View source for Ferenc Szálasi

{{Short description|Fascist leader of Hungary from 1944 to 1945, dictator}}
{{Hungarian name|Szálasi Ferenc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Ferenc Szálasi
| image               = Ferenc Szálasi.jpg
| caption             = Szálasi in 1944
| order               = [[List of heads of state of Hungary|Leader of the Nation]]
| term_start          = 4 November 1944
| term_end            = 7 May 1945
| predecessor         = [[Miklós Horthy]]<br><small>(as Regent of Hungary)</small>
| successor           = [[High National Council]]<BR><small>(as collective head of state)</small>
| order2              = [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]
| term_start2         = 16 October 1944
| term_end2           = 7 May 1945
| predecessor2        = [[Géza Lakatos]]
| successor2          = [[Béla Miklós]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1897|01|06}}
| birth_place         = [[Košice|Kassa]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Austria-Hungary]] ({{small|today}} [[Košice]], Slovakia)
| death_cause         = [[Execution by hanging]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1946|03|12|1897|01|06}}
| death_place         = [[Budapest]], [[Second Hungarian Republic|Hungarian Republic]]
| constituency        = 
| party               = [[Arrow Cross Party]]
| spouse              = [[Gizella Lutz]]
| children            = 
| profession          = Soldier, Politician
| signature           = 
| footnotes           = <!--Military service-->
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = [[Austria-Hungary]]<br>[[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| branch              = [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]]<br/>[[Austro-Hungarian Army]]<br>[[Royal Hungarian Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1915–1935
| rank                = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| unit                = 
| commands            = 1st Honvéd Mixed-Brigade
| battles             = [[World War I]]
| awards              = 3rd Class, [[Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)|Order of the Iron Crown]]
}} {{Ferenc Szálasi sidebar}}
'''Ferenc Szálasi''' ({{IPA|hu|ˈfɛrɛnt͡s ˈsaːlɒʃi}}; 6 January 1897&nbsp;– 12 March 1946) was a Hungarian military officer, politician, [[Nazi]] sympathizer and founder of the far-right [[Arrow Cross Party]] who [[List of prime ministers of Hungary|headed the government of Hungary]] during the [[German invasion of Hungary (1944)|country's occupation]] by [[Nazi Germany]] in the final stages of [[World War II]].

Szálasi served with distinction during [[World War I]] as an officer in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]. In 1925, he became a [[Staff (military)|staff officer]] of the restored [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] under Regent [[Miklós Horthy]]. Initially apolitical, Szálasi embraced right-wing ultranationalism in the early 1930s and became a passionate advocate of the [[Hungarian irredentism|irredentist Hungarism]]. In 1937, he founded the [[Hungarian National Socialist Party]], having retired from the military and fully devoted himself to politics. He attracted considerable support through his virulently nationalist and antisemitic program, while his followers became increasingly radical, leading to his imprisonment in 1938. While in prison, he was proclaimed leader of the far-right [[Nazi]] Arrow Cross Party, which quickly became one of the most powerful political forces in the country. Szálasi was granted amnesty in 1940, but had to operate his party clandestinely after Horthy outlawed it on the outbreak of [[World War II]].

Following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944 and Horthy's ousting in October, Szálasi was made [[Prime Minister of Hungary|head of government]] and [[List of heads of state of Hungary|head of state]]. His pro-Nazi [[Puppet state|puppet government]], known as the [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]], was dominated by members of the Arrow Cross Party. The regime imposed [[martial law]], participated in Germany's war efforts and recommenced [[the Holocaust in Hungary]], which had been halted by Horthy. His militias were singularly responsible for the murder of 10,000–15,000 [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungarian Jews]] and for the deportation of a further 650,000 to death camps.<ref name="JOH">{{cite book|last=Patai|first=Raphael|title=The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology|publisher= Wayne State University Press|location= Detroit|year= 1996 |page= 730|isbn= 0-8143-2561-0|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LLuPS1yVDf8C&q=%22the+jews+of+hungary%22}}</ref>

Szálasi's collaborationist government, with its authority limited to the city of [[Budapest]] and its environs, only lasted 163 days. Facing the advance of [[Soviet]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] forces, Szálasi and his cabinet fled the country shortly before the [[Siege of Budapest]] began. He was captured by American troops in Austria in May 1945 and returned to Hungary to face trial. The Government of National Unity, which had relocated to [[Munich]], was formally dissolved the next day. The People's Tribunal in Budapest found him guilty of [[war crime]]s and [[high treason]], and sentenced him to death. He was executed by hanging on 12 March 1946.

== Early life ==

=== Ancestry ===
Born the son of a soldier in Kassa, [[Abaúj-Torna County]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (now [[Košice]], Slovakia) of mixed [[Armenians|Armenian]] (the surname of his great-grandfather was Salossian),<ref>''Terence Ball''. The Cambridge history of twentieth-century political thought. Cambridge University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-521-56354-2}}. p. 140:"''Szalasi was descended from an eighteenth-century Armenian immigrant named Salossian''"</ref><ref>[http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/mirror/mirror03.htm Ferenc Szalasi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109111308/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/mirror/mirror03.htm |date=9 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>''[[:en:Martin Kitchen|Martin Kitchen]]''. Europe between the wars. Pearson Education, 2006. {{ISBN|0-582-89414-X}}. p. 456 "''Major Ferenc Szalasi, whose father was Armenian and whose mother was of Slovak-Magyar origin...''"</ref> [[Germans|German]], [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] (one grandparent), [[Slovak people|Slovak]] and [[Rusyns|Rusyn]] ancestry. His Armenian ancestors settled down in [[Dumbrăveni|Ebesfalva]], [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]] during the reign of Prince [[Michael I Apafi]]. Szálasi's grandfather, who participated as a ''[[wikt:honvéd|honvéd]]'' in the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], married a German woman from [[Vienna]], and their son, Ferenc Szálasi, Sr. (born 1866) attended a military cadet school in Kassa and later became an official in the Honvédség. Szálasi's brothers, Béla, Károly and Rezső also served in the army.

Szálasi's mother was the [[Greek Catholic]] Erzsébet Szakmár (born 1875), who had Slovak and Rusyn roots. She provided religious education to her sons. Szálasi once said "''I received the power of belief and faith in God through breast milk. My mother made to drink faith through and through me''"{{clarify|date=November 2021}}. Ferenc Szálasi lived with his mother until 1944.<ref>Sipos Péter: [http://www.historia.hu/archivum/2004/0409sipos.htm Nemzetvesztő nemzetvezető] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195730/http://www.historia.hu/archivum/2004/0409sipos.htm |date=29 October 2013 }} – Historia.hu.</ref>

===Military career===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2019}}
Szálasi followed in his father's footsteps and joined the army at a young age. He finished elementary studies in his birthplace, then attended the military academy in [[Kőszeg]], Marosvásárhely (now [[Târgu Mureș]] in Romania) and continued studies in [[Eisenstadt|Kismarton]]. Finally, he finished his military education in the [[Theresian Military Academy]] of [[Wiener Neustadt]], where he was promoted to Lieutenant in 1915.

He eventually became an officer and served in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] during World War I. He served on the frontline for 36 months. At the end of the war, he was promoted to First Lieutenant and was involved in the 2nd regiment of k.u.k. Tyrolean Rifle Regiments, widely known as ''[[Kaiserjäger]]''. He was stationed near [[Merano]] and [[Lake Garda]] in the [[Italian Front (World War I)|Italian Front]]. Later the regiments were ordered to the north to [[Verdun]] at the last days of the war. For his service, he was honored with Third Class of the [[Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)|Order of the Iron Crown]]. Returning to Hungary, Szálasi performed courier service for the newly formed Ministry of Foreign Affairs after the [[Aster Revolution]] in November 1918.

Upon the dissolution and break-up of [[Austria-Hungary]] after the war, the [[Hungarian Democratic Republic]] and then the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] were briefly proclaimed in 1918 and 1919 respectively. The short-lived communist government of [[Béla Kun]] launched what was known as the "[[Red Terror (Hungary)|Red Terror]]" and ultimately involved Hungary in an ill-fated [[Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919|war with Romania]].  In 1920, the country went into a period of civil conflict with Hungarian [[anti-communists]] and [[monarchists]] violently purging the nation of communists, leftist intellectuals, and others they felt threatened by, especially Jews. This period was known as the "[[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]]" and, in 1920, after the pullout of the last of the [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] occupation forces, it led to the restoration of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] (''Magyar Királyság'') under Regent [[Miklós Horthy]]. During that time, Szálasi was still an apolitical person, and he did not involve himself in events beyond the general interest.

In 1920–21, Szálasi finished non-commissioned officer training school in [[Hajmáskér]]; following that, he served in the 13th Infantry Regiment in [[Miskolc]]. In 1923, he enrolled to the General Staff officers' training course at the [[Ludovica Military Academy]]. For his outstanding achievements, he was promoted with priority to Captain in 1924. In 1925, Szálasi entered the General Staff of the restored Kingdom. He fulfilled his mandatory field-grade task in 1929 at the 11th Infantry Regiment in [[Debrecen]] as a [[company commander]]. According to some memoirs by former subordinates, Szálasi was a popular and beloved superior among the infantry. His fellow officers acknowledged his military skills and literacy, but some others thought Szálasi was pedantic and autonomous. According to his future Minister of Defence, [[Károly Beregfy]], "''Szálasi's name among the General Staff was a concept of excellent hunting and tactics, but also a concept with the regards of honesty, truthfulness and Puritanism.''" By 1933, Szálasi had attained the rank of Major and became Chief of the 1st Honvéd Mixed-Brigade's General Staff in Budapest.

==Political career==

=== First steps in politics ===
{{Fascism sidebar}}
{{Nazism sidebar}}
Around this time, when [[Gyula Gömbös]] came to power, Szálasi became fascinated with politics and often lectured on Hungary's political affairs. By this time, the hitherto apolitical Szálasi was a fanatical right-wing nationalist and a strong proponent of "[[Hungarism]]" and advocating the expansion of Hungary's territory back to the borders of [[Greater Hungary (political concept)|Greater Hungary]] as it was prior to the [[Treaty of Trianon]], which in 1920 had reduced the country's territory by 72%. In 1933, to summarize his views, he published his 46-page pamphlet with the title ''A magyar állam felépítésének terve'' ("Plan for the Building of the Hungarian State") and sent his work to several politicians. Soldiers and military officers were banned from politicizing, thus Szálasi was sentenced to twenty-day detention and expelled from the General Staff by a military court. After his release, Szálasi was ordered to the 14th Infantry Regiment in [[Eger]], where served as staff officer then first adjutant. Szálasi gradually became disillusioned with the army and requested resignation from that in October 1934.

On 1 March 1935, Szálasi left the army in order to devote his full attention to politics, after which time he established the Party of National Will, a nationalistic group.
It was eventually outlawed by the conservative government for being too radical.  Unperturbed, Szálasi established the [[Hungarian National Socialist Party]] in 1937, which was also banned.  However, Szálasi was able to attract considerable support to his cause from factory workers and Hungary's lower classes by pandering to their aggrieved sense of nationalism and their virulent antisemitism.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}

After Germany's "Union" (''[[Anschluss]]'') with [[Austria]] in 1938, Szálasi's followers became more radical in their political activities, and Szálasi was arrested and imprisoned by the Hungarian Police.  However, even while in prison Szálasi managed to remain a powerful political figure, and was proclaimed leader of the National Socialist [[Arrow Cross Party]] (a coalition of several right-wing groups) when it was expanded in 1938.  The party attracted a large number of followers, and in the 1939 elections, it gained 30 seats in the Hungarian Parliament, thus becoming one of the more powerful parties in Hungary.  Freed due to a general amnesty resulting from the [[Second Vienna Award]] in 1940, Szálasi returned to politics.  When World War II began, the Arrow Cross Party was officially banned by Prime Minister [[Pál Teleki]], thus forcing Szálasi to operate in secret.  During this period, Szálasi gained the support and backing of the Germans, who had previously been opposed to Szálasi because his Hungarist nationalism placed Hungarian territorial claims above those of Germany.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}

=== Way to power ===
Following the [[Operation Margarethe|Nazi occupation of Hungary]] in March 1944, the pro-German [[Döme Sztójay]] was installed as [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]. The Arrow Cross Party was then legalized by the government, allowing Szálasi to expand the party.  When Sztójay was deposed in August, Szálasi once again became an enemy of the Hungarian government and Regent [[Miklós Horthy]] ordered his arrest. By this time, Horthy realized that Hungary's position was untenable, and began putting out feelers to the Allies. The Germans were concerned that Horthy would succeed in extricating Hungary from the war. They had, however, waiting in the wings, a perfect ally in Szálasi.

When the Germans learned of the Regent's plan to come to a separate peace with the Soviets and exit the Axis alliance, they kidnapped Horthy's son, [[Miklos Horthy, Jr.|Miklós, Jr.]] and threatened to kill him unless Horthy abdicated in favor of Szálasi.  Under duress, Horthy signed a document announcing his own abdication and naming Szálasi prime minister–effectively giving "legal sanction" to an Arrow Cross coup. In his memoirs, Horthy contended the appointment of Szálasi was invalid, saying, "A signature wrung from a man at machine-gun point can have little legality."<ref name="horthy">{{cite book|last=Horthy |first=Admiral Nicholas|others=Nicholas Horthy, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt|title=Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs |publisher=Simon Publications LLC|year=2000 |edition=illustrated |pages=348 |isbn=0-9665734-3-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qpzqnn95AHIC}}</ref> The Germans then pressured Parliament to install Szálasi as Head of State as well.

=== National leader ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-680-8284A-37A, Budapest, Ferenc Szálasi.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Ferenc Szálasi in Budapest, October 1944.]]
Szálasi's [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]] turned the Kingdom of Hungary into a [[puppet state]] of [[Nazi Germany]] formed on 16 October 1944 after [[Regent of Hungary]] [[Miklós Horthy]] was removed from power during [[Operation Panzerfaust]] (''Unternehmen Eisenfaust'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Policies of Prime Minister Kallay and the German Occupation of Hungary in March 1944 |url=http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/mirror/mirror03.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109111308/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/mirror/mirror03.htm |archive-date=2011-01-09 |access-date= |website=hungarian-history.hu}}</ref>

The Hungarian parliament approved the formation of a Council of Regency (''Kormányzótanács'') of three. On 4 November, Szálasi was sworn as Leader of the Nation (''nemzetvezető'').<ref>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/hungary/01_notes.php Hungary: Notes - archontology.org]</ref> He formed a government of sixteen ministers, half of which were members of the Arrow Cross Party. While the Horthy regency had come to an end, the Hungarian monarchy was not abolished by the Szálasi regime, as government newspapers kept referring to the country as the Kingdom of Hungary (''Magyar Királyság'', also abbreviated as ''m.kir.''), although ''Magyarország'' (Hungary) was frequently used as an alternative.<ref>''Budapesti Közlöny'', 17 October 1944</ref><ref>''Hivatalos Közlöny'', 27 January 1945</ref>

[[File:Arrow Cross Party.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]] headed by Ferenc Szálasi (sitting in the center).]]

Szálasi and his "[[Quisling]] government" had little other intention or ability but to execute the party's ideology and to maintain control in Nazi-occupied portions of Hungary as the Soviet Union invaded. He did this in order to reduce the threat to Germany. Szálasi's aim was to create a [[one-party state]] based on Hungarism.

Under his rule as a close ally of Germany, the Germans, with the assistance of the Szálasi government, recommenced the deportation of the Jews, which had been suspended by Horthy. He organised the so-called [[International Ghetto]]. During that time some diplomats like [[Raoul Wallenberg]] gave protective passports to some Jews, which protected them from deportation. Germans argued they weren't valid according to international law, but Szálasi's government accepted them nevertheless.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nsz.prim.hu/cikk/486138/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20110718180253/http://www.nsz.prim.hu/cikk/486138/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 July 2011 | title=Prim Online | access-date=7 June 2008 }}</ref> His government promoted [[martial law]] and [[courts-martial]], and executed those who were considered dangerous for the state and the continuation of the war. During Szálasi's rule, Hungarian tangible assets (cattle, machinery, wagons, industrial raw materials, etc.) were sent to Germany. He conscripted young and old into the remaining [[Royal Hungarian Army|Hungarian Army]] and sent them into hopeless battles against the Red Army.

Szálasi's rule only lasted 163 days, partly because by the time he took power, the Red Army was already deep inside Hungary. For all intents and purposes, his authority was limited to a narrowing band in the centre of the country, including Budapest. On 19 November 1944, Szálasi was in the Hungarian capital when [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Romania]]n forces began encircling it.  By the time the city was encircled and the 102-day [[Siege of Budapest]] began, he was gone.  The "Leader of the Nation" (''Nemzetvezető'') fled to [[Szombathely]] on 9 December. By March 1945, Szálasi was in [[Vienna]] just prior to the [[Vienna Offensive]].  Later, he fled to [[Munich]].<ref>Thomas, ''The Royal Hungarian Army in World war II'', p. 24</ref>

== Trial and execution ==
[[File:Szálasi trial 1945.jpg|thumb|Ferenc Szálasi before the People's Court at his trial]]
The Arrow Cross Party's cabinet, which had fled Hungary, was dissolved on 7 May 1945, a day before [[End of World War II in Europe|Germany's surrender]].<ref name="gosztonyi">{{cite book |last=Gosztonyi |first=Péter |title=A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban |edition=2nd |year=1992 |publisher=Európa Könyvkiadó |location=Budapest |isbn=963-07-5386-3 |pages=275–276 |language=hu}}</ref> Szálasi was captured by American troops in [[Mattsee]] on 6 May<ref name="gosztonyi"/> and returned to Hungary on 3 October. He was tried by the People's Tribunal in Budapest in open sessions begun in February 1946, and sentenced to death for war crimes and high treason.

Szálasi was hanged on 12 March 1946 in [[Budapest]], along with two of his former ministers, [[Gábor Vajna]] and [[Károly Beregfy]], and the party ideologist [[József Gera]]. The hanging was conducted in the Austrian pole method. A large post had a rope attached to a hook at the top. Szálasi was marched up steps, placed with his back to the post, his legs and arms were tied, the noose placed around his neck, the rope tightened, and the steps were removed. With the post only leaving a couple feet between Szálasi and the ground it is likely that he died slowly due to strangulation rather than being instantaneously rendered unconscious and dying shortly after as would happen when utilizing the [[Hanging#Standard drop|standard drop]]. This would also explain why his arms and legs were bound as to prevent struggle during the process.<ref name="WaPo20918">{{cite news|last1=Ruane|first1=Michael E.|title=Thirty-two frightening snapshots of a hanging. And no one knew who the victims were – until now.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/02/09/thirty-two-frightening-snapshots-of-a-hanging-and-no-one-knew-who-they-were-until-now/?undefined=&wpisrc=nl_most&wpmm=1|access-date=11 February 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Before being executed, Szálasi received the [[Anointing of the sick|last sacraments]] by a [[Catholic Church in Hungary|Catholic priest]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-27 |title=Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Szalasi is given the last rites before being hanged as a collaborator, 1946 |url=https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/ferenc-szalasi-hunged-1946/ |access-date= |website=Rare Historical Photos |language=en-US}}</ref>

Thirty-two photos of the hanging were donated to the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]].<ref name="WaPo20918"/> Other photographs of the execution are on display in the Holocaust Room of the [[Dohány Street Synagogue#Jewish Museum|Budapest Jewish Museum]].

On 13 March 1946, the day after Szálasi's death, the National Council of People's Tribunals discussed the convicted politicians' plea for mercy and recommended its refusal to Justice Minister [[István Ries]], when Szálasi and his ministers were already executed. Ries forwarded the decision to President [[Zoltán Tildy]], who subsequently approved the death sentence and execution on 15 March 1946.<ref>Karsai, Elek; Karsai, László: ''A Szálasi-per'', Reform Lap- és Könyvkiadó Rt., 1988, {{ISBN|963-02-5942-7}}</ref>

Szálasi was buried in Rákoskeresztúr New Public Cemetery in the Budapest Capital District, Budapest, Hungary, plot 298. In 2008, historian Tamás Kovács claimed the ''Political Department of the Hungarian State Police'' (PRO; predecessor of the feared [[secret police]] [[State Protection Authority]]) falsified his name and birth certificate, and buried him as "Ferenc Lukács" in section 298 of the [[New Public Cemetery, Budapest|New Public Cemetery]].<ref>[http://www.fn.hu/belfold/20080208/nemzeti_emlekhelyen_nyugszik_szalasi/ Nemzeti emlékhelyen nyugszik Szálasi?] – FigyelőNet, 2008-02-08.</ref> Other historians, however, rejected this claim, since no written source could be found.

== See also ==
*[[Cluj Ghetto]]
*[[Hungarian Turanism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources and further reading==
*Cohen, Asher. “Continuity in the Change: Hungary, 19 March 1944.” Jewish Social Studies 46, no. 2 (1984): 131–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4467252.
* Cohen, Asher. "Some Socio-Political Aspects of the Arrow Cross Party in Hungary." ''East European Quarterly'' 21.3 (1987): 369+
* Deak, Istvan. "Collaborationism in Europe, 1940–1945: The Case of Hungary." ''Austrian History Yearbook'' 15 (1979): 157–164.
* Deák, István. "A fatal compromise? The debate over collaboration and resistance in Hungary." ''East European Politics and Societies'' 9.2 (1995): 209–233.
* Deák, István.  “Hungary”  in Hans Rogger and Egon Weber, eds., ''The European Right: A Historical Profile'' (1963) pp.&nbsp;364–407. 
* Herczl, Moshe Y. ''Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry'' (1993) pp 79–170. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg6vj?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22%3A+Christianity+and+the+Holocaust+of+Hungarian+Jewry%22&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522%253A%2BChristianity%2Band%2Bthe%2BHolocaust%2Bof%2BHungarian%2BJewry%2522%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=search%3A4c10eb461bf299248303b912e3bb43db online]
* Lackó, M. ''[https://archive.org/details/ArrowCrossMen Arrow-Cross Men: National Socialists 1935–1944]'' (Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó 1969).
*[[Fiala-Marschalkó]]: Vádló bitófák. London: Süli, 1958
*Rozsnyói, Á. “October Fifteenth, 1944: (History of Szálasi’s Putsch).” Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 8, no. 1/2 (1961): 57–105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42554680.
*{{cite book|first=Szabo, Laszlo Pal|author-link=Laszlo Pal Szabo|last=Thomas, Dr. Nigel, and|title=The Royal Hungarian Army in World war II|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2008|location=New York|pages=48 |isbn=978-1-84603-324-7}}

==External links==
* {{PM20|FID=pe/032045}}

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