View source for Feodosia

{{short description|Port town in Crimea}}
{{Redirect|Caffa}}
{{For|the steamship|SS Feodosia}}
{{otheruses|Theodosia (disambiguation)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name        = {{langx|uk|Феодосія, Теодосія}}<br />{{langx|ru|Феодосия}}<br />{{langx|crh|Kefe}}<br />{{script|Arab|کفه}}
| official_name      = Feodosia
| image_skyline      = THEODOSIA 01.jpg
| imagesize          = 250px
| image_caption      = Genoese fortress of Caffa
| image_shield       = Feodosiya coat of arms.svg
| image_flag         = Flag of Feodosia.svg
| coordinates        = {{coord|45|02|03|N|35|22|45|E|region:RU_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map        = Crimea
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Feodosia within Crimea
| subdivision_type   = Country <small>{{nobold|(''[[de facto]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name   = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Republics of Russia|Federal Subject (Republic)]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de facto]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name1  = [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Administrative divisions of Crimea|Municipality]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de facto]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name2  = [[Feodosia Municipality|Feodosia]]
| timezone           = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| elevation_m        = 50
| population_total   = 69145
| population_footnotes = 
| population_as_of   = 2015
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code]]s
| postal_code        = 298100–298175
| area_code          = +7-36562
| blank_info         = Kefe (until 1784), Caffa (until the 15th century)
| blank_name         = [[List of renamed cities in Ukraine|Former names]]
| blank1_name        = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info        = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
| website            = {{URL|http://feo.rk.gov.ru/}}
| subdivision_type3  = Country <small>{{nobold|(''[[de jure]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name3  = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
| subdivision_type4  = [[Autonomous republic of Ukraine|Autonomous republic]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de jure]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name4  = [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]
| subdivision_type5  = [[Administrative divisions of Crimea|Raion]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de jure]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name5  = [[Feodosia Raion|Feodosia]]
| leader_title       = Head of administration
| leader_name        = {{ill|Vladimir Kim (politician)|lt=Vladimir Kim|ru|Ким, Владимир Алексеевич}} (de-facto)
| mapframe          = yes
| mapframe-zoom     = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Feodosia''' ({{langx|uk|Феодосія, Теодосія}}, ''Feodosiia, Teodosiia''; {{langx|ru|Феодосия}}, [[Transliteration|tr.]] ''Feodosiya''<ref>[http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=55-2010-%EF Про впорядкування транслітерації українського алфавіту... | від 27.01.2010 № 55<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>), also called in English '''Theodosia''' (from {{Langx|el|Θεοδοσία}}), is a city on the [[Crimea]]n coast of the [[Black Sea]]. Feodosia serves as the administrative center of [[Feodosia Municipality]], one of the regions into which Crimea is divided. During much of its history, the city was a significant settlement known as '''Caffa''' ({{langx|lij|Cafà}}) or '''Kaffa''' ([[Old Crimean Tatar]]/[[Ottoman Turkish]]: {{script|Arab|کفه}}; [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]/{{langx|tr|Kefe}}). According to the [[Crimean Federal District Census (2014)|2014 census]], its population was 69,145.

==History==
{{Moresources | section|date=February 2024}}
===Theodosia (Greek colony)===
[[File:Greek colonies of the Northern Euxine Sea (Black Sea).svg|right|thumb|upright=1.4|Theodosia and other Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea from the 8th to the 3rd century BC]]

The city was [[Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|founded]] as ''Theodosia'' (Θεοδοσία) by [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] colonists from [[Miletos]] in the 6th century BC. Noted for its rich agricultural lands, on which its trade depended, the city was destroyed by the [[Huns]] in the 4th century AD.

Theodosia remained a minor village for much of the next nine hundred years. It was at times part of the [[sphere of influence]] of the [[Khazars]] (excavations have revealed Khazar artifacts dating back to the 9th century) and of the [[Byzantine Empire]].

Like the rest of [[Crimea]], this place (village) fell under the domination of the [[Kipchaks]] and was conquered by the [[Mongols]] in the 1230s.

A settlement named ''Kaphâs'' (alternate romanized spelling ''Cafâs'', {{langx|el|Καφᾶς}}) existed surrounding Theodosia prior to the penetration of Genoese into the Black Sea. The archaeological evidence indicates that during the Middle Ages the population about Theodosia never decreased to zero; several medieval churches are found in the area dating from the times of [[Late Antiquity]]/[[Early Middle Ages]]. However, the population had become completely agrarian. A small local Greek population must have existed ''in situ'' and in the neighboring settlements. Likely, from the 9th century there were [[Cumans]] and [[Goths]] living alongside the Greeks, and by 1270s, perhaps some Tatars and Armenians as well.<ref>Khvalkov, Ievgen Alexandrovitch, The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation, European University Institute, Department of History and Civilization, Florence, vol. 1, pg. 83, September 2015,</ref>

===Kaffa (Genoese colony)===
[[File:Satellite picture of Crimea, Terra-MODIS, 05-16-2015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The Genoese ports and later Turkish-controlled area were south of the mountains, shown here in a satellite image]]
In the late 13th century, traders from the [[Republic of Genoa]] arrived and purchased the city from the ruling [[Golden Horde]].<ref>[https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40744/2015_AlexandrovitchKhvalkov_Vol_I.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n Khvalkov, I.E., The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation,European University Institute], Department of History and Civilization,Florence, 8 September 2015</ref>

They established a flourishing trading settlement called ''Kaffa (''also recorded as ''Caffa)'', which virtually monopolized trade in the Black Sea region and served as a major port and administrative center for the [[Genoese colonies|Genoese settlements]] around the Sea. The city thrived despite the tenuous politics of the region and Genoa's [[Genoese–Mongol Wars|series of wars]] with the Mongol successor states.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Slater |first=Eric |date=2006 |title=Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261-1475 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40241665 |journal=Review (Fernand Braudel Center) |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=271–283 |jstor=40241665 |issn=0147-9032}}</ref> 

It came to house one of Europe's biggest [[Slavery|slave markets]] of the [[Black Sea slave trade]], and served as a terminus for the [[Silk Road]]. The [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] also adds that the city of Caffa was established during the times when the area was ruled by the Khan of the Golden Horde [[Mengu-Timur]].<ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article075451.html Mengu-Timur (Менгу-Тимур)]. ''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]''. Accessed 26 February 2024.</ref>

[[Ibn Battuta]] visited the city, noting it was a "great city along the sea coast inhabited by Christians, most of them Genoese." He further stated, "We went down to its port, where we saw a wonderful harbor with about two hundred vessels in it, both ships of war and trading vessels, small and large, for it is one of the world's celebrated ports."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Battutah |first1=Ibn |title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah |date=2002 |publisher=Picador |location=London |isbn=9780330418799 |pages=120–121}}</ref>

In early 1318, [[Pope John XXII]] established a [[Latin Church]] [[diocese]] of Kaffa, as a [[suffragan]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa|Genoa]]. The [[papal bull]] of appointment of the first bishop attributed to him a vast territory: "a villa de [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] in [[Bulgaria]] usque [[Sarai (city)|Sarey]] inclusive in longitudinem et a [[Black Sea|mari Pontico]] usque ad [[Ruthenia|terram Ruthenorum]] in latitudinem" ("from the city of Varna in Bulgaria to Sarey inclusive in longitude, and from the Black Sea to the land of the Ruthenians in latitude"). The first bishop was [[Fra' Gerolamo]], who had already been consecrated seven years before as a missionary bishop ''ad partes Tartarorum''. The diocese ended as a residential bishopric with the capture of the city by the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] in 1475.<ref>Pius Bonifacius Gams, [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1 ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae''], Leipzig 1931, pg. 432</ref><ref>Konrad Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709140633/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application%2Fpdf |date=9 July 2019 }}, pp. 154–155; [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 2] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004040657/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application%2Fpdf |date=2018-10-04 }}, pp.&nbsp;XVIII e 117; [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 3] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321112249/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application%2Fpdf |date=21 March 2019 }}, pg. 145; [https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft#page/134/mode/1up vol. 5], p.&nbsp;134</ref><ref>Gasparo Luigi Oderico, [https://archive.org/details/lettereligustic00massgoog ''Lettere ligustiche ossia Osservazioni critiche sullo stato geografico della Liguria fino ai Tempi di Ottone il Grande, con le Memorie storiche di Caffa ed altri luoghi della Crimea posseduti un tempo da' Genovesi''], Bassano 1792 (especially p.&nbsp;166 ff.)</ref> Accordingly, Kaffa is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a [[titular see]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013; {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 855</ref> The new diocese effectively broke up the diocese of [[Khanbaliq]],  which functioned as one diocese for all Mongol territory from the Balkans to China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khvalkov |first=Evgeny |title=The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region : evolution and transformation |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-351-62306-3 |location=New York |page=69 |oclc=994262849}}</ref>

It is believed that the devastating [[pandemic]] of the [[Black Death]] entered Europe for the first time via Kaffa in 1347. After [[Siege of Caffa|a protracted siege]] during which the Mongol army under [[Janibeg]] was reportedly withering from the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants, in one of the first cases of [[biological warfare]]. Fleeing inhabitants may have carried the disease back to Italy, causing its spread across Europe. However, the plague appears to have spread in a stepwise fashion, taking over a year to reach [[Europe]] from [[Crimea]]. Also, there were a number of Crimean ports under [[Mongols|Mongol]] control, so it is unlikely that Kaffa was the only source of plague-infested ships heading to Europe. Additionally, there were overland caravan routes from the East that would have been carrying the disease into Europe as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wheelis |first=Mark |date=September 2002 |title=Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Kaffa |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=971–75 |doi=10.3201/eid0809.010536 |pmid=12194776 |pmc=2732530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Silk Roads |last=Frankopan |first=Peter |pages=183 |quote=A Mongol army laying siege to the Genoese trading post of Caffa following a dispute about trade terms was annihilated by illness that killed 'thousands and thousands every day,' according to one commentator. Before withdrawing, however, 'they ordered corpses to be placed in catapults and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench would kill everyone inside.' Rather than being overwhelmed by the smell, it was the highly contagious disease that caught hold. Unknowingly, the Mongols had turned to biological warfare to defeat their enemy. The trading routes that connected Europe to the rest of the world now became lethal highways for the transmission of the Black Death. In 1347, the disease reached Constantinople and then Genoa, Venice and the Mediterranean, brought by traders and merchants fleeing home.}}</ref>

Kaffa eventually recovered. The thriving, culturally diverse city and its thronged slave market have been described by the Spanish traveler [[Pedro Tafur]], who was there in the 1430s.<ref>[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch16 Tafur, '' Andanças e viajes'']</ref> The port was also visited by German traveler [[Johann Schiltberger]] in the 15th century.<ref name=":1" /> In 1462, Caffa placed itself under the protection of King [[Casimir IV of Poland]].<ref>D. Kołodziejczyk, ''The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century) A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents'', Leiden - Boston 2011, p. 62; ISSN 1380-6076 / {{ISBN|978 90 04 19190 7}}</ref> However, Poland did not offer significant help due to reinforcements sent being massacred in Bar fortress (modern day Ukraine) by Duke Czartoryski after a quarrel with locals.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

===Kefe (Ottoman)===
[[File:Caffa and Theodoro 2.svg|thumb|Feodosia and territorial demarcations in the 15th century]]
[[File:Ukrainian cossacks conquer Feodosia.png|thumb|17th-century woodcut showing [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] in [[Chaika (boat)|"chaika" boats]], destroying the Turkish fleet and capturing Caffa]]
Following the [[fall of Constantinople]], [[Amasra]], and lastly [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]], the position of Caffa had become untenable and attracted the attention of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Mehmed II]]. He was at no loss for a pretext to extinguish this last Genoese colony on the Black Sea. In 1473, the ''tudun'' (or governor) of the [[Crimean Khanate]] died and a fight developed over the appointment of his successor. The Genoese involved themselves in the dispute, and the Tatar notables who favored the losing candidate finally asked Mehmed to settle the dispute.

Mehmed dispatched a fleet under the Ottoman commander [[Gedik Ahmet Pasha]], which left [[Constantinople]] 19 May 1475. It anchored before the walls of the city on 1 June, started the bombardment the next day, and on 6 June the inhabitants capitulated. Over the next few days the Ottomans proceeded to extract the wealth of the inhabitants, and abduct 1,500 youths for service in the Sultan's palace.{{unbalanced opinion|date=April 2020}} On 8 July, the final blow was struck when all inhabitants of Latin origin were ordered to relocate to Istanbul, where they founded a quarter (''Kefeli Mahalle'') which was named after the town they had been forced to leave.<ref>Franz Babinger, ''Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time'' (Princeton: University Press, 1978).</ref>

Renamed ''Kefe'', Caffa became one of the most important Turkish ports on the Black Sea. It was a major center of the [[Crimean slave trade]] until the late 18th-century, referred to by the Lithuanian [[Michalon Litvin|Mikhalon Litvin]] as: "not a town, but an abyss into which our blood is pouring".<ref>Davies, Brian (2014). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge; ISBN 978-1-134-55283-2. pp. 24-25</ref> 
In 1616, [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] under the leadership of [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]] destroyed the Turkish fleet and captured Caffa. Having conquered the city, the Cossacks released the men, women and children who were slaves.

===Feodosia (Russian Empire)===
[[File:View Feodosia city ruins.jpg|thumb|View by C. G. H. Geissler, 1794]]
[[File:Карло Боссоли. Феодосия.jpg|thumb|''Feodosia'', painting by [[Carlo Bossoli]], 1856]]
Ottoman control ceased when the expanding [[Russian Empire]] took over Crimea between 1774 and 1783. It was renamed Feodosia (Russian Ѳеодосія; [[Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#Post-revolution_reform|reformed spelling]] Феодосия), after the traditional Russian reading of its ancient Greek name. In 1900, Zibold constructed the first [[Air well (condenser)#Zibold.27s collector|air well]] (dew condenser) on mount Tepe-Oba near Feodosia.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

{{Panorama
| image = File:Панорама крепости Феодосии (Каффы).jpg
| height = 375
| caption = {{center|''Panorama of the fortress of Feodosia (Kaffa)'' by [[Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov|Mikhail Ivanov]] (1783)}}
}}

=== Soviet Union ===
==== WWII and Holocaust ====
The city was occupied by the forces of [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]], sustaining significant damage in the process. The Jewish population numbering 3,248 before the German occupation was murdered by SD-[[Einsatzgruppe]] D between November 16 and December 15, 1941.<ref>Martin Gilbert, ''The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust'', 2002, pp.64, 83</ref> A witness interviewed by the [[Extraordinary State Commission|Soviet Extraordinary Commission]] in 1944 and quoted on the website of the French organization [[Yahad-In Unum]] described how the Jews were rounded-up in the city: <blockquote>[A]ll the Jews were gathered. The Germans told them they would be displaced somewhere in Ukraine. On December 4, 1941, in the morning, all the Jews, including my father, my mother and my sister were taken to an anti-tank trench where they were executed by German shooters. 1,500-1,700 people were shot that day.<ref name=Dora>{{cite web |title=Execution of Jews in Feodosiya |work=The Map of Holocaust by Bullets (interactive map) |publisher=Yahad-In Unum |url=https://www.yahadmap.org/#village/feodosiya-feodosia-crimea-ukraine.69 |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref></blockquote> A monument commemorating the [[Holocaust]] victims is situated at the crossroads of Kerchensky and Symferopolsky highways. On [[Passover]] eve, 7 April 2012, unknown persons desecrated the monument for the sixth time in what was allegedly an [[anti-Semitic]] act.<ref>{{cite web |title=ФЕОДОСИЯ. Осквернен памятник жертвам Холокоста |url=http://jewish.kiev.ua/news/5617/ |publisher=Всеукраинский Еврейский Конгресс |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014121849/http://jewish.kiev.ua/news/5617/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

All native Tatar inhabitants were arrested by Soviet forces as several thousand Tatars had fought side-by-side with the Nazis against Soviet forces and had participated in the Jewish genocide.<ref>{{cite web |title=РУКОВОДСТВО ПАРТИЗАНСКИМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ КРЫМА В 1941—1942 ГОДАХ И "ТАТАРСКИЙ ВОПРОС" |url=http://a-pesni.org/ww2/oficial/krym/a-partizkrym.php |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Following Stalin's orders, all Tatars were sent to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and other [[Central Asian]] republics of the [[USSR]].

=== Ukraine ===
==== Russian occupation ====
[[File:NASA FIRMS 2025-10-05 Feodosia.png|thumb|[[NASA]]'s [[Fire Information for Resource Management System|FIRMS]] detected fire on 5 October 2025 23:07:00 ([[UTC]]) at the Feodosia oil depot]]
During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the Russian [[Novocherkassk (vessel)|warship Novocherkassk]], a landing ship likely used to transport drones, was hit in the early morning hours of 26 December 2023 in the harbour of Feodosia. There was a large fire and explosion. Russia reported that two missiles that were fired from [[Sukhoi Su-24]] jets were shot down.<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3343958/ Russisches Kriegsschiff vor Krim getroffen] orf.at, 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023 (German).</ref>

On 6 October 2025 Feodosia's marine oil depot was attacked by drones causing a fire that burned for two days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2025 |title= Ukraine's General Staff confirms strike on explosives factory in Russia and oil terminal in Crimea |author= LILIANA OLENIAK |url= https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/ukraine-s-general-staff-confirms-strike-on-1759750148.html |access-date=October 6, 2025 |publisher=RBC-Ukraine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://charter97.org/en/news/2025/10/7/658393/ |work= [[Charter 97]] |title= An Oil Depot Burns For The Second Day In Temporarily Occupied Feodosia |date= 2025-10-07 |access-date= 2025-10-07}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
Feodosia has a [[humid subtropical]] climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa''), narrowly missing the boundary of a [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] climate (Köppen ''Csa''), with hot summer months drier than cool mild winter months but not enough to qualify as Mediterranean.

{{Weather box
| location = Feodosia (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line  = Y
| Jan record high C = 19.1
| Feb record high C = 18.6
| Mar record high C = 27.2
| Apr record high C = 27.5
| May record high C = 31.9
| Jun record high C = 35.0
| Jul record high C = 38.8
| Aug record high C = 38.9
| Sep record high C = 33.3
| Oct record high C = 29.0
| Nov record high C = 26.9
| Dec record high C = 21.8
| year record high C = 38.9
| Jan high C = 4.9
| Feb high C = 5.6
| Mar high C = 9.5
| Apr high C = 15.1
| May high C = 21.3
| Jun high C = 26.5
| Jul high C = 29.7
| Aug high C = 29.6
| Sep high C = 23.9
| Oct high C = 17.5
| Nov high C = 11.1
| Dec high C = 6.9
| year high C = 16.8
| Jan mean C = 2.0
| Feb mean C = 2.4
| Mar mean C = 5.8
| Apr mean C = 10.9
| May mean C = 16.7
| Jun mean C = 21.9
| Jul mean C = 24.8
| Aug mean C = 24.6
| Sep mean C = 19.3
| Oct mean C = 13.5
| Nov mean C = 7.9
| Dec mean C = 4.1
| year mean C = 12.8
| Jan low C = -0.7
| Feb low C = -0.4
| Mar low C = 2.8
| Apr low C = 7.4
| May low C = 12.8
| Jun low C = 17.6
| Jul low C = 20.4
| Aug low C = 20.2
| Sep low C = 15.3
| Oct low C = 10.1
| Nov low C = 5.0
| Dec low C = 1.5
| year low C = 9.3
| Jan record low C = -25.0
| Feb record low C = -25.1
| Mar record low C = -14.0
| Apr record low C = -5.5
| May record low C = 1.1
| Jun record low C = 5.0
| Jul record low C = 9.1
| Aug record low C = 9.4
| Sep record low C = 1.4
| Oct record low C = -11.2
| Nov record low C = -14.9
| Dec record low C = -18.6
| year record low C = -25.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 43
| Feb precipitation mm = 36
| Mar precipitation mm = 38
| Apr precipitation mm = 32
| May precipitation mm = 41
| Jun precipitation mm = 43
| Jul precipitation mm = 33
| Aug precipitation mm = 41
| Sep precipitation mm = 43
| Oct precipitation mm = 41
| Nov precipitation mm = 41
| Dec precipitation mm = 46
| year precipitation mm = 478
| Jan snow depth cm = 1
| Feb snow depth cm = 2
| Mar snow depth cm = 1
| Apr snow depth cm = 0
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0
| Nov snow depth cm = 0
| Dec snow depth cm = 1
| year snow depth cm = 2
| Jan humidity = 80.5
| Feb humidity = 78.1
| Mar humidity = 75.5
| Apr humidity = 72.6
| May humidity = 70.8
| Jun humidity = 67.5
| Jul humidity = 63.0
| Aug humidity = 63.1
| Sep humidity = 79.6
| Oct humidity = 76.0
| Nov humidity = 80.0
| Dec humidity = 81.0
| year humidity = 73.1
| Jan rain days = 12
| Feb rain days = 8
| Mar rain days = 10
| Apr rain days = 11
| May rain days = 9
| Jun rain days = 7
| Jul rain days = 7
| Aug rain days = 6
| Sep rain days = 9
| Oct rain days = 8
| Nov rain days = 12
| Dec rain days = 12
| year rain days = 111
| Jan snow days = 8
| Feb snow days = 8
| Mar snow days = 6
| Apr snow days = 0.3
| May snow days = 0.1
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 2
| Dec snow days = 6
| year snow days = 31
| Jan sun = 63
| Feb sun = 72
| Mar sun = 129
| Apr sun = 182
| May sun = 252
| Jun sun = 283
| Jul sun = 308
| Aug sun = 287
| Sep sun = 246
| Oct sun = 166
| Nov sun = 85
| Dec sun = 51
| year sun = 2124
| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214154907/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33976.htm |archive-date=14 December 2019 |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33976.htm |title=Weather and Climate-The Climate of Feodosia |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=ru |publisher=Weather and Climate}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (humidity 1991–2020, sun 1961−1990)<ref name = WMOclino>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123624/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Feodosiia_33976.csv
| archive-date = 20 April 2025
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Feodosiia_33976.csv
| title = Feodosiia Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 20 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33976.TXT |title=Feodosija Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029050515/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33976.TXT |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| date = August 2010
}}

==Modern Feodosia==
{{Panorama
| image   = File:PanoramaFeo2.jpg
| height  = 230
| alt     = Panorama Feodosia seen from the mountain Tepe Oba.
| caption = {{center|Panorama Feodosia seen from the mountain Tepe Oba.I}}
}}
[[File:Feodosia embankment.jpg|thumb|Feodosia embankment.]]
[[File:Tepe Oba. Theodosia.jpg|thumb|View from Tepe-Oba over Ordzhonikidze (Urban-type settlement under the town's jurisdiction)]]

Modern Feodosia is a resort city with a population of about 69,000 people. It has beaches, mineral springs, and mud baths, sanatoria, and rest homes. Apart from tourism, its economy rests on agriculture and fisheries. Local industries include fishing, brewing and canning. As with much of the Crimea, most of its population is ethnically [[Russians|Russian]]; the [[Ukrainian language]] is infrequently used. In June 2006, Feodosia made the news with the [[2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia|2006 anti-NATO protests]].

While most beaches in the Crimea are made of pebbles, in the Feodosia area there is a unique Golden Beach (''Zolotoy Plyazh'') made of small seashells which stretches for some 15&nbsp;km.

The city is sparsely populated during the winter months and most cafes and restaurants are closed. Business and tourism increase in mid-June and peak during July and August. As in the other [[resort town]]s of the Crimea, the tourists come mostly from the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] countries of the former Soviet Union.

Feodosia was the city where the seascape painter [[Ivan Aivazovsky]] lived and worked all his life, and where general [[Pyotr Kotlyarevsky]] and the writer [[Alexander Grin]] spent their declining years. Popular tourist locations include the [[Aivazovsky National Art Gallery]] and the Genoese fortress.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Тепе-Оба 03.JPG|View from Tepe-Oba
File:Старовинне караїмське кладовище на Тепе-Оба 01.JPG|Ancient [[Crimean Karaites|Karaites]] cemetery
File:Theodosia_castle.JPG|Genoese castle Caffa
File:Вид на Феодосійський порт з Тепе-Оба.JPG|Port and Tepe-Oba
File:Маяк на мисі Іллі-південна окінечність хребта Тепе-Оба.jpg|Lighthouse on Tepe-Oba
File:Феодосия-001.jpg|Feodosia city centre
</gallery>

==Economy==
*Sudokompozit – ship design R&D naval hardware
: Kasatka TsNII Gp NPO Uran (Gagra Pitsunda) – ship design R&D naval hardware
*Gidropribor FeOMMZ, torpedo manufacturing and ship yard (Ordzhonikidze)
: NPO Uran TsNII Gp "Kasatka" (Lab N°5 NII400) torpedoes (Gagra Pitsunda)
*Russia Black Sea Fleet Navy Ship repair yards
*FOMZ Opto Mechanical Plant FKOZ
*Feodosia Economic Industrial Zone FPZ (west)
*Feodosia FMZ Engineering/Machine-building Plant
*Feodosia FPZ (Priborostroeni Priladobudivni) Instrument-making Plant
*[[More (Feodosiya)|PO More Shipyard]] ([[Prymorskyi]], [[Feodosia Municipality]])

==Twin towns—sister cities==
*{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]], [[Armenia]]
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Azov]], [[Russia]]
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kronstadt]], [[Russia]]
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Stavropol]], [[Russia]]
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Kołobrzeg]], [[Poland]]
*and others <!-- see ru.wikipedia -->

==Notable people==
*[[Khachatur of Kaffa]] (died 1658), Armenian priest and chronicler
*[[Ivan Aivazovsky]] (1817–1900), Russian painter
*[[Yuriy Barashian]] (born 1979), Ukrainian boxer
*[[Serhiy Derevyanchenko]] (born 1985), Ukrainian boxer
*[[Roman Kapitonenko]] (born 1981), Ukrainian boxer
*[[Tetyana Kozyrenko]] (born 1996), Ukrainian football player
*[[Wolff Kostakowsky]] (1879–1944), American [[klezmer]] violinist
*[[Andrzej Liczik]] (born 1977), Ukrainian-Polish boxer

==In popular culture==
The late-medieval city of Caffa is the location of a section of the novel ''Caprice and Rondo'' by the Scottish novelist [[Dorothy Dunnett]].

An early 14th-century bishop of Caffa appears in [[Umberto Eco]]'s novel ''[[The Name of the Rose]]'', making several sharp replies in a long, tempestuous debate within a group of monks and clerics; he is portrayed as aggressive and somewhat narrow-minded.

==See also==
* [[List of traditional Greek place names]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |location=London |author=Annette M. B. Meakin |title=Russia, Travels and Studies |date=1906 |oclc=3664651 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028397929#page/n415/mode/2up |chapter=Theodosia |ol=24181315M}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Theodosia|volume=26 }}
* Гавриленко О. А., Сівальньов О. М., Цибулькін В. В. Генуезька спадщина на теренах України; етнодержавознавчий вимір. — Харків: Точка, 2017.— 260 с. — {{ISBN|978-617-669-209-6}}
* [[Evgeny Alexandrovitch Khvalkov|Khvalkov E.]] The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region: evolution and transformation. L., New York : Routledge, 2017<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Colonies-of-Genoa-in-the-Black-Sea-Region-Evolution-and-Transformation/Khvalkov/p/book/9781138081604 |title=The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation |last=Khvalkov |first=Evgeny |publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group |year=2017 |isbn=9781138081604 |series=Routledge Research in Medieval Studies |location=L, NY |pages=444 |lccn=2017028228}}</ref>
* Khvalkov E. Evoluzione della struttura della migrazione dei liguri e dei corsi nelle colonie genovesi tra Trecento e Quattrocento. In: Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Nuova Serie'. 2017. Vol. 57 / 131 . -pp.&nbsp;67–79.
* Khvalkov E. I piemontesi nelle colonie genovesi sul Mar Nero: popolazione del Piemonte a Caffa secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum del 1423 e del 1461. In: Studi Piemontesi. 2017. No. 2. pp.&nbsp;623–628.
* Khvalkov E. Campania, Puglia e Basilicata nella colonizzazione genovese dell'Oltremare nei secoli XIV – XV: Caffa genovese secondo i dati dei libri contabili. In: Rassegna Storica Salernitana. 2016. Vol. 65. pp.&nbsp;11–16.
* Khvalkov E. Italia settentrionale e centrale nel progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero: gente di Padania e Toscana a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum 1423 e 1461. In: Studi veneziani. Vol. LXXIII, 2016. - pp.&nbsp;237–240.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publications.hse.ru/articles/197382228 |title=Italia settentrionale e centrale nel progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero: gente di Padania e Toscana a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum 1423 e 1461. In: Studi veneziani. 2016. Vol. 73. P. 237-240. Khvalkov E. |last=Khvalkov |first=Evgeny |date=2019 |website=SPb HSE |language=it |access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>
* Khvalkov E. Il progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero, la dinamica della migrazione latina a Caffa e la gente catalanoaragonese, siciliana e sarda nel Medio Evo. In: Archivio Storico Sardo. 2015. Vol. 50. No. 1. pp. 265–279.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khvalkov |first=Evgeny A. |date=2015 |title=Il progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero, la dinamica della migrazione latina a Caffa e la gente catalanoaragonese, siciliana e sarda nel Medio Evo |url=http://www.deputazionestoriapatriasardegna.it/public/files/637/default/ass-vol-l-2015.pdf |journal=Archivio Storico Sardo |language=it |publisher=Deputazione di Storia Patria per la Sardegna. www.deputazionestoriapatriasardegna.it |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=265–279 |issn=2037-5514}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu/view-title/index.php?katalog=BVB&url=https://www.gateway-bayern.de/BV043649653&signature=zLbLzN_QPACAfKtgX0q8ColSKkSkDRw7tAgfQe1GGbE&showCoverImg=1 |title=KVK-Volltitel |website=kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu |access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>
* [http://www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it/archivio/96/KHVALKOV.pdf Khvalkov E. Il Mezzogiorno italiano nella colonizzazione genovese del Mar Nero a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV (secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae)] (pdf). In: Archivio Storico Messinese. 2015. Vol. 96 . - pp.&nbsp;7–11.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it/archivio/96/96.html |title=Società Messinese di Storia Patria. Archivio Storico Messinese, Volume 96 |date=2015 |website=www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it |access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline}}
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ukraine.html#Kaffa WorldStatesmen- Ukraine]
*[http://www.museum.com.ua/en/istor/sev-vost/feodos/feodos.htm Ancient Theodosia and its Coinage]
*[http://otiumportal.com/solnechnye-berega-feodosii?lang=en Tourist Theodosius]
*[http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=667 The murder of the Jews of Feodosia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519151457/http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=667 |date=2015-05-19 }} during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.

{{Feodosia Municipality}}
{{Subdivisions of Crimea}}
{{Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization}}
{{Pontic colonies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Feodosia Municipality]]
[[Category:Bosporan Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cities in Crimea]]
[[Category:Feodosiysky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Eastern Europe]]
[[Category:Greek colonies in Crimea]]
[[Category:Khazar towns]]
[[Category:Milesian colonies in Crimea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century BC]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Russia]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Territories of the Republic of Genoa]]
[[Category:Territories of the Republic of Venice]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Russia]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Black Sea]]
[[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Fiefdoms of Poland]]