]|boxstyle_MUHAM=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | |JAFAR| |JAFAR=[[Ja'far al-Sadiq ]]|boxstyle_JAFAR=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| }}
{{tree chart|ISMAI| |MUSA | |AFTAH|AFTAH=[[Abdallah al-Aftah]]|MUSA=[[Musa al-Kadhim]]|ISMAI=[[Isma'il ibn Ja'far]]|boxstyle_AFTAH=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|MUHA2| |TWELV| |AKBAR|AKBAR=[[Ahmad al-Wafi|Abdallah al-Akbar]]<br/>(in concealment)|TWELV=[[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] imams|MUHA2=[[Muhammad ibn Isma'il]]|boxstyle_AKBAR=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | |AHMAD|AHMAD=[[Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)|Ahmad]]<br/>(in concealment)|boxstyle_AHMAD=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| }}
{{tree chart|ABUAL| | | | | |HUSA2|ABUAL=Abu Ali Muhammad<br>(Abu'l-Shalaghlagh)|HUSA2=[[Radi Abdullah|al-Husayn]]<br/>(in concealment)|boxstyle_HUSA2=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|DAUGH|~|~|y|~|~|MAHDI|DAUGH=Daughter|MAHDI=[[Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah|Abdallah<br>'''al-Mahdi bi'llah''']]|boxstyle_MAHDI=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | |QAIM | | | | |QAIM=[[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|Muhammad<br>'''al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah''']]|boxstyle_QAIM=background-color: #dfd;}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{center|1=<small>{{legend2|#dfd}} denotes imams, '''regnal names in bold'''</small>}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Genealogy as proposed by Bernard Lewis===
{{chart top|{{transliteration|ar|Mustawda'}}/Qaddahite (left) and {{transliteration|ar|Mustakarr}}/Alid (right) imams, as proposed by Bernard Lewis{{sfn|Lewis|1940|pp=71–73}}}}
{{tree chart/start|align=left}}
{{Tree chart|MAYMUN|MAYMUN=[[Maymun al-Qaddah]]}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|ABDALLAH|ABDALLAH=[[Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Qaddah|Abdallah]]}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|MUHAMMAD|MUHAMMAD=Muhammad}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|HUSAYN|HUSAYN=Husayn}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|AHMAD|AHMAD=Ahmad}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|SAID|SAID=Sa'id<br>[[Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

{{tree chart/start|align=right}}
{{Tree chart|MBI|MBI=[[Muhammad ibn Isma'il]]}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|AHMAD|AHMAD=Ahmad}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|ALI|ALI=Ali}}
{{Tree chart| |!| |}}
{{Tree chart|QAIM|QAIM=[[al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|Muhammad<br>al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Dynastic family tree===
{{Fatimid family tree|state=collapsed}}

==References==
{{portal|Fatimid Caliphate|Islam}}
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last=Andani | first=Khalil | title=A Survey of Ismaili Studies (Part 1): Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism | journal=Religion Compass | volume=10 | issue=8 | pages=191–206 | year=2016 | doi=10.1111/rec3.12205}}
* {{cite book | last = Brett | first = Michael | title = The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE | series = The Medieval Mediterranean | volume = 30 | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden | year = 2001 | isbn = 9004117415 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BqCdfhW3nVwC}}
* {{cite book | last=Brett | first=Michael | title=The Fatimid Empire |series=The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-7486-4076-8 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Canard | first = Marius | author-link = Marius Canard | title = L'impérialisme des Fatimides et leur propagande | language = French | journal = Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales | volume = VI | year = 1942–1947 | pages = 156–193}}
* {{EI2 | last = Canard | first = Marius | author-link = Marius Canard | title = Fāṭimids | volume = 2 | pages = 850–862| url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0218}}
* {{Daftary-The Ismailis}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Cortese | first1 = Delia | last2 = Calderini | first2 = Simonetta |title=Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam |year=2006 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press | location = Edinburgh |isbn=0-7486-1733-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p8uqBgAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Halm |first=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Halm |title=Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden |language=de |publisher=C. H. Beck |location=Munich |year=1991 |isbn=978-3-406-35497-7}}
* {{EI3|last=Halm|first=Heinz|title=Fāṭimids|year=2014|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27045}}
* {{cite book | last = Halm | first = Heinz | author-link = Heinz Halm | chapter = Prinzen, Prinzessinnen, Konkubinen und Eunuchen am fatimidischen Hof | language = de | trans-chapter = Princes, Princesses, Concubines and Eunuchs at the Fatimid Court | pages = 91–110 | title = The Heritage of Arabo-Islamic Learning. Studies Presented to Wadad Kadi | editor-first1 = Maurice A. | editor-last1 = Pomerantz | editor-first2 = Aram A. | editor-last2 = Shahin | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden and Boston | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-90-04-30590-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lev | first = Yaacov | title = State and Society in Fatimid Egypt | publisher = E. J. Brill | year = 1991 | location = Leiden | isbn = 90-04-09344-3 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Lev | first = Yaacov | title = The Fatimids and Byzantium, 10th–12th Centuries | journal = Graeco-Arabica | volume = 6 | year = 1995 | pages = 190–208 | oclc = 183390203 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Bernard | author-link = Bernard Lewis | title = Origins of Ismāʿı̄lism: A Study of the Historical Background of the Fāṭimid Caliphate | year = 1940 | location = Cambridge | publisher = W. Heffer & Sons}}
* {{cite journal | last = Schrier | first = Omert J. | title = The Prehistory of the Fatimid Dynasty: Some Chronological and Genealogical Remarks | journal = Die Welt des Orients | volume = 36 | year = 2006 | pages = 143–191 | jstor = 25684056}}
{{refend}}

{{Fatimid Caliphate}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arab dynasties]]
[[Category:Fatimid dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Shia dynasties]]