View source for Fernando Collor de Mello

{{Short description|President of Brazil from 1990 to 1992}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2016}}
{{hatnote|In this name, the first or maternal [[surname|family name]] is ''[[Collor (surname)|Collor]]'' and the second or paternal family name is ''[[Mello (surname)|Mello]]''.}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name                = Fernando Collor de Mello
| image               = Foto oficial do presidente Fernando Collor de Melo. (38405801411).jpg
| image_size          = 
| caption             = Official portrait, 1992
| order               = 32nd
| office              = President of Brazil
| term_start          = 15 March 1990
| term_end            = 29 December 1992 <br /> <small>{{nowrap|Suspended powers and duties <br> 2 October 1992 – 29 December 1992}}</small>
| vicepresident       = Itamar Franco
| predecessor         = [[José Sarney]]
| successor           = [[Itamar Franco]]
| office1             = [[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Senator]] for [[Alagoas]]
| term_start1         = 1 August 2019
| term_end1           = 1 February 2023
| predecessor1        = [[Renilde Bulhões]]
| successor1          = [[Renan Filho]]
| term_start2         = 1 February 2007
| term_end2           = 1 April 2019
| predecessor2        = [[Heloísa Helena (politician)|Heloísa Helena]]
| successor2          = [[Renilde Bulhões]]
| office3             = Governor of [[Alagoas]]
| term_start3         = 15 March 1987
| term_end3           = 14 May 1989
| vicegovernor3       = Moacir de Andrade
| predecessor3        = José Tavares
| successor3          = Moacir de Andrade
| office4             = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start4         = 1 February 1983
| term_end4           = 15 July 1986
| constituency4       = [[Alagoas]]
| office5             = Mayor of [[Maceió]]
| term_start5         = 1 January 1979
| term_end5           = 1 January 1983
| predecessor5        = Dílton Simões
| successor5          = Corinto Campelo
| birth_name          =
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1949|8|12|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Federal District of Brazil (1891–1960)|Federal District]], Brazil
| residence           = [[Maceió]], [[Alagoas]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)|PRD]] (2023–present)
| otherparty          = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--as above-->
|title={{no bold|See list}}
| 1= [[National Renewal Alliance|ARENA]] (1979)
| 2= [[Democratic Social Party|PDS]] (1980–1985)
| 3= [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|PMDB]] (1986–1988)
| 4= [[Christian Labour Party|PRN]] (1989–1992)
| 5= [[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party|PRTB]] (1999–2006)
| 6= [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]] (2007–2016)
| 7= [[Christian Labour Party|PTC]] (2016–2019)
| 8= [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]] (2019–2022)
| 9= [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]] (2022–2023)
}}
| alma_mater          = [[University of Brasília]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/ult1789u70.jhtm |title=Fernando Afonso Collor de Mello – Biografia |website=UOL Educação |access-date=17 October 2010 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523223224/http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/ult1789u70.jhtm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| profession          = 
| spouse              = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Celi Elisabete Júlia "Lilibeth" Monteiro de Carvalho|1975|1981|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Rosane Collor|Rosane Brandão Malta]]|1981|2005|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Caroline Serejo Medeiros|2006}}
}}
| children            = 5
| signature           = Fernando Collor de Mello presidential signature.svg
| honorific_suffix    = [[Order of the Tower and Sword|GCTE]]
| parents             = [[Arnon de Melo]]<br>Leda Collor
}}
'''Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|feʁˈnɐ̃dwaˈfõsu ˈkɔloʁ dʒi ˈmɛlu|lang}}; born 12 August 1949) is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd [[president of Brazil]] from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his [[impeachment of Fernando Collor de Mello|impeachment trial]] by the [[Brazilian Senate]]. Collor was the [[Collor Government|first president]] democratically elected after the end of the [[Brazilian military dictatorship]]. He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from the presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of [[corruption]] continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's [[Supreme Federal Court]], for lack of valid evidence.

Fernando Collor was born into a political family. He is the son of the former Senator [[Arnon de Melo|Arnon Affonso de Farias Mello]] and Leda Collor (daughter of former Labour Minister [[Lindolfo Collor]], led by his father, former governor of [[Alagoas]] and proprietor of the Arnon de Mello Organization, a media conglomerate which manages the state-wide television station TV Gazeta de Alagoas, the affiliate of [[TV Globo]] in the state.)
"Collor" is a Portuguese adaptation of the [[German language|German]] surname Köhler, from his maternal grandfather Lindolfo Leopoldo Boeckel Collor.

His time as president was marked by the implementation of the "[[Plano Collor|Collor Plan]]", the launch of a national [[privatization]] program, and the opening of the domestic market to imports, which had a significant impact on the growth of the consumer car market. The plan, initially well-received, ultimately deepened the [[economic recession]], exacerbated by the elimination of over 920,000 jobs in 1990; in addition, allegations of [[political corruption]] involving Collor's treasurer, [[Paulo César Farias]], made by his brother [[Pedro Collor de Mello]], led to an [[Impeachment of Fernando Collor|impeachment process]] against him. Before the process could be finalized, the president resigned on December 29, 1992, handing over the position to his vice president, [[Itamar Franco]], just hours before being convicted by the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] for [[High crimes and misdemeanors|crimes of responsibility]], resulting in the loss of his [[political rights]] for eight years. During his presidency, he signed the [[Treaty of Asunción]] in 1991, the founding document of the [[Mercosur|Southern Common Market]] (Mercosur). He merged IAPAS and [[Social security in Brazil|INPS]], creating the current federal agency, the [[Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social|National Social Security Institute]] (INSS). He led the proceedings of the "[[Earth Summit]]" at ECO-92. He also officially approved the demarcation of the [[Yanomami Indigenous Territory]].

Later, after some time living in obscurity, Collor served as Senator for [[Alagoas]] from February 2007 to February 2023. He first won election in [[2006 Brazilian general elections|2006]] and was reelected in [[2014 Brazilian general elections|2014]]. In August 2017, Collor was accused by Brazil's [[Supreme Federal Court]] of receiving around US$9 million in bribes between 2010 and 2014 from [[Petrobras]] subsidiary BR Distributor. On April 24, 2025, his immediate arrest was ordered to serve his sentence by the Supreme Court justice [[Alexandre de Moraes]]. In the early hours of April 25, he was arrested by the Brazilian Federal Police.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Agencia Brasil |title=Brazil's former President Fernando Collor arrested in Maceió |date=25 April 2025 |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/justica/noticia/2025-04/brazils-former-president-fernando-collor-arrested-maceio |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425180209/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/justica/noticia/2025-04/brazils-former-president-fernando-collor-arrested-maceio |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early career==
[[File:CEDI- Collor stf EBF ab 88 (44275393610).jpg|thumb|left|Collor in 1988]]
Fernando Collor was born on August 12, 1949, to Leda Collor (1916–1995) and [[Arnon de Melo|Arnon Afonso de Farias Mello]] (1911–1983), in a very affluent and politically well-connected family. His father was governor and later senator for the state of [[Alagoas]]. He has two brothers, [[Pedro Collor de Mello|Pedro]] and Leopoldo, and two sisters, Ledinha and Ana. His grandfather, [[Lindolfo Collor]] (1890–1942), was a direct descendant of some of the first [[German Brazilians|German immigrants]] that arrived in Brazil in 1824. Despite being born in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Fernando spent his childhood in the cities of Maceió, Rio de Janeiro and [[Brasília]].<ref>[https://www18.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-biografico/lindolfo-leopoldo-boekel-collor Biography: LINDOLFO LEOPOLDO BOEKEL COLLOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212183458/https://www18.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-biografico/lindolfo-leopoldo-boekel-collor |date=12 December 2023 }}, accessed in 12 December 2023.</ref>

Collor graduated in economic sciences, in 1972, at the [[Federal University of Alagoas]]. That same year, he become president of the ''Gazeta de Alagoas'', a newspaper that was run by his family's media conglomerate. In 1975, he married his first wife Celi Elisabete Júlia Monteiro de Carvalho, with whom he had two children. He married a second time, with [[Rosane Collor|Rosane Malta]] (who would become the First Lady) in 1984. No children were born from this union. In 2006, he married Caroline Medeiros, with whom he would have two children. He also had a child born out of wedlock.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=12 December 2023|language=pt|title=Fernando Collor de Melo|url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historiab/fernando-collor.htm|website=Brasilescola.uol.com.br}}</ref>

Collor became president of Brazilian football club [[Centro Sportivo Alagoano]] (CSA) in 1976. After entering politics, he was successively named mayor of [[Alagoas]]' capital [[Maceió]] in 1979 ([[National Renewal Alliance Party]]), elected a federal deputy ([[Democratic Social Party]]) in 1982, and eventually elected governor of the small Northeastern state of [[Alagoas]] ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party]]) in 1986.

During his tenure as governor, he gained national attention for his purported efforts to challenge high salaries among public servants, whom he referred to as ''marajás'' (''[[maharaja]]s'')<ref name=maharaj>{{cite book|last=Solingen|first=Etel|year=1998|title=Regional Orders at Century's Dawn|url=https://archive.org/details/regionalordersat00soli|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/regionalordersat00soli/page/n160 147]}}</ref> (likening them to the former princes of India who received a stipend from the government as compensation for relinquishing their lands). The effectiveness of his policies in reducing public expenses remains a subject of debate. However, his stance on the issue significantly increased his popularity across the country, bolstered by appearances on nationally televised broadcasts—an unusual platform for a governor from a smaller state like Alagoas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bezerra|first1=Ada Kesea Guedes|last2=Silva|first2=Fábio Ronaldo|url=http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/silva-fabio-marketing-politico-imagem.pdf|title=O marketing político e a importância da imagem-marca em campanhas eleitorais majoritárias|website=Biblioteca On-line de Ciências da Comunicação|language=pt|access-date=18 August 2007|archive-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512145318/http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/silva-fabio-marketing-politico-imagem.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although he gained national prominence as governor of Alagoas and positioned himself as an anti-corruption and anti-establishment candidate for the presidency, his career was marred by corruption scandals dating back to his tenure as mayor of Maceió. Earlier in his life, when he was a Federal Deputy in the National Congress, Collor was regarded as a relatively low-profile politician, primarily proposing legislation that appeared to favor his family's business interests.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Relembre a trajetória de Fernando Collor |trans-title=Remember the trajectory of Fernando Collor |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/05/25/relembre-a-trajetoria-de-fernando-collor.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027004125/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/05/25/relembre-a-trajetoria-de-fernando-collor.ghtml |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

==Presidency (1990–1992) ==
{{Main|Presidency of Collor de Mello}}
[[File:Posse do presidente Fernando Collor de Mello (8429591421).jpg|thumb|left|Collor on Inauguration Day, 15 March 1990]]
[[File:Fernando Collor fala aos ministros e líderes do governo.jpg|thumb|left|Collor during a meeting at the [[Planalto Palace]], 1990]]
In 1989 Collor defeated [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] in a [[Brazilian presidential election, 1989|controversial two-round presidential race]] with 35 million votes. 
In December 1989, days prior to the second round, businessman [[Abílio Diniz]] was the victim of a sensational political kidnapping. The act was asserted by some to be an attempt to sabotage Lula's chances of victory<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cartamaior.com.br/templates/materiaMostrar.cfm?materia_id=17142|title=Um alerta|first=Marilena|last=Chauí|work=Carta Maior|date=29 October 2010|access-date=31 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151852/http://www.cartamaior.com.br/templates/materiaMostrar.cfm?materia_id=17142 |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref> by associating the kidnapping with the left wing. At the time, Brazilian law barred any party from addressing the media on the days prior to election day. Lula's party thus had no opportunity to clarify the accusations that the party (PT) was involved in the kidnapping. Collor won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures.{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/dhbb/verbetes_htm/1418_1.asp|title=29 de Setembro de 1992: o impeachment do Collor|trans-title=September 29, 1992: the impeachment of Collor|first=Fernando|last=Lattman-Weltman|publisher=Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil|archive-date=14 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814014806/http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_fatos_imagens/htm/fatos/Impeachment.asp }}</ref> The first [[president of Brazil]] elected by popular vote in 29 years, Collor spent the early years of his presidency battling [[inflation]], which at times reached rates of 25% a month.

The very day he took office, Collor launched the ''[[Plano Collor]]'' (''Collor Plan''), implemented by his finance minister [[Zélia Cardoso de Mello]] (not related to Collor). The plan attempted to reduce the [[money supply]] by forcibly converting large portions of consumer bank accounts into non-cashable government [[bond (finance)|bonds]], while at the same time increasing the printing of money bills, a counterbalancing measure to combat [[hyper-inflation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sociedadedigital.com.br/artigo.php?artigo=114&item=4|title=A História do Plano Collor|trans-title=The History of the Collor Plan|work=sociedadedigital.com.br|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128004504/http://sociedadedigital.com.br/artigo.php?artigo=114&item=4|archive-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>

=== Free trade, privatization and state reforms ===
{{Liberalism in Brazil |expanded=Politicians}}
[[File:Fernando Collor no Palácio do Planalto.jpg|thumb|right|Collor speaking at the Planalto presidential palace, 1991]]
[[File:Fernando Collor acena para a população.jpg|thumb|Collor waves to the people|left]]
Under Zélia's tenure as Brazil's Minister of Finances, the country had a period of major changes, featuring what ''[[ISTOÉ]]'' magazine called an "unprecedented revolution"<ref name="istoe">{{cite news|url=http://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/noticias/economia/20061025/zelia-esta-voltando/14858|title=Zélia está voltando|trans-title=Zélia is returning|date=25 October 2006|work=ISTOÉ Dinheiro|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028211129/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/noticias/economia/20061025/zelia-esta-voltando/14858|url-status=dead}}</ref> in many levels of public administration: "privatization, opening its market to free trade, encouraging industrial modernization, temporary control of the hyper-inflation and public debt reduction."<ref name="Anuatti-Neto et al 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Anuatti-Neto |first1=Francisco |last2=Barossi-Filho |first2=Milton |last3=Carvalho |first3=Antonio Gledson de |last4=Macedo |first4=Roberto |title=Os efeitos da privatização sobre o desempenho econômico e financeiro das empresas privatizadas |journal=Revista Brasileira de Economia |date=June 2005 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=151–175 |doi=10.1590/S0034-71402005000200001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the month before Collor took power, hyperinflation was at 90 percent per month and climbing. All accounts over 50,000 cruzeiros (about US$500 at that time), were frozen for several weeks. He also proposed freezes in wages and prices, as well as major cuts in government spending. The measures were received unenthusiastically by the people, though many felt that radical measures were necessary to kill the hyperinflation. Within a few months, however, inflation resumed, eventually reaching rates of 10 percent a month.

During the course of his government, Collor was accused of condoning an [[influence peddling]] scheme. The accusations weighed on the government and led Collor and his team to an institutional crisis leading to a loss of credibility that reached the finance minister, Zélia.<ref name="istoe"/>

This political crisis had negative consequences on his ability to carry out his policies and reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unopec.com.br/revistaintellectus/_Arquivos/Jan_Jul_04/PDF/Artigo_Rangel.pdf|title=unopec.com.br|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111734/http://www.unopec.com.br/revistaintellectus/_Arquivos/Jan_Jul_04/PDF/Artigo_Rangel.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> The ''[[Plano Collor]] I'', under Zélia would be renewed with the implementation of the ''Plano Collor II''; the government's loss of prestige would make that follow-up plan short-lived and largely ineffective.<ref name="Anuatti-Neto et al 2005"/> The failure of Zélia and Plano Collor I led to their substitution by [[Marcílio Marques Moreira]] and his Plano Collor II. Moreira's plan tried to correct some aspects of the first plan, but it was too late. Collor's administration was paralyzed by the fast deterioration of his image, through a succession of corruption accusations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matos |first=Heloiza |date=September 2001 |title=A Imagem Pública do Empresariado Nacional no Debate Sobre a Privatização Brasileira |trans-title=The Public Image of the National Business Sector in the Brazilian Privatization Debate |publisher=INTERCOM – Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação |location=Campo Grande |url=http://www.portal-rp.com.br/bibliotecavirtual/projetosdepesquisa/0153.pdf |url-status=dead |website=www.portal-rp.com.br |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201034008/http://www.portal-rp.com.br/bibliotecavirtual/projetosdepesquisa/0153.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref>

During the Plano Collor, yearly inflation was at first reduced from 30,000 percent in 1990 (Collor's first year in government) to 400 percent in 1991, but then climbed back up to 1,020 percent in 1992 (when he left office).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/brazilinfl.htm|title=The Hyperinflation in Brazil, 1980–1994|work=sjsu.edu|access-date=28 August 2007|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303232238/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/brazilinfl.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Inflation continued to rise to 2,294 percent in 1994 (two years after he left office).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+br0009 |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2007 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235149/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+br0009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Although Zélia acknowledged later that the Plano Collor didn't end inflation, she also stated: "It is also possible to see with clarity that, under very difficult conditions, we promoted the balancing of the [[national debt]] – and that, together with the commercial opening, it created the basis for the implementation of the [[Plano Real]]."<ref name="istoe"/>

Parts of Collor's free trade and [[privatization]] program were followed by his successors:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/reporterbbc/story/2006/06/060626_lulafhcpimenta|last=Pimenta|first=Angela|title=Lula segue política econômica de FHC, diz diretor do FMI|work=BBC Brasil|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=27 June 2006|access-date=29 June 2007|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109215007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/reporterbbc/story/2006/06/060626_lulafhcpimenta.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Itamar Franco]] (Collor's [[running mate]]), [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] (a member of the Franco cabinet) and [[Lula da Silva]].<ref>[http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:tLeC1PlPDSsJ:netx.u-paris10.fr/actuelmarx/cm5/com/MI5_Eco_Novelli.doc A CONTINUIDADE DA POLÍTICA MACROECONÔMICA ENTRE O GOVERNO CARDOSO E O GOVERNO LULA: UMA ABORDAGEM SÓCIO-POLÍTICA]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Collor's administration privatized 15 different companies (including [[Acesita]]), and began the process of privatizing several others, such as [[Embraer]], [[Telebrás]] and [[Companhia Vale do Rio Doce]].<ref name="Anuatti-Neto et al 2005"/> Some members of Collor's government were also part of the later Cardoso administration in different or similar functions: 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Pedro Malan]] 
*[[Renan Calheiros]] (PMDB-AL)
*{{Interlanguage link multi|Antônio Kandir|pt}} (PSDB-SP)
*{{Interlanguage link multi|Pratini de Moraes|pt|3=Marcus Vinícius Pratini de Moraes}}
*[[Celso Lafer]]
*[[Reinhold Stephanes]]
*[[Armínio Fraga]]
*[[Pedro Parente]]
}}

[[Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira]], a minister in the previous [[José Sarney|Sarney]] and the following Fernando Henrique Cardoso administrations, stated that "Collor changed the political agenda in the country, because he implemented brave and very necessary reforms, and he pursued [[fiscal adjustment]]s. Although other attempts had been made since 1987, it was during Collor's administration that old [[Statism|statist]] ideas were confronted and combated (...) by a brave agenda of economic reforms geared towards [[free trade]] and [[privatization]]."<ref>Silvando da Silva do Nascimento, Rangel. [http://www.unopec.com.br/revistaintellectus/_Arquivos/Jan_Jul_04/PDF/Artigo_Rangel.pdf A POLÍTICA ECONÔMICA EXTERNA DO GOVERNO COLLOR: LIBERALIZAÇÃO COMERCIAL E FINANCEIRA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111734/http://www.unopec.com.br/revistaintellectus/_Arquivos/Jan_Jul_04/PDF/Artigo_Rangel.pdf |date=26 March 2009 }}. Retrieved 30 August 2007.</ref>
According to Philippe Faucher, professor of political science at [[McGill University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/cdas/members/faucher/|title=Philippe Faucher|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115160833/http://www.mcgill.ca/cdas/members/faucher/ |publisher=McGill University |archive-date=15 January 2008 }}</ref> the combination of the political crisis and the hyperinflation continued to reduce Collor's credibility and in that political vacuum an impeachment process took place, precipitated by Pedro Collor's (Fernando Collor's brother) accusations and other social and political sectors which thought they would be harmed by his policies.<ref name="Anuatti-Neto et al 2005"/>

===Awards===
In 1991, [[UNICEF]] chose three health programs: community agents, lay midwives and eradication of measles as the best in the world. These programs were promoted during Collor's administration. Until 1989, the Brazilian [[vaccination]] record, was considered the worst in [[South America]]. During Collor's administration, Brazil's vaccination program won a [[United Nations]] prize, as the best in South America. Collor's project ''Minha Gente'' (''My People'') won the UN award ''Project Model for the Humanity'' in 1993.

===Corruption charges and impeachment===
{{Main article|Impeachment of Fernando Collor de Mello}}
{{Infobox impeachment process
| image          = Fernando Collor deixa a presidência.jpg
| image_size     = 300px
| caption        = Fernando Collor, along with his wife [[Rosane Collor|Rosane Malta]], leaves the [[Palácio do Planalto|Planalto Palace]].
| accused        = Fernando Collor de Mello, [[President of Brazil]]
| proponents     = {{Plainlist|
* Marcello Laveniére {{small|(President of the [[Order of Attorneys of Brazil]])}}
* [[Barbosa Lima Sobrinho]] {{small|(President of the Brazilian Association of Press)}}
}}
| period         = 1 September 1992 – 30 December 1992<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|1992|9|1|1992|12|30}})
| outcome        = Convicted by the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]], ineligible for 8 years
| accusations    = [[High crimes and misdemeanors]]
| cause          = {{Plainlist|
* "Painted Faces"
* [[Paulo Cesar Farias#Corruption scandal|PC Farias Case]]
}}
| header_votes   = Congressional votes
| vote1          = Voting in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| accusation1    = Vote to open impeachment process
| votes_favor1   = 441
| votes_against1 = 38
| present1       = 0
| not_voting1    = 24
| result1        = Approved
| vote2          = Voting in the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]]
| accusation2    = Vote to suspend Collor from the presidency
| votes_favor2   = 67
| votes_against2 = 3
| not_voting2    = 11
| result2        = Collor suspended from office, [[Itamar Franco]] becomes Acting President
| accusation3    = Vote to resume the impeachment process
| votes_favor3   = 73
| votes_against3 = 8
| result3        = Approved; process resumes, despite Collor's resignation
| accusation4    = Vote to remove political right
| votes_favor4   = 76 "guilty"
| votes_against4 = 3 "not guilty"
| not_voting4    = 2
| result4        = Convicted; Collor loses political right for 8 years
}}

[[File:Manifestantes na Esplanada dos Ministérios pedem o impeachment de Fernando Collor de Mello (4987870444).jpg|thumb|left|Protesters call for Collor's impeachment in front of the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] in September 1992]]In May 1992, Fernando Collor's brother [[Pedro Collor de Mello|Pedro Collor]] accused him of condoning an [[influence peddling]] scheme run by his campaign treasurer, [[Paulo Cesar Farias]]. The Federal Police and the Federal Prosecution Service opened an investigation. On 1 July 1992, a Joint Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry, composed of senators and members of the Chamber of Deputies, formed in Congress to investigate the accusation and review the evidence uncovered by police and federal prosecutors. Senator {{Interlanguage link multi|Amir Lando|pt}} was chosen as the [[rapporteur]] of the Commission of Inquiry, chaired by Congressman {{Interlanguage link multi|Benito Gama|pt}}. Farias, Pedro Collor, government officials and others were subpoenaed and gave [[deposition (law)|deposition]]s before it. Some weeks later, with the investigation progressing and under fire, Collor asked on national television for the people's support in going out in the street and protesting against "coup" forces. On 11 August 1992, thousands of students organized by the [[National Union of Students (Brazil)|National Union of Students]] (União Nacional dos Estudantes – UNE), protested on the street against Collor. Their faces, often painted in a mixture of the colors of the flag and protest-black, lead to them being called "''Caras-pintadas''" ("''Painted Faces''").<ref>{{cite web |last=Rezende |first=Tatiana Matos |date=30 July 2007 |title=UNE 70 Anos: "Fora Collor: o grito da juventude cara-pintada" |trans-title=UNE 70 Years: "Out with Collor: the cry of the painted-face youth" |url=http://www.une.org.br/home3/movimento_estudantil/movimento_estudantil_2007/m_9920.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903131454/http://www.une.org.br/home3/movimento_estudantil/movimento_estudantil_2007/m_9920.html |archive-date=3 September 2007 |access-date=9 August 2009 |publisher=National Union of Students |language=pt}}</ref>

On 26 August 1992, the final congressional inquiry was approved 16–5. The report concluded that there was proof that Fernando Collor had had personal expenses paid for by money raised by [[Paulo Cesar Farias]] through his [[influence peddling]] scheme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=20 ANOS DO IMPEACHMENT DO COLLOR |trans-title=20 YEARS OF COLLOR'S IMPEACHMENT |url=https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/plenario/discursos/escrevendohistoria/destaque-de-materias/20-anos-do-impeachment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213064611/https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/plenario/discursos/escrevendohistoria/destaque-de-materias/20-anos-do-impeachment |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES |language=pt-br}}</ref>

As a result, a petition to the Chamber of Deputies by citizens [[Barbosa Lima Sobrinho]] and Marcelo Lavenère Machado, respectively the then president of the Brazilian Press Association and the then-president of the [[Order of Attorneys of Brazil|Brazilian Bar Association]] formally accused Collor of ''crimes of responsibility'' (the Brazilian equivalent of "high crimes and misdemeanors", such as abuse of power) warranting removal from office per the constitutional and legal norms for [[impeachment]]. In Brazil, a formal petition for impeachment of the president must be submitted by one or more private citizens, not by corporations or public institutions. The formal petition, submitted on 1 September 1992, began impeachment proceedings. The Chamber of Deputies set up a special committee on 3 September 1992 to study the impeachment petition. On 24 September 1992, the committee voted (32 votes in favour, one vote against, one abstention) to approve the impeachment petition and recommend that the full [[Chamber of Deputies]] accept the charges of impeachment. Under the [[Constitution of Brazil]], the impeachment process required two thirds of the Chamber of Deputies to vote to allow the charges of impeachment to be escalated to the Senate. On 29 September 1992, Collor was impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, with more than two thirds of its members concurring. In the decisive roll call vote, 441 deputies voted for and 38 deputies voted against the admission of the charges of impeachment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lattman-Weltman |first=Fernando |title=29 de setembro de 1992: o impeachment de Collor |trans-title=September 29, 1992: Collor's Impeachment |url=http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_fatos_imagens/htm/fatos/Impeachment.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814014806/http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_fatos_imagens/htm/fatos/Impeachment.asp |archive-date=14 August 2007 |access-date=17 August 2007 |website=Getúlio Vargas Foundation |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

[[File:Fernandocollor2006.jpg|thumb|Collor campaigning for [[Brazilian Senate|Senate]] in [[Maceió]], 2006]]
On 30 September 1992, the accusation was formally sent from the Chamber of Deputies to the Senate, and proceedings for impeachment began in the upper house. The Senate formed a committee to examine the case file and determine whether all legal formalities had been followed. The Committee issued its report, recognizing that the charges of impeachment had been presented in accordance with the Constitution and the laws, and proposed that the Senate organize itself into a court of impeachment to conduct the trial of the president. On 1 October 1992, this report was presented on the floor of the Senate, and the full Senate voted to accept it and to proceed. That day the then-president of the Federal Supreme Court, Justice {{ILL|Sydney Sanches|pt}}, was notified of the opening of the trial process in the Senate, and began to preside over the process. On 2 October 1992, Collor received a formal summons from the Brazilian Senate notifying him that the Senate had accepted the report, and that he was now a defendant in an impeachment trial. Per the [[Constitution of Brazil]], upon receipt of that writ of summons, Collor's presidential powers were suspended for 180 days, and vice president [[Itamar Franco]] became acting president. The Senate also sent an official communication to the office of the vice-president to formally acquaint him of the suspension of the president, and to give him notice that he was now the acting president.<ref name=":0" />

By the end of December, it was obvious that Collor would be convicted and removed from office by the Senate. In hopes of staving this off, Collor resigned on 29 December 1992 on the last day of the proceedings. Collor's resignation letter was read by his attorney in the floor of the Senate, and the impeachment trial was adjourned so that the Congress could meet in joint session, first to take formal notice of the resignation and proclaim the office of president vacant, and then to swear in Franco.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=cnn /><ref name=uol />

However, after the inauguration of Franco, the Senate resumed sitting as a court of impeachment with the president of the Supreme Court presiding. Collor's attorneys argued that with Collor's resignation, the impeachment trial could not proceed and should close without ruling on the merits. The attorneys arguing for Collor's removal, however, argued that the trial should continue, to determine whether or not the defendant should face the constitutional penalty of suspension of political rights for eight years. The Senate voted to continue the trial. It ruled that, although the possible penalty of removal from office had been rendered moot, the determination of the former president's guilt or innocence was still relevant because a conviction on charges of impeachment would carry with it a disqualification from holding public office for eight years. The Senate found that, since the trial had already begun, the defendant could not use his right to resign the presidency as a means to avoid a ruling.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |last=Schoroeder |first=Lucas |date=2023-06-30 |title=Collor renunciou para escapar da inelegibilidade em 1992, mas não conseguiu; entenda |trans-title=Collor resigned to escape ineligibility in 1992, but failed; understand |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/collor-renunciou-para-escapar-da-inelegibilidade-em-1992-mas-nao-conseguiu-entenda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715143624/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/collor-renunciou-para-escapar-da-inelegibilidade-em-1992-mas-nao-conseguiu-entenda/ |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=CNN |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref name="uol">{{Cite web |last=Madeiro |first=Carlos |date=2016-04-19 |title=Em 1992, Senado recebeu denúncia e afastou ex-presidente Collor em 2 dias |trans-title=In 1992, the Senate received a complaint and removed former President Collor in 2 days |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2016/04/19/em-1992-senado-recebeu-denuncia-e-afastou-ex-presidente-collor-em-2-dias.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118171009/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2016/04/19/em-1992-senado-recebeu-denuncia-e-afastou-ex-presidente-collor-em-2-dias.htm |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=UOL |language=pt-br}}</ref>

[[File:FHC, Collor e Sarney.jpg|thumb|left|The former presidents Fernando Collor (center), [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] (left), and [[José Sarney]] (right), 2008]]
Later, in the early hours of 30 December 1992, by the required two-thirds majority, the Senate found the former president guilty of the charges of impeachment. Of the 81 members of the Senate, 79 took part in the final vote: 76 senators voted to convict the former president, and 3 voted to acquit. The penalty of removal from office was not imposed as Collor had already resigned, but as a result of his conviction the Senate barred Collor from holding public office for eight years. After the vote, the Senate issued a formal written opinion summarizing the conclusions and orders resulting from the judgement, as required by [[Law of Brazil|Brazilian law]]. The Senate's formal written sentence on the impeachment trial, containing its conviction of the former president and disqualification from public office for eight years, signed by the president of the Supreme Court and by the senators on 30 December 1992, was published in the ''Diário Oficial da União'' (the Brazilian Federal Government's [[Government gazette|official journal]]) on 31 December 1992.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=cnn /><ref name=uol />

In 1993, Collor challenged before the [[Supreme Federal Court|Brazilian Supreme Court]] the Senate's decision to continue the trial after his resignation but the Supreme Court ruled the Senate's action valid.

In 1994, the Supreme Court tried the ordinary criminal charges stemming from the Farias corruption affair; the ordinary criminal accusation was presented by the Brazilian federal prosecution service (''Ministério Público Federal''). The Supreme Court had original jurisdiction under the Brazilian Constitution because Collor was one of the defendants and the charges mentioned crimes committed by a president while in office. If found guilty of the charges, the former president would face a jail sentence.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |date=1 October 2006 |title=Fernando Collor é eleito senador por Alagoas |trans-title=Fernando Collor is elected senator for Alagoas |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/eleicoes2006/mat/2006/10/01/285924531.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224232922/http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/eleicoes2006/mat/2006/10/01/285924531.asp |archive-date=24 December 2011 |access-date=18 August 2007 |work=O Globo |publisher=Grupo Globo |language=pt}}</ref> However, Collor was found not guilty. The Federal Supreme Court threw out the corruption charges against him on a [[technicality]],<ref name="autogenerated1" /> citing a lack of evidence linking Collor to Farias' influence-peddling scheme. A key piece of evidence, Paulo César Farias' personal computer, was ruled inadmissible as it had been obtained during an illegal police search conducted without a [[search warrant]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2006 |title=Como foi a ação contra Collor |trans-title=How was the action against Collor? |url=http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/noticia/senamidia/principaisJornais/verNoticia1.asp?ud=20060418&datNoticia=20060418&codNoticia=183629&nomeOrgao=&nomeJornal=O+Globo&codOrgao=2729 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119014848/http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/noticia/senamidia/principaisJornais/verNoticia1.asp?ud=20060418&datNoticia=20060418&codNoticia=183629&nomeOrgao=&nomeJornal=O+Globo&codOrgao=2729 |archive-date=19 November 2007 |work=O Globo |publisher=Grupo Globo |language=pt |via=Senado Federal}}</ref> Other pieces of evidence that were only gathered because of the information first extracted from files stored in Farias' computer were also voided, as the Collor defense successfully invoked the ''[[fruit of the poisonous tree]]'' doctrine before the Brazilian Supreme Court. Evidence that was only obtained because of the illegally obtained information was also struck from the record.

After his acquittal in the criminal trial, Collor again attempted to void the suspension of his political rights imposed by the Senate, without success, as the Supreme Court ruled that the judicial trial of the ordinary criminal charges and the political trial of the charges of impeachment were independent spheres. Collor thus only regained his political rights in 2000, after the expiration of the eight-year disqualification imposed by the Brazilian Senate.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Relembre como foi o impeachment de Fernando Collor |trans-title=Remember what Fernando Collor's impeachment was like |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2025/04/25/relembre-como-foi-o-processo-de-impeachment-de-fernando-collor-ex-presidente-foi-preso-nesta-sexta.ghtml |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref>

===Collor's version of the impeachment===
For several years after his removal from office, Collor maintained a website which has since been taken offline. In discussing the events surrounding the corruption charges, the former website stated: "After two and half years of the most intense investigation in Brazilian history, the Supreme Court of Brazil declared him innocent of all charges. Today he is the only politician in Brazil to have an officially clear record validated by an investigation by all interests and sectors of the opposition government. Furthermore, President Fernando Collor signed the initial document authorizing the investigation."<ref>[http://www.collor.com/didyouknow.asp Did You Know?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221170156/http://www.collor.com/didyouknow.asp |date=21 December 2007 }}</ref>

==Post-presidency==
[[File:Foto oficial de Fernando Collor.jpg|thumb|Collor's official photo as senator]]
[[File:Plenário do Congresso (20688904098).jpg|thumb|Collor speaks at the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] in August 2015]]
In 2000, Collor joined the [[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party]] (PRTB) and ran for [[mayor of São Paulo]]. His candidacy was declared invalid by the electoral authorities, as his political rights were still suspended by the filing deadline.<ref>Percival Albano Nogueira Junior, José. [https://archive.today/20110706161253/http://jus2.uol.com.br/pecas/texto.asp?id=344 Sentença de indeferimento do registro da candidatura de Fernando Collor à Prefeitura de São Paulo] Jus Navigandi. 4 August 2000. Retrieved on 18 August 2007.</ref> In 2002, with [[political rights]] restored, he ran for Governor of [[Alagoas]], but lost to incumbent Governor [[Ronaldo Lessa]], who was seeking reelection.<ref>{{cite news|author=Simas Filho, Mário|url=http://istoe.com.br/4924_ELLE+VOLTOU/|title=Elle Voltou|work=ISTOÉ|date=13 September 2006|access-date=18 August 2007|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417103255/https://istoe.com.br/4924_ELLE%20VOLTOU/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2006, Collor was elected to the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] representing his state of [[Alagoas]], with 44.03% of the vote, running again against Lessa. The following year he abandoned PRTB and switched to the [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|Brazilian Labour Party]] (PTB).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u84430.shtml|title=Após 14 anos de sua renúncia, Collor volta a Brasília como senador|work=Folha de S.Paulo|date=10 October 2006|access-date=17 August 2007|archive-date=11 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611111900/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u84430.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Collor has been, since March 2009, Chairman of the Senate Infrastructure Commission. Collor ran again for Governor of Alagoas in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/pais/mat/2010/05/10/fernando-collor-confirma-pre-candidatura-ao-governo-de-alagoas-916540689.asp|title=Fernando Collor confirma pré-candidatura ao governo de Alagoas|work=O Globo|publisher=Grupo Globo |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> However, he lost the race, finishing a narrow third after Lessa and incumbent [[Teotonio Vilela Filho]], thus eliminated from the runoff. This was Collor's second electoral loss.

In 2014, Collor was re-elected to the Senate with 55% of the vote.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/al/alagoas/eleicoes/2014/noticia/2014/10/fernando-collor-ptb-e-reeleito-senador-pelo-estado-de-alagoas.html|title=Fernando Collor, PTB, é reeleito senador pelo estado de Alagoas|publisher=Grupo Globo|work=G1|access-date=2 May 2015|date=5 October 2014|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920131444/http://g1.globo.com/al/alagoas/eleicoes/2014/noticia/2014/10/fernando-collor-ptb-e-reeleito-senador-pelo-estado-de-alagoas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 August 2015, Collor was charged by the [[Prosecutor General of Brazil]] with corruption, as a development of [[Operation Car Wash]] ({{langx|pt|Operação Lava Jato}}). Details of the charge were kept under wraps so as not to jeopardize the investigation.<ref name=nyt2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/08/20/world/americas/ap-lt-brazil-corruption.html|title=Brazil House Leader, Ex-President Hit With Corruption Charges|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=21 August 2015|date=20 August 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Collor abandoned PTB and joined the [[Christian Labour Party]] (PTC), a small Christian democratic party which had no representatives in the Congress at the time. Collor also voted to impeach Rousseff as Senator.

In 2019, Collor left PTC and joined the [[Republican Party of the Social Order]].

In 2022, Collor left the [[Republican Party of the Social Order]] and rejoined the [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)]]. Also in 2022, Collor [[2022 Alagoas state elections|ran for Governor of Alagoas]], placing 3rd and not making the run-off. Collor garnered 14,57% of the votes.

In 2023, the [[Supreme Federal Court|Brazilian Supreme Federal Court]] voted to convict Collor on charges of money laundering and corruption. He was accused of receiving R$30 million in bribes from [[Petrobras]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-19 |title=Brazil's top court convicts ex-President Collor on money laundering, corruption |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-top-court-convicts-ex-president-collor-money-laundering-corruption-2023-05-19/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522211132/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-top-court-convicts-ex-president-collor-money-laundering-corruption-2023-05-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 April 2025, Justice [[Alexandre de Moraes]] rejected Collor's appeal and reinstated his nine-year prison sentence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 2025 |title=Brazil Top Court Judge Rejects Ex-president Collor De Mello's Appeal |language=en |work=Barron's |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/brazil-supreme-court-judge-orders-imprisonment-of-convicted-ex-president-collor-bc66ab5e |access-date=25 April 2025}}</ref> Collor was arrested the next day at [[Maceió]]'s [[Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport]] in order to serve his corruption conviction.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/brazil-fernando-collor-former-president-corruption-prison-04c4c04d633c7a02aadd086e2fcaf734 "Brazil’s former President Fernando Collor arrested after corruption conviction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425130352/https://apnews.com/article/brazil-fernando-collor-former-president-corruption-prison-04c4c04d633c7a02aadd086e2fcaf734 |date=25 April 2025 }}. Retrieved on April 25, 2025.</ref> On 1 May, de Moraes allowed Collor to undergo house arrest on medical grounds.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 May 2025 |title=Brazil judge grants former President Collor house arrest for health reasons |language=en |work=AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-fernando-collor-house-arrest-corruption-0e2b5c1a9f99ee3c63179e3056da1d03 |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Election
!Party
!Office
!Votos
!%
!Result
|-
|1982
|Alagoas state elections
|PDS
|Federal Deputy
|55,124
|10.46%
|{{yes|Elected}}
|-
|1986
|Alagoas state elections
|PMDB
|Governor
|400,246
|52.83%
|{{yes|Elected}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
| rowspan="2" |[[1989 Brazilian presidential election|Brazil presidential elections]]
| rowspan="2" |PRN
| rowspan="2" |President
|20,611,030
|30.48%
''(First Round)''
|rowspan="2"{{yes|Elected}}
|-
|35,090,206
|53.03%
''(Second Round)''
|-
|2002
|Alagoas state elections
| rowspan="2" |PRTB
|Governor
|419,741
|40.17%
|{{no|Lost}}
|-
|2006
|Alagoas state elections
|Senator
|550,725
|44.04%
|{{yes|Elected}}
|-
|2010
|Alagoas state elections
| rowspan="3" |PTB
|Governor
|389,337
|28.80%
|{{no|Lost}}
|-
|2014
|Alagoas state elections
|Senator
|689,266
|55.69%
|{{yes|Elected}}
|-
|2022
|[[2022 Alagoas state elections|Alagoas state elections]]
|Governor
|223,585
|14.71%
|{{no|Lost}}
|}

==Honour==
===Foreign honours===
*{{flag|Malaysia}}:
**[[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|70px]] Honorary Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] (1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1991.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1991.|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123142924/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1991.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flag|Portugal}}:
**[[File:PRT Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword - Grand Cross BAR.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword]] (1991)
*{{flag|Spain}}:
** [[File:Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar.svg|70px]] Collar of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]] (10 May 1991)<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Decreto 775/1991, de 10 de mayo|url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1991-11736|website=Boletín Oficial del Estado|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417165247/https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1991-11736|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mayors of Maceió]]
* [[List of scandals in Brazil]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fernando Collor}}
* [http://fernandocollor.com.br/ Fernando Collor – O Senador de Alagoas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110153715/http://fernandocollor.com.br/ |date=10 November 2019 }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=José de Medeiros Tavares}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor#Brazil|Governor]] of [[Alagoas]]|years=1987–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=Moacir Lopes de Andrade}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = [[José Sarney]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[President of Brazil]]|years=15 March 1990 – 29 December 1992<br /><small>Suspended: 2 October – 29 December 1992</small>}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Itamar Franco]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Presidents_of_Brazil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Collor de Mello, Fernando}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Impeached presidents of Brazil]]
[[Category:Governors of Alagoas]]
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[[Category:Brazilian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Impeached presidents removed from office]]
[[Category:National Renewal Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Social Party politicians]]
[[Category:Brazilian Democratic Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Act (Brazil) politicians]]
[[Category:Brazilian Labour Renewal Party politicians]]
[[Category:Brazilian Labour Party (1981) politicians]]
[[Category:Republican Party of the Social Order politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil) politicians]]
[[Category:Brazilian politicians convicted of corruption]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Ipiranga]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents of Brazil]]
[[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Neoliberalism]]