View source for Feng Yuxiang

{{Short description|Chinese warlord (1882–1948)}}
{{distinguish|Feng Yunshan}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Féng (surname)|Feng]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Feng Yuxiang
| native_name         = {{No bold|馮玉祥}}
| native_name_lang    = zh-hant
| image               = 02fengyuxiang-1-.jpg
| office              = [[Vice Premier of the Republic of China|Vice Premier of China]]
| term_start          = 28 October 1928
| term_end            = 11 October 1930
| premier             = [[Tan Yankai]]<br />[[T. V. Soong]] (acting)
| predecessor         = Position established
| successor           = [[T. V. Soong]]
| office2             = [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Minister of War]]
| term_start2         = October 1928
| term_end2           = 1929
| premier2            = [[Tan Yankai]]
| lieutenant2         = 
| predecessor2        = [[He Fenglin]]
| successor2          = [[Lu Zhonglin]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1882|11|6|df=y}}
| birth_place         = Chaoxian County, [[Anhui]], [[Qing Empire]]<br><small>(now [[Chaohu]], Anhui, [[China]])</small>
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1948|9|1|1882|11|6|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Black Sea]]
| nationality         = Chinese
| allegiance          = {{flag|Qing dynasty}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China.svg}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]<br />{{flagicon image|YuanFlag1.svg}} [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]]
| branch              = [[Image:Flag of China (1889–1912).svg|22px]] [[Huai Army]]<br />[[Image:Beiyang star.svg|22px]] [[Beiyang Army]]<br />[[Image:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|22px]] [[National Revolutionary Army]]<br />[[Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army]]
| party               = [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)
| serviceyears        = 1893–1945
| awards              = [[Order of Rank and Merit]]<br />[[Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain]]<br />[[Order of Wen-Hu]]
| battles             = [[Xinhai Revolution]]<br />[[Bai Lang Rebellion]]<br />[[National Protection War]]<br />[[Manchu Restoration]]<br />[[Constitutional Protection Movement]]<br />[[Second Zhili-Fengtian War]]<br />[[1924 Beijing Coup|Beijing Coup]]<br />[[Anti-Fengtian War]]<br />[[Northern Expedition]]<br />[[Central Plains War]]<br />[[Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)]]
}}
'''Feng Yuxiang''' ({{lang-zh|t=馮玉祥|s=冯玉祥|p=Féng Yùxiáng|}}; {{IPA|cmn|fə́ŋ ỳɕi̯ɑ́ŋ|IPA}}; 6 November 1882 &ndash; 1 September 1948), courtesy name '''Huanzhang''' (焕章), was a Chinese [[List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era|warlord]] and later general in the [[National Revolutionary Army]]. He served as [[Vice Premier of the Republic of China|Vice Premier of China]] from 1928 to 1930.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhcZAQAAIAAJ|title=Magill's Guide to Military History: Cor-Jan|first=John |last=Powell|editor-first=John | editor-last=Powell|year=2001|publisher=Salem Press|edition=illustrated|isbn=0-89356-016-2|page=507}}</ref>

At the start of the [[1911 Revolution]], Feng was an officer in the ranks of [[Yuan Shikai]]'s [[Beiyang Army]]. He initially joined forces with the revolutionaries, but came to support [[Beiyang government|Yuan's regime]]. In 1914, he converted to Christianity, earning him the nickname the "Christian General". He became a warlord in Northwest China, based in [[Shaanxi]]''',''' and rose to a high rank within the [[Zhili clique]], a powerful warlord faction. In 1924, during the [[Second Zhili–Fengtian War|Second Zhili-Fengtian war]], Feng launched the [[1924 Beijing Coup|Beijing Coup]], which knocked the Zhili out of power, and re-organised his troops as the [[Guominjun]]. He brought [[Sun Yat-sen]] to Beijing for negotiations on re-unification, but this was not realized. In 1926, Feng was defeated by the Zhili and [[Fengtian clique]]s in the [[Anti-Fengtian War]], and he retreated to the northwest. In 1926, Feng joined the [[Kuomintang]]'s successful [[Northern Expedition]]. He later resisted Chiang's consolidation of power in the [[Central Plains War]] and was forced to retire, but in 1933 organized a new army which successfully drove the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] out of [[Chahar Province|Chahar]]. In the 1930s, Feng held positions in the [[Nationalist government]], including brief army commands at the start of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1937. He spent his later years supporting the anti-Chiang [[Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang]]<ref name="Min">{{cite web|date=9 April 2018|script-title=zh:中国国民党革命委员会简介|title=Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Gémìng Wěiyuánhuì Jiǎnjiè|trans-title=Introduction to the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang|url=http://www.minge.gov.cn/n1/2017/1123/c415522-29663762.html|url-status=live|website=RCCK |access-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112045205/http://www.minge.gov.cn/n1/2017/1123/c415522-29663762.html|archive-date=12 November 2018}}</ref> before his death in 1948.

==Early life and career==
Feng was born in [[Xingjizhen, Zhili]] province. His father was Feng Yumou, an officer in the [[Huai Army]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheridan |first=James E. |title=Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang |date=1966 |pages=31}}</ref> Feng spent his youth immersed in military life. He joined the Huai Army when he was 11 as a deputy soldier (Fu Bing, 副兵), the lowest rank in the army, he received a uniform and food, but no salary, unlike regular soldiers. By the age of 16 he had proved himself and became a regular. Unlike other soldiers who gambled away their pay, Feng saved his salary and used a portion of it to help out other soldiers in need, especially those deputy soldiers (Fu Bing, 副兵), like he had once been, and so he was popular among his comrades-in-arms. Feng was hard-working and motivated, and in 1902 he was reassigned to [[Yuan Shikai]]'s newly established [[Beiyang Army]].

During the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911 Feng joined the [[Luanzhou Uprising]] against the Qing Court and supported the revolutionaries in the South. The uprising was suppressed by the Beiyang Army and Feng was imprisoned by [[Yuan Shikai]]. In 1914 he regained military rank and spent the next four years defending Yuan's regime. In July 1914, as a brigade commander, he participated in the suppression of the Bailang Peasant Uprising in [[Henan]] and [[Shaanxi]].  During the [[National Protection War]] of 1915–16 he was sent to [[Sichuan]] to fight the Anti-Yuan National Protection Army, but secretly communicated with revolution leader [[Cai E]]. In April 1917 he was stripped of his military rank but still led his old troops in the campaign against [[Zhang Xun]] and was restored to his rank. In February 1918 he was ordered to suppress the [[Constitutional Protection Movement]], but proclaimed his support for peace talks in [[Hubei]] and was stripped of titles but permitted to stay in command of his forces. The capture of [[Changde]] in June earned him back his titles. By August 1921 he was promoted to command a division and was based in Shaanxi.

[[File:Feng Yuxiang and his family.jpg|thumb|200px|Feng Yuxiang and his family]]

==Conversion to Christianity==
Feng, like many young officers, was involved in revolutionary activity and was nearly executed for treason. He later joined [[Yuan Shikai]]'s [[Beiyang Army]] and with the help and advice of Chinese diplomat [[Wang Zhengting]], converted to [[Christianity]] in 1914, being baptized into the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]].<ref>''Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang'', page 55</ref>

Feng's career as a warlord began soon after the collapse of the Yuan Shikai government in 1916. Feng, however, distinguished himself from other regional militarists by governing his domains with a mixture of paternalistic [[Christian socialism]]<ref name="Gao2009">{{cite book|last=Gao|first=James Z. |title=Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJrLhcgog8oC&pg=PA113|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-8108-6308-8|page=113|chapter=Feng Yuxiang (1882–1948)}}</ref> and military discipline. He forbade prostitution, gambling and the sale of opium and morphia.<ref>''Marshal Feng: A Good Soldier of Jesus Christ''; 2nd edition, page 19.</ref> From 1919 he was known as the "Christian General".<ref name="Chinese Warlord page 82">''Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang'', page 82</ref>

In 1923 British Protestant Christian missionary [[Marshall B. Broomhall]] said of him:

:The contrast between [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s [[Ironside (cavalry)|Ironsides]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles]]'s [[Cavalier]]s is not more striking than that which exists in China to-day between the godly and well-disciplined troops of General Feng and the normal type of man who in that land goes by the name of soldier&nbsp;... While it is too much to say that there are no good soldiers in China outside of General Feng's army, it is none the less true that the people generally are as fearful of the presence of troops as of brigand bands.<ref>''Marshal Feng: A Good Soldier of Jesus Christ'', 2nd edition, page 1.</ref>

He was reputed to have liked [[baptism|baptizing]] his troops with water from a [[fire hose]]. However, no such incident is mentioned in Sheriden's detailed biography,<ref>''Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang''</ref> or in Broomhall's account.<ref>''Marshal Feng: A Good Soldier of Jesus Christ''</ref> Both Broomhall and Sheriden say that baptism was taken very seriously and that not all of Feng's troops were baptized.<ref name="Chinese Warlord page 82"/> Journalist [[John Gunther]], in his 1939 book ''Inside Asia'', specifically denied that such mass baptisms took place.

==Rise==
[[File:冯玉祥在缴获直鲁联军的铁甲车前.jpg|thumb|200px|Feng Yuxiang was in front of the iron armored vehicle captured by the [[Fengtian clique]]]]
[[File:Fengchiangyan-1-.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Feng Yuxiang, Chiang Kai-sek and Yan Xishan, 1928, erstwhile allies prior to the outbreak of the [[Central Plains War]]]]
In the early 1920s, Feng rose to prominence in the [[Zhili clique]] of warlords, named so because their base of power was centred around [[Zhili Province]]. This Zhili clique defeated the [[Fengtian clique]], headed by [[Zhang Zuolin]], father of [[Zhang Xueliang]], in the [[First Zhili–Fengtian War]] in 1922. It was at this time that Feng also began to move closer to the [[Soviet Union]].

Within the Zhili clique Feng was demoted by [[Wu Peifu]] and sent to guard the southern suburbs of Beijing. In 1923 Feng was inspired by Sun Yat-sen and secretly plotted with [[Hu Jingyi]] and [[Xue Yue]] to overthrow Wu Peifu and [[Cao Kun]], who controlled the [[Beiyang government]]. When the [[Second Zhili–Fengtian War]] began in 1924, Feng was in charge of defending [[Rehe Province|Rehe]] against the Fengtian clique. However, he switched sides and seized the capital in the [[1924 Beijing Coup|Beijing Coup]] on 23 October 1924. This turnabout prompted [[Shandong]] warlord [[Zhang Zongchang]] to join the [[Fengtian clique|Fengtian]] and led to a decisive defeat of the Zhili forces. Hence, Feng's coup brought far-reaching political changes in China. Feng imprisoned Zhili-leader and president Cao Kun, installed the more liberal [[Huang Fu]], evicted the last Emperor [[Puyi]] from the [[Forbidden City]] and invited Sun Yat-sen to Beijing to resurrect the Republican government and reunify the country. Despite being severely ill already, Sun came to Beijing and died there in April 1925.

Feng renamed his army the ''[[Guominjun]]'' or the National People's Army. To counter pressure from the Zhili and Fengtian factions, he invited [[Duan Qirui]] to take on the presidency. Nevertheless, Feng was defeated by a Zhili–Fengtian alliance in the [[Anti-Fengtian War]] in January 1926. He lost control of Beijing and retreated to [[Zhangjiakou]], where his army became known as the Northwest Army.

In April 1926, Sun Yat-sen's successor, [[Chiang Kai-shek]], launched the [[Northern Expedition]] from [[Guangzhou]] against the northern warlords. Feng threw his support behind the Nationalists in the Northern Expedition and merged his ''Guominjun'' with the [[National Revolutionary Army]]. The Nationalists vanquished the Zhili faction in the south and Feng asserted control over much of north-central China. Zhang Zuolin was forced to withdraw the Fengtian forces back to Manchuria. In August Feng went to the [[Soviet Union]] and returned in September.

In early July 1927, Feng Yuxiang allied with Chiang to form a new government in Shaanxi and implemented the [[White Terror (China)|White Terror]] there.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Torigian |first=Joseph |title=The Party's Interests Come First: The Life of Xi Zhongxun, Father of Xi Jinping |date=2025 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=9781503634756 |location=Stanford, California}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=17}} By September 1927, they had killed 496 people including students.<ref name=":22" />{{Reference page|page=18}} The Communist central authorities ordered the Shaanxi party branch to respond with peasant revolts.<ref name=":22" />{{Reference page|page=18}} These early responses failed and in March 1928 the [[Weihua Uprising]] began.<ref name=":22" />{{Reference page|page=18}}

[[File:Feng Yu-hsiang TIME Cover.jpg|thumb|upright|Feng Yuxiang on the [[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|cover of ''Time'']], 2 July 1928]]
In October 1928, Feng Yuxiang was appointed as Vice President of the [[Executive Yuan]] and War Minister of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] by President Chiang Kai-shek.<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign News: Chiang's Cabinet|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=29 October 1928|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928965,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121013205/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928965,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2010|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IC2Ap3tneVoC&pg=PA112|title=Power by design: constitution-making in Nationalist China|author=Suisheng Zhao|year=1996|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1721-4|page=112|access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref> Feng's patriotism was a basic motivation. Because of atrocities he saw Japanese soldiers commit during the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]] of 1895, Feng promised that he would fight the Japanese to death if he ever became a soldier. Every year from 1915 onward, on the anniversary of Japan's [[Twenty-One Demands|21 Demands]], he and his officers wore belts on which was written "In Memory of the National Humiliation of May 7th".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ9MisefgxYC&pg=PA231|title=China and the great war: China's pursuit of a new national identity and internationalization|author=Guoqi Xu|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-84212-3|page=231|access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref>

By early 1929, Feng grew dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] government in Nanjing. He joined [[Yan Xishan]] and [[Li Zongren]] to challenge Chiang's supremacy, but was defeated by Chiang in the [[Central Plains War]]. Chiang then incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among the [[Hui people|Chinese Muslims]] and Mongols, encouraging them to topple their rule.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=hui+muslims+outer+mongols+shaanxi+shanxi|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|year=2010|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=22|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>

==Out of power==
Stripped of his military power, Feng spent the early 1930s criticizing [[Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek's]] failure to resist Japanese aggression. On 26 May 1933, Feng Yuxiang became commander-in-chief of the [[Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army]] Alliance, with [[Ji Hongchang]] and [[Fang Zhenwu]] as frontline commanders. Ji Hongchang's army, numbering over 100,000 men according to Feng, pushed against [[Duolun County|Duolun]], and by July 1933, [[Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)#Campaign of the Anti-Japanese Allied Army|drove]] the Japanese and [[Manchukuo]]an troops out of [[Chahar Province]]. By late July Feng and Ji Hongchang established, at [[Zhangjiakou]], the "Committee for Recovering the Four Provinces of the Northeast". Chiang Kai-shek, fearing that [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]] had taken control of the Anti-Japanese Allied Army, launched a concerted siege of the army with 60,000 men. Surrounded by Chiang Kai-shek and the Japanese, Feng Yuxiang resigned his post and retired to [[Tai'an]] in Shandong.

==Later years==
[[File:Liangyou 132 cover - Feng Yuxiang.jpg|thumb|upright|Feng Yuxiang on the cover of ''[[The Young Companion]]'', December 1937.]]
Between 1935 and 1945, Feng Yuxiang supported the KMT and held various positions in the Nationalist army and government. In October 1935, Chiang invited him to Nanjing to serve as the vice-president of the [[Military Affairs Commission]]. He held the nominal position until 1938 and remained a member of the council until 1945. During the [[Xi'an Incident]], when Chiang Kai-Shek was held prisoner by rebellious warlords, Feng immediately called for Chiang's release.<ref>''Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang'', page 276</ref> After the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] began in 1937, he briefly served as Commander-in-Chief of the 3rd War Area. In this capacity Feng led Chinese forces early in the [[Battle of Shanghai|defense of Shanghai]], but he was quickly relieved in favor of [[Zhang Zhizhong]] and later Chiang himself.

After [[World War II]], he traveled to the [[United States]], where he was an outspoken critic of the Chiang regime and of the [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] administration which supported it. For several months, he stayed in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California]], as a [[visiting scholar]].

Although he was never a Communist himself, he was close to them in his final years.<ref name="Chinese Warlord page 281">''Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang'', p. 281.</ref>

[[File:Feng yuxiang tomb 2010 2010 06 04.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Tomb of Feng Yuxiang at the foot of [[Mount Tai]] in Shandong.]]
He died in 1948, in a shipboard fire on the [[Black Sea]] while en route to the Soviet Union, along with one of his daughters. Some believe he was murdered by his political adversaries, while others reject this theory.<ref name="Chinese Warlord page 281"/> Allegedly, those who claimed to know the details of that fateful night had reported that Feng and his daughter perished because their cabin door was locked from the outside.

Chinese Communists, under [[Mao Zedong]], classified Feng as a "good warlord", and his remains were buried with honors in 1953 at the sacred [[Mount Tai]]<ref>''Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang'', page 282</ref> in [[Shandong]]. His tomb is located immediately to the east of Tianwai Village square ({{coord|36|12|25.86|N|117|6|7.95|E|region:CN-37_type:landmark|display=inline}}). His widow [[Li Dequan]] served as [[Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China|Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China]].

==Legacy ==
Many of Feng Yuxiang's former subordinates joined or merged into Kuomintang [[National Revolutionary Army]] and fought with distinction in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. They include [[Song Zheyuan]], [[Tong Linge]], [[Zhao Dengyu]], [[Sun Lianzhong]], [[Liu Ruming]], [[Feng Zhi'an]], [[Yang Hucheng]], [[Ji Hongchang]] and [[Zhang Zizhong]]. Notable exceptions were [[Sun Liangcheng]] and [[Qin Dechun]], who collaborated with the Japanese.<ref>陈贤庆(Chen Xianqing), [http://www.2499cn.com/junfamulu.htm '''民国军阀派系谈''' (The Republic of China warlord cliques discussed), 2007 revised edition] Accessed 6 June 2010</ref> Other generals, after serving a lengthy term in the warlord era, retired to live a life of pleasure.

[[Richard Evans (British diplomat)|Sir Richard Evans]], author of ''[[Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China]]'', described Feng as "an honest man" in his book.<ref name=Moodyp213>Moody, p. 213.</ref> Peter R. Moody wrote in the ''[[Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]]'' "Many of Feng's allies might dispute this, since he betrayed every one of them."<ref name=Moodyp213/>

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Biography}}
*[[Warlord Era]]
*[[Central Plains War]]
*[[History of the Republic of China]]
*[[National Revolutionary Army]]
*[[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
*[[Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–36)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Marshall Broomhall]]; ''Marshal Feng: A Good Soldier of Jesus Christ''; London: [[China Inland Mission]] and [[Religious Tract Society]], 1923.
*Jonathan Goforth; ''Chinese Christian General: Feng Yu Hsiang''
*James E. Sheridan; ''Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang''.  Stanford University 1966.
* United Press, Christian General Feng Charges British Caused Rioting, ''Evening Independent'', 15 July 1925 (Statement of General Feng to the United Press on the Shanghai and Canton riots)
* [http://www.thechinastory.org/ritp/feng-yu-hsiang-feng-yuxiang-%E9%A6%AE%E7%8E%89%E7%A5%A5/ Feng Yu-hsiang (Feng Yuxiang) 馮玉祥] from ''Biographies of Prominent Chinese'' c. 1925.

==External links==
{{commons category|Feng Yuxiang}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061025213630/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/chinesecs/ Handbook for the Chinese Civil War] - US Naval War College
*[http://www.republicanchina.org/war.html RESISTANCE WARS]
*{{cite magazine
|title=Private Slice
|date=24 July 1933
|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745796,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212012331/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745796,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=12 December 2007
|access-date=14 August 2008
}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071212012338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753847,00.html "Toward Righteousness!"]. ''Time''. 31 July 1933. 
*{{cite magazine
|title=Arm Band Profits
|date=14 August 1933
|magazine=Time
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745912,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061034/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745912,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=30 September 2007
|access-date=14 August 2008
}}
*{{cite magazine
|title=Triumphant Bumpkin
|date=28 August 1933
|magazine=Time
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930097,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041129/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930097,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=30 September 2007
|access-date=14 August 2008
}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/042021}}

{{ROCVPMs}}
{{Warlord era}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Feng, Yuxiang}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Chinese military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Converts to Methodism]]
[[Category:Republic of China warlords from Anhui]]
[[Category:National Revolutionary Army generals from Anhui]]
[[Category:Deaths due to ship fires]]
[[Category:Chinese Methodists]]
[[Category:People from Chaohu]]
[[Category:Vice premiers of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Defense ministers of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:People of the Northern Expedition]]
[[Category:People of the Central Plains War]]
[[Category:Empire of China (1915–1916)]]
[[Category:Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hefei]]
[[Category:People who died at sea]]
[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists]]
[[Category:Huai Army personnel]]
[[Category:Family of Feng Yuxiang]]
[[Category:Chinese monarchists]]