View source for Federica Montseny

{{short description|Spanish politician, anarchist, intellectual, and writer (1905–1994)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix   = 
|name               = Federica Montseny
|native_name        = Frederica Montseny i Mañé
|native_name_lang   = ca
|honorific-suffix   = 
|image              = Federica Montseny (1936-1939).jpg
|imagesize          = 
|smallimage         = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
|alt                = 
|caption            = 
|birth_date         = {{birth date|df=y|1905|2|12}}
|birth_place        = [[Madrid]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]
|nationality        = [[Spanish]]
|death_date         = {{death date and age|df=y|1994|1|14|1905|2|12}}
|death_place        = [[Toulouse]], [[France]]
|order              = 
|office             = [[Ministry of Health (Spain)|Minister of Health and Social Assistance]]
|term_start         = 4 November 1936
|term_end           = 17 May 1937
|alongside          = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district.  (e.g. United States Senators.)-->
| spouse           =  [[Germinal Esgleas|Josep Esgleas Jaume]]
|children           = Vida Esgleas Montseny<br />Germinal Esgleas Montseny<br />Blanca Esgleas Montseny
|succeeding         = <!--For President-elect or equivalent-->
|predecessor        = [[Josep Tomàs i Piera]]
|successor          = [[Jesús Hernández Tomás]]<br>(Health) <br /> [[Jaume Aiguader]]<br>(Social Assistance)
}}
{{Anarcha-feminism sidebar|people}}
{{family name hatnote|Montseny|Mañé|lang=Catalan}}
'''Frederica Montseny i Mañé''' ({{IPA|ca|munˈsɛɲ|lang}}; 1905–1994) was a Spanish [[Anarchism|anarchist]] and intellectual who served as [[Ministry of Health (Spain)|Minister of Health and Social Assistance]] in the government of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] during the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]]. She is known for being the [[List of female ministers of Spain|first woman in Spanish history to be a cabinet minister]] and one of the first female ministers in [[Western Europe]].

She was also known as a novelist and essayist. She published about fifty short novels with a romantic-social background aimed specifically at women of the proletarian class, as well as political, ethical, biographical and autobiographical writings (see "[[García Guirao, Pedro]] (1988)" in "Further reading" below.)

==Early life==
Frederica Montseny i Mañé was born on 12 February 1905 in Madrid, Spain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soriano Jiménez |first=Ignacio C. |year=2016 |title=Semblanza de Federica Montseny i Mañé |location=[[Alicante]]|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/federica-montseny-i-mane-madrid-1905---toulouse-1994-semblanza/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |language=es|pages=1–4}}</ref> She was the sole surviving child of [[Joan Montseny]] and [[Teresa Mañé]], both teachers and anarchists of Catalan extraction. They lived in Madrid because the [[1896 Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing]] had led to her father being imprisoned and then exiled. The couple returned to Spain secretly and settled in the capital. From 1898, her parents jointly edited the fortnightly journal ''[[La Revista Blanca]]'', one of the most significant anarchist publications of the time. The family put its savings into a house on the outskirts of Madrid. The developer that built the house threatened to sue her father when the latter accused him of stealing from the poor by taking money for houses that were never built. This forced the family to leave and spend the next years moving frequently and surviving occasional writing and farming. During Montseny's childhood, the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] would frequently visit the family home searching for her father. She would let them in as slowly as possible in order to give him time to hide.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=137&ndash;138|2a1=Fredericks|2y=1976|2p=72}}

Montseny was educated at home by her parents. After Montseny acquired basic reading and writing skills, her mother used [[Progressive education|progressive]] didactic methods to foster Montseny's curiosity, providing her with a wide range of reading material in order to encourage her to pursue her own intellectual interests. Montseny became acquainted with literature as well as social and political theory. She also credits the rural environment she grew up in with shaping her intellectual development. Throughout her life, she would return to nature when grappling with social questions.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=138&ndash;139|2a1=Fredericks|2y=1976|2p=72}}

==Spanish Civil War and Minister of Health==
Following the [[Spanish coup of July 1936]], Montseny resolved to support the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|republican faction]] against the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|nationalists]], considering a [[united front]] of [[anti-fascism|anti-fascists]] to be necessary for the advancement of [[anarchism in Spain]].{{Sfn|Fredericks|1976|pp=75-76}} Despite her support for the republicans, she quickly came to reject the [[Red Terror (Spain)|violence in the republican-held territory]], which she described as "a lust for blood inconceivable in honest man before".{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp0000beev/page/87 87]}}

In November 1936, [[Francisco Largo Caballero]] invited the anarchists to join the [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]], as they were the largest of the anti-fascist groups and the other parties of the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] wanted to neutralise their [[anti-statism]].{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|pp=169-170}} In an interview with Burnett Bolloten, Montseny explained that the principal impulse for the anarchists to join the government was their concern about the rise of the [[Communist Party of Spain|Communist Party]] to power, which they viewed as a threat to the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|Revolution]].{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|p=170}} Despite her own misgivings about joining the government, Montseny was appointed as Minister of Health and Social Assistance, becoming the [[List of female ministers of Spain|first woman in Spanish history to be a cabinet minister]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Beevor|1y=2006|1p=170|2a1=Davies|2y=1998|2pp=137, 140|3a1=Fredericks|3y=1976|3pp=76-77|4a1=Thomas|4y=2001|4p=458}}

[[File:Hospital_Federica_Montseny_de_Murcia_01.jpg|thumb|left|The inauguration of Hospital Federica Montseny in [[Murcia]] (1937).]]
From her ministerial post, Montseny oversaw the country's medical facilities, which had been completely overwhelmed by the conditions of the war, requiring the construction of [[orphanage]]s and the provision of aid for refugees.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=140|2a1=Fredericks|2y=1976|2p=76}} She also collaborated with the [[Mujeres Libres]] in the advancement of [[women's rights]], carrying out a series of wide-ranging reforms including:{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=140|2a1=Fredericks|2y=1976|2p=77}} the introduction of [[child care]] for [[women in the workforce]] and the [[Milicianas in the Spanish Civil War|militias]]; the provision of [[female education|women's education]] and [[Women's health|healthcare]]; and the [[Feminist views on prostitution#Arguments against prostitution|combatting]] of [[prostitution in Spain]].{{Sfn|Fredericks|1976|p=77}}

Soon after Montseny took office, on 6 November, the republican government moved to [[Valencia]], fearing that [[Madrid]] would fall to the [[Siege of Madrid|nationalist offensive]].{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|pp=170-171}} Montseny persuaded the anarchist militia leader [[Buenaventura Durruti]] to transfer from the Aragon front and defend the capital, where he fought and died at the [[Battle of Ciudad Universitaria]].{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|pp=179-181}} When the anarchists of Barcelona revolted during the [[May Days]], Montseny appealed on behalf of the government for the militias to lay down their arms.{{Sfnm|1a1=Beevor|1y=2006|1pp=265-266|2a1=Davies|2y=1998|2p=140}} But when she was unsuccessful, the government resolved to put down the anarchists by force, in what Montseny described as "the most terrible and bitter days of my life".{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|pp=265-266}} By the time that [[Juan Negrin]] had consolidated power, Montseny considered the war to have already been lost, and thought the only remaining action would be to save as many lives as possible.{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|pp=376-377}} Montseny subsequently left the cabinet and attempted to continue her efforts in uniting republican forces, but by 1938, the deterioration of the republican front had forced her to increasingly focus on feeding her family.{{Sfn|Fredericks|1976|p=77}}

== Exile ==
In February 1939, Montseny and her family were forced to [[Spanish Republican exiles|flee into exile]] by the [[Catalonia Offensive|nationalist offensive]] into [[Revolutionary Catalonia|Catalonia]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=141|2a1=Fredericks|2y=1976|2p=77}} Her mother died in [[Perpignan]], while her father was imprisoned and her husband was held in an [[Internment camps in France#Spanish Civil War|internment camp]].{{Sfn|Davies|1998|p=141}} She later wrote in her book ''Pasión y Muerte de los Españoles refugiados en Francia'', that the regulations in place in organisations such as the Worker’s Companies were designed to defeat the spirit of the Republican exiles and create a battalion of obedient slaves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montseny |first=Federica |title=Pasión y Muerte de los Españoles refugiados en Francia |publisher=Espoir |year=1969 |location=Toulouse |pages=83–84}}</ref> Montseny initially relocated to [[Paris]], where she helped in the relocation of Spanish refugees, in spite of her own struggle to make ends meet.{{Sfn|Fredericks|1976|p=77}} 

During the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi occupation of France]], Montseny fled into hiding in [[Occitania]], where she was detained by the authorities of the [[Vichy France|French State]]. Although the French authorities had orders to extradite her to [[Francoist Spain|Spain]], they eventually released Montseny, as she was pregnant with her youngest child.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=141|2a1=Fredericks|2y=1976|2pp=77-78}}

[[File:MITING CNT MONTJUÏC.jpg|thumb|right|Federica Montseny speaks at the historical meeting of the [[w:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] in Barcelona on 1977, the first one after 36 years of [[w:Francoist Spain|the Francoist State]].]]
In 1942, Montseny and her family attempted to relocate to [[Mexico]], but their route was blocked by the [[North African campaign|war in North Africa]], while both the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and [[Axis Powers|Axis]] prevented any further emigration of Spanish refugees from France, forcing them to stay in [[Toulouse]].{{Sfn|Fredericks|1976|p=78}} Following the [[liberation of France]], Montseny took part in the reorganization of the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] in exile and edited the organization's weekly newspaper.{{Sfn|Davies|1998|p=141}} From Toulouse, she also wrote a weekly column in the [[French language]] anarchist newspaper ''Espoir'' and edited the journal ''[[Cénit]]''.{{Sfn|Fredericks|1976|p=78}} She briefly returned to Spain during the [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]], during which her works were finally being republished. Following the death of her youngest daughter in 1977 and her husband in 1981, Montseny penned an autobiography, which was published in 1987.{{Sfn|Davies|1998|p=141}}

Frederica Montseny i Mañé died in Toulouse on 14 January 1994, at the age of 88.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Federica Montseny, Spanish Minister, 88 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1994-01-24 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/24/obituaries/federica-montseny-spanish-minister-88.html |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Jardin_Federica_Montseny_Paris.jpg|thumb|right|Federica Montseny Park in Paris]]
In 1930, Montseny began a [[Free love|free love relationship]] with [[Germinal Esgleas]].{{Sfn|Davies|1998|p=139}} The couple had three children together:{{Sfnm|1a1=Fredericks|1y=1976|1p=75|2a1=Mangini|2a2=González|2y=1995|2p=46}} her eldest daughter Vida was born in 1933; her son Germinal was born in June 1938; and her youngest daughter Blanca was born in 1941.{{Sfn|Davies|1998|pp=139-140}} She attempted to raise her daughters to be "free women" and her son to respect women, but when interviewed about this she remarked that she had been largely unsuccessful, due to the strong hold that traditional gender roles still had.{{Sfn|Fredericks|1976|p=78}}

==Federalism ==
"Montseny advocated for a form of federalism consistent with the anarchist principle of decentralization, as practiced by both the CNT and the FAI. In an attempt to reconcile anarchist anti-statism with the state socialism of the UGT, she went so far as to propose federalism as a mechanism for collaboration among the various anti-fascist forces, whereby each territory could organize its own process of socialization without having to follow a single ideological line.
<blockquote>Politically, it is we, the members of the CNT, who have been the first to speak of what we consider a tacit condition for the true democratic structuring of Spain: a federal republic, with autonomous regions federated among themselves, forming a Socialist Republican Federation of Iberia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peirats |first=José |year=1988 |title=La CNT en la Revolución Española. |location=[[Cali, Colombia]]|publisher=La Cuchilla  |language=es|pages=65 Volume II}}</ref></blockquote>

==Legacy==
Several streets, parks and schools are named in her memory in Spain, especially in [[Catalonia]], and in cities like [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayuso|first=Silvia|date=2019-08-23|title=Los españoles que liberaron París|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/08/23/actualidad/1566580228_347155.html|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==Works==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

===Novels===
* ''Horas trágicas'' (1920)
* ''Amor de un día'' (1920)
* ''Ana María'' (1920)
* ''El amor nuevo'' (1920)
* ''El juego del amor y de la vida'' (1920)
* ''La mujer que huía del amor'' (1920)
* ''La vida que empieza'' (1920)
* ''Los caminos del mundo'' (1920)
* ''María Magda'' (1920)
* ''Maternidad'' (1920)
* ''Vampiresa'' (1920)
* ''Florecimiento'' (1925)
* ''La victoria'' (1925)
* ''Vida nueva'' (1925)
* ''¿Cuál de las tres?'' (1925)
* ''Los hijos de la calle'' (1926)
* ''El otro amor'' (1926)
* ''La última primavera'' (1926)
* ''Resurrección'' (1926)
* ''El hijo de Clara'' (1927)
* ''La hija del verdugo'' (1927)
* ''El rescate de la cautiva'' (1927)
* ''El amor errante'' (1927)
* ''La ruta iluminada'' (1928)
* ''El último amor'' (1928)
* ''Frente al amor'' (1929)
* ''Sol en las cimas'' (1929)
* ''El sueño de una noche de verano'' (1929)
* ''La infinita sed'' (1930)
* ''Sonata patética'' (1930)
* ''Pasionaria'' (1930)
* ''Tú eres la vida'' (1930)
* ''El ocaso de los dioses'' (1930)
* ''Aurora roja'' (1931)
* ''Cara a la vida'' (1931)
* ''El amor que pasa'' (1931)
* ''Nocturno de amor'' (1931)
* ''Una mujer y dos hombres'' (1932)
* ''Amor en venta'' (1934)
* ''Nada más que una mujer'' (1935)
* ''Vidas sombrías'' (1935)
* ''Tres vidas de mujer'' (1937)
* ''La indomable'' (1938)
* ''Una vida'' (1940)
* ''Amor sin mañana''	
* ''La rebelión de los siervos''	
* ''La sombra del pasado''	
* ''Martirio''
* ''Nuestra Señora del Paralelo''	
* ''Sinfonía apasionada''	
* ''Una historia triste''

===Other works===
* La mujer, problema del hombre (1932)
* Heroínas (1935)
* Buenaventura Durruti (1936)
* In Memoriam of Comrade Durruti (1936)
* La voz de la F.A.I. (1936)
* El anarquismo militante y la realidad española (1937)
* La incorporación de las masas populares a la historia: la Commune, primera revolución consciente (1937)
* Anselmo Lorenzo (1938)
* Cien días de la vida de una mujer (1949)
* Jaque a Franco (1949)
* Mujeres en la cárcel (1949)
* El problema de los sexos: matrimonio, unión libre y amor sin convivencia (1950)
* Pasión y muerte de los españoles en Francia (1950)
* María Silva: la libertaria (1951)
* El Éxodo: pasión y muerte de españoles en el exilio (1969)
* Problemas del anarquismo español (1971)
* Crónicas de CNT: 1960-1961 (1974)
* Qué es el anarquismo (1974)
* El éxodo anarquista (1977)
* Cuatro mujeres (1978)
* Seis años de mi vida (1978)
* Mis primeros cuarenta años (1987)
{{div col end}}

== See also ==

* [[Anarchism in Spain]]
* [[Ana Sigüenza]], another CNT member who in 2000 was first woman to be secretary general of a national trade union centre in Spain.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|last=Ackelsberg|first=Martha|author-link=Martha Ackelsberg|title=[[Free Women of Spain]]|location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]]|publisher=[[AK Press]]|edition=2nd|year=2005|orig-year=1991|isbn=1-902593-96-0|lccn=2003113040|oclc=63382446}}
*{{cite book|last=Beevor|first=Antony|title=The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp0000beev|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|location=London|isbn=0297848321|oclc=64312268}}
*{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Catherine|title=Spanish Women's Writing 1849&ndash;1996|chapter=The Libertarian Superwoman: Federica Montseny (1905-1994)|year=1998|publisher=Athlone Press|location=London|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppRtzQXGS8wC&pg=PA138|pages=137–151|isbn=0-485-91006-3|lccn=98-11468|oclc=468307323}}
*{{cite journal|last=Fredericks|first=Shirley|title=Federica Montseny and Spanish Anarchist Feminism|year=1976|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=1|number=3|pages=71&ndash;80|doi=10.2307/3346171|issn=0160-9009|jstor=3346171|oclc=5546259340}}
*{{cite book|last=Fredericks|first=Shirley|year=1981|chapter=Feminism: The Essential Ingredient in Federica Montseny's Anarchist Theory|title=European Women on the Left: Socialism, Feminism, and the Problems Faced by Political Women, 1880 to the Present|editor-last1=Slaughter|editor-first1=Jane|editor-last2=Kern|editor-first2=Robert|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=967aAAAAMAAJ|series=Contributions in Women's Studies|publisher=Greenwood Press|pages=125–145|isbn=0313225435|oclc=558469571}}
*{{cite thesis|last=Lee|first=Andrew Hamilton|year=2012|title=Mothers without Fathers or Nothing More than a Woman: Gender and Anarchism in the Work of Federica Montseny, 1923–1929|url=https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/33863/2/AHL%20Deposit%20dissertation.pdf|type=[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]|publisher=[[New York University]]|isbn=9781267260055|oclc=809766346}}
*{{cite book|last=Leggott|first=Sarah|year=2001|chapter=An Anarchist Past: Federica Montseny|title=History and Autobiography in Contemporary Spanish Women's Testimonial Writings|series=Spanish Studies|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|location=Lewiston, New York|isbn=0-7734-7584-2|oclc=433194794}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Mangini |first1=Shirley |last2=González |first2=Shirley Mangini |title=Memories of Resistance: Women's Voices from the Spanish Civil War |date=1995 |language=en |isbn=978-0-300-05816-1 |publisher=Yale University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DT4ds3csyk8C&pg=PA46 }}
*{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|title=The Spanish Civil War|year=2001|orig-year=1961|publisher=[[Modern Library]]|location=New York|isbn=0-375-75515-2|oclc=606682490}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|last=Alcalde |first=Carmen|title=Federica Montseny |location=Barcelona|publisher=Argos Vergara|year=1983|isbn=8471786745|oclc=434351090|language=es}}
*{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert J.|author-link=Robert J. Alexander|title=The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War|year=1999|publisher=Janus|location=London}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ealham|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Ealham|title=De la unidad antifascista a la desunión libertaria|journal=Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez|year=2011|pages=121&ndash;142|volume=41|issue=1|doi=10.4000/mcv.3874|doi-access=free|language=es}}
*{{cite journal|last=García Guirao|first=Pedro|title=Pobres pero honradas: Lujuria burguesa y honorabilidad proletaria en las novelas breves de Federica Montseny|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies|year=1988|volume=24|issue=3|pages=155–177 |doi=10.1386/ijis.24.3.155_1|url=http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-Article,id=13383/|publisher=intellect|issn=1364-971X|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409071510/http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-Article,id=13383/|archive-date=9 April 2016|language=es|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book|last=Kern|first=Robert|title=Red Years, Black Years: A Political History of Spanish Anarchism, 1911–1937|year=1978|publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues|location=Philadelphia}}
*{{cite book|last=Lozano |first=Irene|title=Federica Montseny. Una anarquista en el poder |location=Madrid |publisher=Espasa|year=2004|isbn=8467016930|oclc=803708087|language=es}}
*{{cite journal|last=Nash|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Nash (historian)|title=Dos intelectuales anarquistas frente al problema de la mujer: Federica Montseny y Lucía Sánchez Saornil|publisher=[[University of Barcelona]]|journal=Convivium |year=1975|pages=121&ndash;142|volume=44&ndash;45|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Convivium/article/view/76472|access-date=7 April 2014|language=es}}
*{{cite book|last=Nash|first=Mary|title=Defying Male Civilization: Women in the Spanish Civil War|year=1995|publisher=Arden Press|location=Denver}}
*{{cite journal|last=Palma|first=María José|title=El exilio femenino: Federica Montseny o el peso del amor tan lastimado|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2967046|journal=Germinal: Revista de estudios libertarios|issn=1886-3019|oclc=1342829404|issue=2|year=2006|pages=93–106|language=es}}
* {{cite book|last=Peirats|first=José|authorlink=José Peirats|title=Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution|isbn=0-900384-53-0|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Freedom Press]]|year=1998|orig-year=1990|url=https://libcom.org/history/peirats-j-anarchists-spanish-revolution|oclc=634571715}}
* {{cite book|last=Peirats|first=José|authorlink=José Peirats|title=The CNT in the Spanish Revolution|url=https://libcom.org/history/cnt-spanish-revolution-jos%C3%A9-peirats|year=2011|orig-year=2001|publisher=[[PM Press]]|location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]]}} {{ISBN|1-901172-05-8}} (vol. 1); {{ISBN|1-873976-24-0}} (vol. 2); {{ISBN|1-873976-29-1}} (vol.3). all from ChristieBooks.
*{{cite book|last=Pons|first=Agustí|year=1977|title=Converses amb Frederica Montseny: sindicalisme i acràcia|series=Assaigs - Les Eines|location=Barcelona|publisher=Laia|isbn=8472226271|oclc=434048560|language=ca}}
*{{cite book|last=Rodrigo|first=Antonina|year=2014|title=Federica Montseny|language=es|location=Barcelona|publisher=Editoral Base|isbn=978-84-15706-22-9|series=Base Hispánica}}
*{{cite book|last=Soriano Jiménez |first=Ignacio C.|title=Semblanza de Federica Montseny Mañé (1905-1994) |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/federica-montseny-i-mane-madrid-1905---toulouse-1994-semblanza/ |year=2016 |location=Alicante|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|format=pdf|language=es}}
*{{cite book|last=Tavera|first=Susanna|title=Federica Montseny: La indomable|year=2005|publisher=Temas de Hoy|location=Madrid}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/montseny/montseny.html Federica Montseny's works and biography]
* [http://www.centrefedericamontseny.org/ Centre Federica Montseny]
* [http://www.centrefedericamontseny.org/especiales.php?especiales=+Especiales+ large collection of anarchist posters from the Spanish Civil War (click Buscar)]
*[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/author/federica-montseny The Anarchist Library page]
{{Anarchism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Montseny, Federica}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish women writers]]
[[Category:Anarcha-feminists]]
[[Category:Anarchists from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Anti-prostitution feminists]]
[[Category:Catalan language activists]]
[[Category:Catalan-language writers]]
[[Category:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo members]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France]]
[[Category:Spanish feminist writers]]
[[Category:Government ministers during the Second Spanish Republic]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Spain]]
[[Category:Mujeres Libres]]
[[Category:People from Madrid]]
[[Category:Politicians from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Spanish children's writers]]
[[Category:Spanish essayists]]
[[Category:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]
[[Category:Spanish romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Spanish socialist feminists]]
[[Category:Spanish syndicalists]]
[[Category:Spanish women children's writers]]
[[Category:Spanish women essayists]]
[[Category:Spanish women novelists]]
[[Category:Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]
[[Category:Spanish women poets]]
[[Category:Spanish women's rights activists]]
[[Category:French-language Spanish writers]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Women romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Spanish Anti-Francoists]]
[[Category:Spanish women trade unionists]]